GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India

Parry, Jahangeer A.; Ganaie, Showkat A.; Sultan Bhat, M. Article GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India Journal of Urban Management Provided in Cooperation with: Chinese Association of Urban Management (CAUM), Taipei Suggested Citation: Parry, Jahangeer A.; Ganaie, Showkat A.; Sultan Bhat, M. (2018) : GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India, Journal of Urban Management, ISSN 2226-5856, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 7, Iss. 2, pp. 46-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.05.002 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/194437 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Urban Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jum GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India Jahangeer A. Parry a,⁎ , Showkat A. Ganaie a , M. Sultan Bhat b a Department of Geography, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India b Department of Geography, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Urbanization Land use suitability GIS Amenity Urban suitability ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization and consequent haphazard growth of cities result in deterioration of infrastructure facilities, loss of agricultural land, water bodies, open spaces, and many micro-climatic changes. This unprecedented growth in city population put pressure on urban amenities and led to their uneven distribution. The Srinagar and Jammu cities witnessed alarming population growth rates in the last thirty years, thus resulted in various problems like pollution, traffic jam, leap-frog development, uneven provision of urban amenities etc. The present study attempted to find out the urban land suitability for the provision of urban amenities. Land use suitability assessment is a key determinant in any urban and suburban planning and decision-making process. The suitability assessment is carried out through AHP model using a set of criteria involving geo-physical and socioeconomic variables. The variables taken for the study are slope, altitude, land use/land cover and existing amenity status. The unit of study is a municipal ward. For better urban planning and suitable decision making, the study provided the information not only on the existing urban land use pattern and existing amenity status but also on suitability of land for the establishment of urban amenities in future. 1. Introduction The access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water, toilet facility, sanitation, healthcare facilities and solid waste management are critical determinants of urban quality of life (Bhagat, 2010). Though these infrastructures form an important and integral part of life of any community, either rural or urban but they are unequally distributed over space. Inequalities exist between spatial units as they do between individuals (Henderson, Shalizi, & Venables, 2001; Anderson & Pomfret, 2004;Kenbur and Venables, 2005). Many empirical findings have shown that facilities are unequally distributed in our communities such that the vast majority of the people are caught in a never ending struggle to gain access to these infrastructures in order to improve their quality of life (Eyles, 1996; Oyerinde, 2006).The spatial variations in availability and access to infrastructure result in spatial disparities in living standards both within and between regions and localities (Madu, 2007). The essence of urban planning is to provide adequate and equitable services to all groups. They have influence and impact on regional patterns of development, environmental impacts and on maintaining socially acceptable levels of quality of life (Murray et al. 1988). Knowledge of the nature and pattern of distribution of existing facilities in any region is needed before we make any attempt to project and plan their future development. Srinagar and Jammu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.05.002 Received 8 November 2017; Received in revised form 15 May 2018; Accepted 19 May 2018 Peer review under responsibility of Zhejiang University and Chinese Association of Urban Management. ⁎ Corresponding author at: University Of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.A. Parry). Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 Available online 06 June 2018 2226-5856/ © 2018 Zhejiang University and Chinese Association of Urban Management. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/). T cities, nestled in the western Himalayas are famous for their tourist attractions and in fact the cities have very fragile ecosystem. The cities have received spurt urban growth in the last thirty years which put tremendous pressure on the social amenities of the cities (Zahoor et al., 2017). Urban growth inevitably decreases the sustainability of land use and the ecosystem. Thus, the application of innovative techniques is urgently necessary to advance the concept of sustainable growth (Aburas, 2015). The planning body of the cities failed to keep pace with the urban sprawl of the cities, thus leading to uneven distribution of civic amenities in the cities. This uneven distribution of civic amenities in the twin cities of Srinagar and Jammu affect the physical quality of life of the city dwellers. Suitability analysis is the process and procedures used to establish the suitability of a system according to the needs of a stakeholder. Urban development and migration to urban areas are global phenomena’s especially in third world countries. Thus, many small cities and isolated populations are rapidly changing into large metropolitan cities (Jain & Subbaiah, 2007).This rapid increase of urban population causes high level impact on the urban environment and creates many problems such as unplanned sprawl, inadequate housing facilities, traffic congestion, insufficient drainage, sewerage problem and lack of other amenities (Liu, 1998). In this context, finding suitable area for further development or evaluation of land suitability for urban land use planning to overcome undesirable urban growth and protect environment around cities becomes all the more important (Kazil & Ali, 2015). In most of the third world countries people are constructing residential buildings without considering resources for these new residential areas. Therefore, it becomes the government’s problem to provide required resources for these areas. In order to find suitable site for construction of an amenity, it is required to use sophisticated analysis with consideration of large numbers of critical issues such as technical, environmental, physical, social and many others. Site suitability analysis is the process of determining the fitness of a given tract of land for a defined use (Steiner and McSherry, 2000). Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS and AHP method is a vital tool for identification, comparison and multi-criterion decision making analysis of urban development site’s proper planning and management (Shukla, 2017 and Sandipan, 2013). 2. Literature review Geographical and political research on urban service delivery has been proliferated during the past two decades (Davies, 1968; Pinch, 1984). Some scholars have investigated the factors which account for higher levels of service in certain neighborhoods (Cingranelli, 1981; Mladenka, 1989) and focused in particular on the role of distributive politics (Miranda & Tunyavong, 1994). Others have examined patterns of accessibility to certain services and the geographic relationship between service deprivation and area deprivation (Knox, 1978; Pacione, 1989). In order to fulfill these and other needs, man requires access to certain facilities such as market, housing, water supply, electricity and adequate transportation (Aderamo and Aina, 2011). Since site selection and suitability process are related to geospatial issues, geographical information system (GIS) allows using data related parameters for suitability modelling. One of the advantages of using GIS in site suitability analysis is the capability of GIS in development of alternative scenarios for urban development. Suitability analysis in a GIS context is a geographic or GIS-based process used to determine the appropriateness of a given area for a particular use. The basic premise of GIS suitability analysis is that each aspect of the landscape has intrinsic characteristics that are to some degree either suitable or unsuitable for the activities being planned. Suitability is determined through systematic, multi-factor analysis of the different aspects of the problem (Murphy, 2005). Model inputs include a variety of physical, cultural, and economic factors. The results are often displayed on a map that is used to highlight areas from high to low suitability. A GIS suitability model typically answers the question, ‘where is the best location? Land suitability analysis is used for site selection, impact studies and land use planning (Edward et, al. 2010). Land use planning plays an important role in site development, urban renewal and achievement of sustainable urban development (Wang et. al, 2013, 2014). Suitability analysis is critical for both marketing and merchandising purposes (Dramowicz, 2005). The GIS has different applications in urban health studies (Dom et al., 2012a, 2012b) and can also be used as a decision support tool to allocate health services so that they are geographically accessible for the population that they intend to serve (Phillips et al. 2000, Boulos, Roudsari, & Carson, 2001). There are various methods used in GIS in evaluating land suitability, for example, Graymore, Wallis, and Richards (2009) produced an index of regional sustainability spatial decision support system; Saaty (2007) used an analytic network process; and Mohit and Ali (2006) integrated an analytic hierarchy process with GIS. GIS plays a vital role in planning for many decades of land-use suitability mapping and modelling (Malczewski, 2004 and Malczewski, 2006). The purpose of the current study is to find land suitability for better urban service delivery mechanism of Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of Jammu and Kashmir, India. 3. Data and methods Srinagar city is located between 34°00′–34°14′N latitudes and 74°43′–74°52′E longitudes. It is the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated at an altitude of 5200 feet above the mean sea level (Bhat, 2008). The city is spread over a length of 29 Kms and an average depth of about 6 Kms on either side of the Jhelum river. The total area of the city at present is 278.1Km 2 excluding cantonment area under defense use and its total population is 1,147,417 (Census of India, 2011). Jammu city, the city of temples and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir lies between 32°38′–32°48′North latitude and 74 °47ꞌ74 °50ꞌEast longitude. It is located on the banks of the river Tawi at an elevation of 1030 feet above the sea level (Hussain, 2006). In the present study, the important physical parameters which are considered for the suitability analysis are; (i) Slope (ii) Altitude (iii) Land use/ Land cover and (iv) Existing urban amenities like educational and health institutions, ration depots, waste collection points etc. The inventory of these parameters has been carried out using remote sensing and GIS techniques. These parameters are then given weightage as per the Saaty’s AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method (Saaty, 1980) by creating a separate field in each layer in Arc GIS 9.1 software. Each class associated with each layer are given a rank and stored as separate field in geo-database. The J.A. Parry et al. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 47 product of weightage and rank are computed and stored in another field. These vector layers are then integrated in a GIS environment. 3.1. The analytic hierarchy process To make a decision in an organized way to generate priorities we need to make comparisons and need a scale of numbers that indicates how many times more important or dominant one element is over another element with respect to the criterion or property they are compared. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement through pair wise comparison. The comparisons are made using a scale of absolute judgements that represents how much more; one element dominates another with respect to a given attribute. The derived priority scales are synthesized by multiplying them by the priority of their parent nodes and adding for all such nodes (Saaty, 2007). In the present study, for the determination of suitability analysis, preference is given to physical and socio-economic parameters by using correlation analysis module. The correlation between the combined urban amenities deficiency status and the selected parameters gives the preference of parameters taken for the study. The Saaty’s scale is presented in Table 1. The flow chart of the methodology adopted is presented in Fig. 1. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Suitability analysis for the provision of amenities in Srinagar city The identification of suitable land for urban development is an important fundamental work in urban planning. The physical parameters affecting the suitability of land are discussed below. The cumulative effect of these factors determines the degree of suitability and also helps in identification of the limitations of the land for urban development. The various map layers generated to serve the purpose are;. 4.1.1. Land use / Land cover map Land use/Land cover map has been prepared by using satellite image. The land use/cover information help in formulation of policies and programmes for urban development. It has been observed that thirty percent area is under built up followed by plantation (twenty two percent), agriculture (twenty five percent), horticulture etc. Lowest area is under wetland category (1.26 percent) [Table 2]. The land use / land cover map is shown in Fig. 2b. 4.1.2. Slope map The slope map clearly indicates that maximum wards of the city have gentle slope of less than 3°. The Zabarwan foot hills area and lower parts of peripheral wards of Dara, Harwan, Alesteng etc. have slope of 3–13°. However, the Shankaracharya, Hariparbat fort and upper areas around Dara, Alesteng, Zakura have slope more than 13° (Fig. 2c). 4.1.3. Altitude map The altitude map (Fig. 2a) shows that Srinagar city is located at an altitude of 1600 m. Ninety percent area of the city has 1600m elevation/altitude. However, the north-eastern part of the city has altitude between 1600 to 1700 m. The wards having high altitude are peripheral wards, viz, Khonmoh, Dara, Alesteng etc. Table 1 Saaty’s Scale. Intensity of Importance Definition Explanation 1 Equal Importance Two activities contribute equally to the objective 2 Weak or slight importance 3 Moderate Experience and judgment slightly favour one activity over another 4 Moderate plus 5 Strong importance Experience and judgment strongly favour one activity over another 6 Strong plus 7 Very strong or demonstrated importance An activity is favoured very strongly over another; its dominance demonstrated in practice 8 Very, very strong 9 Extreme importance The evidence favouring one activity over another is of the highest possible order of affirmation Reciprocals of above If activity i has one of the above non-zero numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, then jhas the reciprocal value when compared with i A reasonable assumption 1.1–1.9 If the activities are very close May be difficult to assign the best value but when compared with other contrasting activities the size of the small numbers would not be too noticeable, yet they can still indicate the relative importance of the activities. J.A. Parry et al. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 48 4.1.4. Slope map The slope map clearly indicates that maximum wards of the city have gentle slope of less than 3°. The Zabarwan foot hills area and lower parts of peripheral wards of Dara, Harwan, Alesteng etc. have slope of 3–13°. However, the Shankaracharya, Hariparbat fort and upper areas around Dara, Alesteng, Zakura have slope more than 13° (Fig. 2c). 4.1.5. Altitude map The altitude map (Fig. 2a) shows that Srinagar city is located at an altitude of 1600 m. Ninety percent area of the city has 1600m elevation/altitude. However, the north-eastern part of the city has altitude between 1600 to 1700 m. The wards having high altitude are peripheral wards, viz, Khonmoh, Dara, Alesteng etc. Land Suitability Map for Urban Services Delivery in Future Geo-Ph y sical Anal y sis Land Suitability Analysis for Urban Service Delivery in Future Socio-economic Anal y sis SOI toposheets Delineation of Study Area Digitization Geo-referencing Study Area Base map of Cities Thematic Map Layers Statistical Treatment using Saaty’s Scale and AHP Model Urban Amenities Buffer Map Existing Urban Amenities (Educational/ Health Institutions, Ration depots etc. Altitude Ma p Vector analysis in Arc GIS Slope Map Land use/ Land cover map Buffering Analysis Fig. 1. Flow chart of methodology. Table 2 Land use/ Land cover of Srinagar City. Source: Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imagar-2015) Land use/Land cover Category Area Km 2 (Percentage) Plantation 64.55 (21.95) Wetland 3.719 (1.26) Scrub 6.60 (2.25) Forest 3.76 (1.28) Horticulture 32.53 (11.06) Built up 88.43 (30.07) Agriculture 73.45 (24.98) Water body 21.05 (7.16) Total 294.12 (100) J.A. Parry et al. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 49 Fig. 2. (a-d): Various map layers for suitability analysis. J.A. Parry et al. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 50 4.1.6. Existing amenity buffer map The buffer map of 200 m has been taken because maximum amenities are located around the old core of the cities which spans over around 200 to 300 m (Master Plan, 2000-2021). Fig. 2d depicts that the core wards of the city have adequate existing amenities. The map clearly shows that the peripheral wards lack this amenity. The northern, south-western, north-western wards of the city in general lack educational amenity. The wards lacking the amenity are Zakura, Bud Dal, Lokut Dal, Maloora, Lawaypora, Humhama, Khumani Chowk and Khonmoh. 4.1.7. Integrated analysis for urban suitability As per the methodology of determination of suitability analysis, weightage is given to physical parameters, by comparing each parameter with respect to the other parameter. The weightage assigned for all the parameters according to Saaty’s scale is shown below in Table 3. Finally all the map layers were combined in a GIS environment to prepare the final urban suitability model based on weighted index model. The urban land use suitability map has been grouped into three categories namely highly suitable, moderately suitable, and less suitable. The urban suitability map is shown in Fig. 3. The Fig. 3 exhibits that since the core wards of the city have adequate urban amenities as compared to peripheral wards, therefore peripheral wards in general show medium level of suitability for establishing urban amenities. These peripheral wards though have inadequate urban amenities but due to several factors like high altitude, steep slope, inaccessibility etc. these wards fall in medium level of suitability. The municipal wards lying between core and peripheral wards depict high suitability for the provision of urban amenities because of favourable slope, altitude, accessibility etc. plus lack of existing urban amenities. The wards showing high suitability are Mehjoornagar, Iddgah, Tealbal, Pandrathen, Hassanabad, Jogilangar, Palpora etc. followed by peripheral wards, viz, Dara, Alesteng, Khonmoh, Humhama, Zakura, Harwan etc. which show medium level of suitability. The core wards of the city like Lalchowk, Wazirbagh, Nawab Bazar, Mukhdoom Sahib, Kawdara, Zadibal etc. exhibit low suitability on account of having adequate amenities. Moreover, the maximum area in these old city wards is under built up category, therefore having shortage of space/area for the establishment of urban amenities. The wards Bud dal and Lokut dal also show low suitability as being located on the shores of Dal lake on which the construction is prohibited. The suitability pattern of urban amenities in Srinagar city is depicted in Fig. 3.Itis evident from the figure that the north-eastern, south-eastern and north-western parts of the city exhibit medium level of urban suitability. The inner wards of the city in a circular fashion posses low suitability. The high suitability is depicted by the intermediate wards lying between core and peripheral wards. 4.2. Suitability analysis for the provision of amenities in Jammu city The identification of suitable land for urban development is an important fundamental work in urban planning. The physical parameters affecting the suitability of land are discussed below. The cumulative effect of these factors determines the degree of suitability and also helps in identification of the limitations of the land for urban development. The various map layers generated to serve the purpose are;. 4.2.1. Land use / Land cover map The Land Use / Land Cover map of Jammu city has been prepared by using satellite imagery. From the Table 4b, it has been observed that 63.42 percent area is under built-up, followed by Plantation (13.10 percent) and Agriculture (11.12 percent). Lowest area is under water bodies (0.15 percent) [Table 4]. The land use / land cover map is shown in Fig. 3. Table 3 Importance matrix for suitability analysis. V.S S G H M L Ag B F Sc Wl Pl W Ef W.S W.I V.S 1.00 7.00 9.00 3.00 7.00 9.00 5.00 1.00 4.00 8.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 0.15 15.36 S0.14 1.00 1.29 0.43 1.00 1.29 0.71 0.14 0.57 1.14 0.14 0.86 0.14 0.14 0.02 2.19 G0.11 0.78 1.00 0.33 0.78 1.00 0.56 0.11 0.44 0.89 0.11 0.67 0.11 0.11 0.02 1.71 H0.33 2.33 3.00 1.00 2.33 3.00 1.67 0.33 1.33 2.67 0.33 2.00 0.33 0.33 0.05 5.12 M0.14 1.00 1.29 0.43 1.00 1.29 0.71 0.14 0.57 1.14 0.14 0.86 0.14 0.14 0.02 2.19 L0.11 0.78 1.00 0.33 0.78 1.00 0.56 0.11 0.44 0.89 0.11 0.67 0.11 0.11 0.02 1.71 Ag 0.20 1.40 1.80 0.60 1.40 1.80 1.00 0.20 0.80 1.60 0.20 1.20 0.20 0.20 0.03 3.07 B1.00 7.00 9.00 3.00 7.00 9.00 5.00 1.00 4.00 8.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 0.15 15.36 F0.25 1.75 2.25 0.75 1.75 2.25 1.25 0.25 1.00 2.00 0.25 1.50 0.25 0.25 0.04 3.84 Pr 0.13 0.88 1.13 0.38 0.88 1.13 0.63 0.13 0.50 1.00 0.13 0.75 0.13 0.13 0.02 1.92 Wl 0.11 7.00 9.00 3.00 7.00 9.00 5.00 1.00 4.00 8.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 0.14 14.25 Pl 0.17 1.17 1.50 0.50 1.17 1.50 0.83 0.17 0.67 1.33 0.17 1.00 0.17 0.17 0.03 2.56 W1.00 7.00 9.00 3.00 7.00 9.00 5.00 1.00 4.00 8.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 0.15 15.36 Ef 1.00 7.00 9.00 3.00 7.00 9.00 5.00 1.00 4.00 8.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 0.15 15.36 5.69 46.08 59.25 19.75 46.08 59.25 32.91 6.58 26.33 52.66 6.58 39.50 6.58 6.58 1.00 100.02 V.S –very steep slope; S –steep slope; G –gentle slope; H –high altitude; M –medium altitude; L –low altitude; Ag –agriculture; B –built up; F – forest; Sc –scrub; Wl –wetland; Pl –plantation; W –water body; Ef –existing facilities J.A. Parry et al. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 51 4.2.2. Slope map The slope map clearly indicates that the southern Jammu city has gentle slope of less than 3° (Fig. 4c). The slope increases from plain south-west to undulating north-east part of the city. The north-eastern part of the city bears very steep slope. It includes the forest area and the wards lying in this zone are Janipur West, Janipur Central, Keran-I, Keran-II, Ustad Mohalla, New Plot etc. Fig. 3. Suitability map for location of amenities in Srinagar city. Table 4 Land use/ Land cover of Jammu City. Source: Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imagar-2015) Land use/ Land cover category Area Km 2 (Percentage) Built up 50.46 (63.42) Agriculture 8.85 (11.12) Forests 7.94 (9.98) Water body 0.12 (0.15) Plantation 10.42 (13.10) Wasteland 0.58 (0.73) Parks 1.20 (1.51) Total 79.57 (100) J.A. Parry et al. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 52 Fig. 4. (a-d): Various map layers for suitability analysis. J.A. Parry et al. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2018) 46–56 53