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Os atos de fala numa gramática comunicativa do português

Johnen, Thomas; Universidade de Macau

Abstract

For the conception of a communicative grammar, the description of speech acts has a special importance. However, when it comes to the grammaticopgrahy of Portuguese, we can observe that speech acts normally are not considered, even if there are a few exceptions (e.g. the alphabetical grammar Le Portugais de A à Z (Carreira & Boudoy, 1993) and the very brief adaptation to Portuguese of Searle's typology of speech acts in Gramática da Língua Portuguesa by Maria Helena Mira Mateus et al., 6th ed. 2003, pp. 73-80). Seeing the speech act as the minimum communicative unit of the text, this article aims to investigate the place of speech acts in the conception of a communicative grammar of Portuguese (see also Schmidt-Radefeldt, 2003). To this end, it will be proposed a typology of speech acts that is more differentiated and suitable for describing a language than the typologies elaborated from a philosophical point of view. Based on the results of the contrastive research by Johnen/Weise/Schmidt-Radefeldt (2003), Johnen (2004) and Schmidt-Radefeldt (2006: 8-179), we will present examples which show that (especially for a communicative grammar designed for the area of Portuguese as a Foreign Language) it is not enough to list catalogues of speech act realizations, as is done in pioneering works such as the Nível Limiar (Casteleiro/Meira/Pascoal, 1988) and the Certificado de Português (Morais et al., 1999). It will become clear that it is absolutely necessary to describe also patterns of speech act sequences, as well as the conventionalized pragmatic functions of each speech act in Portuguese, since languages also differ in this respect, and this is in the foreign language learning process one of the difficulties for the acquisition of a high communicative competence in the target language.

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36| III SIMELP III SIMELP | 37 SIMPÓSIO 14 SIMPÓSIOS | SIMPÓSIO 14 Estudos Linguísticos   Gramática Comunicativa del español. De la lengua a la ideaa Gramática Comunicativa del español. De la idea a la lenguaa Gramática de usos do português Quadro de referência para o ensino de português no estrangeiro darRev. Est. Ling.  Para uma Gramática Comunicativa da Língua Portuguesa.     Estudos Linguísticos  7OVUt[PX\LSL_PX\LNYHTTHPYLL[LUZLPNULTLU[ apprentissage du FLE Second-Language Learning and Teaching OS ATOS DE FALA NUMA GRAMÁTICA COMUNICATIVA DO PORTUGUÊS Thomas JOHNEN29 RESUMO:  Le Portugais de A à Z Gramática da Língua Portuguesa de                   Nível limiar*LY[PÄJHKVKL7VY[\N\vZ    PALAVRAS-CHAVE:  0. Introdução 0.1. Gramática comunicativa : considerações gerais                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        também na contribuição limitada deste artigo, não vamos poder resolver todos estes problemas, mas traçar umas pistas        1. Atos de fala em gramáticas do português      Gramática do Português Culto Falado no Brasil      .,      Quadro 1:   Assertivos                  proposicional do enunciado, relacionando o locutor com o valor de verdade da 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   Nestas partes são apresentadas de maneira isolada, como                            Como vai? – Eu estou bem. E você? Outro.Um abraçoUm beijo Nível limiar *LY[PÄJHKVKV7VY[\N\vZ             2. Tipologias em gramáticas de outras línguas   actio e reactio   Quadro 2:  papel do locutor dando     pergunta resposta questionamento ignorar mercadorias e serviços  aceitação pedido   recusa  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    Quadro 3:  atos orientados ao locutor  atos de contrabalançamento atos comprometedores atos que comprometem o locutor atos que comprometem  atos que comprometem locutor e  atos que comprometem pessoas não determinadas comunicado      restrição  sinal de ouvinte agradecimento desculpa aceitação aprovação congratulação condolência promessa pedido   repreensão  advertência pergunta - pergunta s com resposta sim ou não -pergunta de  - pergunta com alternativas  - pergunta esclarecedora   ameaça atos delimitadores de contato - saudação - alocução - apresentação - endereço - remetente  proposta anúncio   surpresa resignação 3. Elementos para uma descrição de atos de fala numa gramática comunicativa do português 3.1. Micro-estrutura             44| III SIMELP III SIMELP | 45 SIMPÓSIO 14 SIMPÓSIOS | SIMPÓSIO 14 3.2. Padrões acionais                              Quadro 4: SAUDAÇÃO alemão português         SAUDAÇÃO (+ALOCUÇÃO) (PERGUNTA PELO BEM-ESTAR) ļ (SAUDAÇÃO) (+ALOCUÇÃO) (RESPOSTA À PERGUNTA PELO BEM-ESTAR) (PERGUNTA PELO BEM-ESTAR RETRIBUTIVA) ļ (RESPOSTA A D) regra: si c) então c'); si d) então d') (SAUDAÇÃO) (+ALOCUÇÃO) (PERGUNTA PELO BEM-ESTAR) ļ (SAUDAÇÃO) (+ALOCUÇÃO) (RESPOSTA À PERGUNTA PELO BEM-ESTAR) (PERGUNTA PELO BEM-ESTAR RETRIBUTIVA) ļ (RESPOSTA A D)          Quadro 5:PERGUNTA PELO BEM-ESTAR Alemão  A pergunta pelo bem-estar demostra um interesse verdadeiro no estado  A pergunta pelo bem-estar é em primeiro lugar um ritual através do     No alemão, não responder a uma pergunta pelo bem-estar é   provocar um distúrbio de comunicação ou provocar pelo menos      A pergunta pelo bem-estar retributiva que segue é demonstra interesse              Quadro 6:    pronto         oi bom dia   bom dia             46| III SIMELP III SIMELP | 47 SIMPÓSIO 14 SIMPÓSIOS | SIMPÓSIO 14      estou            é a Nair   oi  Nair                             sérios, podendo ser entendida esta pergunta por um interlocutor alemão de posição social mais alta como tentativa de   3.3. Enrede de atos de fala    perdão   4. Perspectivas        5HIHUrQFLDV%LEOLRJUiÀFDV   *VTVOHJLYJVZHZJVTWHSHIYHZ!WHSHIYHZ`HJJPVULZ  Kommunikative Grammatik und Deutschlernen mit ausländischen Arbeitern.  Moderna gramática portuguesa           Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Le portugais de A à Z Nível limiar: para o ensino / aprendizagem do Português como língua segunda / língua estrangeira .YHTTHPYLK\ZLUZL[KLS»L_WYLZZPVU Tekstwetenschap: een interdisciplinaire inledning   Dialogforschung: Jahrbuch 1980 des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache.  Muttersprache  Deutsche Grammatik   Deutsche Grammatik im europäischen Dialog. Beiträge zum Kongress Krakau 2006.    Deutsch als Fremdsprache: An den Quellen eines Faches; Festschrift für Gerhard Helbig zum 65. 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challenges – evaluations.    Gramática do Português Culto -HSHKVUV)YHZPS=VS!*VUZ[Y\sqVKV[L_[V  Principles of pragmatics A communicative grammar of English Pippi Långstrump Pippi Langstrumpf Píppi Meialonga Pípi das meias altas Functional English Grammar: an Introduction for Second Language Teachers  et al. Gramática da língua portuguesa et al. Gramática da língua portuguesa Gramática comunicativa del español, tomo II: De la idea a la lengua  ,UJ\LU[YV(4443,?(*4t_PJV    ;L_[\UK.LZWYpJOZSPUN\PZ[PR 3PUN\PZ[PJZVM;L_[HUK*VU]LYZH[PVU!,PUPU[LYUH[PVUHSLZ/HUKI\JOaLP[NLUZZPZJOLY-VYZJO\UN(U 0U[LYUH[PVUHS/HUKIVVRVM*VU[LTWVYHY`9LZLHYJO  *LY[PÄJHKVKL7VY[\N\vZ!6IQLJ[P]VZKL(WYLUKPaHNLTL;LZ[L4VKLSV   2VTT\UPRH[PVUZVYPLU[PLY[L;L_[NYHTTH[PR!LPU=LYZ\JOKPLRVTT\UPRH[P]L2VTWL[LUa a\Y;L_[IPSK\UN\UK¶YLaLW[PVUH\ZUH[YSPJOLT:WYHJO]VYRVTTLUa\LYZJOSPLLU   (\YtSPV:tJ\SV??0!6KPJPVUmYPVKHSxUN\HWVY[\N\LZH 5VTLUJSH[\YH.YHTH[PJHS7VY[\N\LZH!;L_[VVÄJPHSL[YHIHSOVZWYLWHYH[}YPVZ  Cadernos de História L-PSVZVÄHKH*PvUJPH    Die kleineren Wortarten im Sprachvergleich Deutsch – Portugiesisch 50| III SIMELP SIMPÓSIOS | SIMPÓSIO 14  Portugiesisch kontrastiv gesehen und Anglizismen weltweit  Portugiesisch kontrastiv gesehen und Anglizismen weltweit  ,_WYLZZPVUHUK4LHUPUN!:[\KPLZPU[OL;OLVY`VM:WLLJO(J[Z  (L_WYLZZqVKHM\[\YPKHKLUHSxUN\HMHSHKH Nederlandse Grammatica Gramática da língua portuguesa Gramática da Língua Portuguesa: Gramática da palavra, gramática da MYHZLNYHTm[PJHKV[L_[V  Portugiesisch kontrastiv gesehen und Anglizismen weltweit  2011. Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: a practical guide Pragmatik und sprachliches Handeln mit einer Kritik am Funkkolleg »Sprache«.  Studien zur Sprechakttheorie  III SIMELP Simpósio Mundial de Estudos de Língua Portuguesa A Formação de Novas Gerações de Falantes de Português no Mundo