Cabin Air Contamination – An Aeronautical Perspective

AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND SYSTEMS GROUP (AERO) Cabin Air Contamination An Aeronautical Perspective Deutscher Titel: "Kabinenluftkontamination aus technischer Sicht" 59. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e.V. 16.03.2018, Dresden, Germany https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17953255nodo.1186593 Dieter Scholz Hamburg University of Applied Sciences 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 2 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Structured Abstract Purpose – This presentation gives an introduction to aircraft cabin air contamination with an emphasis on contamination due to jet engine oil entering the cabin from the jet engine or auxiliary power unit (APU) via the bleed air system and the air conditioning system. The possible application of sensors and filters is discussed. Filters can be retrofitted. A bleed-free air conditioning architecture, however, seems only financially viable for newly designed aircraft. Design/methodology/approach – The presentation collects existing facts and combines them with own thoughts. Findings – There is a real health and flight safety risk due to contaminated cabin air. For the infrequent flyer the risk is very low. Also aviation statistics are not dominated by cabin air related accidents. Nevertheless, a bleed air based air conditioning system can be regarded as applying a fundamentally wrong systems engineering approach. Measures have to be taken to solve this. Research limitations/implications – This review study is based on references. Own measurements have not been made. Practical implications – The topic has been presented as background information for respiratory physicians. Originality/value – Engineering based information with a critical view on the topic seems to be missing in public. This presentation tries to fill this gap. © This work is protected by copyright The work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License: CC BY-NC-SA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Any further request may be directed to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME E-Mail see: http://www.ProfScholz.de 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 3 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Contents Cabin Air Contamination – An Aeronautical Perspective • Introduction • Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications •Jet Engine Oil •Air Conditioning Technology •Jet Engine • Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) • Engineering Design Principles •Sensors and Filters •Technical Solutions • Summary • Contact • References 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 4 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Introduction 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 5 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Introduction (Flight International 2014) ... 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 6 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Introduction ... but ... A controversial issue! (Telegraph 2017) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 7 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Definition: Aircraft Cabin Air Aircraft cabin air is the air in the cabin of an aircraft. The air in the cockpit is included in this definition. In pressurized cabins it is the air inside the pressure seals. Pressure control is such that cabin pressure is reduced down to a pressure equivalent to 8000 ft (referring to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere) as the aircraft climbs. In unpressurized aircraft cabins the air is at ambient pressure. Temperature control is done by heating or cooling as required. Venting ensures frequent exchange of cabin air with fresh air from outside. In addition, cabin air can be recirculated and filtered. When flying at high altitudes, cabin air is at similar low relative humidity as the air outside. Definition: Quality Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements. (ISO 9001) Introduction 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 8 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Definition: Contamination The process of making a material unclean or unsuited for its intended purpose, usually by the addition or attachment of undesirable foreign substances. Adapted from (Wiktionary 2018) The presence of a minor and unwanted constituent (contaminant). Related to health: A harmful intrusion of toxins or pathogens e.g. in food, water, or air. Adapted from (Wikipedia 2018a) Definition: Fume Event (Rauchereignis) In a fume event, the cabin and/or cockpit of an aircraft is filled with fume. The fume originates from the bleed air and enters the cabin via the air conditioning system. Air contamination is due to fluids such as engine oil, hydraulic fluid or anti-icing fluid. Adapted from (Wikipedia 2018b) Introduction 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 9 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Definition: Smell Event (Geruchsereignis) A fume event without visible fume or smoke, but with a distinct smell usually described as "dirty socks" from the butyric acid originating from a decomposition of the esters that are the base stock of the synthetic jet engine oil. Definition (ECA): Smoke & Fume / Smell Event (cabin air contamination) An incident may cause only fume, only smell or both. The European Cockpit Association (ECA) explains: "In the context of the ICAO circular [ICAO Circular 344 'Guidelines on Education Training and Reporting Practices related to Fume Events'], fumes and odours are deemed to be synonymous, and the term 'fume(s)' includes both fumes and odours." (ECA 2018) Definition (IATA): Cabin Air Quality Event (CAQE) "Cabin air quality events (CAQEs) [are] particularly ... the so-called fume events" (smoke, fumes / odours). (IATA 2018) Introduction 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 16 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Occupational Health – Long Term Health Effects EASA CS-25: CS 25.831 Ventilation (a) Each passenger and crew compartment must be ventilated ... to enable crewmembers to perform their duties without undue discomfort or fatigue. (b) Crew and passenger compartment air must be free from harmful or hazardous concentrations of gases or vapours. In meeting this requirement, the following apply: (1) Carbon monoxide concentrations in excess of one part in 20000 parts of air [50 ppm] are considered hazardous. For test purposes, any acceptable carbon monoxide detection method may be used. (2) Carbon dioxide concentration ... "EASA is of the opinion ... only applicable for ... CO and CO2" Remark: EASA's interpretation of certification rules: The cabin is allowed to be contaminated with other substances! "The BFU is of the opinion that 'harmful concentration' should be interpreted ... to mean that health impairments (including long-term) through contaminated cabin air should be eliminated." "The BFU is of the opinion that a product [aircraft] which has received a type certificate by EASA should be designed in a way that neither crew nor passengers are harmed or become chronically ill." Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU 2014) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 17 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Flight Safety Implications – Immediate Health Effects There have been several (much debated) critical flight instances, but so far (luckily) no death (due to flight safety implicatons) and no hull loss. Compare e.g. with the issue "Degraded Manual Flying Skills" (Flight International 2017) From 2000 to 2017: •19 fatal accidents •2012 fatalaties Remark: There are certainly several issues in aviation of more pressing nature than "cabin air quality / contamination", however, the suffering of individuals (potentially / probably) due to cabin air contamination can not be ignored (may it just be for ethical reasons), because the underlying deficits in aircraft system design are a fact (see below) and need to be solved. Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 18 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Jet Engine Oil 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 19 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Jet Engine Oil (Cannon 2016) This warning was changed in 2004 (Michaelis 2012) to: "This product is not expected to produce adverse health effects under normal conditions of use ... Product may decompose at elevated temperatures ... and give off irritating and/or harmful ... gases/vapours/fumes. Symptoms from acute exposure to these decomposition products in confined spaces [aircraft cabin] may include headache, nausea, eye, nose, and throat irritation." (Exxon 2016c) TCP Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) FIRST AID MEASURES, INHALATION Remove from further exposure [in a fume event?]... Use adequate respiratory protection [not available for passengers!]. If respiratory irritation, dizziness, nausea, or unconsciousness occurs, seek immediate medical assistance. If breathing has stopped, assist ventilation with a mechanical device or use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. (Exxon 2016c) Judging Jet Engine Oil Based on Warnings Given by Manufacturer 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 20 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences T = tri (3) D = di (2) M = mono (1) TOCP DOCP MOCP H3C , they are the toxic isomers. OC MC PC (Winder 2001) Tricresyl Phosphate (TCP) Jet Engine Oil TOCP: H3C 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 21 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Winder 2001 / Henschler 1958 • The 10 isomers that make up TCP are toxicologically different. • The ortho containing isomers are toxic, without ortho isomers are not toxic (Henschler 1958). • Most infamous and most studied: TOCP (tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate). • Other ortho containing isomers in TCP are more neurotoxic than TOCP: •DOCP (di-ortho-cresyl phosphates): 5 times more neurotoxic (TEF = 5), •MOCP (mono-ortho-cresyl phosphates): 10 times more neurotoxic (TEF = 10). • DOCP and MOCP are present in the engine oil in higher concentration than TOCP. • Based on concentration (Ci in ppm) and relative neurotoxicity (toxic equivalency factor, TEF) for each isomer an equivalent TOCP toxicity (TEQ) can be calculated. The base unit of the equivalent TOCP toxicity is proposed to be that of 1 ppm (1mg/l) of TOCP in the oil. TEQ =  Ci .TEFi . • Winder calculates this equivalent TOCP toxicity, considering the presents of all ortho isomers: TEQ for Mobil Jet Oil II: 30730 (The TEQ of this oil would be less than 1 if only TOCP would be present and no other ortho isomers! Therefore, ignoring the DOCP and MOCP content of the oil yields highly inaccurate results.) TEQ for Mobil 291: 17606 Jet Engine Oil TCP Toxicity Basics 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 22 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Henschler 1958 • TCP toxicity is found from animal poisoning with hens and cats. • Results obtained from these test animals can be applied to humans (with caution). • TOCP acts on the peripheral nerves and causes predominantly atonic peripheral paralysis. • MOCP and DOCP act rather on the brain and on the spinal cord. This leads to spastic paralysis. •If the content of TOCP, DOCP, and MOCP is known, calculation of TEQ is directly possible (see previous page). •If only the total ortho cresyl (OC) content q in the TCP is known, the toxic eqivalency factor, TEF can be calulated based on a purely statistical distribution of the 10 isomers (as Henschler shows). It is easy to understand: •At 0% of OC neither of MOCP, DOCP, nor TOCP are present: TEF = 0 •At 100 % of OC only TOCP would be present and TEF = 1 by definition. • The theoretical formula (blue) is with TEF(TOCP) = 1: • According to Henschler this curve needs to be adapted to fit his experimental results (red). An equation to fit this experimental curve would be (purpel): valid for q < 0,13 and can be applied to typically low OC content. Jet Engine Oil TCP Toxicity Basics qqqTEF 304516 23  2 330qTEF  59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 23 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS) MOBIL JET OIL II (Exxon 2016c) Synthetic Esters and Additives Exxon fails to specify the ortho Cresyl (OC) concentration of the oil. Exxon only uses the CAS# for the mixed isomers, as such hiding information. H302: Harmful if swallowed H317: May cause allergic skin reaction H361(F): Suspected of damaging fertility H400: Very toxic to aquatic life, H402: Harmful to aquatic life H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects, H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects Remark: According to the stated Health Hazards of Mobil Jet Oil II and the information in Michaelis 2010 (p. 67), the ortho content must be less than 0,2% in the oil (6,7% in the TCP) otherwie instead of the "harmful" declaration a "toxic" decalration would be mandatory. But with q = 6,7%, TEF = 1,47 and hence the TCP may still be more toxic than pure TOCP under the given hazard declaration! Jet Engine Oil Name CAS# Concentration* GHS Hazard Codes N-PHENYL-1-NAPHTHYLAMINE 90-30-2 1% H302, H317, H400(M factor 1), H410(M factor 1) ALKYLATED DIPHENYL AMINES 68411-46-1 1 - < 5% H402, H412 TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE 1330-78-5 1 - < 3% H361(F), H400(M factor 1), H410(M factor 1) Manufacturer Specified Jet Engine Oil Content and Toxicity 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 24 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Jet Engine Oil Actual OCP Content of the TCP --- Isomerization Ramsden 2013a OC content in the TCP: TCP Class 1: 30% (about 1930) TCP Class 2: ? TCP Class 3: 3% (about 1958, "modern TCP") TCP Class 4: 0.3 % (since 1992, "conventional TCP") TCP Class 5:  0,03 % (since 1997, "low-toxicity TCP") ------------------------ TCP Class 6: 0 % (since 2017, "zero-OCP TCP") Remark / Introduction: Proposal for a new class definition Ramsden 2013 / Imbert 1997 Another possibility is that isomerization of the TCP takes place within the engine during operation. Megson 2016 ... temperatures of 400 °C. These temperatures have the potential to alter the composition of the original oil and create other toxic compounds. There is currently a large degree of uncertainty as to what compounds are produced and how toxic they are through inhalation in the vapour phase at high altitudes. 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 25 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences No tri-ortho cresyl phosphate TOCP isomers were detected. No di-ortho cresyl phosphate DOCP isomers were detected. No mono-ortho cresyl phosphate MOCP isomers were detected. TCP Class 6: No OCP Content (2016) Jet Engine Oil Actual OCP Content Measured A comparison of fresh and used aircraft oil for the identification of toxic substances ... Summation of TPC (%): 4.85 4.68 4.20 2.45 2.91 2.92 (Megson 2016) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 32 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences cabin cabin Air Conditioning Technology 1) compress the air 1) compress the air "Bleed Air" Generation and Treatment compress and cool the air 2a) cool the air 2b) cool the air "Bleed Air" is "precious air" taken off the engine compressor – air which was initially intended to be used for the engine cycle Adapted from (A340 FCOM) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 33 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Air Conditioning Technology Temperature Control (ii) A320 bleed air 50 % outflow valve 50 % recirculation recirculation fan Temperature Control 2b) Air Cooling Temperature Control (i) Adapted from (FCOM A320) hot cold warm 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 34 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Cabin Air Distribution Air Conditioning Technology A320 (A320 GENFAM) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 35 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences cabin Major Component Location Air Conditioning Technology (B737 AMM) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 36 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Air Conditioning Pack (1/2) A320 Liebherr Aerospace Air Conditioning Technology (A320 AMM) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 37 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Air Cycle Machine Air Conditioning Pack (2/2) •An Air Cycle Machine (ACM) is a high energy rotor device. •An ACM may need some form of lubrication (=> oil) • Lubrication needs will be much smaller than in aircraft engines or the APU. • Use of air bearings is possible. Air Conditioning Technology (A320 AMM) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 38 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences SAE about the Design of the Air Conditioning Pack Air Conditioning Technology SAE ARP 85E: Air Conditioning Systems for Subsonic Airplanes 5.2.2.d:. Bearings: Air cycle machines typically use precision angular contact ball bearings or air bearings. In either case, the bearing system should be self-contained, requiring no external oil supply or external pressurizing air source. 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 39 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Jet Engine 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 40 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Engine Overview (Wikipedia 2017a) Jet Engine 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 41 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Engine Overview Jet Engine Engine Alliance GP7000 (Assuntos Militares 2013) bearing (example) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 48 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences SAE ARP 1796: Engine Bleed Air Systems for Aircraft (first edition 1987, A in 2007, B in 2012) Bleed Air Quality: Requirements should be imposed on the engine manufacturer regarding the quality of the bleed air supplied to occupied compartments. Under normal operating conditions: The engine bleed air shall be free of engine-generated objectionable odors, irritants, and/or toxic of incapacitating foreign materials. Following any type of engine … failure, the engine bleed air shall not contain the above substances to a harmful degree. … or bleed air systems should incorporate a bleed air cleaner. Engineering Design Principles for Air Conditioning from SAE 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 49 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Engineering Design Principles for Air Conditioning from SAE SAE AIR 1168-7: Aerospace Pressurization System Design (first edition: 1991, A in 2011) “Compressor bleed from turbine engines is attractive because of the mechanical simplicity of the system.” However, “oil contamination ... can occur in using compressor bleed air from the main engines.” “Popular opinion regarding the risk of obtaining contaminated air from the engine may preclude its use for transport aircraft, regardless of other reasons.” SAE AIR 1116: Fluid Properties (first edition: 1992, A in 1999, B in 2013) “Until adequate toxicity data are available precautions must be observed in handling any unfamiliar fluid.” This means: It is not the task of passengers and crew to prove that engine oils and hydraulic fluids as used today are dangerous. Just on the contrary, industry has to prove that fluids and equipment are safe before they intend to use them, because standards have been agreed among engineers already long time ago, not to use bleed air on transport aircraft! 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 50 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Sensors and Filters 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 51 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Prof. Van Netten invented this "VN-Sampler". It is not an in situ measurement device, but a means to collect the air in a fume event for later detailed analysis in a laboratory on the ground. The device is FAA approved. (Van Netten 2008) Air Sampler for Later Air Analysis Sensors and Filters 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 52 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Get Informed => Personal CO Detector. Get Protected in the Cabin => Breathing Mask • The Carbon Monoxide (CO) level in normal operation is much lower than the limit of 50 ppm (specified in CS 25.831). Failure cases did not occur during these measurements. •We know much CO is present in the cabin during a Fume Event. The elevated CO concentration indicates the severity of the event. Therefore, crew should carry their personal CO detector and and be informed and make decisions accordingly! •If smoke is present, checklists tell pilots to put on their oxygen mask. In such a case, cabin crew should consider wearing a personal breathing mask protecting against nerve gas. EASA 2017b, p.74 Normal CO Situation Failure Case: Fume Event US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) (https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s) Cabin crew protection ! Get CO Detector and Breathing Mask Sensors and Filters 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 53 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Sensors to Detect TCP and VOC Measurement of hydrocarbon content (ppmand ppb-level) a) Measuring the (unaltered) bleed air from an APU at HAW Hamburg, b) Checking the sensitivity of the equipment with pyrolyzed aviation fluids. Gröger und Obst GmbH, 2014. The equipment is still too large (blue rack) for easy integration into the aircraft. See also: Reiss 2016. Smaller version on next page! aerotracer (Airsense 2017) • offered for sale. • detects 15 substances: grease, liquid, gas: engine oils, de-icing fluids, hydraulic fluids, corrosion inhibitors, glue, heat transfer fluid, kerosene, ... • power supply: 110 to 240 VAC; 30 W or rechargeable battery (operating time 4 hrs). • electronics: graphical display, Mini SD Card. VN Aerotoxic Detection Solutions (VN-ADS) (Aircraft Interiors 2017) • prototypes are tested. • Company claims to have the world's first real-time detector of poisonous compounds in aircraft cabins. (Aircraft Interiors 03/2017) •Mono Fibre Optical Measuring Technology (MOMT) ... have demonstrated the capability to detect Tricrysel Phosphate (TCP) and other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) in real time. Sensors and Filters 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 54 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Measurement of Hydrocarbon Content in Air GO-MINI-ATC Online analysis system for determination of the THC (Total Hydro Carbon) fraction of the air. Power consumption max.: 350 W Power supply: 230 V, 50 Hz Dimensions (HxWxD) : 450mm x 440mm x 320mm Weight: 30 kg Operating temperature oxidation oven: 1.000 °C Temperature rise time: approx. 60 minutes T90 time: 10 seconds Sensors and Filters (Gröger 2017) 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 55 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Filters to Remove TCP and VOC Pall has several treetment solutions for cabin air on offer: • Carbon Filter • Photo Catalytic Oxidization (with UV light) • Catalytic Converters (oxidization). Location is possible: • upstream of the pack, • downstream of pack, •at recirculation filter (reduced efficiency compared to a filter in line with the pack – see next page) Pall offers Odour/VOC Removal Filters • The carbon adsorbent is effective at adsorbing volatile organic compounds (VOC). Test results have shown a removal efficiency of 65% ... 73% when challenged with TCPs in the gaseous phase. Carbon adsorbents have some effectiveness with ozone but not with carbon monoxide (CO). Removal of these compounds from the cabin air is by adsorption on to carbon based filters. (Pall 2011) Application of carbon filters: •33 HEPA-Carbon filters have been added (so far) to A321 aircraft at Lufthansa Group. (Lufthansa 2017) • Pall carbon filters are installed on the B757 cargo fleet of DHL. Carbon filters are installed in place of the air ducts leading to the cockpit. EASA issued an STC for the installation. (EASA 2010) Schematic of carbon Filter (Pall 2011) Sensors and Filters 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 56 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Sensors and Filters out m  in m  tot m  outrere mm ,   in m  inre m,  filter Filter in the Recirculation Path Adapted from (NRC 2002) Example : • The Pall carbon adsorbent is effective at adsorbing volatile organic compounds with a removal efficiency of 65% ... 73% when challenged with TCPs in the gaseous phase. (Pall 2011) • The A320 has a recirculation rate of 50%. • With a filtration rate, xfil = 0,7 and a recirculation rate, xre = 0,5 •=> the filter reduces the incoming concentration to 58,9%. 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 57 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences 50 % outflow valve 50 % recirculation recirculation fan cross bleed valve (normally closed) Engine 1 APU Engine 2 Full Filtration (Option: 1) VOC Filter Combined HEPA & VOC Filter (HEPA-Carbon Filter) Filtration aft of source (engine / APU). Filtration in recirculation. 18.06.03.0 )1( , ,   recircfil incont cabcont fx x x => reduces incoming pollutant concentrations to  18% Sensors and Filters 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 64 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Contact [email protected] http://www.ProfScholz.de http://CabinAir.ProfScholz.de Cabin Air Contamination – An Aeronautical Perspective 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 65 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences References A320 AMM Airbus: A320 – Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) A320 FCOM Airbus: A320 – Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) A320 GENFAM Airbus: A320 – General Familiarization (GenFam) A340 FCOM Airbus: A340 – Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) A350 XWB News 2012 Blogjfa: A350 XWB Cabin Air Quality will make a Comfortable Flight although -50 °C Outside, A350 XWB News (Blog), 2012. – URL: http://bloga350.blogspot.de/2012/11/a350-xwb-cabin-air-quality-will-make.html Aircraft Interiors 2017 Aircraft Interiors: News: World's First Aircraft Cabin Monitor for Toxic Air Announced, UKIP Media & Events, 2017. – URL: http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=84385 Cabin Air Contamination – An Aeronautical Perspective 59th Congress of the German Respiratory Society Dieter Scholz: Cabin Air Contamination 16.03.2018, Slide 66 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences References Airsense 2017 Airsense Analytics: aerotracer - Supervision in Aviation Industry, Leaflet, 2017. – URL: http://www.airsense.com/sites/default/files/airsense_aerotracer.pdf Assuntos Militares 2013 Assuntos Militares: Engine Alliance GP7000 (picture), 2013. – Download: URL: https://goo.gl/images/gYIW31; http://www.assuntosmilitares.jor.br/2013/01/pratt-fornecera-turbinas-embraer.html B737 AMM Boeing: B737 – Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) BFU 2014 Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (BFU): Study of Reported Occurrences in Conjunction with Cabin Air Quality in Transport Aircraft, 2014 (BFU 803.1-14). – URL: https://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/Safety%20Study/Studies/140507_Fume_Events.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Boeing 2007 Sinnett, Mike: 787 No-Bleed Systems: Saving Fuel and Enhancing Operational Efficiencies. 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