The effects of repeated sprint training on jump, sprint, and change of direction performance in male basketball players

JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 9(2)/2025 135 OPEN ACCESS Submitted: 23 August 2025 Accepted: 25 November 2025 ORCID Seyed Houtan Shahidi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-3567 Cite this article as: Huang, H., Salehi, A., Shahidi, S. (2025). The eff ects of repeated sprint training on jump, sprint, and change of direction performance in male basketball players. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 9(2), pp. 135 - 154. DOI: 10.37393/JASS.2025.09.02.10 This work is licensed under a Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) 135 Article Classifi cation: Review article THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING ON JUMP, SPRINT, AND CHANGE OF DIRECTION PERFORMANCE IN MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS Hongxiang Huang1, Amirali Salehi2, Seyed Houtan Shahidi3 1 UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain 2 MSc in High-Performance Sport, Strength and Conditioning, UCAM, Murcia, Spain 3 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Coaching, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT Background: Increasing evidence suggests that repeated sprint training (RST) enhances performance in male basketball players, yet fi ndings have not been quantitatively synthesized. Purpose: To meta-analyze the eff ects of RST on countermovement jump (CMJ), linear sprint, and change-of-direction (COD) performance versus control. Methodology: Systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus identifi ed peer-reviewed controlled trials of basketball players with baseline and follow-up measures. A random-eff ects meta-analysis was performed; study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Prespecifi ed moderators were age, program duration, training frequency, inter-sprint recovery, and sprint direction; subgroup analyses explored heterogeneity. Results: Nine studies (n = 213) met the inclusion criteria. Pooled effects were small-to-moderate: CMJ (ES = 0.39, 95% CI 0.04–0.74; Z = 2.19; p = .03), linear sprint (ES = -0.40, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.06; Z = 2.29; p = .02), and COD (ES = −1.11, 95% CI −1.73 to −0.50; Z = 3.54; p = .0004). Most subgroup diff erences were not signifi cant (p = .0004–1.00), but in COD performance, the sprint subgroup (ES = −1.02, p = .002) and the COD subgroup (ES = −1.68, p = .02) showed larger eff ects and reached statistical signifi cance. Conclusions: RST can improve CMJ and COD in male basketball players, with a borderline improvement in linear sprint speed; the largest gains appear in COD. While most subgroup diff erences were non-signifi cant, larger improvements in COD were observed in specifi c sprint and COD subgroups. Limitations and Consequences: Evidence is limited by few trials, modest samples, and protocol variability, which may constrain generalizability. Practical Implications: Adult athletes using ≤30-s inter-sprint recovery and <3 weekly sessions may experience larger benefi ts; coaches can integrate RST accordingly. Originality: This is a focused quantitative synthesis of RST-induced neuromuscular adaptations in male basketball players. Keywords: repeated sprint training, basketball, neuromuscular performance, countermovement jump, sprint speed, change of direction. INTRODUCTION Basketball is characterized by high-intensity intermittent activity (Hoff man, 2003; Ramos-Campo et al., 2017), involving frequent and intense running, sprinting, change of direction (COD), and jumping throughout the game (Ziv & Lidor, 2009, 2010). Players experience rapid and constant changes in actions, with an average of one medium or high-intensity sprint occurring every 21 sec- H. Huang, A. Salehi, S. Shahidi THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING ... 136 onds and a change in action every 2 or 3 seconds (Ben Abdelkrim et al., 2007). Repeated sprints are considered essential in basketball and other team sports, as they accurately capture the essence of these sports (Buchheit et al., 2010; Spencer et al., 2005). In addition, specific basketball movements such as rebounding, layups, shooting, and defensive actions rely heavily on muscle strength, explosive power, speed, and agility. Therefore, strong leg muscles play a critical role in basketball performance, enabling players to execute these high-intensity actions effectively (Spencer et al., 2005). In short, athletes must focus on developing strength, acceleration, deceleration, and the ability to perform repetitive sprints (Petway et al., 2020). Repeated Sprint Training (RST) has been gaining significant attention in team sports for its remarkable effectiveness in improving athletes’ running ability (Bangsbo et al., 1991; Bishop et al., 2001; Figueira et al., 2021; Glaister, 2005). This training involves short, intense sprints lasting 3-10 seconds, followed by brief recovery periods of no more than 60 seconds between each sprint (Girard et al., 2011). Remarkably, this training seems to show its effectiveness, even with just six training sessions over two weeks; improvements can be observed (Taylor et al., 2016). RST provides athletes with a highly effective means of training their maximum speed, acceleration, and deceleration abilities, aligning perfectly with the demands of basketball (Taylor et al., 2017). So, the capacity to perform repeated sprints is also considered a pivotal factor contributing to the success of talented young basketball players (te Wierike et al., 2014). Moreover, RST programs have been shown to enhance the vertical jumping ability of team athletes, further adding to their benefits in sports conditioning (Aloui et al., 2022; Gantois et al., 2022), and have also been associated with a potential role in the development of sprint ability (Attene et al., 2015). As of the current review, existing meta-analyses have explored the impact of RST on various field-based measures of athletic performance (Taylor et al., 2015). However, these analyses may not have directly addressed the unique aspects of RST in the basketball context. Moreover, no specific meta-analyses focusing exclusively on RST in basketball have been identified in the literature. Consequently, the need for a comprehensive meta-analysis dedicated solely to examining the outcomes of RST in basketball becomes apparent. Therefore, the primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine and compare the effects of RST-based interventions on vertical jump height, sprint speed, and change-of-direction ability in basketball players, compared with control groups receiving exclusively basketball skill training. We aimed to provide valuable insights to inform evidence-based training strategies for basketball athletes and to advance knowledge in this domain. METHODOLOGY The meta-analysis was executed following the guidelines outlined in the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) (Page et al., 2021). The Prospero registration highlighted the omission of health-related outcomes assessment and confirmed the non-necessity of review registration. The methodology for our meta-analysis is detailed in Table 1, which outlines the inclusion and exclusion criteria. JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 9(2)/2025 137 Table 1. Selection criteria used in the Review Category Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Population Basketball players, without any injuries and age limit Not basketball players, history of injury within the last six months Intervention Repeated sprint training incorporating straight-line sprints or a change of direction Lack of repeated sprint training component Duration The duration of the training program including repeated sprint training is greater than 5 weeks The duration of the training program, including repeated sprint training, is lower than 5 weeks Study design/comparator Studies with a control group engaged in daily basketball technique training Studies lacking a control group or with a different type of control group Outcome Outcome measurements, including sprint speed, t-test time, and countermovement jump height Lack of relevant outcome measurements Eligibility Criteria To meet the inclusion criteria, articles had to include specific elements, including an RST intervention and outcome measures such as the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), sprint speed, and T-test time. Additionally, a comparison group undergoing daily basketball technique training was required as a control. CMJ, recognized as the most reliable and valid field tests for assessing explosive power in the lower limbs of physically active men, were integral components of the inclusion criteria (Markovic et al., 2004). Linear sprint speed represents the ability to generate high power levels over each stride to cover maximum distance in minimal time (Mero et al., 1992). Moreover, the agility T-test, which involves multidirectional, basketball-specific movements with four directional changes comprising sprinting, lateral shuffling, and backpedaling, is frequently employed by basketball coaches and researchers (Wen et al., 2018), was included to assess COD performance (Ben Abdelkrim et al., 2010; Delextrat & Cohen, 2009). Furthermore, to meet the appropriate RST intervention criteria, the training program had to incorporate either straight-line sprints or a COD component; Inclusion criteria mandated that the intervention consist of a series of sprints lasting no longer than 15 seconds, with recovery intervals not exceeding 60 seconds (definition as outlined by Buchheit and Laursen (Buchheit & Laursen, 2013). The study participants had to be basketball players, and the intervention had to be implemented for at least 4 weeks. The control group, referred to as the CON group, consisted of athletes who engaged exclusively in basketball skills training without any additional training components. Information Sources and Search Strategy Electronic database searches were conducted, covering records up to June 2023, and were updated in July 2024, across multiple databases, including PubMed (which includes MEDLINE), SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. The search strategy was implemented using Boolean operators, namely OR and AND, and incorporated the following search terms: [“Basketball” OR “Basketball player”] AND [“Change of Direction” OR “COD” OR “Sprint” OR “Repeated sprint ability”] AND [“Training” OR “Intervention”]. The search was specifically limited to journal sources. Studies that did not fulfill these criteria, along with non-English publications, dissertations, books, magazine articles, non-peer-reviewed studies, and conference papers, were excluded from the review. Study Records The study selection process involved an initial review of article titles by the first author H. Huang, A. Salehi, S. Shahidi THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING ... 138 (HH), followed by a thorough examination of article abstracts and full published articles. Two authors (HH and AS) collaborated to review and select articles that met the inclusion criteria for the final analysis. Excluded fulltext articles were documented, along with the reasons for their exclusion. After the initial literature search, the selected articles underwent a consensus review by both reviewers, with any discrepancies resolved through discussion with the third author (SHS). Additionally, the references of the selected articles were screened to identify any additional studies on repetitive sprint training. Data extraction from the gathered articles was performed by the first author, encompassing various aspects, including authors’ names, study design, study participants, intervention details, outcome measurements, and effectiveness results. A form created in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) was used for this purpose. Risk of bias assessment The assessment of methodological quality in the reviewed studies used the Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, which assigns scores from 0 (lowest quality) to 10 (highest quality). The evaluation of methodological quality adhered to the following criteria: scores of 3 were categorized as inadequate quality, scores ranging from 4 to 5 as moderate quality, and scores from 6 to 10 as high quality. The evaluation of methodological quality was performed by the primary authors. In cases of disagreement, a third author (SHS) made the final decision. Statistical analysis The analysis was conducted using RevMan version 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, London, UK). To calculate the effect size (ES), Hedges’ g was employed, which involves dividing the total change in CMJ, sprint, and T-test performance between the intervention RST group and the comparative intervention group by the combined standard deviation of the change scores for both groups. Effect sizes were denoted by the standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g) and presented with 95% confidence intervals. Interpretation of the calculated effect sizes followed the conventions outlined for standardized mean difference by Hopkins et al. (Hopkins et al., 2009) (<0.2 = trivial; 0.2–0.6 = small, 0.6–1.2 = moderate, 1.2–2.0 = large, 2.0–4.0 = very large, >4.0 = extremely large). To assess variability between studies, the I² inconsistency statistic was used, expressing the percentage of variation between studies attributable to heterogeneity rather than chance. Thresholds for heterogeneity were categorized as low (I² = 25%), medium (I² = 50%), and high (I² = 75%). Moderator analyses Moderator analyses were conducted using a random-effects model and an independent-computed single-factor analysis to identify potential sources of heterogeneity that could influence the impact of training. In addressing the documented limitations of meta-regression, subgroup analyses were preferred due to their suitability for small datasets with limited samples and few predictor variables (Schmidt, 2017). The authors identified crucial factors influencing training effects, based on discussions and study characteristics. These factors included participant age, program length (in weeks), training frequency (sessions per week), recovery time per repetition, and sprint direction (linear sprint or change of direction). Given that a majority of studies utilized a training frequency of 2 or 3 sessions per week, the authors grouped them into these categories to facilitate comparison. Additionally, the authors calculated the mean total sessions, grouping stud- JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 9(2)/2025 139 ies into two groups: those with more than 16 sessions and those with fewer than 16. Other moderator variables were categorized to facilitate subgroup analyses as follows: participant age (12.4 - 26.3 years) was grouped into < 18 and ≥ 18 years; training duration (6–12 weeks) was grouped into < 8 and ≥ 8 weeks; recovery time per repetition (all ≤ 1 min) was grouped into < 30 s and ≥ 30 s. Furthermore, the authors delved into the type of training (linear vs. change-of-direction) as a potential moderator for athletes. RESULTS Study Record In the initial identification phase, 1480 studies were identified. After eliminating duplicates (562) and adding records from other sources (3), 921 publications remained for the article selection process. 902 articles were excluded during the title and abstract selection phase. The remaining 21 records underwent a detailed assessment through full-text article review, resulting in the exclusion of 12 records. Finally, nine studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis (Figure 1).  Records identified from PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science (n = 1480) Additional records identified by manual search of reference lists (n = 3) Records after duplicates removed (n = 562) Records screened for title and abstract (n = 921) Records excluded (n = 902) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n = 21) Full-text articles excluded: (n = 12)  The rest time between repetitions is more than 60 second (n = 1)  Imprecise data (n = 1)  The control group did not arrange basketball skills training (n = 10) Articles included in review (n = 9) Identification Screening Included Eligibility Figure 1. Flow chart of literature search and research selection Study Characteristics The participant characteristics and programming parameters for RST across the seven studies included in the meta-analysis are detailed in Table 2. H. Huang, A. Salehi, S. Shahidi THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING ... 140 Table 2. Characteristics of study participants of repeated sprint training and team basketball training. Study Study Group NAge (Years) Height (cm) Body mass (kg) D F Exercise Type Sets Reps Distance Recovery Response Brini et al. 2020 RST 8 22.0 ± 2.8 1.86 ± 0.1 77.7 ± 7.7 12 2 COD training 3 8 6*5M 20s CMJ ↓, T-test ↑ CON 8 NR NR NR Brini et al. 2022a RST 13 25.7 ± 1.7 196.1 ± 4.4 82.5 ± 5.9 8 2 COD training 3 8 6*5M 20s CMJ ↑, T-test ↑ CON 13 26.3 ± 2.1 197 ± 3.9 85.2 ± 3.1 Brini et al. 2022b RST 13 26.3 ± 2.1 192.7 ± 6 87.2 ± 4.2 8 2 DJ combined COD training 3 8 6*5M 20s CMJ ↑, T-test ↑ CON 13 26.3 ± 2.1 197 ± 3.9 85.2 ± 3.1 Brini et al. 2023 RST 14 25.1 ± 2.3 196.4 ± 6 85.2 ± 5.7 8 2 COD, Drop jump 3 8 6*5M 20s CMJ ↑, T-test ↑ CON 14 26.0 ± 2.1 196.2 ± 3.5 85.4 ± 4.2 Ersoy et al. 2020 RST 16 12.4 ± 0.2 NR NR 8 3 Function speed training NR NR 10 M 60s Linear sprint (20M) ↑ CON 16 12.4 ± 0.3 Gantois et al. 2019 RST 9 21.2 ± 2.3 180 ± 5.8 81.1 ± 12.6 6 2 RST 2,3 6 30M 20s CMJ ↑, Linear sprint (30M) ↑ CON 8 Maggioni et al. 2018 RST 9 19 ± 1 1.82 ± 0.1 74 ± 10 8 3 Shuttle run 3 6 2*20M 20s CMJ ↑, Linear sprint (20M) ↑, T-test ↑ CON 9 Okur et al. 2019 RST 13 15.1 ± 0.4 1.79 ± 0.1 69.8 ± 12.8 8 3 Speed training 1-3 4-6 10-120M 60s T-test ↑, Linear sprint (15m) ↑ CON 13 15.3 ± 0.5 1.80 ± 0.1 72.9 ± 9.2 Saez de Villarreal et al. 2021 RST 10 14.2 ± 1.6 1.6 ± 0.1 52.5 ± 4.2 7 2 COD, Dribbling in a straight line 8 10 2*5M 60s CMJ ↑, Linear sprint (20M) ↑ CON 10 14.6 ± 0.86 Song et al. 2023 RST 10 25.3 ± 1.8 1.8 ± 0.0 87 ± 7.6 6 2 Sprint training 3 7-10 15s 15s CMJ ↑, Linear sprint ↑, T-test ↑ CON 10 26.2 ± 1.7 1.8 ± 0.0 85 ± 7.6 Note. D: Durantion; F: Frequency (per wk.); RST: Repeated sprint training; COD: Change of direction; DJ: Drop jump; CMJ: Countermovement jump; NR: Non-reported JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 9(2)/2025 141 Methodological Quality The selected studies underwent evaluation using the PEDro methodological quality scale. Four studies achieved a high-quality score of 6/10 (Brini et al., 2023; Brini et al., 2022; Gantois et al., 2019; Maggioni et al., 2019; Song et al., 2023), two studies attained a moderate quality score of 5/10 (Brini et al., 2020; Okur et al., 2019; Sáez de Villarreal et al., 2021), and one study received a score of 4/10 (Ersoy et al., 2020). A comprehensive breakdown of the PEDro scale scores for each study is presented in Table 3. Table 3. Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale ratings for the studies. Study Item number Total (maximum of 10) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Brini et al. 2020 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 5 Brini et al. 2022a 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 Brini et al. 2022b 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 Brini et al. 2023 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 Ersoy et al. 2020 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 Gantois et al. 2019 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 Maggioni et al. 2018 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 Okur et al. 2019 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 5 Sáez de Villarreal et al. 2021 11010001011 5 Song et al. 2023 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 Note. a Adetailed explanation for each PEDro scale item can be accessed at https://www.pedro.org.au/english/ downloads/pedro-scale Funnel plots were used to check potential publication bias for CMJ, sprint, and COD performance (Figures 2–4). The plots for CMJ and sprint performance appeared mostly symmetrical, suggesting a low risk of publication bias. In the COD funnel plot, a slight asymmetry was observed due to two studies (Brini et al., 2023; Brini et al., 2022) that reported very large effects. After removing these studies, the heterogeneity decreased from 73% to 5%, and the plot became more balanced around the center. This finding suggests that the asymmetry was likely caused by heterogeneity rather than publication bias. Because fewer than ten studies were included in each analysis, the power of the funnel plot is limited (Sterne et al., 2011). Figure 2. Funnel plot of the effect of RST on basketball players’ CMJ abilities. H. Huang, A. Salehi, S. Shahidi THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING ... 142 Figure 3. Funnel plot of the effect of RST on basketball players’ sprint abilities. Figure 4. Funnel plot of the effect of RST on basketball players’ COD abilities. Main Effect Countermovement Jump Performance The analysis encompassed eight effects derived from 9 original studies that measured jump height in centimeters. A small but significant improvement in the performance of training programs correlated with CMJ performance (ES 0.39, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.74, Z = 2.19, p = .03). There was a low heterogeneity among the studies (I² = 21%, p = .26). The overall effect size within-model was small (ES = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.74, p = .005). These results are depicted in Figures 5 (RST vs. CON) and 6 (baseline vs. follow-up). JOURNAL of Applied Sports Sciences 9(2)/2025 143 Figure 5. Forest plot of between-mode effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in countermovement jump performance (cm). Figure 6. Forest plot of within-mode effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in countermovement jump performance (cm). Sprint Time In the analysis of six effects from 9 original studies, linear sprint performance was measured in time (seconds). The findings suggest a small and significant impact on the time of linear sprint (ES -0.40, 95% CI: -0.75 to -0.06, Z = 2.29, p = .02). A low level of between-study heterogeneity was observed (I² = 0%, p = .94). The within-model effect size was small (ES = -0.46, 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.11, Z = 2.58, p = .01). These results are visually presented in Figures 7 (RST vs. CON) and 8 (baseline vs. follow-up). Figure 7. Forest plot of between-mode effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in time of sprint (s). H. Huang, A. Salehi, S. Shahidi THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED SPRINT TRAINING ... 150 short rest intervals (<30 s) appears most effective. Although COD improvements appeared greater than linear sprint gains, this may reflect the multidirectional demands of RST rather than a true superiority of agility over speed enhancement. Therefore, conclusions should be drawn with caution. Future research should examine RST protocols that isolate linear and multidirectional sprinting and include electromyographic (EMG) assessments to further elucidate neuromuscular mechanisms. 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J Sci Med Sport, 13(3), 332-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.02.009 Corresponding author: Amirali Salehi MSc in High-Performance Sport, Strength and Conditioning, UCAM Murcia, Spain E-mail: Salehiamirali1[email protected]