A distinctive new species of Zischkaia from eastern Ecuador (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Euptychiina)

94 TROP. LEPID. RES., 35(2): 94-98, 2025 WILLMOTT ET AL.: New Zischkaia A distinctive new species of Zischkaia from eastern Ecuador (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Euptychiina) Keith R. Willmott1,2, Pierre Boyer3, Tomasz Pyrcz4, Klaudia Florczyk5, Jason P. W. Hall6 and Shinichi Nakahara7 1. McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; kwillmott@flmnh. ufl.edu; 2. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Quito, Ecuador; 3. 7 Lotissement l’Horizon, Le Puy Sainte Réparade, France; 4. Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; 5. Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; 6. Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0127, USA; 7. Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Date of issue online: 19 December 2025 Zoobank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:850F7C5C-3081-4B73-90BF-BD4D8B0B94C5 Electronic copies (ISSN 2575-9256) in PDF format at: https://journals.flvc.org/troplep; https://zenodo.org; archived by the Institutional Repository at the University of Florida (IR@UF), http://ufdc.ufl.edu/ufir; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17782353 © The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Abstract: We here describe a striking new species of euptychiine satyrine butterfly from eastern Ecuador, Zischkaia xenikos Willmott, Boyer & Hall, n. sp. The new species is the only species in the genus to have a white discal band on the ventral hindwing, and the male genitalia are highly distinctive. COI barcode data suggest that it is sister to a clade comprising all previously sequenced species of Zischkaia. The species is currently known from two localities, one of which lies within the largest protected area in Ecuador, Parque Nacional Yasuní, and the other adjacent to Reserva de Producción Faunística Cuyabeno. Key words: Amazon; butterfly; COI barcode; Cuyabeno; male genitalia characters; rainforest; taxonomy; Yasuní. INTRODUCTION The genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 contains some of the rarest and most local species within the predominantly Neotropical satyrine subtribe Euptychiina. The recent monograph by Nakahara et al. (2019) reviewed the classification of all species and summarized information on their relationships, morphology, biology and distribution, and added nine new species to the three previously known in the genus. Zischkaia occurs in the eastern Andes, Amazon, Guianas, and southeastern Brazil, in lowland to lower montane forest, and many species are known from very small ranges and/or only a few specimens or localities, so that the likelihood of further new species being found seemed relatively high. Nevertheless, the discovery of the species described here was a great surprise; not only was it found outside the center of euptychiine diversity, which lies in the southwestern Amazon, but it is highly distinctive in comparison with all known species, in terms of wing pattern, male genitalic morphology, and COI barcode sequences, and does not belong in either of the two well-characterized clades recognized in the genus by Nakahara et al. (2019). This description contributes to ongoing efforts to revise the systematics of Euptychiina (e.g., Espeland et al., 2023; Nakahara et al., 2025) and improve our knowledge of the evolution and natural history of this diverse Neotropical butterfly radiation. METHODS Euptychiina specimens and information on distribution and natural history were collected by the authors and colleagues throughout Ecuador, and in numerous collections, over many years. The following collection acronyms are used: INABIO: Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Quito, Ecuador; MGCL: McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, USA; PIBO: Pierre Boyer collection, Le Puy Sainte Réparade, France. Morphology was studied using standard techniques, with adult abdomens being soaked in hot 10% KOH for 1015 minutes, dissected and subsequently stored in glass tubes in glycerine. Body morphology and dissections were studied using a stereomicroscope at up to 100x magnification. The terminology for genitalic and abdominal structures follows Scoble (1992), with use of the term brachia following Klots (1956), and nomenclature for venation follows the Comstock & Needham (1898) system as in Comstock (1918). We use the abbreviations DFW, VFW, DHW and VHW for dorsal and ventral forewing and hindwing. Genomic DNA was extracted from legs removed from Euptychiina specimens using Qiagen’s DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit following the manufacturer’s protocol, incubating samples overnight (24 h) and using a final elution volume of 50 ul. We amplified the first half of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome approximate likelihood ratio test) branch test (Guindon et al., 2010). New sequences are deposited in GenBank as follows (sample voucher numbers in parentheses): PX096621 (LEP-99482), PX096622 (LEP-99483), PX096623 (LEP99484), PX096624 (LEP-99485), PX096625 (PB-2303-52). Information for the published sequences that we incorporated is provided in Nakahara et al. (2019) and Espeland et al. (2023). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Zischkaia xenikos Willmott, Boyer & Hall, n. sp. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F271A5CE-652E-4C10-9DAA-7452C8A51393 Figs. 1-2 Diagnosis and identification: This species may be easily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a white discal band on the VHW and by the diffuse and indistinct dark VHW discal and postdiscal lines (which border the white discal band basally and distally) (Fig. 1B). The VHW postdiscal ocelli resemble those of Z. saundersii, but are otherwise notably elongate in comparison with most other congeners. The lack of dorsal dark androconial scales (Fig. 1A) further externally distinguishes the male of this species from those of Zischkaia “pacarus clade” members. The male genitalia (Fig. 1C-E) show numerous distinctive characters summarized in Table 1, in particular the valva with a dorsal lobe and pointed posterior projection, lack of a dorso-posterior lobe on the tegumen, straight and narrow uncus with a hooked posterior tip, and straight and narrow brachia with a short ‘tooth’ near the outer base. The species may be distinguished from superficially similar species in other genera by the characters mentioned by Nakahara et al. (2019: 12) in the diagnosis of Zischkaia, namely the oval VHW ocelli with silvery pupils displaced distally from the center of oxidase I (COI), also known as the barcode region for animals (Hebert et al., 2003), using primers and methods described by Willmott et al. (2018). Single strands of the PCR products were sequenced by Eurofins Genomics, using the same primers as in the PCR. Five new sequences were edited using BioEdit v. 7.1.3 (Hall, 1999) and added to the alignment used by Nakahara et al. (2019) to study relationships among Zischkaia species. That dataset included all eight previously sequenced species of Zischkaia (out of 12 previously recognized in the genus) and exemplar species from other genera within the “Amphidecta clade” of Espeland et al. (2023), including Amphidecta clio (Weymer, 1911), Argentaria itonis (Hewitson, 1862), Argentaria clorimena (Stoll, 1790), and “Pharneuptychia” innocentia_01, as well as Pindis squamistriga (Felder, 1869), which was found to be sister to the Amphidecta clade (Espeland et al., 2003). In addition, we added sequences for three other members of the clade, Amphidecta reynoldsi Sharpe, 1890, Amphidecta calliomma (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862), and ‘Euptychia’ ordinata Weymer, 1911. To examine relationships and help decide the most suitable generic classification for the new species we inferred a maximum likelihood tree using IQ-TREE v.2.3.0 (Minh et al., 2020) based on the aforementioned dataset. Data were partitioned by codon positions, and TPM2u+F+I was applied to first and second codon positions; TIM2+I+G4 was applied to the third codon position, selected through ModelFinder with the “merge” option (Kalyaanamoorthy et al., 2017). A total of 10 runs were conducted and the run that gave the highest log-likelihood (LnL= -3062.707) was selected to inform our taxonomic decisions, with the tree rooted with Pindis squamistriga. Branch supports were calculated via 1,000 replications of ultrafast bootstrapping (Hoang et al. 2018) and 1,000 replications of the SH-aLRT (Shimodaira-Hasegawa 95TROP. LEPID. RES., 35(2): 94-98, 2025WILLMOTT ET AL.: New Zischkaia Figure 1. Holotype male of Zischkaia xenikos n. sp. (MECN-LD-53455). A, dorsal surface, B, ventral surface, C, genitalia (KW-24-134) lateral view, D, genitalia dorsal view, E, aedeagus lateral view perpendicular to spine (‘winglet’). Scale bars 1 cm for A-B, 1 mm for C-E. 96 each ocellus (unique to the genus), and the absence of ocelli on other wings and the reduced or absent VFW submedian line (also found in some other genera). Description: MALE (Fig. 1A,B): Forewing length 21.5 mm (21.2-21.6 mm, mean 21.5 mm, n=5). Wings: FW triangular, distal and anal margins straight and almost perpendicular, vein R2 arising just basally of origin of vein R3+4+5; HW rounded, anal margin slightly indented basal of tornus. Dorsal surface: Ground color brown. DFW with distal margin and subapical area very slightly darker than remainder of wing. DHW with indistinct, black, slightly wavy submarginal line parallel to distal margin, from vein 2A to Rs. Ventral surface: Ground color brown, similar to dorsal surface. VFW with slightly curving dark brown postdiscal line extending from vein 2A to radial veins where becoming indistinct; dark brown submarginal line from anal margin to apex, rather straight except slightly wavy in cells M3-M1; narrower dark brown marginal line close to narrow dark brown fringe of marginal scales, parallel to distal margin; no ocelli. VHW with broad, white discal band extending straight from anal margin to costa, fading anterior of vein M1, bordered basally by indistinct dark brown line and distally by orange-brown line that fades and merges with ground color towards costa and is kinked basally at vein 2A and then dark brown towards anal margin; five large, approximately oval postdiscal ocelli in cells 2A-Cu2 to M2-M1, middle ocellus more egg-shaped and pointed basally, each ocellus formed from a yellow-orange ring enclosing a black central area with a large, diffuse silver pupil that covers most of black area in ocellus nearest apex and is located distally of center within black area in remaining ocelli; tiny ocellus may or may not be present in cell M1-Rs; dark brown, wavy submarginal line, orange marginal line, distal margin fringe black, area between submarginal and marginal line and surrounding all ocelli purplish gray. Head: eyes brown and smooth, lacking setae; antennae with c. 41 antennomeres, distal c. 12 comprising club, dark brown dorsally and paler ventrally, dark scales dorsally and laterally and sparse white scales at base of antennomeres in basal half of antennae; labial palpi pale brown dorsally on middle segment, otherwise dark brown except for scattered lateral cream scales on middle segment and mid-line of terminal segment, long dark brown hair-like scales ventrally with scattered long cream scales on basal and middle segment; frons and top of head covered with dark brown scales and hair-like scales. Thorax: thorax grayish brown, forelegs, midand hind legs dark brown, midand hind legs paler grayish brown ventrally with pair of tibial spurs. Abdomen: brown dorsally, pale grayish brown ventrally, eighth tergite unsclerotized except for narrow anterior band and slightly broader posterior patch. Genitalia (Fig. 1C-E): as illustrated, notable features include brachia slender, pointed, straight, directed upwards with respect to uncus, with tiny ‘tooth’ on ventro-lateral edge near base; uncus with base depressed relative to tegumen, narrow, even in diameter, straight, ending in a short, hooked tip; tegumen small with slight dorsal bump and dorsolateral lobes on posterior portion; vinculum straight, very narrow; valva somewhat triangular in overall profile, with deep ‘notch’ in middle of dorsal edge and narrowing sharply to form a short, narrow, sharply pointed distal projection; juxta not visible, completely membranous; aedeagus curving slightly dorsally, with tiny dorsal ‘tooth’ about two-thirds distance from base to tip, where aedeagus also narrows in diameter; no visible cornuti. FEMALE: unknown. Types: HOLOTYPE ♂: Ecuador: Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuní, Río Tiputini, vía Auca, Estación Científica Yasuní, [0°40'27"S,76°23'49"W], 250300 m, (Hall, J. P. W., Willmott, K. R.), 31 Oct 2024, [MECN-LD-53455; LEP99484; KW-124-134], (to be deposited in INABIO). PARATYPES (4 ♂): Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuní, Río Tiputini, vía Auca, Estación Científica Yasuní, [0°40'27"S,76°23'49"W], 250-300 m, (Hall, J. P. W., Willmott, K. R.), 30 Oct 2024, 1 ♂ [MECN-LD-53356; LEP-99482], 31 Oct 2024, 1 ♂ [MECN-LD-53454; LEP-99483], 2 Nov 2024, 1 ♂ [MECNLD-53550; LEP-99485], (MGCL). Sucumbíos: Unión Nacional Cuyabeno, Bloque 58, [0°0'42"N,76°16'57"W], 280 m, (Aldaz, E., Boyer, P.), 26 Nov 2018, 1 ♂, [PB-2303-52; dissected by K. Florczyk 2691], (currently in PIBO). Etymology: The species name is derived from the ancient Greek adjective ξενικός (xenikos) meaning strange or foreign, in allusion to the very distinctive appearance of this species and its lack of close relatives in the genus. It is treated as a masculine noun in apposition. Distribution and natural history: This species is known from two localities in eastern Ecuador, in lowland Amazonian rainforest from 250-300 m (Fig. 2). Given the local nature and rarity of this species in the field its actual distribution is likely to be considerably broader, perhaps extending into neighboring southeastern Colombia and northeastern Peru, but it seems less likely that it occurs in the well-sampled region of southeastern Peru/western Brazil. Males were attracted to rotting fish bait in the understory of primary forest along trails from 09:00 hr to 14:30 hr (see also Gallice, 2023). Discussion: Espeland et al. (2023) found strong support for the monophyly of Zischkaia and the “Amphidecta clade” within which it was placed, although the relationships of Zischkaia to other genera in that clade were not resolved. In our analysis based on data from the COI barcode region only, and including representatives of other genera in the clade, ‘Euptychia’ ordinata appeared as sister to Zischkaia (Fig. 3), whereas Espeland et al. (2023) found it to be sister to Amphidecta, which is currently the most likely topology since that study was based on multiple gene sequences. A comprehensive taxonomic study of ‘Euptychia’ ordinata and relatives is in progress (Nakahara et al., in prep). We found Z. xenikos n. sp. to be sister to all other sequenced Zischkaia species (Fig. 3), with moderate support (78/89 [ultrafast boostrap/SH-aLRT]). This result, along with wing pattern characters discussed above under Diagnosis and identification, supports the placement of this species in Zischkaia. No male genitalic synapomorphies were identified for Zischkaia by Nakahara et al. (2019), in part because the male genitalia of species in the two clades that were previously identified within the genus are so morphologically distinctive that the option of treating the clades as separate genera was seriously considered. In contrast, the species within each clade Figure 2. Known localities for Zischkaia xenikos n. sp. Inset shows a male at the type locality photographed by Geoff Gallice. TROP. LEPID. RES., 35(2): 94-98, 2025 WILLMOTT ET AL.: New Zischkaia itonis. Similar examples of convergence in euptychiine wing patterns have been noted elsewhere (e.g., Willmott et al., 2019; Espeland et al., 2023), but their basis has yet to be investigated. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the museum curators who allowed us to examine the Euptychiina collections under their care, individuals who provided access to or shared information from their private collections or field work, and Geoff Gallice for allowing us to include his photograph of the new species in Fig. 2. We thank S. Nogales, A. Garcia, D. Inclán, the INABIO and Ecuadorian Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica for arranging the necessary permits for research in Ecuador, most recently under the project “Study of the Genetic Diversity and Evolution of the Lepidoptera of Ecuador”, permit number MAATE-DBI-CM-2023-0298. We thank the Pontificia differ relatively little in genitalia and are entirely allopatric, so that no more than two species (one from each clade) are ever sympatric, and species identification is mostly based on wing pattern and DNA barcode data. The new species described here has male genitalia that are highly divergent from all twelve species in both previously known clades, not showing any of the most obvious characters diagnosing each clade (Nakahara et al., 2019) (Table 1). One exception is the distinctive, small, pointed flange on the aedeagus (‘winglet’) that occurs in both Z. xenikos and the Z. “pacarus clade”, which could be a synapomorphy for these clades, or (consistent with the molecular tree topology) a synapomorphy for Zischkaia that has been lost in the Z. “saundersii clade”. The distinctive wing pattern of Z. xenikos is potentially the result of selection for crypsis or mimicry with other white-HW-banded euptychiines that might be sympatric, such as Amphidecta clio (Weymer, 1911), an undescribed species of Modestia, and, less convincingly maybe, Argentaria 97 0.03 OQ307848_LEP-34516_Amphidecta_calliomma_Ecuador_Morona-Santiago LEP-99484_Zischkaia_xenikos_Ecuador_Orellana_HOLOTYPE MK880102_BC-DZ_Willmott-249_Zischkaia_mielkeorum_Brazil_Espirito_Santo LEP-99485_Zischkaia_xenikos_Ecuador_Orellana MK880099_BC-DZ_Willmott-227_Zischkaia_warreni_Brazil_Parana MK880109_MGCL-LOAN-266_Zischkaia_chullachaki_Brazil_Acre MK880115_LEP-64861_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe MK880103_BC-DZ_Willmott-246_Zischkaia_pacarus_Brazil_Parana MN264757_YPH0307_Amphidecta_reynoldsi_reynoldsi_Brazil_Parana MK880108_BC-DZ_Willmott-230_Zischkaia_chullachaki_Brazil_Acre MK880107_LEP-08939_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe MK880101_BC-DZ_Willmott-226_Zischkaia_warreni_Brazil_Santa_Catarina MK880111_LEP-64860_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe MK880116_LEP-64864_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe PB-2303-52_Zischkaia_xenikos_Ecuador_Sucumbios DQ338808_CP12-06_Pharneuptychia_innocentia_01_Brazil_Minas_Gerais DQ338811_CP02-44_Argentaria_itonis_Peru_Madre_de_Dios MK880114_LEP-64857_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe MK880121_LEP-68763_Zischkaia_josti_Venezuela_Bolivar GQ357211_NW165-5_Pindis_squamistriga_Mexico_Guanajuato GQ864819_CP14-02_Zischkaia_pacarus_no_data MK880116_LEP-64858_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe OQ308202_KW-15-082_’Euptychia’_ordinata_Peru_Cuzco MK880113_LEP-64862_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe MK880106_BC-DZ_Willmott-232_Zischkaia_chullachaki_Brazil_Acre LEP-99482_Zischkaia_xenikos_Ecuador_Orellana MK880122_BC-DZ_Willmott-248_Zischkaia_mielkeorum_Brazil_Espirito_Santo MK880105_BC-DZ_Willmott-229_Zischkaia_chullachaki_Brazil_Acre MK880100_LEP-37388_Zischkaia_abanico_Ecuador_Morona-Santiago LEP-99483_Zischkaia_xenikos_Ecuador_Orellana MK880120_LEP-18704_Zischkaia_josti_Guyana_Upper_Takutu-Upper_Essequibo MK880119_MGCL-LOAN-541_Zischkaia_saundersii_Brazil_Rond_nia GU205866_CP02-48_Argentaria_clorimena_Peru_Madre_de_Dios MK880098_BC-DZ_Willmott-247_Zischkaia_pacarus_Brazil_Parana MK880104_MGCL-LOAN-518_Zischkaia_pacarus_Brazil_Bahia MK880123_BC-DZ_Willmott-225_Zischkaia_mielkeorum_Brazil_Minas_Gerais DQ338810_CP01-23_Amphidecta_clio_Peru_Madre_de_Dios MK880118_MGCL-LOAN-548_Zischkaia_saundersii_Brazil_Rond_nia MK880097_BC-DZ_Willmott-231_Zischkaia_chullachaki_Brazil_Acre MK880110_LEP-64863_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe MK880112_LEP-64859_Zischkaia_arenisca_Ecuador_Zamora-Chinchipe 87.2/91 74.2/50 97.9/100 11.8/41 99.9/100 33.8/63 7.7/47 95.5/95 100/100 78/89 80.3/80 82.4/83 90.6/90 88/65 9.9/60 89.3/84 94.6/99 84.6/57 94.4/99 86/82 96.2/99 98/94 Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree for Zischkaia based on COI barcode gene region, rooted with Pindis squamistriga. Branch support values are those from ultrafast bootstrap / SH-aLRT branch tests (some branch support values for minor nodes omitted for clarity). For terminals other than Z. xenikos n. sp., names include Genbank voucher codes and specimen voucher numbers, with specimen data provided in Nakahara et al. (2019). TROP. LEPID. RES., 35(2): 94-98, 2025WILLMOTT ET AL.: New Zischkaia 98 Universidad Católica del Ecuador, and especially David Lasso, Grace Simbaña, and Carlos Padilla, for providing access to their field station in Parque Nacional Yasuní. We thank Euclides Aldaz for collecting the first specimen known to us of this species. Finally, we thank Mario Marín, Eduardo Barbosa and André Freitas for their helpful comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Comstock, J. H. 1918. The Wings of Insects. Ithaca, The Comstock Publishing Company. 430 pp. Comstock, J. H., Needham, J. G. 1898. The wings of insects. American Naturalist 32(373): 43-48. Espeland, M., Nakahara, S., Zacca, T., Barbosa, E. P., Huertas, B., Marín, M. A., Lamas, G., Benmesbah, M., Brévignon, C., Casagrande, M. M., Fahråeus, C., Grishin, N., Kawahara, A. Y., Mielke, O. H. H., Miller, J. Y., Nakamura, I., Navas, V., Patrusky, B., Pyrcz, T. W., Richards, L., Tan, D., Tyler, S., Viloria, A., Warren, A. D., Xiao, L., Freitas, A. V. L., Willmott, K. R. 2023. Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Satyrinae, Nymphalidae). Systematic Entomology 48: 498-570. Gallice, G. 2023. iNaturalist observation: https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/149264891. Accessed on 10 July 2025. (same butterfly individual at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149265117). Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.-F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W., Gascuel, O. 2010. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximumlikelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59: 307-321. Hall, T. A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95-98. Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., deWaard, J. R. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 596-599. Hoang, D. T., Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A., Minh, B. Q., Vinh, L. S. 2018. UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 518-522. Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B. Q., Wong, T. K. F., von Haeseler, A., Jermiin, L. S. 2017. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587-589. Klots, A. B. 1956. Lepidoptera, pp. 115-130. In: Tuxen, S. L. (Ed.), Taxonomist’s glossary of genitalia in insects. Munkssgard, Copenhagen. Minh, B. Q., Schmidt, H. A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M. D., von Haeseler, A., Lanfearm, R. 2020. IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37: 1530-1539. Nakahara, S., Fåhraeus, C., Schomann, A. M., Willmott, K. R. 2025. Monograph of the Genus Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Harvard, MCZ Publications. 306 pp. Nakahara, S., Zacca, T., Dias, F. M. S., Dolibaina, D. R., Xiao, L., Espeland, M., Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H., Lamas, G., Huertas, B., Kleckner, K., Willmott, K. R. 2019. Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 551: 1-67. Scoble, M. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. London, Oxford University Press. ix + 352 pp. Willmott, K. R., Lamas, G., Radford, J., Marín, M. A., Nakahara, S., Espeland, M., Xiao, L., Hall, J. P. W. 2018. A distinctive new species of cloud forest Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Ecuador and Peru. Tropical Lepidoptera Research 28(1): 39-45. Willmott, K. R., Marín, M. A., Nakahara, S., Pomerantz, T., Lamas, G., Espeland, M., Xiao, L., Hall, J. P. W., Robinson Willmott, J. I., Freitas, A. V. L. 2019. A revision of the new Andean butterfly genus Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, n. gen., with the description of a new species (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 29: 29-44. Table 1. Comparison of morphological characters in Zischkaia males. Bold font indicates shared character states; * indicates characters from Nakahara et al. (2019). VHW white discal band VHW discal and postdiscal thin dark lines Dorsal androconial scales* Projection from posterior region of tegumen above uncus * Uncus* Brachia* Brachia 'spine' near inner base Valva* Tip of anterior projection of saccus * Juxta* 'Winglet' on dorsal surface posterior section of aedeagus Zischkaia "pacarus clade" Absent Distinct and clearly defined Present ‘tusk’-like Narrow, initially directed ventrally then curving dorsally, terminating in a small ‘bulb’ in lateral view Curved dorsally Absent Rather short and triangular in lateral view, apical point does not extend beyond that of uncus Extends further than tegumen in lateral view A thin strip in posterior view Present Zischkaia "saundersii clade" Absent Distinct and clearly defined Absent ‘bulb’-like Broad, straight in lateral view, tapering continuously Straight Absent Elongate and gently tapering, apical point extends beyond that of uncus Does not extend beyond tegumen in lateral view A developed plate in posterior view Absent Zischkaia xenikos n. sp. Present Indistinct and diffuse Absent Absent (tiny bump) Narrow, initially directed ventrally then straight, terminating in a short ventral 'hook' Straight Present Basally broad, with dorsal lobe, posteriorly ending in short, narrow point adjacent to tip of uncus Extends further than tegumen in lateral view Not visible, membran ous Present TROP. LEPID. RES., 35(2): 94-98, 2025 WILLMOTT ET AL.: New Zischkaia