Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants on the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS ISSN(print): 2643-9840, ISSN(online): 2643-9875 Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijmra/v8-i12-34, Impact Factor: 8.266 Page No. 6875-6887 IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6875 Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety Ni Made Ulan Wibawani1, Gede Wijana2, Anak Agung Gede Sugiarta3 1Student in Dryland Agricultural Management Master Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 2Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 3Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia ABSTRACT: This study is a laboratory-based experimental research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of germination stimulants on the viability and vigor of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seeds, specifically the Kopyol and Lini S 795 varieties, which are important plantation commodities in Bali Province. The decline in Arabica coffee production due to aging plants has increased the need for high-quality seeds, yet seed dormancy and hard seed coats remain major barriers to optimal germination. The objectives of this research were to determine the influence of various germination stimulants on seed physiological performance and to identify the most effective treatment for enhancing germination and early seedling growth. The experiment was conducted in December 2024 at the UPTD Laboratory of Seed Testing and Certification for Food Crops, Horticulture, and Plantation, Bali Province, using a Nested Design with two factors: coffee varieties (Kopyol and Lini S 795) and germination stimulants (water, 25% young coconut water, 100 ppm GA₃, 20% H₂SO₄, and 0.3% KNO₃). Observed parameters included germination rate, maximum growth potential, germination speed, uniformity, radicle length, shoot height, vigor index, fresh weight, and dry weight. The results showed that germination stimulants significantly improved both viability and vigor of Arabica coffee seeds. The 0.3% KNO₃ treatment applied for 24 hours produced the highest germination rate (92%), maximum growth potential (94%), and vigor index. The Kopyol variety exhibited superior physiological responses compared to Lini S 795. Based on these findings, the application of 0.3% KNO₃ is recommended as the most effective germination stimulant to enhance the physiological quality of Arabica coffee seeds, particularly the Kopyol variety, supporting rejuvenation programs for coffee cultivation in Bali Province. KEYWORDS: Arabica coffee, Kopyol, Lini S 795, KNO₃, seed viability, seed vigor. INTRODUCTION Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most valuable plantation commodities because of its high economic importance and the increasing demand in both domestic and international markets. In Indonesia, coffee consumption continues to rise along with the growing coffee culture and the expansion of modern coffee shop industries. At the global level, the demand for Indonesian coffee remains strong, which is reflected in national coffee exports reaching approximately 206,700 tons in the first half of 2025 (Antara 2025). Arabica coffee contributes about 25 to 30 percent of the total coffee production in Indonesia, making it a strategic commodity that supports global market needs (BRMP Perkebunan 2025). This growing demand for high quality coffee highlights the need to improve farmer level productivity through the provision of high quality seeds that ensure sustainable production and consistent quality. Bali Province is known as a producer of Arabica coffee with distinctive flavor characteristics that have gained international recognition. The Kopyol and Lini S 795 varieties are among the superior Arabica coffee varieties cultivated in Bali. The Kopyol variety is recognized for its strong adaptability in highland environments and its resistance to leaf rust, while the Lini S 795 variety is valued for its high yield potential and resistance to the same disease. Although both varieties have excellent production potential, the success of seed propagation is affected by several external factors, including seed physiological quality, storage conditions, and seedling management during the germination phase. Data from the Central Statistics Agency of Bali Province show that Arabica coffee production has decreased from 3,983 tons in 2021 to 3,644 tons in 2023. One major factor behind this decline is the aging of coffee plants, which makes rejuvenation Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6876 and replanting necessary. These efforts require high quality seeds that are capable of producing strong and productive plants (Abay, 2022). High quality seeds must have good viability and vigor, because seeds with high viability and vigor grow into normal plants that are able to germinate successfully and adapt well to diverse environmental conditions. Seed provision is an essential first step in crop cultivation and greatly influences plant productivity (Bakri, 2019). According to the Indonesian Seed Law Number 22 of 2019, seeds are defined as plants or plant parts used for reproduction and multiplication. Coffee can be propagated through vegetative methods such as grafting and cuttings or through generative methods using seeds. Generative propagation offers several advantages, including the production of healthier plants with deeper taproots that provide better tolerance to drought, flooding, and lodging. The Ministry of Agriculture Regulation Number 27 of 2021 states that certified coffee seeds must have a minimum germination rate of eighty percent. Germination is the early growth process of the embryo and seed structures that lead to the development of a new plant (Handi & Sari, 2018). The germination percentage is therefore used to determine seed viability and to describe seed vigor, which relates to the ability of a seed to grow rapidly and uniformly under a wide range of environmental conditions (Sutopo 2012). Germination in Arabica coffee seeds often encounters constraints, especially seed dormancy. After fruits reach maturity and seeds are harvested, the seeds commonly enter a dormant state that prevents germination even under ideal environmental conditions (Idha et al. 2017). Dormancy functions as a survival mechanism, but it also prolongs the germination process and reduces the efficiency of seedling production (Wahyuni et al. 2021). The physical characteristics of coffee seeds, particularly their hard endocarp, slow down water absorption and further delay germination (Tefa, 2017). Dormancy can be overcome through various techniques such as soaking seeds in water, reducing seed coat thickness, applying chemical treatments, or storing seeds in alternating warm and cool moist environments (Wicaksono, 2010). Scarification is commonly used to ease water penetration and activate dormant cells (Widajati et al. 2013). In coffee seeds, scarification can be performed manually by removing the hard endocarp or chemically through substances such as gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate, or sulfuric acid. Research has shown that the application of germination stimulants can improve physiological seed quality. Nisa (2020) reported that soaking Arabica coffee seeds in gibberellic acid at five hundred parts per million for twenty four hours increased root length, hypocotyl height, and seedling biomass. Sulfuric acid at a concentration of twenty percent has been shown to soften the coffee seed coat and increase germination speed (Wardana et al. 2023). Potassium nitrate has also been effective in improving germination rate, speed, uniformity, and seedling growth in several plant species (Sela et al. 2018). These findings indicate that germination stimulants may enhance seed viability and vigor by accelerating germination and promoting early growth. Germination stimulants such as potassium nitrate, growth promoting substances, and coconut water influence internal metabolic processes that trigger germination (Ardi. 2021). Their effectiveness is evaluated based on increases in germination percentage, germination speed, and early seedling development (Handi et al. 2018). However, studies evaluating the effectiveness of germination stimulants specifically on Kopyol and Lini S 795 Arabica coffee varieties are still limited. For these reasons, this research aims to examine the effectiveness of germination stimulants on the viability and vigor of Arabica coffee seeds of the Kopyol variety and the Lini S 795 variety. The results of this study are expected to support seed quality improvement efforts and contribute to sustainable coffee production in Bali. RESEARCH METHOD Research Time and Location The research was conducted in December two thousand twenty four at the Laboratory of the Seed Testing and Certification Unit for Food Crops, Horticulture, and Plantation under the Department of Agriculture and Food Security of Bali Province. Research Tools and Materials The tools used in this study included tweezers, basins, rulers, a digital scale, a hand sprayer, measuring cylinders, and writing instruments. The materials consisted of Arabica coffee seeds of the Kopyol variety and the Lini S seven hundred ninety five variety obtained from the official seed source gardens of the Department of Agriculture and Food Security of Bali Province. Additional materials used were sand media, sand trays, distilled water, alcohol, gibberellin GA three, potassium nitrate K N O three, sulfuric acid H two S O four, and young coconut water. Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6877 Research Design This study employed an experimental method using a Nested Design consisting of two factors. The first factor was Arabica coffee variety coded as A with two levels: A k = Arabica coffee Kopyol variety A l = Arabica coffee Lini S seven hundred ninety-five variety The second factor was germination stimulants coded as P with five levels: P a = seed soaking in water control P c = seed soaking in twenty-five percent young coconut water for twenty-four hours P g = seed soaking in one hundred ppm gibberellin for twenty-four hours P h = seed soaking in twenty percent sulfuric acid for twenty minutes P k = seed soaking in zero point three percent potassium nitrate for twenty-four hours Each treatment combination was repeated two times, resulting in thirty experimental units. Each replicate used twenty-five seeds. Research Procedures 1. Seed Preparation Arabica coffee seeds of the Kopyol variety were collected from the Kopyol Arabica coffee seed source garden in Kerta Village, Payangan Sub district, Gianyar Regency. The Lini S seven hundred ninety-five variety was sourced from the S seven hundred ninety-five Arabica coffee seed garden in Kembangsari Village, Kintamani Sub district, Bangli Regency. The seeds used were physiologically mature and free from pests and diseases. 2. Seed Treatments Prepared coffee seeds were soaked according to the respective germination stimulant treatments. The treatments consisted of twenty-four hour soaking in young coconut water, twenty-four hour soaking in one hundred ppm gibberellin, twentyminute soaking in twenty percent sulfuric acid, and twenty-four hour soaking in zero point three percent potassium nitrate. After soaking, the seeds were sown into trays filled with sand media. 3. Observation Variables Observations were conducted at seven, fourteen, twenty-one, and twenty-eight days after sowing. The variables observed included seed viability and seed vigor using the following parameters: a) Germination Percentage Germination percentage described the seed quality in terms of viability and the ability to produce normal seedlings. This parameter was obtained by counting the number of normal seedlings at the first and final count based on the standard of the International Seed Testing Association two thousand twenty-one. The first count for coffee seeds was conducted on day seven and the final count on day fourteen. b) Maximum Growth Potential Maximum growth potential was measured at twenty-eight days after sowing and reflected the highest possible ability of the seed to germinate and develop under optimal conditions. c) Germination Speed Germination speed indicated the vigor level of seeds based on their ability to germinate rapidly. The calculation used the percentage of normally germinated seeds divided by the observation interval. d) Uniformity of Germination Germination uniformity was calculated using the percentage of strong normal seedlings at the final observation. e) Radicle Length Radicle length was measured using a ruler from the base of the root to its tip at twenty-eight days after sowing on normal seedlings. f) Shoot Height Shoot height was measured at twenty-eight days after sowing from the base of the stem to the tip of the shoot of normal seedlings. g) Seed Vigour Index The seed vigour index was calculated by multiplying the germination percentage by the average length of the hypocotyl and radicle. h) Fresh Weight Fresh weight was obtained by weighing all germinated seedlings in fresh condition for each treatment unit. Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6878 i) Dry Weight Dry weight was obtained by oven drying seedling samples at one hundred five degrees Celsius for twenty-four hours until a constant weight was reached. Data Analysis All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance ANOVA to determine the effects of treatments. When significant differences were detected, the analysis was continued with the Least Significant Difference test at five percent significance level. RESULTS Significance of Treatment Effects on Observation Variables Based on Table 1, all germination-promoting substances (Pa, Pc, Pg, Ph, and Pk) show an asterisk (*) for every observed variable, indicating a significant effect on all viability and vigor parameters of Arabica coffee seeds. This demonstrates that each treatment successfully enhances the physiological responses of seeds, from the initiation of germination to early seedling growth. For viability parameters (germination percentage, maximum growth potential, growth rate, and uniformity of germination), the treatments improved the seeds’ ability to germinate faster and more uniformly. Vigor parameters (radicle length, shoot height, and Seed Vigour Index/SVI) also increased, indicating accelerated cell elongation and improved early biomass formation. The increase in fresh and dry weight further confirms that the treatments promote more optimal tissue development. Overall, all germination-promoting materials proved effective in improving seed viability and vigor, producing stronger and more uniform seedlings that are better prepared for subsequent growth stages. Table 1. Significance of the effectiveness of germination-promoting materials on seed viability and vigor of coffee No Plant Variable Applied Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk 1 Germination Percentage (%) * * * * * 2 Maximum Growth Potential (%) * * * * * 3 Growth Rate (%/day) * * * * * 4 Germination Uniformity (%) * * * * * 5 Radicle Length (cm) * * * * * 6 Shoot Height (cm) * * * * * 7 Seed Vigour Index (SVI) * * * * * 8 Fresh Weight * * * * * 9 Dry Weight * * * * * Notes: ns: not significant, *: significant, **: highly significant Germination Percentage (%) Germination percentage is a key parameter for assessing seed viability as it reflects the proportion of seeds capable of producing normal seedlings under optimal conditions. Statistical analysis (Table 2) indicates that germination-enhancing treatments significantly affect the germination percentage of Arabica coffee seeds, as shown by differing letters in the 5% LSD test. Each treatment displayed a distinct response, reflecting differences in their ability to stimulate early physiological processes of germination. Table 2. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Agents on Seed Viability and Vigour (Germination Percentage) Parameter Germination Percentage (%) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 44,00c (a) 64,00bc (a) 66,67b (a) 50,67c (a) 92,00a (a) 63,47 a (a) AK 61,33b (a) 66,67b (a) 70,67ab (a) 58,67b (a) 92,00a (a) 69,87 a (a) Mean 52,66a 65,33a 68,67a 54,67a 92,00a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters and letters in parentheses within the same column indicate non-significant differences based on the LSD test at 5% with an LSD value of 30.26. Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6879 Variety AL showed an average germination of 63.47%, ranging from the lowest value under Pa (44.00%) to the highest under Pk (92.00%). Pc and Pg moderately improved germination through increased enzymatic activity and dormancy release. Variety AK had a higher overall average (69.87%) with similarly strong responses to Pc, Pg, and especially Pk (92.00%). Overall, Pk consistently produced the highest germination (92.00%), indicating KNO₃ as the most effective stimulant for enhancing permeability, water uptake, and early metabolic activation. Maximum Growth Potential (%) Maximum growth potential reflects the highest possible proportion of seeds that can develop into normal seedlings under optimal conditions. Table 3 shows significant differences among treatments based on the 5% LSD test, with clear variations across both varieties. Table 3. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Agents on Maximum Growth Potential (%) Parameter Maximum Growth Potential (%) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 58,67c (a) 80,00b (a) 78,67bc (a) 66,67c (a) 94,67a (a) 75,73a (a) AK 76,00b (a) 80,00b (a) 78,67b (a) 77,33b (a) 97,33a (a) 81,87 a Mean 67,33a 80,00a 78,67a 72,00a 96,00a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters within the same column indicate non-significant differences based on the LSD test at 5% with an LSD value of 21.74. Variety AL reached 75.73% on average with Pk (94.67%) as the most effective treatment, while Pa produced the lowest value. Variety AK performed better overall with a mean of 81.87%, and again Pk gave the highest value (97.33%). Although some treatments were statistically similar, the trend showed that KNO₃ consistently maximized growth potential in both varieties. Growth Rate (%/etmal) Growth rate represents seed vigour, indicating the speed and uniformity of germination. Table 4 shows varied responses, with some treatments differing significantly based on LSD 5% (2.86%/etmal). Table 4. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Agents on Growth Rate (%/etmal) Parameter Growth Rate (%/etmal) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 1,68c (a) 2,29bc (a) 2,83ab (a) 1,82c (a) 3,24a (a) 2,37a AK 2,24c (a) 2,38c (a) 2,89bc (a) 2,14c (a) 3,78a (a) 2,68a Mean 1,96a 2,33a 2,86a 1,98a 3,51a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters within the same column indicate non-significant differences based on the LSD test at 5% with an LSD value of 2.86. Growth rate in AL ranged from 1.68–3.24%/etmal, while AK ranged from 2.24–3.78%/etmal, indicating stronger vigour in AK. In both varieties, Pk produced the fastest growth rate, demonstrating its ability to enhance early metabolic activity and accelerate seedling emergence. Germination Uniformity (%) Germination uniformity reflects the synchrony of seedling emergence. Variations among treatments were observed; however, many were statistically similar (LSD 5% = 29.89). Table 5. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Agents on Germination Uniformity (%) Parameter Uniformity of Germination (%) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 45,33b (a) 64,00ab (a) 66,67ab (a) 50,67b (a) 92,00a (a) 63,73a Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6880 AK 61,33a (a) 66,67a (a) 70,67a (a) 58,67a (a) 92,00a (a) 69,87a Mean 53,33a 65,33a 68,67a 54.67a 92,00a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters within the same column indicate non-significant differences based on the LSD test at 5%, with an LSD value of 29.89. Variety AK had higher uniformity (69.87%) than AL (63.73%). Pk provided the highest uniformity (92.00%) for both varieties, confirming its strong ability to accelerate germination initiation and reduce emergence variability. Lower uniformity in Pa and Ph treatments indicates suboptimal support for early metabolic activation. Radicle Length (cm) Radicle length reflects the initial vigor of the seedlings and the seed’s ability to initiate primary root formation. The results showed variation among treatments; however, most differences were statistically non-significant based on the 5% LSD (2.14). The AK variety exhibited longer radicles than AL, and the Pk treatment consistently produced the longest radicle length in both varieties. This indicates that Pk was the most effective in stimulating root cell elongation and enhancing early seed vigor. Table 6. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Substances on Radicle Length (cm) Parameter Radicle Length (cm) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 4,69b (a) 4,53b (a) 4,67b (a) 4,34b (a) 5,45a (a) 4,73a AK 4,56b (a) 4,76b (a) 4,98ab (a) 4,85ab (a) 5,55a (a) 4,94a Mean 4,62a 4,60a 4,82a 4,59a 5,50a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters in the same column indicate non-significant differences based on the 5% LSD test, with an LSD value of 2.14. The radicle length of both varieties showed variation in response to the treatments, although the differences were not statistically significant based on the 5% LSD test. The AK variety exhibited slightly longer radicles than AL, indicating better initial vigor. The Pk treatment consistently produced the longest radicles in both varieties, reflecting its effectiveness in promoting root elongation through enhanced metabolism and cell expansion activity. In contrast, the lowest values were recorded under the Ph treatment for AL and the Pa treatment for AK, suggesting less optimal physiological stimulation. Overall, the response pattern indicates that although not statistically significant, the Pk treatment tended to improve primary root growth vigor during the early germination phase. Shoot Height (cm) Shoot height represents the vertical vigor of the seedlings. Although differences among treatments were not significant (LSD 5% = 1.55), a consistent pattern was observed in which Pk produced the highest values in both varieties. The Ph treatment resulted in the lowest shoot height, indicating a less optimal physiological response to the stimulant compound. The consistent responses in AL and AK suggest that Pk performs reliably across both genotypes. Table 7. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Substances on Shoot Height (cm) Parameter Shoot Height (cm) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 12,63ab (a) 12,85ab (a) 11,36b (a) 11,24b (a) 13,51a (a) 12,32a AK 12,69ab (a) 13,04ab (a) 12,33ab (a) 11,97b (a) 13,56a (a) 12,72a Mean 12,66a 12,94a 11,84a 11,60a 13,53a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters in the same column indicate non-significant differences according to the 5% LSD test, with an LSD value of 1.55. Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6881 Shoot height exhibited a similar response pattern in both varieties, with the Pk treatment producing the highest values and the Ph treatment the lowest. Nevertheless, all treatments fell within the same significance group, indicating no statistically significant differences. The consistently higher values under the Pk treatment suggest a stronger physiological stimulation of vertical shoot growth, likely through enhanced mobilization of stored reserves and increased activity of hydrolytic enzymes. The parallel response patterns in AL and AK demonstrate that the effect of Pk is stable across both genotypes, making it more promising for improving the early shoot vigor of coffee seedlings. Seed Vigour Index (SVI) The seed vigour index integrates seedling growth and the percentage of normal seedlings. All treatments fell within the same significance group (LSD 5% = 365.10); however, numerically, Pk produced the highest SVI values in both varieties. This indicates that Pk enhances seed vigour by accelerating the mobilization of stored reserves. Table 8. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Substances on Seed Vigour Index (SVI) Parameter Seed Vigour Index (S.V.I) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 557,50b (a) 823,73ab (a) 758,00ab (a) 574,53b (a) 1.052,90a (a) 753,33a AK 779,60b (a) 871,73ab (a) 895,87ab (a) 778,67b (a) 1.226,00a (a) 910,37a Mean 668,55a 847,73a 826,93a 676,60 1139,45a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters in the same column indicate non-significant differences according to the 5% LSD test, with an LSD value of 365.10. The seed vigour index (SVI) showed a clear increasing pattern under the Pk treatment, although statistically the treatments did not differ significantly. Pk produced the highest SVI values in both AL and AK, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing the seeds’ ability to grow rapidly and uniformly. The Ph treatment resulted in the lowest SVI values for both varieties, indicating a less optimal physiological response. The relatively wide variation in values suggests that each variety exhibits a different level of sensitivity to the growth-promoting substances. The consistent upward trend observed under Pk further confirms that this treatment is more capable of optimizing metabolic activity, carbohydrate mobilization, and cellular respiration— processes that underpin seedling vigor. Fresh Weight (g) Fresh weight reflects the initial biomass accumulation of the seedlings. Although the differences were not statistically significant (LSD 5% = 3.59), the response pattern indicated that Pk produced the highest fresh weight in both varieties. The AK variety showed a higher mean fresh weight than AL, suggesting a stronger physiological capacity for early biomass formation. Table 9. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Substances on Fresh Weight (g) Parameter Fresh Weight (g) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 5,16b (a) 6,70b (a) 7,20ab (a) 6,06b (a) 10,47a (a) 7,12b AK 8,90b (a) 9,60ab (a) 9,47ab (a) 7,99b (a) 12,72a (a) 9,74a Mean 7,03a 8,15a 8,33a 7,02a 11,59a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters in the same column indicate non-significant differences, based on the 5% LSD test with an LSD value of 3.59. Fresh seedling weight increased the most under the Pk treatment for both varieties, indicating this treatment’s ability to accelerate early biomass formation through enhanced imbibition, hydrolysis of stored reserves, and cell division. The AK variety exhibited higher fresh weight than AL, reflecting stronger early vigor potential. Although the lowest values differed between the two varieties, the shared letter groupings among treatments indicate that these differences were not statistically significant. Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6882 Nevertheless, the consistent numerical pattern shows that the Pk treatment remains the most effective in promoting early biomass growth in coffee seedlings. Dry Weight (g) Dry weight reflects the accumulation of structural biomass. The response pattern showed that Pk produced the highest dry weight in both varieties, although the differences were not statistically significant (LSD 5% = 0.83). The AK variety again exhibited a higher average value than AL, reinforcing its superior physiological efficiency. Table 10. Effectiveness of Germination-Enhancing Substances on Dry Weight (g) Parameter Dry Weight (g) Treatment Pa Pc Pg Ph Pk Mean AL 1,06b (a) 1,34ab (a) 1,77ab (a) 1,38ab (a) 2,15ab (a) 1,54b AK 1,87b (a) 2,08ab (a) 2,18ab (a) 1,74c (a) 2,91a (a) 2,16a Mean 1,46a 1,71a 1,97a 1,56a 2,53a Note: Numbers followed by the same letters in the same column indicate non-significant differences, based on the 5% LSD test with an LSD value of 0.83. Dry seedling weight showed that the Pk treatment consistently produced the highest values in both varieties, reflecting its effectiveness in enhancing the accumulation of structural biomass independent of water content. Although differences among treatments were not statistically significant according to the LSD test, the upward trend under Pk indicates improved efficiency in reserve mobilization and tissue formation. The AK variety produced higher dry weight than AL, demonstrating a stronger physiological capacity for building dry biomass during the early germination phase. The similar response patterns observed in both varieties indicate that the effect of the Pk treatment is stable and effective. DISCUSSION This study aims to elucidate the effects of various germination-promoting agents, including KNO₃ (Pk), gibberellin (Pg), young coconut water (Pc), plain water (Pa), and H₂SO₄ (Ph), on enhancing the viability and vigor of Arabica coffee seeds, considering both the genetic characteristics of the varieties and their physiological responses as key determining factors (Sitanggang et al., 2021). Successful germination of coffee seeds highly depends on the initial physiological condition and the surrounding environment, as both influence imbibition, metabolic activation, and embryonic cell division (Lestari et al., 2016). Arabica varieties Lini S 795 (AL) and Kopyol (AK) were selected due to their genetic differences, which affect the seeds’ responsiveness to germination-promoting treatments. Optimal environmental conditions, including humidity, temperature, and water availability, support early metabolic activities such as respiration, membrane stabilization, and activation of reserve-breaking enzymes, thereby improving seedling vigor (Lolo et al., 2025). Germination percentage is used as the primary indicator of seed viability because it reflects the proportion of seeds capable of normal growth. Analysis shown in Table 2 indicates that germination-promoting treatments significantly affect the germination percentage in both varieties, as evidenced by the differences in letters according to the 5% BNT test. Arabica Lini S 795 (AL) had an average germination percentage of 63.47%, with plain water (Pa) yielding the lowest at 44.00% and KNO₃ (Pk) the highest at 92.00%. Gibberellin/GA₃ (Pg) and young coconut water (Pc) treatments produced 66.67% and 64.00%, respectively, demonstrating the ability of these bioactive compounds to accelerate enzymatic activity and break physiological dormancy, consistent with the findings of Lolo et al. (2022) and Sirait (2020). Soaking in KNO₃ enhances seed coat permeability and accelerates imbibition, optimizing early respiration, membrane stabilization, and the activity of reserve-degrading enzymes, as reported by Sitanggang et al. (2021). Maximum germination potential reflects the seed’s capacity to produce normal seedlings under optimal conditions. Data in Table 3 show variation in responses between treatments and varieties, indicated by differences in letters according to the 5% BNT test. Arabica Lini S 795 (AL) had an average maximum germination potential of 75.73%, with plain water (Pa) as the lowest at 58% and KNO₃ (Pk) showing the highest response at 94.67%. Young coconut water (Pc) and GA₃ (Pg) treatments yielded 80.00% and 78.67%, respectively, indicating that these compounds optimally support early seed metabolism. This aligns with Sirait (2020), who reported that soaking Arabica seeds in KNO₃ increases germination percentage. Effectiveness of Germination Stimulants On the Viability and Vigor of Arabica Coffee Seeds of Kopyol Variety and Lini S 795 Variety IJMRA, Volume 08 Issue 12 December 2025 www.ijmra.in Page 6883 Arabica Kopyol (AK) exhibited a higher average maximum germination potential of 81.87%. Pa treatment produced 76.00%, while Pk reached 97.33%, confirming KNO₃ as the most consistently effective promoter. This is also supported by Wijaya et al. (2022) in Robusta coffee, showing a similar effect of KNO₃ in enhancing germination. Physiologically, the increase in maximum germination potential is associated with faster water imbibition, metabolic activation, cell membrane stabilization, and cell division and elongation. GA₃ application also demonstrated a positive effect on Arabica seed germination, as reported by Lolo et al. (2025). Growth rate is an important indicator of seed vigor because it reflects the ability of seeds to germinate rapidly and uniformly within a given period. According to Table 4, statistical analysis revealed variation in response to germination-promoting treatments across both Arabica varieties, with differences in letters according to the 5% BNT test of 2.86%/etmal. Arabica Lini S 795 (AL) showed a growth rate ranging from 1.68–3.24%/etmal, with an average of 2.37%/etmal. Pa treatment produced the lowest growth rate at 1.68%/etmal, followed by H₂SO₄ (Ph) at 1.82%/etmal, while Pc and Pg yielded intermediate responses of 2.29–2.83%/etmal. KNO₃ (Pk) treatment produced the highest value of 3.24%/etmal, highlighting KNO₃’s ability to accelerate early seed metabolism, including imbibition, respiration, and enzyme synthesis such as α-amylase, which mobilizes food reserves for cell division and elongation. Arabica Kopyol (AK) showed a higher growth rate of 2.24–3.78%/etmal with an average of 2.68%/etmal. Pk treatment again proved most effective at 3.78%/etmal, whereas Pa and Ph produced the lowest growth rates of 2.24–2.14%/etmal. This indicates that AK is more responsive to promoting agents, reflecting higher genetic vigor and superior physiological ability to utilize stimulants for rapid seedling emergence. Physiologically, increased growth rate is associated with early metabolic activation, including rapid imbibition, membrane stabilization, and enhanced activity of enzymes that degrade carbohydrate and protein reserves. KNO₃ synergistically accelerates cell division and embryonic cell elongation. Inter-varietal differences reflect physiological traits and genetic capacity to respond to chemical stimuli, similar to GA₃ mechanisms that stimulate cell division and tissue expansion in fruit crops (Ruttanaruangboworn et al., 2017). Overall, KNO₃ was the most effective treatment for increasing growth rate, while Pa showed the lowest response, underscoring the role of promoting agents in enhancing initial seed vigor. Uniformity of germination is a crucial indicator of viability and vigor as it reflects the seeds’ ability to emerge synchronously within a short period, indicating consistent physiological response to early metabolic activation. Table 5 shows statistical analysis with variations among treatments, most of which were not significantly different, BNT = 29.89. Arabica Lini S 795 (AL) had uniformity ranging from 45.33–92.00%, with an average of 63.73%. KNO₃ (Pk) produced the highest uniformity at 92.00%, whereas Pa was the lowest at 45.33%. Pc and Pg showed intermediate uniformity of 64.00–66.67%, indicating that KNO₃ can accelerate synchronous germination initiation, minimize time gaps between seed emergence, and support early physiological stability. Arabica Kopyol (AK) exhibited higher uniformity, 58.67–92.00% with an average of 69.87%. Pk again proved most effective at 92.00%, while Ph was the lowest at 58.67%. This variation reflects AK’s genetic responsiveness to promoting agents and better physiological capacity to stabilize hydration and enzymatic activation during germination. Physiologically, increased germination uniformity is related to efficient hydration, activation of early metabolic enzymes, and uniform mobilization of food reserves. Seed priming with KNO₃ supports synchronized emergence by regulating osmotic balance and enhancing α-amylase, protease, and lipase activities, enabling all embryos to initiate growth simultaneously, as reported in tomato seeds (Ali et al., 2020), tomato seeds treated with KNO₃ plus aeration (Santika et al., 2022), and macadamia seeds (Nyasasi et al., 2025). Inter-varietal differences highlight the influence of physiological traits on responsiveness to chemical stimuli, similar to GA₃’s effect in improving organ growth uniformity in certain plant seeds (Hernández et al., 2024). Overall, Pk treatment demonstrated the highest effectiveness in improving germination uniformity, contributing positively to the production of uniform and ready-to-plant seedlings. Radicle Length is an early indicator of seedling vigor as it reflects the growth strength of the embryo after imbibition. This parameter indicates the seed’s ability to form an initial root system, which is essential for supporting subsequent growth stages. Based on Table 6, there was variation in radicle length responses among the germination-promoting treatments, although most differences were not statistically significant according to the 5% BNT test with a value of 2.14 cm. Arabica Lini S 795 exhibited radicle lengths ranging from 4.34 to 5.45 cm, with an average of 4.73 cm. KNO₃ treatment produced the highest value of 5.45 cm, while H₂SO₄ yielded the shortest radicle at 4.34 cm. Treatments with plain water, young coconut water, and gibberellin showed intermediate values of 4.53–4.69 cm, reflecting the varying effectiveness of the promoting agents on primary root cell elongation. Arabica Kopyol showed longer radicles with an average of 4.94 cm, where KNO₃ produced 5.55 cm and plain water the lowest at 4.56 cm. This indicates that Arabica Kopyol has a better physiological response to promoting agents, particularly in stimulating radicle cell division and elongation. Physiologically, increased radicle length is associated with the activation of early metabolism,