The Protagonists and their Formation of Authority in Vaikom Muhammed Basheer's Novels

Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 234 E-ISSN:2582-550X The Protagonists and their Formation of Authority in Vaikom Muhammed Basheer's Novels Abdul Salam A.P Dr Gisha Elizabeth Varghese This paper offers a critical examination of male subjectivity and representations of masculinity in the novels of Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, one of Malayalam literature’s most distinctive voices. Unlike conventional narratives that portray male protagonists as wielders of patriarchal power-whether overtly or covertly-Basheer’s male characters often stand apart in their rejection or absence of such dominance, both within the family unit and the public sphere. Though Basheer’s works are anchored in the broader tradition of literary realism, he maintains a stylistic and expressive distance from dominant tropes, particularly in the construction of his protagonists. Rather than creating heroic figures who engage in revolutionary struggles against societal injustices, Basheer offers alternative male figures marked by vulnerability, eccentricity, emotional depth, and a conscious detachment from traditional power structures. This divergence, the paper argues, is not merely a narrative choice but indicative of a deeper ideological position—one that questions and destabilizes hegemonic masculinity. Drawing on contemporary masculinity studies, which emphasize the plurality and cultural specificity of masculine identities, the paper explores how Basheer’s characters align with or challenge varying models of masculinity—including subordinated and hybrid Ishal PaithrkamIshal Paithrkam Ishal PaithrkamIshal Paithrkam Ishal Paithrkam journal home page: https://ojs.ishalpaithrkam.info Issue-44, December 2025 E-ISSN:2582-550X 235 Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 forms. By foregrounding these alternative male subjectivities, the study illustrates how Basheer subtly subverts entrenched gender hierarchies and proposes a reimagined framework of male protagonism within the context of Malayalam literature and beyond. Keywords: Gender position, masculinity, patriarchy, hybrid masculinity Bibliography Basheer, Vaikom Muhammed (2015). Basheer Sampoorna Krithikal. D.C. Books. Bourdieu, P. (2019). Aanathavum Adeesathvavum. Progress Publications. Davidson, M. (2004). Guys like us: Citing masculinity in Cold War poetics. University of Chicago Press. Erumeli. (2012). Malayala Sahityam Kalghattangaliloode. Current Books. Horlacher, S. (Ed.). (2015). Configuring masculinity in theory and literary practice. Brill. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwt1m Kesavadev, P. (1974). Odayil Ninnu. Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham Pradeepan Pampirikunnu. (2020). Lekhanangal (S. P. Ilayidam & K. M. Anil, Eds.). Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Prasannarajan. (2018). Adhikaram Sahityathil: Samakalika Vayanakal. Kerala Bhasha Institute. Sanilkumar, P. (2015, August 13). Lingam Valiya Nunayanu; Aanatham Anubombum. Azhimukham. https://azhimukham.com/masculinity-patriarchy/ Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai. (1974). Randidangazhi. Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham Tharakan, K.M. (2025). Malayala Novelsahithya Charithram. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Uroob. (1971). Ummaachu. Current Books. Abdul Salam A.P Research Scholar Calicut University Kerala Sahitya Akademi Centre Thrissur Pin: 680020 Ph: +91 9544973993 Email: [email protected] ORCiD: 0009-0006-9941-8520 & Dr Gisha Elizabeth Varghese Research Guide and Associate Professor Vimala College, Thrissur Pin: 680009 Ph: +91 9447436163 Email: [email protected] ORCiD: 0009-0006-4179-6836 Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 236 E-ISSN:2582-550X _-jo¿ t\m-h-ep-I-fn-se \m-b-I-cpw I¿-Xr-Xz-cq-]o-I-c-W-hpw A–p¬ kemw F.]n tUm. Pn-j F-en-k_-Øv h¿-Kokv a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn-se {it≤-b\mb Fgp-Øp-Imc≥ ssh-°w ap-l-Ω-Zv _-jo-dn-s‚ t\m-h-ep-I-fn-se ]p-cp-j-I-Ym-]m- {X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw ]u-cp-j-Øn-s‚ {]m-Xn-\n-[y-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ hna¿-i-\m-fl-I ]T-\-am-Wv Cu {]-_-‘w. ]p-cp-j-∑m-cm-b {]-[m-\- I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ H-fn-™pw sX-fn-™pw ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-sØ ssIbm-fp-I-bpw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I B-Jym- \-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn A-Ø-cw B-[n-]-Xy-sØ \n-tj- [n-°p-I-tbm Xn-c-k-v-I-cn-°p-I-tbm sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v _-jo-dn-s‚ ]pcp-j-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ th-dn-´p \n¬-°p-∂p. Ip-Spw-_-Øn-epw s]mXp C-S-ß-fn-epw A-h-cp-sS \n-e-]m-Sv C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. km-ln-XyØn-se b-Ym-X-Y (dn-b-en-Ãv) [m-c-bn¬ s]-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv _-jo-dns‚ c-N-\-I-sf-¶n-epw ap-Jy-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS kr-„n t]m-ep-≈ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ C-k-ß-fp-sS hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬-\n-∂v A-t±-lw A-Iew ]m-en-°p-∂p-≠v. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ A-\o-Xn-s°-Xn-tc hn-π-h-I-c-am-b \n-e-]mSp-I-sf-Sp-Øp t]m-cm-Sp-∂ lo-tdm-I-f-√ _-jo-dn-s‚ ]p-cp-j I-Ym- ]m-{X-߃. A-h¿ Zp¿-_-e-cpw D-∑m-Zn-I-fpw hn-Im-c-Po-hn-I-fp-amWv. ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b A-[n-Im-c-L-S-\-I-fn¬-\n-∂p t_m-[-]q¿-htam A-√m-sX-tbm hn-´p-\n¬-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. C-Xv B-Jym-\-]-cIshal PaithrkamIshal Paithrkam Ishal PaithrkamIshal Paithrkam Ishal Paithrkam journal home page: https://ojs.ishalpaithrkam.info Issue-44, December 2025 E-ISSN:2582-550X 237 Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 am-b H-cp sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p am-{X-a-s√-∂pw h-f-sc B-g-Øn-ep-≈ Hcp {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X sX-c-s™-Sp-∏m-sW-∂pw Cu {]-_-‘w ÿm- ]n-°m≥ {i-an-°p-∂p. ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-sØ tNm-Zyw sN-øp-I-bpw A-ÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv Cu {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-sa- ∂p Iq-Sn {]-_-‘w ]-d-™p-h-bv-°p-∂p. ]p-cp-j-s‚ kz-Xz-ß-fp-sS A-]m-c-am-b ssh-hn-[y-ß-fpw kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I-am-b k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°p-∂ k-aIm-eo-\ ]u-cp-j ]T-\-ß-fp-sS ssk-≤m-¥n-I A-Sn-Ø-d-bn¬ B-Wv Cu {]-_-‘w X-øm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]p-cp-j-Xz-Øn-s‚ _lp-ap-Jamb am-Xr-I-I-tfm-Sv _-jo-dn-s‚ ]p-cp-j-∑m¿ F-ß-s\ tN¿-∂p t]m-Ip-∂p F-∂pw, B am-Xr-I-I-sf A-h¿ F-ß-s\ sh- √p-hn-fn-°p-∂p F-∂pw Cu ]T-\w ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. Io-gm-f-hpw k-¶-c-hp-am-b \n-c-h-[n kz-Xz-߃ Cu ]T-\-]-cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂p≠v. ]p-cp-j I¿-Xr-Xz-ß-fp-sS Cu _-Z¬-cq-]-ß-fp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ A-Xn-kq-£v-a-am-bn k-aq-l-Øn¬ B-g-Øn¬ th-tcm-Sn-b enw-K-]- c-am-b A-[o-i-Xz-sØ _-jo¿ A-´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xpw a-e-bm-f km-lnXy-Øn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]p-cp-j {]-Xn-\n-[m-\-Øn-s‚ H-cp ]p-Xn-b k¿KmflI tem-I-sØ kr-„n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw Cu {]-_- ‘-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-K-W-\m-hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv. Xmt°m¬-hm-°pIƒ: enwK]Zhn, BWØw, A[oiXzw, k¶c]pcpjXzw B-ap-Jw ssew-Kn-Im-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s‚ ]-e-X-cw ssh-hn-[y-߃ ]T- \-hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂ B-[p-\n-I-Im-e-Øv k-hn-ti-j {i-≤-b¿-ln-°p- ∂ H-cp ta-J-e-bm-Wv B-W-Ø ]T-\-߃. enw-K-k-¶-ev-]-\-߃ A-[n-Im-c-sØ-bpw hy-‡n-K-X A-\p-`-h-ß-sf-bpw k-aq-l-\n¿-ΩnXn-sb-bpw F-ß-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p F-∂ hn-j-bw s^-an-\n-Ãv ]T-\-ß-sf-t∏m-se B-W-Ø-]T-\-ß-fpw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p- ≠v. enw-K-]T-\-ta-J-e ]p-cp-j-Xz-]T-\-ß-fn-√m-sX A-]q¿-Æ-am-Wv. B-kv-t{S-en-b≥ km-aq-ln-I-im-kv-{X-⁄-bm-b B¿.U-ªp. tIm-W¬ B-Wv {Kmw-jn-b≥ Nn-¥-I-fn¬-\n∂p kzm-[o-\w Dƒs°m-≠--v A-[o-i-]p-cp-j-Xzw F-∂ k-¶-ev-]-\w cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv (tIm-W¬, 1995, ]p.76˛78). kv-{Xo-sbbpw km-º-Øn-I-hpw kmwk-v-Im-cn-I-hpw km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b C-X-c kw-h¿-K-ß-sf-bpw A-S- °n `-cn-°m-\pw kw-c-£n-°m-\pw sI-ev-]p-≈ B-Z¿-i-]p-cp-j≥ F-∂-Xm-Wv Cu k-¶-ev-]-\w. i-‡n, kzm-X-{¥yw, Po-h-k-‘m-c- Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 238 E-ISSN:2582-550X W-Øn-\p-≈ ta-∑ F-∂n-h-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv Cu BW-Øw \n¿-an-°-s∏-´-Xpw kv-{Xo-bp-sS A-]-c-kz-Xz-am-bn B-[p-\nI-X-bn¬ \n¿-∆-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xpw. ]p-cp-j-Xzw H-cp ssP-h-kz-Xz-a-s√- ∂pw km-aq-ln-I \n¿-an-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw ap-ºp-X-s∂ am¿-I-v-kv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. D-ev-]m-Z-\-˛-]p-\-cp-ev-]m-Z-\ _-‘-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm- \-Øn¬ am¿-I-v-kn-b≥ Nn-¥-I¿ km-aq-ln-I, kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I afi-e-ß-sf hn-Nn-¥-\w sN-øm≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv enw-K- ]-Z-hn-sb-∂-Xv tI-h-ew ssP-h-L-S-\-b-s√-∂pw A-Xv km-aq-ln-Iam-b {]-I-S-\-ß-fn-eq-sS N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn cq-]-s∏-´p-h-∂-Xm-sW-∂pap-≈ Nn-¥ {]-_-e-am-b-Xv. kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn-se "B-Z¿-im-fl-I-]p-cp-j≥' ]m-›m-Xy-k-¶-ev-]-Øn¬ \n-∂p I-Sw-sIm-≠ "`n-∂-ssew-Kn-I-Xbpw sh-fp-Ø sXm-en-bp-ap-≈'bm-fm-Wv (Straight white man). C- ¥y-bn¬ A-Xn-\v Pm-Xn-bp-sS-bpw Ip-e-a-ln-a-bp-sS-bpw h-®p-sI-´- ep-I-fp-ap-≠v. Cu k-a-hm-Iy-Øn-\p Xm-sg h-cp-∂-Xn¬ ]-e-Xpw Iogm-f B-W-Ø-k-¶-ev-]-Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂p. A-t∏m-gpw A-h kv-{Xosb-∂ kw-h¿-§-Øn-\p ap-I-fn-em-Wp-Xm-\pw. ]p-cp-j-Xz-]T-\-߃ "B-W-Ø'Øn-\p ]-I-cw B-W-Ø-ß-sf-bm-Wv ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂- Xv. ]p-cp-j-\pw A-h-s‚ kmw-k-v-Im-cn-I-{]-Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpw Hm-tcm Im-e-Øpw Hm-tcm k-aq-l-Øn-epw am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv C-Xn-s‚ Im-c-Ww. hy-Xy-kv-X Im-e-ß-fn-epw k-aq-l-ß-fn-epw D-≠m-bn-´p-≈ km-ln-Xy-sØ tI-{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠pw k-hn-ti-jam-bn a-e-bm-f km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ _-jo¿ Ir-Xn-I-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\- s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-am-Wv Cu {]-_-‘-Øn¬ B-W-Ø-]T-\w \n¿-h-ln- ®n-´p-≈-Xv. k-¶o¿-W-am-b B¨-cq-]-߃ B-Zy-Im-e-Øv i-‡-\pw hn-P-bn-bp-am-b "]p-cp-j≥' (The Man) B-bn-cp-∂p km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ tI-{µ-ÿm-\-sØ-¶n¬ B- [p-\n-I-km-ln-Xyw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-e-X-cw _-e-X-{¥-ß-fn¬ Ipcp-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂ ]-e-X-cw ]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS k-¶o¿-Æ-X-I-fpw D-XvI-WvT-I-fpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p. tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥-c-km-ln-Xyw, tIm-f- \n-h-Xv-I-c-Ww cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ]p-cp-j-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p N¿-®-sN-bvXp. ]p-cp-j-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ km-{º-Zm-bn-I k-¶-ev-]-ß-sf XI¿-°p-∂-Xn-s\m-∏w ]p-cp-jm-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s‚ Iq-Sp-X¬ k-¶o¿-Æam-b h-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ B-g-ta-dn-b ]T-\-ß-fn-te-°pw C-Xv \- bn-®p. B-{^n-°-t]m-ep-≈ aq-∂mw tem-I-\m-Sp-I-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈ km- E-ISSN:2582-550X 239 Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 ln-Xyw hw-io-b-X-bp-sS-bpw Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚-bpw km-aq-ly-bm-Ym¿- Yy-ß-fn¬ Cu am-dn-b ]p-cp-j-s\ {]-Xn-jvTn-®n-´p-≠v. k-a-Im-eo-\- km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ]u-cp-jw F-∂-Xv G-I-in-em-am-\-am-b H-cp I-ev- ]-\-b-√. A-Xv ]-e-X-cw sF-U‚n-‰n-I-fp-sS H-cp s]m-Xp-hm-b t]- cm-Wv. A-Xn¬ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b ]p-cp-j-k-¶-ev-]-ß-sf tNm-Zyw sN-øp-∂-h-bpw Dƒ-s∏-Spw. \m-ep-X-cw ]p-cp-j-kz-Xz-ß-sf-bm-Wv B¿. U-ªp. tIm-W¬ k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. B-Z¿-i-]-pcp-j≥/A- [o-i-]p-cp-j≥, Io-gm-f-]p-cp-j≥, B-⁄m-\p-h¿-Ønbm-b ]p-cp-j≥, hn-π-h-Im-cn-bm-b ]p-cp-j≥ F-∂n-h-bm-W-h. ]p-cp-j-s‚ enw-Km-h-t_m-[-Øn-\v c-≠p ]n-cn-hp-I-fp-s≠- ∂v 'Discovering Men' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ tU-hn-Uv F-®v.sP. tam¿-K¨ \n-co-£n-°p-∂p. enw-K A-k-a-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-dnhpw "hy-‡n-]-c-am-b-Xm-Wv cm-{„o-bw' F-∂ t_m-[y-hpw Cu ⁄m-\-sØ Iq-Sp-X¬ hy-‡n-]-c-am-b X-e-Øn-te-°p sIm-≠pt]m-Im≥ A-bm-sf t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. C-Ø-c-sam-cp hy-h-ÿ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-se Ip-‰-t_m-[-tØm-sSm-∏w, hy-‡n-]-c-am-b X-eØn¬ Xm≥ am-td-≠-Xp-≠v F-s∂m-cp Nn-¥-bp-ap-≠m-Imw. Cu {]- Xn-I-c-Ww Xn-I-®pw A-cm-{„o-b-am-Wv. c-≠m-a-sØ {]-Xn-I-c-Ww km-aq-ln-I-am-Wv. hy-‡n-]-c-am-b Ip-‰-ta-s‰-Sp-°-tem Ip-‰-t_m-[- tam C-hn-sS-bn-√. ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS A- [n-Im-c-hpw hym-]-\-hpw A-h¿ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw A-Xn-s\ A-`n-apJo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Ip-Spw-_w, hn-Zym-e-bw, k-aq-lw Xp-Sßn Hm-tcm L-S-I-sØ-bpw C-Ø-c-Øn¬ Ip-td-°q-Sn cm-{„o-b-]-cam-bn ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p (tam¿-K≥, 1992, ]p.46). \m-b-I-k-¶-ev-]-߃, ]u-cp-j am-Xr-I-Iƒ C-¥y≥ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-hpw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-ß-fpw tIc-f-Øn-se \-thm-∞m-\-Øp-S¿-®-bpw I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv {]-ÿm-\-hpw im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ h-f¿-®-bpw tem-I-km-ln-Xy-tØm-Sp-≈ Iq-Sp-X¬ k-Po-h-am-b _-‘-hpw tN¿-∂v 1930˛-I-tfm-sS a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ cq-]- s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-Ø \-h-`m-hp-I-Xz-am-Wv b-Ym-X-Y-k-{º-Zm-bw (dn-ben-kw). a-\p-jy-s‚ Xym-K-`-cn-X-hpw kw-L¿-jm-fl-I-hp-am-b Pohn-X-sØ s]m-Sn-∏pw sXm-ß-ep-I-fp-an-√m-sX B-hn-jv-I-cn-°m≥ dn-b-en-Ãv F-gp-Øp-Im¿ D-’p-I-cm-bn. ]n. tI-i-h-tZ-hv, D-dq-_v, XI-gn in-h-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, ssh-°w ap-l-Ω-Zv _-jo¿, F-kv.sI. s]ms‰-°m-´v Xp-S-ßn-b F-gp-Øp-Im-cm-Wv a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ b-Ym-X-Y-k- {º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ ap≥-\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. H-tc Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 240 E-ISSN:2582-550X Po-hn-°p-I-bpw H-tc {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-Øn¬ hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw Htc e-£y-Øn-te-°v \-S-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-tºm-gpw C-h-cp-sS F-gpØp-co-Xn-Iƒ Xn-I-®pw hy-Xn-cn-‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. kw-L¿-jm-fl-I-hpw A-\o-Xn \n-d-™-Xp-am-b H-cp k-aql-sØ A-Xn-s‚ F-√m Xo-{h-X-tbm-sS-bpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-® dn-b-enÃv km-ln-Xy-Øn-\v B k-aq-l-Øn-\v F-Xn-tc \n¿-Øm≥ I-cpØp-‰ \m-b-I-sc B-h-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C-Ø-cw \m-b-I-sc-√mw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm-tg-Ø-´n¬ \n-∂p-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]-c-º-cm-K-Xam-b [o-tcm-Zm-Ø-k-¶-ev-]-ß-sf Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ Ip-eo-\¿ Bbn-cp-∂n-√ A-h¿. A-[zm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw A-\o-Xn-°pw A-k-a-XzØn-\p-sa-Xn-cm-b t]m-cm-´-Øn-eq-sS-bpw Nn-e {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-t_m- [y-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-Ø a-\-°-cp-Øm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS B-bp-[w. A-[zm-\n-°p-∂ a-\p-jy-cm-b-Xn-\m¬-Ø-s∂ A-h¿ ]- cp-°-cpw D-d-® i-co-c-ap-≈-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^yq-U¬ tI-{µn-X-am-b ]p-cp-j-k-¶-ev-]-Øn¬-\n-∂v A-\o-Xn-sb Xp-d-s∂-Xn¿-°p-∂ km- [m-c-W a-\p-jy-cn-te-°p-≈ H-cp ]-cn-Wm-aw D-dq-_v, ]n. tI-i-h-tZhv, X-I-gn Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬ Im-Wmw. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm-sg-Ø-´n¬-\n-∂pw s]m-cp-Xn kzm-X-{¥yØn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b sXm-gn-en-Sw I-c-ÿ-am-°n-b ]-∏p-hn-s‚ Po-hn-Xam-Wv tI-i-h-tZ-hn-s‚ "Hm-S-bn¬-\n-∂v' F-∂ t\m-h-en-s‚ C-Xnhr-Øw. P-∑n-bp-sS ÿ-e-Øv Ip-Sn-ep-sI-´n ]m¿-°p-∂ I¿-j-I-s‚ a-I-\m-Wv ]-∏p. P-∑n-Xz-Øn-s‚ Nq-j-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v im-co-cn-Im- [zm-\w \¬-Ip-∂ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-te-°p {]-th-in-°p-∂ A-bmƒ ^yq--U¬ `m-hp-I-Xz-Øn¬ \n-∂p-≈ H-cp hn-t—-Zw-Iq-Sn {]-I-S-am- °p-∂p-≠v. ho-Sv F-∂ Aw-i-Øn¬ \n-∂v k-aq-lw F-∂ km-I-eyØn-te-°m-bn-cp-∂p ]n-∂o-Sv ]-∏p-hn-s‚ bm-{X. Po-hn-°m-\m-bn ]- e-th-j-ß-fpw A-h-\-Wn-™p. Np-a-´p-Im-c-\n¬-\n-∂v ssk-°nƒ dn-£-°m-c-\m-bn. X-s‚ dn-£ X-´n Hm-S-bn-te-°v ho-W e-£v-an F- ∂ s]¨-Ip-´n-bp-sS-bpw A-h-fp-sS A-Ω-bp-sS-bpw c-£m-I¿-XrXzw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-tXm-sS A-bm-fp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn-\v H-cp e-£yt_m-[w ssI-h-cp-∂p. ]n-∂o-Sv, £-b-tcm-K-_m-[n-X-\m-b Xm≥ Hcp `m-c-am-Ipw F-∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-™v h¿-Km-`n-am-\-tØm-sS ho-Sp-hn-´nd-ßp-I-bm-Wv ]-∏p. kzm-`n-am-\w F-∂-Xv t\m-h-en-ep-S-\o-fw {]-Imin-X-am-bn \n¬-°p-∂ H-cp B-i-b-am-Wv. A-Xp-h-sc A-[zm-\-h¿- §-hp-am-bn H-cn-°-epw _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√m-Ø H-∂v. ]-Wn-sb-SpØv A-¥-tm-sS Po-hn-°p-∂-Xn-se H-cp ]p-Xn-b-X-cw B-W-Ø- E-ISSN:2582-550X 241 Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 sØ, ]-cp-°-\pw kw-c-£-tWm-’p-I-hp-am-b B-W-Ø-sØ, Cu Ir-Xn ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p-∂p. B-W-Ø-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-sb sI.Fw.X-c-I≥ C-ß-s\ \n-co-£n-°p-∂p: Hm-S-bn¬-\n-∂n-se ]-∏p-hn-\v ]m-h-ß-fn-se Po≥-hm¬-Po-\p-ambn Nn-e km-ay-߃ Im-Wp-∂-h-cp-≠v. F-∂m¬ tZ-hn-s\ G-‰- hpw k-l-Xm-]-iq-\y-am-bn F-Xn¿-°p-∂-h¿-°p-t]m-epw ]-∏p-hns‚ hy-‡n-Xz-sØ \n-cm-I-cn-°m-t\m \n-tj-[n-°m-t\m km- [y-a-√. tI-c-f-Øn-se km-[m-c-W P-\-X-bp-sS, hn-ti-jn-®pw sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS ]u-cp-j-sØ C-{X-tØm-fw D-÷z-en-∏n-°m≥ km-[n-®n-´p-≈ a-s‰m-cp t\m-h¬ a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ D-≠m-bn-´n-√. (X-c-I≥, 2025, ]p.94) sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-§-Øn-s‚ D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂-ev-]n-eq-sS {]-Xn- \n-[o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Cu ]p-Xn-b B-W-Ø-k-¶-ev-]-\-sØ X-I-gnbp-sS c-≠n-S-ß-gn-bn-epw Im-Wmw. Ip-´-\m-´n-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv B-i-b-Øm¬ {]-tNm-Zn-X-cm-bn P-∑n-am-cp-sS Nq-j-WØn-s\-Xn-sc {]-Xn-I-cn-®p Xp-S-ßp-∂ H-cp km-aq-ln-I-k-µ¿-`w t\mh-en-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-ep-≠v. \m-b-I-\m-b tIm-c-s‚ ]n-Xm-hns\ a-d-hp sN-øm≥ B-d-Sn a-Æp-t]m-epw e-`n-°m-sX, i-co-c-sØ h-©n-bn-em-°n Im-b-en-\p-\-Sp-hn-te-°p sIm-≠p-t]m-tI-≠ X-cØn-ep-≈ Zpx-ÿn-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv {]-Xn-tj-[-Øn-s‚-bpw {]-Xntcm-[-Øn-s‚-bpw kz-c-߃ ]-Xp-s°-sb-¶n-epw D-b¿-∂p-Xp-S-ßp- ∂-Xv. ^yq-U-en-k-Øn-s‚ km-º-Øn-I-am-b A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø-en-s\m- ∏w Pm-Xo-b-am-b ]n-∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpw tIm-c-\v t\-cn-tS-≠n h-cp- ∂p-≠v. Ip-´-\m-´n-se cm-{„o-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Ip-∂ tImc-\v Zo¿-L-Im-ew {]-W-bn-®p hn-hm-lw sN-bv-X `m-cy Nn-cp-X-sb kw-c-£n-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂ L-´w h-cp-tºmƒ kp-lr-Øv Nm-Ø-\v A-h-fp-sS kw-c-£-Ww G-ev-]n-®p-\¬-Ip-I-bm-Wp sN-øp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øn-\p-th-≠n hy-‡n-bp-sS k-t¥m-j-ß-sf Xy-Pn-°p-∂ XymK-`-cn-X-am-b H-cp ]u-cp-j-k-¶-ev-]-am-W-Xv. A-hn-sS kv-{Xo-bp-sS C-— hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂n-√ F-∂-Xpw {i-t≤-b-am-Wv. F-√m kw-L¿-j߃-°n-S-bn-epw k-aq-l-\-∑-bv-°m-bn D-d-®p \n¬-°m≥ k-∂-≤- \m-b A-[zm-\-h¿-§-Øn¬-s∏-´ Io-gm-f-]p-cp-j≥. Ip-Spw-_-hpw kv- {Xo-bpw Cu t]m-cm-´-`q-an-I-bv-°p ]p-d-Øm-Wv. 1954˛¬ {]-kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b D-dq-_n-s‚ "D-Ωm-®p'hn-epw kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xn-bpw hy-‡n-bp-sS A-`n-em-j-ß-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ \n-c- ¥-c-am-b kw-L¿-jw Im-Wmw. F-√m X-S--ß-fpw X-´n-\o-°n {]- Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 242 E-ISSN:2582-550X W-bn-Iƒ H-cp-an-°p-∂ km-{º-Zm-bn-I-hpw ip-`-]-cy-h-km-bn-bp-amb H-cp I-Ym-K-Xn D-Ωm-®p-hn-\v C-√. km-º-Øn-I A-k-a-Xz-am-Wv Xm≥ {]-W-bn-®n-cp-∂ am-b-s\ D-Ωm-®p-hn-\v \-„-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ]n-∂o-Sv am-b-s\ hn-hm-lw sN-øp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw B-Zy-`¿-Øm-hmb _o-cm-s‚ Lm-X-I-\m-Wv A-bm-sf-∂v A-dn-bp-∂-tXm-sS Ahƒ tam-lm-e-ky-s∏-Sp-I-bpw am-b≥ B-fl-l-Xy-bn¬ A-`-bw tXSp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. t\m-h-en-s‚ ]n-∂o-Sp-≈ `m-K-Øv D-Ωm-®p-hn¬ _o-cm-\n-ep-≠m-b a-I≥ A-–p-hpw am-b-\n-ep-≠m-b a-I≥ sslt{Zm-kpw sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a-’-cn-°p-∂-Xp Im-Wmw. A-–p tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ ÿm-\m¿-∞n-bm-Ip-∂-Xv ]m¿-´n-tbm-Sp-≈ kv-t\- lw sIm-≠-√, a-dn-®v Iq-´p-Im-cn-bm-b Nn-∂-Ωp-hn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv. tIm¨-{K-kn-\p-th-≠n-\pw \m-Sn-s‚ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\pw-th-≠n {]- h¿-Øn-®v D-in-cp-≈ B-Wm-Im≥ A-hƒ A-–p-hn-s\ D-]-tZ-in- °p-∂p. A-–p tXm¬-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw Nn-∂-Ωp-hn-s\ hn-hmlw sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ A-bmƒ hn-P-bn-°p-∂p. k-t¥m-j-Øn-\pw A- [n-Im-c-Øn-\pw th-≠n-bm-Wv A-–p C-hn-sS \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. C-Xv A-dn-t™m A-dn-bm-sX-tbm D-≈ ]p-cp-j-s‚ ta¬-t°m-bv-abp-sS tem-I-kr-„nb-√m-sX a-s‰m-∂p-a-√. B-W-[n-Im-c tem-I-Øv a-’-cn-°p-I, hn-P-bn-°p-I, sh-´n-∏n-Sn-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h ]p-cp-js‚ Po-hn-X-{h-X-am-bn am-dp-∂p. B-W-Ø-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-k-¶-ev- ]-ß-fm-b t\-Xr-Xz-Kp-Ww, ]m-cp-jyw, hn-Im-c-\n-b-{¥-Ww ap-X-emb kw-K-Xn-I-fm-Wv aq-∂p t\m-h-ep-I-fn-se-bpw \m-b-I-I-Ym-]m-{Xß-fm-b ]-∏p, tIm-c≥, A-–p F-∂n-h-sc [o-c-∑m-cpw ho-c-∑m-cp-am- °n ]u-cp-j-Øn-s‚ t{]m-t´m-ssS-∏v am-Xr-IIfm-°n am-‰p-∂-sX- ∂v Im-Wmw. Pm-Xn-bp-sS-bpw sXm-gn¬-\n-e-bp-sS-bpw kw-h¿-K-߃ F-¥p X-s∂-bm-bm-epw B-W-Øw F-∂ k-¶-ev-]-\w A-h-bv-°- \p-k-cn-®v {I-ao-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I am-{Xw sN-øp-∂p. A-h-bp-sS A-Snÿm-\ B-i-b-߃-°v am-‰w kw-`-hn-°p-∂n-√. s]m-cp-Xp-∂ ]p-cpj-\pw A-h-\p I-cp-Øp \¬-Ip-∂, A-h≥ kw-c-£n-°p-∂ kv-{Xobpw Cu Ir-Xn-I-fn-se hm¿-∏p-am-Xr-I-I-fm-Wv. B-Z¿-im-fl-I-hpw Xym-K-\n¿-`-c-hpw t]m-cm-´-k-∂-≤-hpw \o-Xn-bp-‡-hp-am-b Po-hn-XØn-eq-sS \m-b-I-cm-bn am-dp-∂ A-[zm-\-h¿-§ ]p-cp-j-∑m-cn¬-\n- ∂v G-sd hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-Wv _-jo-dn-s‚ I-Ym-]m-{X-߃. _-jo-dn-s‚ \m-b-I-I¿-Xr-Xzw E-ISSN:2582-550X 249 Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 k-aI-m-en-I-cm-b t\m-h-en-Ãp-I-fp-sS t\m-h-ep-I-fn-se I-Ym-]m-{X߃-°v C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ Om-b Z¿-in-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. F-∂m¬ _-jo-dn-s‚ \m-b-I¿ a-\p-jy-cp-sS F-√m-X-cw ssh-Im-cn-I A-hÿ-I-fpw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂, im-co-cn-I-tam ku-µ-cym-fl-I-tam B-b k-ºq¿-Æ-X A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv. ""\m-cm-b-Wn tNm-Zn-®p. ap-Jw F-ß-s\? H-cp i-I-ew \o-≠p sa-en-™-Xm-Wv. ap-Sn {Im-∏v sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p- ∂p. te-iw I-j-≠n-bp-≠v. I-Æp-Iƒ? Rm≥ ]-d-™p H-cp-am-Xn-cn sN-dn-b B-\-°-Æv'' (_-jo¿, 2015, ]p.997) 'A-\p-cm-K-Øn-s‚ Zn-\-ß-fn'se \m-b-I≥ ]m-Xn I-j-≠nI-b-dn-b B-fm-Wv. kz-¥w i-co-c-sØ°p-dn-®v A-bmƒ t_m-[-hm- \-√. ""Rm≥ F-s‚ X-e-ap-Sn-bp-sS ap-°m¬ `m-K-Øp-≈ ap-Sn BIm-hp-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ {_-jp-sIm-s≠m-∂pw No-In-h-®n-√. j¿-´pw C-´n-√. ap-≠pw D-Sp-Øn-´n-√. Rm≥ C-cp-∂ ]-Sn C-cp-∂p. H-cp D-XvI-WvT-bp-an-√.'' (_-jo¿, 2015, ]p. 1825) C-hn-sS D-Xv-°-WvT-bn-√msX C-cn-°m≥ ]-‰p-∂-Xv ]p-cp-j≥ B-b-Xp-sIm-≠-√, X-s‚ i-coc-Øn-s‚ A-Wn-s™m-cp-߬ h-en-b Im-cy-am-sW-∂v tXm-∂mØ-Xp-sIm-≠p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. a-Xn-ep-I-fn-se \m-b-I-\pw I-j-≠n-bp- ≠v. D-]-kw-lm-cw dn-b-en-Ãv km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬-\n-∂v B-i-b-X-e-Øn-e-s√- ¶n-epw B-hn-jv-Im-c-X-e-Øn¬ _-jo¿ A-I-ew ]m-en-°p-∂p-≠v. ap-kv--enw k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n-se A-\m-Nm-c-߃-s°-Xn-tc, kv-{XoI-sf A-Sn-®-a¿-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-tc h-f-sc ssP-hn-I-am-bn {]-Xn-Icn-°p-I-bm-Wv A-t±-lw sN-øp-∂-Xv. "‚p-∏p-∏m-s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿- ∂n'se \n-km¿ A-l-Ω-Zn-s\-t∏m-se Np-cp-°w Nn-e I-Ym-]m-{Xß-sf am-{X-ta B-Z¿-im-fl-I-X-bp-sS ]-cn-th-jw a-\-∏q¿-hw \¬- In A-t±-lw kr-„n-®n-´p-≈q. \n-m¿ A-l-Ω-Zpw B-bn-j-bpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂h¿ ]p-tcm-K-a-t\-—p-°-fm-b H-cp Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se kzm- `m-hn-I Aw-K߃ am-{X-am-Wv. "a-Xn-ep-I-fn'se _-jo¿ kzm-X- {¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-bm-sW-¶n-epw A-bm-fp-sS {]-W-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp- ≈ k-a-cw F-√m-Ø-cw `u-Xn-I-k-a-c-ß-sf-bpw I-h-®p-h-bv-°p-∂p. ]q-s®-Sn-Iƒ \-Sp-∂, Po-hn-I-tfm-Sv kw-km-cn-°p-∂, kv-{Xo-I-sf ]- Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 250 E-ISSN:2582-550X ®-a-\p-jy-cm-bn Im-Wp-I-bpw k-a-`m-h-\-tbm-sS kv-t\-ln-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ _-jo-dn-\v e-£-W-sam-Ø H-cp hn-√≥-I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-„n-°m-\m-bn-s√-∂-Xpw c-k-I-c-am-Wv. F-√m-h-cpw km-l-N-cyß-fp-sS kr-„n-I-fm-Wv. Po-hn-X-hpw k-aq-l-hpw A-Sn-t®-ev-]n-°p- ∂ ap-dn-hp-Iƒ Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp L-´-Øn¬ A-hsc Zp¿-_-e-cm-°p-∂p-≠v. k-aq-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-b kw-L-Sn-X-am-b k-a-c-߃ \-bn-°m≥ sI-ev-]p-≈ ho-c-\m-b-I-∑m-sc-b-√, a-tX-Xc-hpw hn-π-hm-fl-I-hp-am-b {]-W-bw t]m-ep-≈ sN-dn-b ap-t∂-‰-ßfn-eq-sS sN-dn-b hn-P-b-߃ ssI-h-cn-°p-∂ km-[m-c-W ]p-cp-j- ∑m-sc-bm-Wv _-jo¿ kr-„n-®-Xv. H-cp ]p-cp-j≥ ]m¿-iz-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´-tXm Io-gm-f-am-b-tXm B-b ]p-cp-j-Xz-ß-fp-sS-tbm kv-{Xo-Xz-Øn-s‚-tbm Aw-i-߃ a- \-∏q¿-∆w X-s‚ hy-‡n-Xz-Øn¬ Dƒ-t®¿-°p-∂-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn- ∏n-°p-∂ ]-Z-am-Wv Hybrid Masculinity A-Y-hm k-¶-c-]p-cp-j-Xzw. enw-K-]-c-am-b B-\p-Iq-eyw A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂ hy-‡n-Iƒ ]-c-º-cmK-X-am-b A-[o-i-Xz B-W-Ø-k-¶-ev-]-Øn¬-\n-∂v hn-´p-\n¬-°m- \m-bm-Wv k-¶-c-]p-cp-j-Xz-sØ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Iq-Sp-X¬ kq-£va-kw-th-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw (sensitivity) Dƒ-s°m-≈n-°-epw (inclusivity) C-Ø-cw hy-‡n-Iƒ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°pw. ssh-Im-cn-I-am-b Zu¿-_-ey߃ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn kv-{Xo-Iƒ sN-bv-Xp-hcp-∂ kw-K-Xn-Iƒ sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ ]p-cp-j-∑m¿ C-Ø-cw k- ¶-c-]p-cp-j-Xz-sØ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. _-jo-dn-s‚ B-Wp-߃ Cu k-¶-c-]p-cp-j-Xz-Øn-s‚ am-Xr-I-I-fm-bn tXm-∂n-°p-sa-¶n-epw Ip-td-°q-Sn hn-im-e-am-b am-\-hn-I-t_m-[-Øn-s‚-bpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hnI-kn-X-am-bn-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂ B-tKm-f Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw {]- Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv k-©m-cn Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂ _-jo-dn-s‚ Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ {]-I-S-am-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂p th-Ww I-cp-Xm≥. k-a-Im-en-I-cm-b F-gpØp-Im¿ tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X-embn {i-≤-h-®-t∏mƒ A-Xn-\v A-Xo-X-am-b-Xpw kv-{Xo-]p-cp-j-k-a-XzØn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b-Xp-am-b H-cp k-am-¥-c-am-\-hn-I-X-bn-te-°v _-jo¿ h-f¿-∂-Xn-s‚ sX-fn-hm-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \m-b-I I-Ym- ]m-{X-߃. {KŸ-kqNn Ddq_v. DΩm®p. Id‚ v _pI-vkv, 1971. Fcptaen. aebmfkmlnXyw ImeL´ßfneqsS. Id‚ v _pI-vkv, 2012. tIihtZhv, ]n. HmSbn¬\n∂v. kmlnXy{]h¿ØI klIcW E-ISSN:2582-550X 251 Ishal Paithrkam, Peer-Reviewed, Issue-44, December 2025 kwLw, 1974. XIgn, inhi¶c∏n≈. c≠nSßgn. kmlnXy{]h¿ØI klIcW kwLw, 1974. XcI≥, sI.Fw. aebmft\mh¬ kmlnXyNcn{Xw. tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan, 2025. {]Zo]≥ ]mºncnIp∂ns‚ teJ\߃ (kam. kp\n¬ ]n. CfbnSw, sI.Fw. A\n¬). tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan, 2020. {]k∂cmP≥, A[nImcw kmlnXyØn¬˛ kaImenI hmb\Iƒ. tIcf mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 2018. t_m¿Zyp, ]nbdn. BWØhpw A[oiXzhpw. t{]mKkv ]ªnt° j≥kv, 2019. aplΩZv _jo¿, ssh°w. _jo¿ kºq¿WIrXnIƒ. Un.kn. _p°vvkv, 2015. k\n¬Ipam¿, ]n. enwKw henb \pWbmWv; BWØw AWp t_mw_pw. Azhimukham, 13 Aug. 2015, azhimukham.com/masculinity-patriarchy/. Connell, R. W. Masculinities. University of California Press, 1995. Davidson, Michael. Guys Like Us: Citing Masculinity in Cold War Poetics. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004 Horlacher, Stefan, editor. Configuring Masculinity in Theory and Literary Practice. Brill, 2015. JSTOR, http:// www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/ j.ctv2gjwt1m. Accessed 31 Mar. 2025. Morgan, David H. J. Discovering Men: Sociology and Masculinities. Routledge, 1992. A–p¬ kemw F. ]n KthjI≥ Imen°‰v k¿hIemime tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan, Xriq¿ Pin: 680020 Ph: +91 9544973993 Email: [email protected] ORCiD: 0009-0006-9941-8520 & tUm. Pnj Fenk_Øv h¿Kokv dnk¿®v ssKUv & Atkmkntb‰v s{]m^k¿ hnae tImsfPv, Xr»q¿ Pin: 680009 Ph: +91 9447436163 Email: [email protected] ORCiD: 0009-0006-4179-6836