Technical Solutions to the Problem of Contaminated Cabin Air

AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND SYSTEMS GROUP (AERO) Technical Solutions to the Problem of Contaminated Cabin Air Deutscher Luftund Raumfahrtkongress 2018 German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, Germany, 04.-06.09.2018s://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1186593 Dieter Scholz Hamburg University of Applied Sciences https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4072746 German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 2 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Abstract Purpose – This presentation gives an introduction to the problem of contaminated cabin air and points out possible solutions especially by looking at carbon filters placed in the main path of the bleed air from the engine to the cabin ("total cabin air filtration") in additon to filters in the cabin air recirculation path. Maintenance issures related to the topic are also considered. Design/methodology/approach – The literature review is complemented with own explanations, thoughts and derivations. Findings – There is a real health and flight safety risk due to contaminated cabin air. For the infrequent flyer the risk is very low. Also aviation statistics are not dominated by cabin air related accidents. Nevertheless, a bleed air based air conditioning system can be regarded as applying a fundamentally wrong systems engineering approach. A substantial improvement of the situation can only be reached with filters added to the large fleet of existing airplanes. A full solution, however, requires airconditioning with outside air and dedicated compressors. Research limitations/implications – The study is based primarily on references. Practical implications – Passengers and crew are made aware of the risk of cabin air contamination based on technical facts. Given detailes of technical solutions contribute to the scientific discussion. Social implications – Better knowledge of the problem should enable passengers and crew to maintain a firm position in the sometimes heated discussion. Originality/value – Engineering based information with a critical view on the topic seems to be missing in public. This presentation contributes filling this gap. © This work is protected by copyright The work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License: CC BY-NC-SA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Any further request may be directed to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME E-Mail see: http://www.ProfScholz.de German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 3 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Contents Technical Solutions to the Problem of Contaminated Cabin Air • Introduction • Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications •Jet Engine Oil •Air Conditioning Technology •Jet Engine •Maintenance – The Case of Engine/APU Oil Contamination • Engineering Design Principles from SAE •Solution: Sensors and Filters •Solution: ECS Principles • Summary • Contact • References German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 4 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Introduction German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 5 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Introduction (Flight International 2014) ... German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 6 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Introduction ... but ... A controversial issue! (Telegraph 2017) German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 7 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Definition: Aircraft Cabin Air Aircraft cabin air is the air in the cabin of an aircraft. The air in the cockpit is included in this definition. In pressurized cabins it is the air inside the pressure seals. Pressure control is such that cabin pressure is reduced down to a pressure equivalent to 8000 ft (referring to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere) as the aircraft climbs. In unpressurized aircraft cabins the air is at ambient pressure. Temperature control is done by heating or cooling as required. Venting ensures frequent exchange of cabin air with fresh air from outside. In addition, cabin air can be recirculated and filtered. When flying at high altitudes, cabin air is at similar low relative humidity as the air outside. Definition: Quality Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements. (ISO 9001) Introduction German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 8 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Definition: Contamination The process of making a material unclean or unsuited for its intended purpose, usually by the addition or attachment of undesirable foreign substances. Adapted from (Wiktionary 2018) The presence of a minor and unwanted constituent (contaminant). Related to health: A harmful intrusion of toxins or pathogens e.g. in food, water, or air. Adapted from (Wikipedia 2018a) Definition: Fume Event (Rauchereignis) In a fume event, the cabin and/or cockpit of an aircraft is filled with fume. The fume originates from the bleed air and enters the cabin via the air conditioning system. Air contamination is due to fluids such as engine oil, hydraulic fluid or anti-icing fluid. A Fume Event includes a Smell Event. Note: Other reasons for fume in the cabin are possible. The term "fume event", however, is generally used as defined here. Adapted from (Wikipedia 2018b) Introduction German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 9 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Introduction Fume Event on US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui in 2010 Video on: https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s Note: Smell events (without fumes) are much more frequent than fume events. Health effects have been reported from smell events alone (where patients never encountered a fume event) . German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 16 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 17 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications (A350 XWB News 2012) VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds are (organic chemicals – i.e. including carbon) contained in many products and can be released from these products into the surrounding air. Regulations limit VOCs. SVOC: Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (Eurofins 2017) Cabin Air Quality Cabin Comfort German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 18 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Potential Concerns Related to Cabin Air Quality • Cabin Pressure Can effect people with cardio-respiratory diseases from lack of oxygen • Relative Humidity Temporary drying of skin, eyes, and mucous membranes • Carbon Monoxide High concentrations during air-quality incidents. Frequency is believed to be low. CS 25.831: Concentration must be lower than 50 ppm. • Carbon Dioxide Concentrations are generally below FAA regulatory limits. Associated with increased perceptions of poor air quality. CS 25.831: Concentration must be lower than 0.5%. • Ozone Elevated concentrations on aircraft without ozone converters. Airway irritation and reduced lung function. CS 25.832: Concentration < 0.25 ppm resp. 0.1 ppm. • Pesticides From aircraft “disinsection" with pesticides. • Engine Oil Fumes from hot engine oil may enter the cabin via the bleed air system. • Hydraulic Fluids Frequency of incidents is expected to be relatively low. Mild to severe health effects. • Deicing Fluid Hazardous substance. Skin sensitizing and irritant. • Airborne Allergens Exposure frequency is not known. Irritated eye and nose; sinusitis; acute increases of asthma; possible anaphylaxis. • Nuisance Odors Can be present on any flight. Adapted from (NRC 2002) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 19 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Possible Sources Affecting Cabin Air Quality (Airbus 2017) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 20 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Health Effects: Occupational Health & Flight Safety may be experienced soon after exposure or, possibly, years later: •Long-term heath effects: • to passengers • to crew => occupational health (OH) => CS 25.831 usually related to Time-Weighted Average (TWA) Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) •Immediate health effects: • to passengers • to cabin crew • to cockpit crew => flight safety implications can lead to: injury or death of • passenger • crew => CS 25.1309 (Eurofins 2017, EASA CS-25) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 21 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Occupational Health – Long Term Health Effects EASA CS-25: CS 25.831 Ventilation (a) Each passenger and crew compartment must be ventilated ... to enable crewmembers to perform their duties without undue discomfort or fatigue. (b) Crew and passenger compartment air must be free from harmful or hazardous concentrations of gases or vapours. In meeting this requirement, the following apply: (1) Carbon monoxide concentrations in excess of one part in 20000 parts of air [50 ppm] are considered hazardous. For test purposes, any acceptable carbon monoxide detection method may be used. (2) Carbon dioxide concentration ... "EASA is of the opinion ... only applicable for ... CO and CO2" Remark: EASA's interpretation of certification rules: The cabin is allowed to be contaminated with other substances! "The BFU is of the opinion that 'harmful concentration' should be interpreted ... to mean that health impairments (including long-term) through contaminated cabin air should be eliminated." "The BFU is of the opinion that a product [aircraft] which has received a type certificate by EASA should be designed in a way that neither crew nor passengers are harmed or become chronically ill." Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU 2014) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 22 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Flight Safety Implications – Immediate Health Effects There have been several (much debated) critical flight instances, but so far (luckily) no death (due to flight safety implicatons) and no hull loss. Compare e.g. with the issue "Degraded Manual Flying Skills" (Flight International 2017) From 2000 to 2017: •19 fatal accidents •2012 fatalaties Remark: There are certainly several issues in aviation of more pressing nature than "cabin air quality / contamination", however, the suffering of individuals (potentially / probably) due to cabin air contamination can not be ignored (may it just be for ethical reasons), because the underlying deficits in aircraft system design are a fact (see below) and need to be solved. Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 23 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Jet Engine Oil German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 24 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Jet Engine Oil (Cannon 2016) This warning was changed in 2004 (Michaelis 2012) to: "This product is not expected to produce adverse health effects under normal conditions of use ... Product may decompose at elevated temperatures ... and give off irritating and/or harmful ... gases/vapours/fumes. Symptoms from acute exposure to these decomposition products in confined spaces [aircraft cabin] may include headache, nausea, eye, nose, and throat irritation." (Exxon 2016c) TCP Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) FIRST AID MEASURES, INHALATION Remove from further exposure [in a fume event?]... Use adequate respiratory protection [not available for passengers!]. If respiratory irritation, dizziness, nausea, or unconsciousness occurs, seek immediate medical assistance. If breathing has stopped, assist ventilation with a mechanical device or use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. (Exxon 2016c) Judging Jet Engine Oil Based on Warnings Given by Manufacturer German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 25 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) T = tri (3) D = di (2) M = mono (1) TOCP DOCP MOCP H3C , they are the toxic isomers. OC MC PC (Winder 2001) Tricresyl Phosphate (TCP) Jet Engine Oil TOCP: H3C German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 32 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Air Conditioning Technology Air Conditioning with Recirculation Adapted from (NRC 2002) German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 33 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Air Conditioning Technology Temperature Control (ii) A320 bleed air 50 % outflow valve 50 % recirculation recirculation fan A320 Temperature Control, Pressure Control, Ventilation 2) Air Cooling Temperature Control Adapted from (FCOM A320) hot cold warm bleed air from engine compressor German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 34 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Jet Engine German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 35 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Engine Overview Jet Engine Engine Alliance GP7000 (Assuntos Militares 2013) bearing (example) German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 36 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Engine Air and Oil System Jet Engine based on (Exxon 2016b) (oil) (air & oil) (oil & air) & oil & oil (oil & air) Normal operation of engine seals: 1. The "drain" discharges oil. 2. The "dry cavity" contains oil. 3. Air and oil leak from bearings into the bleed air. => Engines leak small amounts of oil by design! 1. 2. 3. 3. German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 37 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Engines Longer on Wing Labyrinth-Seal Clearances Increase as Engines Age "Labyrinth-seal clearances naturally increase as an engine ages. As this occurs – due to rubbing under vibration, gyroscopic torque, rough landings or any g-load factor, the engine air flow increases, resulting in even higher oil consumption" (Exxon 2016a) and hence leakage into the bleed air. Jet Engine The figure shows increasing time to first shop visit of CFM56-7B engines. It follows: During a period of 10 years (2004 to 2014) maintenance practice changed such that engines stay on the wing almost twice as long without shop visit and seal replacement. (AviationWeek 2016) German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 38 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Maintenance The Case of Engine/APU Oil Contamination German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 39 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Trouble Shooting and Cleaning Aircraft Trouble Shooting US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) (https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s) Maintenance Aircraft Duct Cleaning (Airbus 2017) (Airbus 2013) German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 40 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Maintenance Special situation at an engine start of a new aircraft coming from Final Assembly Line at Airbus, Germany (Balk 2018) German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 41 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) (https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s) Maintenance Pack Cleaning (Airbus 2013) Cleaning German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 48 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) KKmoon CO Meter: Test on Ground and Measurements on Aircraft Test in car exhaust gas => up to 77 ppm CO (Video: https://youtu.be/iwqcgPdht-w) US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) (https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s) Measurements on aircraft:  Generally: 0 ppm  One measurement: 5 ppm (measured at cabin outlet on A320, during take-off, HAM, RWY 33) Cabin limit: 50 ppm Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 49 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Filters to Remove TCP and VOC Pall has several treetment solutions for cabin air on offer: • Carbon Filter • Photo Catalytic Oxidization (with UV light) • Catalytic Converters (oxidization). Location is possible: • upstream of the pack, • downstream of pack, •at recirculation filter (reduced efficiency compared to a filter in line with the pack – see next page) Pall offers Odour/VOC Removal Filters • The carbon adsorbent is effective at adsorbing volatile organic compounds (VOC). Test results have shown a removal efficiency of 65% ... 73% when challenged with TCPs in the gaseous phase. Carbon adsorbents have some effectiveness with ozone but not with carbon monoxide (CO). Removal of these compounds from the cabin air is by adsorption on to carbon based filters. (Pall 2011) Application of carbon filters: •33 HEPA-Carbon filters have been added (so far) to A321 aircraft at Lufthansa Group. (Lufthansa 2017) • EasyJet started in 2016 to retrofit their fleet of A320 family aircraft with Pall Aerospace PUREair Advanced Cabin Air Filters (A-CAF) combining HEPA filters and carbon filters to remove Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) from aircraft cabin air. (Pall 2016) • Pall carbon filters are installed on the B757 cargo fleet of DHL. Carbon filters are installed in place of the air ducts leading to the cockpit. EASA issued an STC for the installation. (EASA 2010) Schematic of carbon Filter (Pall 2011) Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 50 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) filtration rate, xfil Example calculation: • The Pall carbon adsorbent is effective at adsorbing volatile organic compounds with a removal efficiency of 65% ... 73% when challenged with TCPs in the gaseous phase. (Pall 2011) • The A320 has a recirculation rate of 50%. • With a filtration rate, xfil = 0,7 and a recirculation rate, xre = 0,5 the filter reduces the incoming concentration to 58,9%. But: How Efficient are Filters in the Recirculation Path?   refil re incont cabcont xx x x x   11 1 , , re incont cabcont fil x x x x   1 :1for , , Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 51 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) out m  in m  tot m  outrere mm ,   in m  inre m,  filter Derivation: Efficiency of Filters in the Recirculation Path Adapted from (NRC 2002) Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 52 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) out m  in m  tot m  outrere mm ,   in m  inre m,  filter   refil re incont cabcont xx x x x   11 1 , , re incont cabcont fil x x x x   1 :1for , ,      reincontrefilcabcont xxxxx  111 ,, Derivation: Efficiency of Filters in the Recirculation Path Adapted from (NRC 2002) Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 53 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) out m  in m  tot m  outrere mm ,   in m  inre m,  filter Filter in the Recirculation Path Adapted from (NRC 2002) Example : • The Pall carbon adsorbent is effective at adsorbing volatile organic compounds with a removal efficiency of 65% ... 73% when challenged with TCPs in the gaseous phase. (Pall 2011) • The A320 has a recirculation rate of 50%. • With a filtration rate, xfil = 0.7 and a recirculation rate, xre = 0.5 the filter reduces the incoming concentration down to 58,9%. Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 54 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) EasyJet to filter toxic air in cabins Andrew Gilligan September 17 2017, 12:01am, The Sunday Times https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/easyjet-to-filter-toxic-air-in-cabins-6qzrf6sjx The budget carrier is the first to take action over links to an illness long denied by airlines. EasyJet said ‘health concerns’ led it to design a new air filtration system for testing on aircraft next year. "Total Air Filtration" Video https://youtu.be/1-uzihfve_4 and full article http://bit.ly/2x1uUzv also on http://CabinAir.ProfScholz.de German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 55 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) 50 % outflow valve 50 % recirculation recirculation fan cross bleed valve (normally closed) Engine 1 APU Engine 2 Full Filtration (Option: 1) VOC Filter Combined HEPA & VOC Filter (HEPA-Carbon Filter) Filtration aft of source (engine / APU). Filtration in recirculation. 18.06.03.0 )1( , ,   recircfil incont cabcont fx x x => reduces incoming pollutant concentrations to  18% Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 56 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) 50 % outflow valve 50 % recirculation recirculation fan cross bleed valve (normally closed) Engine 1 APU Engine 2 Full Filtration Option: 2 VOC Filter Combined HEPA & VOC Filter (HEPA-Carbon Filter) Filtration before or directly aft of Pack Flow Control Valve. Filtration in recirculation. 18.06.03.0 )1( , ,   recircfil incont cabcont fx x x => reduces incoming pollutant concentrations to  18% Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 57 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) 50 % outflow valve 50 % recirculation recirculation fan cross bleed valve (normally closed) Engine 1 APU Engine 2 Full Filtration Option: 3a VOC Filter Combined HEPA & VOC Filter (HEPA-Carbon Filter) Filtration of cold air and of hot trim air. Filtration in recirculation.   refil re recirc xx x f  11 1 18.06.03.0 )1( , ,   recircfil incont cabcont fx x x => reduces incoming pollutant concentrations to  18% Solution: Sensors and Filters German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 64 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) More Electric A320? Solution: ECS Principles German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 65 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) More Electric A320 with Electrical (Bleed Free) Cabin Air Supply? The Electrical Environmental Control System (E-ECS) was developed by Liebherr-Aerospace Toulouse SAS, Toulouse (France), Liebherr’s center for air management systems. The E-ECS is equipped with a new type of motorized turbo compressor (50 kW) which enables to use directly external air (bleed less) for air conditioning. The power electronics ensure the speed control of the motorized turbo compressor and offer synergy capabilities with other electrical loads to optimize the overall electrical power consumption on board the aircraft. The interaction between air intake and the turbocompressors and the performance of the system in all operating conditions was tested in a flight test campaign with Airbus A320-Prototyp MSN001 from June 3 to June 24, 2016. E-ECS will also contribute to fuel burn reduction. (Liebherr 2016) Copyright Liebherr Solution: ECS Principles German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 66 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Summary • There is sufficient evidence for a problem of contaminated cabin air: engines leak oil by design, oil can be traced on its way from the engine into the cabin, ... CAA, Airbus, ... document the problem, Lufthansa, EasyJet, ... take action • Short term partial technical solution: Carbon filter: a) in the duct to the cabin and b) attached to the recirculation filter suitable for retrofit • Long term full technical solution: Bleed-free architecture with direct air intake and dedicated compressor suitable only for newly designed aircraft Technical Solutions to the Problem of Contaminated Cabin Air German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 67 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Contact [email protected] http://www.ProfScholz.de http://CabinAir.ProfScholz.de Technical Solutions to the Problem of Contaminated Cabin Air German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 68 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) References A320 FCOM Airbus: A320 – Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) A350 XWB News 2012 Blogjfa: A350 XWB Cabin Air Quality will make a Comfortable Flight although -50 °C Outside, A350 XWB News (Blog), 2012. – URL: http://bloga350.blogspot.de/2012/11/a350-xwb-cabin-air-quality-will-make.html Airbus 2013 Airbus: In-Service Information, Environmental Control System Decontamination, A319/A320/A321, 2013 Airbus 2017 Airbus: In-Service Information, Cabin Air Quality Troubleshooting Advice, All Aircraft, 2017 Assuntos Militares 2013 Assuntos Militares: Engine Alliance GP7000 (picture), 2013. – URL: https://goo.gl/images/gYIW31; http://www.assuntosmilitares.jor.br/2013/01/pratt-fornecera-turbinas-embraer.html Aviation Week 2016 Aviation Week: CFM56 Engine's Performance, Extended Time-on-Wing Advantage, 2016-11-29. – URL: http://aviationweek.com/optimizing-engines-through-lifecycle/did-you-know-cfm56-engines-performance-extended-timewing-advan Technical Solutions to the Problem of Contaminated Cabin Air German Aerospace Congress 2018 Friedrichshafen, 04.-06.09.2018 Dieter Scholz: Solutions to Contaminated Cabin Air 05.09.2018, Slide 69 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) References Balk 2018 Balk, Andreas: Production Flight Test of Passenger Aircraft at Airbus. Presentation: Hamburg Aerospace Lecture Series (DGLR, RAeS, VDI, ZAL, HAW Hamburg), Hamburg, Germany, 2018-04-12. – URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1227302 BFU 2014 Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (BFU): Study of Reported Occurrences in Conjunction with Cabin Air Quality in Transport Aircraft, 2014 (BFU 803.1-14). – URL: https://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/Safety%20Study/Studies/140507_Fume_Events.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Boeing 2007 Sinnett, Mike: 787 No-Bleed Systems: Saving Fuel and Enhancing Operational Efficiencies. In: Boeing: AERO, 2007, No. 4, Art. 2, pp. 6-11. – URL: http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_07/article_02_1.html CAA 2017 Civil Aviation Authority: Cabin Air Contamination Information Sheet for Patients, 2017. – URL: https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Standard_Content/Passengers/Before_you_fly/Health/170626%20In formation%20sheet%20v7.pdf Cannon 2016 Cannon, Frank: Aircraft cabin air contamination and aerotoxic syndrome – A review of the evidence. 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