Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collections of the British Museum

CATALOGUE OP THE MAMMALS OF WESTERN EUROPE (EUROPE EXCLUSIVE OF RUSSIA) IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM ^^ GEEBIT S. MILLEK LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OP THE BRITISH MUSEUM SOLD BY Longmans, Green & Co., 39, Paternoster Row, E.G. B. QuARiTCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. DuLAU & Co., Ltd,, 37, Soho Square, W. and at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 1912 All rights reserved, 3j^ l^y^^l S /Y^. 17 LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDJIILL STREET, W. CD PREFACE Although the idea of a publication on the Mammals of Europe was suggested many years ago by the late Lord Lilford, who kindly contributed an annual sum towards the collecting necessary for its realization, the possibility of issuing the present Catalogue has mainly grown up from the work which its author, Mr. Gerrit S. MiJler, of the United States National Museum at Washington, has for some years been doing independently on the subject. It is true that European Mammals had not been neglected here, and that the collection had begun to grow, both by the help of the Lilford Eund and by the efforts of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, who published many papers on the subject, and of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.E.S., who devoted a number of his vacations to collecting in various parts of the Continent. There was, however, no prospect of being in a position to prepare a Catalogue until about 1905, when Mr. Miller arranged to devote his entire time for a considerable period to the study of European Mammals. The opportunity was taken of having the results of this work published here instead of in America, by inducing him to write a British Museum Catalogue ; thus utilizing his knowledge, and com- bining for the purposes of his studies the material of both the American and the British National Museums. Collections were then made in various selected areas, partly by Mr. Miller himself and partly by trained collectors, such as Messrs. A. Eobert, C. Mottaz, Eev. S. Gonzalez and N. Gonzalez, the cost of whose services were contributed by friends of the Museum, notably Mr. Oldfield Thomas, the Hon. N. C. Eothschild and Mr. J. I. S. Whi taker. The Catalogue could hardly have been contemplated if it had not been for Mr. Thomas' unremitting efforts in developing the collection. He has not merely regarded these efforts as an official duty, but he has in addition been a generous donor who has frequently supplied funds for the purpose of obtaining specimens. Mr. Miller has thus had at his disposal a collection fairly representative of all parts of Western Europe, and immensely superior to anything that had been thought of before he began his work. Marine Mammals (Cetacea and Pinnipedia) are not included in the present Catalogue. For a delinition of " Western Europe " reference must be made to page vii of the Author's Introduction. As Mr. Miller is on the staff of the United States National Museum the special and cordial thanks of the Trustees of the British Museum are due to the authorities of the former Institution for the facilities granted to him for carrying through the preparation of the Catalogue, a work which involved a furlough of two years and a half from his usual duties at Washington. The thanks of the Trustees are also due to Mrs. Oldfield Thomas and to Mr. E. C. Wroughton for their kindness in undertaking the considerable labour of preparing and verifying the lists of the specimens in the Museum collection after Mr. Miller had made his scientific determinations. SIDNEY F. HARMEE, Keeper of Zoology. British Museum (Natural History), London, S.W. October, 1912. INTEODUCTION The collection of European Land-mammals in the British Museum consists of about five thousand specimens. One hundred and twenty-four of these are types. It has for the most part been brought together during the past thirty years through the efforts of the late Lord Lilford, of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, and of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. The older material, though not extensive, includes much that is of historic interest, such as the numerous specimens received from the late Baron E. de Selys-Longchamps, the types of various species described by Gray and Bonaparte, and Darwin's Porto Santo rabbits which have been the subject of so much gi^oundless speculation. It is, however, from the recently-obtained material that the collection derives its true value. These specimens are almost without exception carefully-prepared skins accompanied by skulls and measurements, together with full records of sex, date, and exact locality. The more important sources from which they were obtained are as follows : collections brought together by Professor W. Wolterstorff from central and eastern (jermany, and presented by the late Lord Lilford ; collections made in Roumania by the late E. Dodson under the direction of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, and presented by the late Lord Lilford ; material from southern Spain presented by the late Lord Lilford ; extensive collections made in south-western France, in southern Italy and in Sicily by A. Robert and presented by Mr. Oldfield Thomas ; collections from south- central France and the vicinity of Strassburg, Germany, made by C. Mottaz and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; small collections from Denmark, Holland, Pas-de-Calais, Brittany, Portugal, the Balearic Islands, Switzerland and northern Italy, made and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; collection from central and northern Spain made by IST. Gonzalez and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; a large collection from miscellaneous sources brought together and presented by Major G. E. H. Barrett- Hamilton ; a collection from Greece made by C. Mottaz and presented by VI INTRODUCTION Mr. J. I. S. Whitaker and the Hon. N. C. Rothschild ; a collection from Spain and southern France made by G. S. Miller and purchased by the Museum ; several collections from Transylvania made by C. G. Danford ; collections from Hungary made and presented by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild and Mrs. Rothschild ; smaller collections and single specimens have been received from many other persons,* whose names will be found in the detailed lists of material in this Catalogue. Although unquestionably forming the largest of all collections of European mammals the material in the British Museum is not sufficient to be made the basis of a monographic study of the fauna. Free use has, therefore, been made, throughout the preparation of this Catalogue, of specimens in other collections. Chief among these are the United States National Museum in Washington and the private collection of Charles Mottaz in Geneva. The material at Washington, about 4000 specimens, is mostly from the following sources : (a) Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium, collected by J. Alden Loring ; (6) Sicily, Italy and the region of Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, France, by Dane Coolidge ; (c) south-western France, by Robert T. Young ; (d) north-eastern Germany, the Riesengebirge and Harz Mountains, by F. L. J. Boettcher. There are also miscellaneous smaller collections from Switzerland (G. S. Miller, L. Stejneger, E. H. Zollikofer), Belgium (de Selys-Longchamps), Holland (G. S. Miller), Denmark (L. Stejneger), Norway (T. Stejneger) and Sweden (Sundevall. Tullberg, Lunnberg). Finally, the Merriam collection, now the property of the U.S. National Museum but not yet catalogued, contains numerous European specimens, for the most part received from de Selys-Longchamps. The Mottaz collection, about 3000 specimens, is especially rich in series of the smaller mammals of Switzerland and the adjoin- ing portions of France ; it also contains viseful material from Italy and western France (Charente). Other supplemental material to which I have been given free access, or which has been sent for examination in London or Washington, is contained in the museums of Madrid (types of Cabrera), Nimes (types of Crespon), Paris (types of Geoffroy and other historic speci- mens), Genoa (Italian Bats, Microtines and Ungulates), Turin (Italian mammals, especially Ungulates), Naples (type of 3Ii/otis oxygnathis Monticelli), Geneva (types of Fatio, authentic Swiss * This is particularly true of the many friends of the Museum who have aided in procuring the large series of British mammals. INTRODUCTION Vll specimens of Lynx), Lausanne Agricultui-al School (skull of Xlrma "formicarius " from the Alps), Munich (type of Spalnx (jrsernn Nehring), Berlin Agricultural High School (type of Arvicoln ratticeps stimmingi JSTehring), Breslau (skulls of foxes), Leiden (co-types of Arvicola arenarius de Selys-Longchamps), Copenhagen (Miis fseroensis and small carnivores), Christiania {Sorex, Evotomys, etc.), Stockholm (Swedish carnivores and rodents), Cambridge [Mustela erminea ricinse, Lemtnui^ lemmns " rrassidens") and Edinburgh (rodents from northern Scotland). Private collections which have been in the same generous manner placed at my disposal are those of Mr. Angel Cabrera, of Madrid (Spanish mammals, including several types). Dr. Enrico Festa, of Turin (Italian mammals), Mr. Angelo Ghidini, of Geneva (Swiss and north Italian mammals), and Dr. Fernand Lataste, of Cadillac-sur-Garonne, France (carnivores and micro- tines). The total number of specimens on which this work is based approximates 11,500. All those of which definite record has been made are enumerated in the paragraphs headed : Specimens examined.* Absence of a note to the contrary indicates that all the specimens from a given locality are in the British Museum. Discrepancies frequently occur between the number of " specimens examined " and the number tabulated in the final paragraph as forming part of the Museum collection. These result from the fact that under "specimens examined" are included duplicates as well as registered specimens, while only the latter appear in the final lists. f For the purposes of this Catalogue, "Western Europe" is regarded as including the continent of Europe outside the frontiers of Russia; also the immediately adjacent islands, and Spitzbergen, Iceland, and the Azores. The members of the living mammal fauna of this region, exclusive of the cetaceans, pinnipeds, and species such as Buhalus hubalis in Italy and Simia sylvanus | on the Rock of Gibraltar, which certainly owe * In these lists 11,372 specimens are recorded. They are distributed as follows: Insectivora, 1,777; Chiroptera, 2,210; Carnivora, 877 ; Rodentia Duplicidentata, 379, Rodentia Simplicidentata, 5,854 ; Ungulata, 284. t Certain duplicates have been transferred to the United States National Museum since the lists of " specimens examined " were prepared. No attempt has been made to alter the records in the lists on this account ; but the U.S.N.M. numbers of such specimens are frequently to be found in the Tables of cranial measurements. (All numbers above 10,000 indicate specimens in Washington.) X For use of this name in place of " Macacus inuus," see Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, pp. 125-126, March, 1911. VJll INTRODUCTION their presence to artificial introduction, are treated mono- graphically on the basis of the material already enumerated. This material has been found sufficient, in most of the groups, to give what appears to be a fairl}?- satisfactory idea of the essential features of the fauna. In the ungulates and the larger car- nivores, however, it is so totally inadequate that no attempt could be made to revise the genera by which they are repre- sented. This is especially to be regretted on account of the fact that some of these larger mammals are nearly extinct, while others are being modified by the introduction of foreign stock to replenish exhausted game preserves. Immediate action is necessary if the final opportunity to gain a clear understanding of this part of the European fauna is not to be lost. The literature of European mammals is so voluminous, particularly as regards local lists and special notes on distri- bution, and it is for the most part based on conceptions of species and local races so diflerent from those underlying the present work, that an amount of labour incommensurate with the importance of the results would be required to prepai'e extended bibliographical Tallies for each form recognized. The citations are, therefore, restricted to those which seem of impor- tance in giving a clear idea of the systematic history of each animal ; that is, to the specific and sub-specific names under which it may have been described, to the first use of the actual binomial or trinomial here adopted, to the names used in the monographic works of Blasius, 1857, and Trouessart, 1910, and to any other publication which might seem pertinent to a particular case. In deciding questions of nomenclature, an attempt has been made to apply the International Code and the rulings of the Commission strictly and consistently, even to the reluctant acceptance of the terms applied to genera by authors who followed a system diiferent from that now in use. With the exception of figure 121, lent by the Smithsonian Institution, all the illustrations are original. The drawings of teeth were made in London by Mr. A. J. Engel Terzi ; part of those of the skulls were made by Mr. Tei'zi ; the rest were done in Washington by Mr. H. B. Bradford. A few words in conclusion regarding the actual making of the manuscript. I prepared all the descriptions, synonymies, lists of specimens examined, and Tables of cranial measurements. The external measurements, which are not to be regarded as INTRODUCTION IX more than approximately accurate, are mostly given as recorded on the labels, though much verification and correction for ears and hind feet has been done from the dried specimens. In order to economize time, the records of registered material were made directly from the specimens which I had identified. Mrs. Oldfield Thomas and Mr. R. C. Wroughton carried out this portion of the work. G. S. M. Washington, July 1, 1912. Order. SYSTEMATIC INDEX ORDER INSECTIVORA. SYSTEMATIC INDEX aud Order Chiroptera — Sub - Order MiCROCHIROPTERA — COIltd. Family VESPERTILIONID.E . 165 Sub-Family Vespertilionin.: 1. Myotis Kaup . 1. mystaciuus Kuhl . 2. nattereri Kuhl . 3. emarginatus GeolTroy 4. bechsteinii Kuhl . 5. daubentonii Kuhl . 6. capaccinii Bonaparte 7. dasycneme Boie 8. myotis Borkhauseu 9. oxygnathus Monticelli 2. Pipistrellus Kaup 1. pipistrellus Schreber 2. nathusii Keyserling Blasius. 3. kuhlii Kuhl . . . 4. savii Bonaparte . 3. Eptesicus Rafinesque 1. serotinus Schreber 2. sodalis BarretT;-Hamiltou . 3. nilssonii Keyserling and Blasius . 4. Vespertilio Liunteus 1. murinus Linnaeus 5. Nyctalus Bowdich 1. maximus Fatio. 2. noctula Schreber 3. leisleri Kuhl 4. azoreum Thomas 6. Plecotus Geoffroy . 1. auritus Linnaeus 7. Barbastella Gray . 1. barbastellus Schreber Sub-Family Miniopterin.^l 1. Miniopterus Bonaparte 1. schreibersii Kuhl . Family MOLOSSID^ . 1. Nyctinomus Geoffroy 1. teuiotis Rafinesque ORDER CARNIVORA. 165 166 169 174 177 179 184 187 189 192 199 202 204 213 215 219 224 226 231 284 238 238 242 244 245 252 254 256 256 263 263 268 268 269 276 276 277 , Alopex Kaup . 1. lagopus Linnaeus 2. spitzbergenensis Barrett Hamilton and Bonhote Vulpes Oken Family URSID/E .... SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Carnivora — continued. Family VIVERRIDtE . . SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Rodentia — Sub - Order SiMPLiciDENTATA — Family MuEiDiE — Sub- Family Mi- CBOTiN-E — continued. 4. Microtus Schrank ... 658 Sub-Genus Microtus Schrank 659 1. agrestis Linnseus . . . 662 a. agrestis Linnaeus . . 668 b. exsul Miller .... 669 c. levernedii Grespon . . 671 d. bailloni de S61ys-Loug- champs 672 e. hircus Bellamy . . . 673 /. neglectus Jenyns . . . 675 g. rozianus Bocage ... 680 2. arvalis Pallas .... 681 a. arvalis Pallas . . . 683 b. meridianus Pallas . . 686 c. duplicatus Rorig and Borner 686 d. levis Miller .... 687 3. incertus de S61ys - Long- champs 690 4. asturianus Miller . . . 693 5. orcadensis Millais . . . 694 6. sandayensis Millais . . 696 a. sandayensis Millais . . 697 b. westrae Aliller ... 698 7. sarnius aiiUer .... 700 8. cabrerae Thomas ... 701 9. dentatus Miller. ... 703 10. hartingi Barrett-Hamilton 704 11. angularis Miller . . . 706 12. ratticeps Keyserling and Blasius 708 Sub-Genus Chionomys Miller 712 "' " . . 713 13. nivalis Martins a. nivalis Martins . b. aquitanius Miller 14. lebruuii Grespon . a. lebrunii Grespon. b. leucurus Gerbe . 15. ulpius INIiller . 5. Arvicola Lac6pede 1. amphibius Linnaeus a. amphibius Linnaeus b. reta Miller 2. sapidus Miller . a. sapidus Miller b. tenebricus Miller 3. terrestris Linnaeus. 4. italicus Savi 740 5. illyricus Barrett-Hamilton 741 6. musignani de Selys-Long- champs 7. scherman Shaw a. scherman Shaw b. exitus Miller . . , c. monticola de Selys- Longchamps .... 716 717 718 719 722 723 723 725 730 732 732 733 735 738 744 744 745 746 749 PAGE 6. Pitymys McMurtrie ... 752 1. subterraneus de S61ys- Longchamps .... 755 a. subterraneus de Selys- Longchamps .... 758 b. capucinus Miller . . 760 2. dacius Miller .... 760 3. druentius Miller ... 762 4. fatioi Mottaz .... 763 5. multiplex Fatio . . . 764 6. savii de Selys-Longchamps 768 7. nebrodensis ]\Iina-Palumbo 770 8. pyrenaicus de S61ys-Long- champs 770 a. pyrenaicus de S^lys- Longchamps .... 771 b. brunneus INIiller ... 772 9. planiceps MiUer . . . 772 10. gerbii Gerbe .... 773 11. lusitanicus Gerbe. . . 776 12. mariae Major .... 777 13. pelandonius Miller . . 778 14. depressus Miller . . . 779 15. ibericus Gerbe . . . 780 a. ibericus Gerbe . . . 782 b. centralis Miller ... 782 c. pascuus Miller . . . 783 d. regulus ]Miller ... 784 16. duodecimcostatus de S61ys-Longchamps . 784 17. provincialis Miller . . 785 18. thomasi Barrett-Hamil- ton 786 19. atticus Miller .... 787 Sub-Family Murin.^ .... 791 1. Apodemus Kaup .... 791 1. epimelas Nehring . . . 794 2. sylvaticus Linnaeus . . 797 a. sylvaticus Linnaeus . . 803 b. callipides Cabrera . . 809 c. dichrurus Rafinesque . 810 d. creticus Miller . . . 813 3. hebridensis de Winton . 824 4. hirtensis Barrett-Hamil- ton 825 5. fridariensis Kinuear . . 825 6. flavicollis ]\Ielchior . . 828 a. flavicollis Melchior . . 829 b. wintoni Barrett-Hamil- ton 831 7. agrarius Pallas .... 836 2. ]\Iicromys Dehne .... 840 1. minutus Pallas .... 841 a. soricinus Hermann . . 844 b. pratensis Ockskay . . 846 3. Epimys Trouessart . . . 848 1. rattus Linnaeus .... 849 a. rattus Linnaeus . . . 853 b. alexandrinus Geoffroy . 854 2. norvegicus Erxleben . . 858 SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Eodentia — Sub - Order SiMPLiciDENTATA — Family MuRiD^— Sub-Family Mu- BiNiE — contimted. 4. Mus Linnaeus .... CATALOGUE OF THE LAND-MAMMALS OF WESTERN EUROPE. Order INSECTIVORA. 1S27. Insectivora Gray, Griffith's Cavier, Anim. Kingd., v, p. 100. Geographicdl distribution. — Africa (including Madagascar), Europe, Asia (including the Malay Archipelago), North America, I Greater Antilles, and extreme north-western portion of South 4. America. Characters. — Terrestrial, non volant, placental mammals with low development of brain, the cerebral hemispheres without convolutions ; teeth of a primitive or modified tuberculo-sectorial type, the posterior upper premolar and anterior lower molar never specially modified as carnassials. Remarks. — The mammals of this order present such diversity of form and structure that it is difiicult to frame any definition by which all members of the group may be invariably recognized by skeletal or external characters. Ten families of Insectivora are currently recognized, three of them occurring in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FAMILIES OP INSECTIVORA. Dentition of a semi-crushing type : first and second upper molars with four subequal cusps, their styles and commissures rudimentary ; sutures in skull persistent ; a large external pterygoid plate ; zygo- matic arch complete, heavy. (In European species back covered with spines.) (Hedgehogs) Erinaceidx, p. 114. Dentition of a strictly sectorial type : first and second upper molars with three or four cusps strongly contrasted in size, their styles and commissures highly developed and forming an important func- tional part of tooth ; sutures in skull mostly dis- appearing early in life ; no external pterygoid plate; zygomatic arch slender or incomplete. (Back covered with soft, dense fur.) Anterior lower incisor greatly elongated in axis of jaw; mandibular articulation double ; zygoma absent ; floor of brain-case with large lateral vacuities ; no auditory bulla; general form mouse-like, the neck evident ; external ear present (Shrews) Soricidx, p. 28. B ^ INSECTIVORA Anterior lower incisor not elongated in axis of jaw ; mandibular articulation single (normal) ;• zygoma present ; floor of brain-case bony tbrougbout ; a small auditory bulla ; general form not mouse- like, tbe neck concealed between the greatly enlarged shovdders ; no external ear (Moles and Desmans) Talpidse, p. 2. Teetb in front of molars sbarply differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the upper incisors small, sub-eqvial ; front feet higbly modified for burrowing, the palms everted ; tail scarcely as long as head (Moles) Talpinx, p. 2. Teeth in front of molars not differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the inner upper incisor greath' enlarged, vertical, trenchant ; front feet not modified for burrow- ing (habits aquatic), the palms in normal position ; tail (in European members of the group) longer than head and body (Desmans) Desmaninx, p. 20. Family TALPID^. 1825. Talpidas Gray, Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, xxvi, p. 339. Geographical distrihution. — North temperate portions of Old and ~New Worlds ; in Europe south to the Mediterranean coast and west to England. Characters. — Skull long and narrow, strongly tapering an- teriorly, most of its sutures disappearing early in life ; zygomatic arch complete, slender ; floor of brain-case completely ossified ; tympanic bone attached to skull, forming a flattened bvilla ; mandible with single articulation, the glenoid surface normal ; no external pterygoid plate ; crowns of upper molars low, much narrower internally than externalh', the paracone and metacone near middle of crown, the commissures and styles well developed and forming with corresj^onding portions of lower teeth an efiective cutting apparatus ; body heavy, cylindrical, the short neck concealed between the greatly developed shoulders ; eye minute, often covered by the integument ; snout much elongated, terete or depressed ; no external ear. Memarhs. — The members of the family Talpidse are at once recognizable among European mammals by the great development of the shoulder girdle and apparent absence of neck, the auditory orifice seeming to lie at the shoulder. Though excessively modified in general form the Talpndse are much less specialized than the Soricidse in the more fundamental characters of skull and teeth. The family is divisible into several very distinct groups or sub- families, two of which are represented in Europe. In one of these the animals are specially adapted to subterranean habits ; in the other they are modified for aquatic life. Sub-Family TALPINX. Geographical distribution. — Temperate portions of Europe and Asia, from England to Japan ; in Europe south to the Mediter- ranean coast. Characters. — Teeth in front of molars sharply differentiated by form into incisors, canines, and premolars, the incisors, both above and below, small, sub-equal, chisel-shaped, the upper canine large, strongly trenchant ; external form highly modified for subterranean life, the greatly enlarged orbicular front feet with palms permanently turned outward, the hind feet much smaller, not peculiar in form ; tail short ; muzzle terete. Remarks. — This group, composed of the true moles of the Old World, and specially characterized by the relatively primi- tive condition of the anterior teeth, is represented by four or five genera, one of which occurs in Europe. Genus TALPA Linnaeus. 1758. Tal2)a Linnseus, Syst, Nat., i, 10th ed., p. 52. Type species. — Talpa europsea Linna3us. Geographical distribution. — Europe and western and central Asia. Eastern limits of range not known. Characters. — Dental formula : i j^i,, c jEi, pw iir„ m ^^ — 44. Upper premolars small, distinctly spaced, showing no tendency to become imbricated. Lower canine slightly but evidently difierentiated from incisors in size and form ; auditor}^ bulla very slightly inflated, its outlines usually indistinct, the meatus small, sub-circular ; external form strictly talpine ; ear-conch absent ; eye minute, often covered by the skin. RemarJcs. — The genus Talpa contains half a dozen or more species. Four of these occur in Europe, one of them generally distributed, the three others confined to the Mediterranean region. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF TALPA. Greatest diameter of m^ about 4 mm. ; three lower molars together about 8 mm. (vicinity of Rome) T. romana, p. 18. Greatest diameter of in^ about 3 mm. ; three lower molars together about 7 mm. or less. Condylobasal length of skull 33 to 37 mm. (dis- tribution general) T. ciircpxa, p. 3. Condylobasal length of skull 29 to 32 mm. (southern). Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over front of last molar (Italian) T. cxca, p. 15. Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over middle of second molar (Iberian) T. occiclentalis,'Q. 15. TALPA EUROPiEA Linnseus. 1758. [Talpa7\ europsea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., i, 10th ed., p. 52 (Sweden). 1766. Talpa frisius P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.-Band, p. 36 (Ostfriesland). 1772. [Talpta] caudata Boddaert, Kortbegrip van het zamenstel der Natuur, I, p. 50 (Renaming of europsea). li 2 4 INSECTIVORA 1777. [Talpa europxa] a albo-maculata Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., i, p. 117 (Ostfriesland). 1785. [Talpa] vulgaris Boddaert, Elenchus Anim., i, p. 12G (Europe). 1789. [Talpa etirop:m] ^ variccjata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 13tli ed., p. 110 (Sweden). 1789. [Talpa europsea:] y alba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 13th ed., p. 110 (Sweden). 1789. Talpia europxa e cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 13th ed., p. 110 (Eifel, Germany). 1792. Talpia mrop[se.a\ nigra Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 200 (Renaming of europsea). 1797. Talpa europsea rtifa B[orkhause]n, Der Zoologe (Compendiose Biblio- thek gemeinniitzigsten Kenntnisse fiir alle Stande, pt. xxi). Heft v-viii, p. 13 (Southern France). 1836. Talpa europxa flavescens Reichenbach, Pracht.-gemeinn. der Saugeth. des In- und Auslandes, fig. 473 (Saxony). 1852. Talpa europxa albida Reichenbach, Vollstandigste Naturgesch. des In- und Auslandes, iv, p. 336 (Germany). 1852. Talpa europxa lutea Reichenbach, Vollstandigste Naturgesch. des In- und Auslandes, iv, p. 336 (Germany). 1857. Talpa europxa Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 109. 1869. Talpa europxa, flavescens Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, lix, pt. i, p. 400. 1869. Talpa europxa, maculata Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, lix, pt. i, p. 401 (Renaming of albo-maculata). 1869. Talpa europxa 5 grisea Fitzinger, Sitzunsgber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, lix, pt. i, p. 403 (synonym of cinerea wrongly attributed to Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., ii, p. 390, 1780, where vernacular name only is used). 1897. [Talpa] scalops Schulze, Abb. u. Vortr. Gesammtb. Naturw. iv, no. 10, p. 19. (Substitute for europxa.) 1910. Talpa europxa Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 61. Type locality. — Upsala, Sweden. GeograpJdcal distribution. — Europe from Great Britain and the Channel Islands eastward, and from the Mediterranean coast to Scotland and central Sweden. Diagnosis. — Size medium (hind foot about 18 mm., condylo- basal length of skull rarely less than 33 mm.) ; skull with orbit rather long, so that distance from posterior border of orbit to posterior border of anteorbitai foramen is about equal to that from latter point to front of fiist premolar or back of canine ; teeth of moderate size, the length of upper tooth-row (exclusive of incisors) less than 14 mm., the greatest diameter of m^ about 3 mm. ; mesostyle of m^ and m^ entire or with apex slightly notched. External characters. — General form highly modified for sub- terranean burrowing habits, the neck so short that the conical head with much produced snout appears to be joined directly, between the very large, everted front feet, to broad, powerful shoulders, behind which the unusually long, nearly cylindrical body tapers gradually to somewhat weak and narrow pelvic region. Fur dense and velvety, the hairs all of the same length, about 12 mm. long throughout body, shorter on head. Muzzle pad well developed, slightly wider than high, its entire margin free, the upper edge folded back and with a deep narrow median emargination, the whole surface finely and evenly rugose. Behind pad the skin of the muzzle is naked and wrinkled along median line above, the exact size and form of the naked area varying in different individuals, but its length usually about 7 mm., its breadth anteriorly equal to greatest diameter of pad, that posteriorly somewhat less. Under side of upper lip with deep median groove extending forward to muzzle-pad. Eyes excessively minute, less than 1 mm. in diameter, in some individuals completely covered by the integviment, in others with a pin-hole aperture.* No external ear, the meatus about 2 • 5 mm. in diameter. Legs so short that scarcely more than the feet project beyond general integument of body. This is particularly true of the front legs, which are entirely concealed to wrist. Front feet very large, the palms orbicular, permanently turned outward, their surface naked, finely and evenly tuberculo-reticu- late, without trace of pads. Toes, five, each armed with a long, slightly-curved nail broadly grooved along under surface, that of fifth digit not so large as the others. Third digit longest, second and fourth sub-equal and slightly shorter, first and fifth slightly shorter than second and fourth. Hind foot short, somewhat triangular in outline, broad through base of toes but narrowing rapidly toward heel, the five toes with well developed, curved, but not flattened claws, much less enlarged than those of front foot ; second, third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, fifth and first successively shorter, soles naked, reticulate, "w^th five rudimentary tubercles at bases of digits, and a fifth near middle of inner margin, its anterior extremity projecting so as to suggest a supplemental (clawless) toe. Dorsum of pes thinly clothed, the hairs at its edge forming a slight fringe. Tail thickened and fleshy, about 1^ times as long as hind foot, subterete but somewhat compressed, much constricted basally ; scales arranged in rather irregular rings, of which there are about twelve to the centimeter at middle ; hairs of tail sparse, not concealing rings, sometimes forming a thin pencil. Mamnife : p 2 - 2 ; i 2 - 2 = 8. Colour. — Fur everywhere dark slaty grey, sometimes almost blackish, at others more nearly a dark smoke-grey, the hairs everywhere with a noticeable metallic or purplish iridescence ; underparts sometimes a little less dark than back, and occa- sionally with a yellowish brown suffusion ; tail concolor with body. Sk-idl. — The skull is long and narrow, tapering gradually forward from middle of brain-case, the widest region, to just behind canines, the extreme tip of rostrum widening a little, the zygomatic arches not standing out beyond general contour. * Much confusion has been caused by the supposition that the presence or absence of this minute aperture is a specific or racial character. INSECTIVORA Outline when viewed from the side long wedge-shaped, rounded off posteriorlj. Surface of skull smooth, except for a slight sagittal crest, present in old individuals along course of parietal suture, and a crest-like elevation extending forward and outward from antero-external angle of interparietal along edge of slightly inflated mastoid region, and terminating anteriorly in a slightly pointed projection. Brain-case with posterior margin nearly semi- circular to projecting points already mentioned, then abruptly conical to back of interorbital region, its outline when viewed from behind fusiform, a little less than half as deep as wide ; condyles slightly projecting, but not noticeably breaking general posterior outline. Interparietal large, strap-shaped, slightly convex in front, similarly concave behind, the lateral extremities squarely truncate, its antero-pos- terior diameter about one-third transverse diameter. Its anterior and lateral sutures remain visible, but the lambdoid suture is nearly obliterated earh^ in life, though its position is usually marked by a slight ridge representing the lambdoid crest. Base of brain- case smooth, without cousf)icuous ridges, furrows or open sj^aces, the bones for the most part some- what inflated ; two ill-defined pits in surface of basioccipital in front of foramen magnum ; a shallow, broadly triangular median furrow between the low, flattened bullae, the sub-circular, slightly triangu- lar outline of which is sometimes distinctly indicated, but more often very obscure ; auditory meatus small, nearly circular. Inner pterygoid plate small but well developed, the hamulars short, turned slightly outward ; mesopterygoid space much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, its greatest breadth less than half length, its length much more than width of palate between posterior molars, its anterior border broadly rounded ; region outside pterygoid plate inflated and with low but distinct longitudinal ridge, convergent anteriorly with that forming edge of mesopterygoid space. Interorbital region sub-cylindrical, dis- tinctly expanded at middle. Rostrum narrower and somewhat abruptly lower than interorbital region, its narrowest point just behind canines ; nares with evident posterior emargination. Anteorbital foramen moderately large, its posterior border over metastyle of r/<-, the plate forming outer wall of canal usually much narrower than foramen Lachrymal foramen above anteor- FIG. 1. Talpa europeea. Nat. size. bital foramen and slightly in front of its middle ; its orifice over metastyle of m^. Temporal fossa rather large, the distance from its posterior border to posterior border of anteorbital foramen equal to that from latter point to front of first premolar or back of canine. Palate moderately broad, without special peculiarities of form, terminating posteriorly, a little behind in^, in a slightly raised crescentic ridge ; a vacuity about as large as the minute incisive foramen on each side of palate opposite space between m^ and m''. Mandible I'ather slender, the ramus curved downward near middle and upward posteriorly, the angular process nearly on level with alveolar line. Coronoid process large, its broadly rounded off extremity rising considerably above articular level, its height above alveolar line about e(iual to least bi'eadth of posterior segment of mandible. Articular process slender, the single articular surface small, normal in position. Angular process slightly longer than articular process, and distinctly broader, forming an obliquely-set plate directed almost horizon- tally backward, the extremity slightly hooked upward. Teeth. — In proportion to the size of the skull the teeth are moderately large, their general aspect noticeably trenchant. Up2:)er incisors simple, chisel - shaped, perpendicular, forming a strongly convex row between canines, their height equal, but their breadth diminishing regularly from first to third ; crowns of first and second usually in contact, that of third separated by a slight space from second and from canine. Lower incisors projecting somewhat obliquely for- ward, essentially similar to the upper teeth in form, but smaller and narrower. Upper canine large, two- rooted,* the height of the shaft greater than that of any of the other teeth, and fully equal to anterior breadth of palate ; shaft wider ante- riorly than posteriorly, with antero-internal longitudinal groove, and highly deve- loped, slightly concave pos- terior cutting edge. Lower canine very small, resembling a fourth incisor, but with shaft conical instead of chisel-shaped, * The roots of this tooth as well as those of the small premolars are distinctly visible in old individuals. KIG. 2. Talpa europxa. Teeth x 5. 8 INSECTIVORA and set in the jaw at a slightly different angle posterior surface of shaft with well developed longitudinal ridge. First, second and third upper premolars two-rooted, small, their points on level with those of incisors and inner cusps of molars, their crowns separated from each other as well as from canine and large premolar by narrow equal spaces ; crowns rather higher than long, compressed, with slightly developed posterior cutting edge, narrowly triangular in outline when viewed from the side, the first more slender than the others, the second and third with slight though evident postero- external angle on cutting edge. Fourth premolar essentially like the other three in form, but much larger and three-rooted, the length of crown greater in proportion to height ; no secondary cusps. Lower premolars two-rooted, similar to the upper teeth in form, the second and third the same size as smaller upper premolars, the first nearly as large as pm'^, but narrower, owing to absence of third root, the fourth intermediate. Upper molars with crowns much wider externally than internally, and completely divided into two unequal sections by a deep longitudinal groove passing between protocone and bases of paracone and metacone. Protocone large, its posterior com- missure extending in line parallel to sagittal plane, and ending abruptly at posterior edge of crown, near which it is slightly thickened, its anterior commissure similar though shorter, but usually showing some trace of thickening,* particularly in m'-. Paracone and metacone sub-equal in m'^ and m^, the metacone the larger in the former, the paracone in the latter. In in^ the metacone is about double the size of paracone, and is the largest and highest cusp of the upper molar series, its posterior cutting edge and long commissure functioning with similarly enlarged protoconid of m.j. Styles and outer commissures well developed in m^ and forming a distinct VV "Pattern ; mesostyle entire or with apex slightly notched. In m^ the parastyle is reduced to a minute though usually evident cusplet on the cingulum, and the mesostyle to a thickening or angle in commissure connecting the two main cusps ; metastyle well developed.! In m'^ the parastyle, mesostyle and their commis- sures are well developed, metastyle and fourth commissure absent ; mesostyle with apex usually bifid. Middle lower molar largest, its protoconid the highest cusp in the series. First lower molar broader posteriorly than anteriorly, second and third slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the two triangles essentially alike in form. Metaconid of m^ low, scarcely more * The thickenings vary considerably in different individuals. Occasion- ally they are obsolete, but more frequently they are so well developed as to form an evident protoconule and metaconule, the latter always the larger of the two. + In this tooth there is no anterior V, the outer surface of paracone essentially resembling that of pin' except for its smaller size. TALPA 9 than a slight thickening of the cinguhmi. In the other teeth it is a well developed cusp nearly equal to entoconid. In all three teeth the outer cusps are noticeably higher than those of the inner row. Measurements. — Average and extremes of five males from Borrohol, Sutherland, Scotland: head and body, 148*4 (145- 152); tail, 26-8 (26-28); hind foot, 18-8 (18-19). Average and extremes of four females from the same locality : head and body, 135(133-138); tail, 25 • 3 (24-28) ; hind foot, 17 • 5 (17-18). Average and extremes of five males from Solferino, Landes, France : head and body, 138 (134-142) ; tail, 26-2 (25-28) ; hind foot, 17 -8 (17-18). Five females from the same locality: head and body, 128-6 (126-133); tail, 27-4 (25-29) ; hind foot, 17-2 (17-18). Average and extremes of six males from Lucinges, Haute-Savoie, France: head and body, 136-6 (132-140); tail,' 24-8 (23-26); hind foot, 18-1 (17-19). Average and extremes of three males from Turin, Italy : head and body, 138-3 (123- 147) ; tail, 31 (27-34) ; hind foot, 19-2 (18-20). Average and extremes of eight males from the Dehesa de Valencia, Spain : head and body, 144-3 (135-165) ; tail, 26-6 (26-28) ; hind foot, 18-1 (18-19). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 12. Specimens examined. — Three hundred and ninety, from the following localities : — Scotland: Borrohol, Sutherland, 9 (Wilson); Black Isle, Cromarty, :3; Cromarty, 1 ; Gordonstown, Elgin, 1 ; Grautown-on-Spey, Elgin, 1:3 (Wilson) ; Cortachy, Forfar, 1 (Wilson) ; Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire, 1. England : Bowdon, Cheshire, 1 ; Altrincham, Chester, Cheshire, 1 ; Parsop, Hereford, 1 ; Lavenham, Suffolk, 1 (Wilson) ; Barrow, Suffolk, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Arley, Staffordshire, 1 (Wilson) ; Rugby, Warwickshire, 2 ; Warwickshire, no exact localitj', 2 ; Fulbourn, Cambridge, 1 ; Holloway, Somersetshire, 2 ; Somersetshire, no exact locality, 1 ; Banstead, Surrey, 2 ; Coombe, Surrey, 1 ; Cobhaiu, Surrey, 2 ; Egham, Surrey, 2 ; Knockholt, Kent, 2 ; Bromley, Kent, 2 ; Devonshire, no exact locality, 3. Denmark: No exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Belgium: Waremme, Liege, 3 (U.S.N.M.). France : Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 1 ; Pont-de-Briques, Pas-de-Calais, 1 ; Trinity, Jersey, 2 ; St. Lawrence, Jersey, 1 ; Barbizon, Seine-et-Marne, 2 ; Meluu, Seine-et-Marne, 1 (Mottaz) ; Lignieres, Charente, 1 (Mottaz) ; Huelgoat, Brittany, 1 ; Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Foret de Bouconne, Gers, 13 ; Solferino, Landes, 10 ; Caterille, Haute- Garonne, 10; Legouvin, Haute-Garonne, 3; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 3; Bareges, Hautes-Pyr^n^es, 5; I'Hospitalet, Ari^ge, 1; Port6, Pyr6n6es- Orieutales, 3 ; St. Gilles, Gard, 1 ; Valescure, Var, 1 ; Agay, Var, 1 ; Etupes, Doubs, 3 (Mottaz) ; Lucinges, Haute-Savoie, 9 ; Moutauban, Haute-Savoie, 15 ; Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 12. Spain: Pajares, Leon, 2; Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos, 9; Castafiares, Burgos, 8 ; L6rida, 1 ; Barracas, Castellon, 24 ; Catarroja, Valencia, 4 ; Dehesa de Valencia, Valencia, 17. Germany : Konigsberg, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Moritzburg, Saxony, 8 (U.S.N.M) ; Ummerstadt, Thiiringen, 3 ; Brunswick, 15 (U.S.N.M.) ; Aachen, 9 (U.S.N.M.); Bremen, 1 ; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 4; Strass, near Burg- heim, Bavaria, 7 ; Niesky, Silesia, 1 ; Kalbe, Saale, 2 ; Magdeburg, Saxony, 1 ; Strassburg, 3. Austria-Hungary : Csallokoz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 2 ; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 2. 10 INSECTIVOKA EOUMANIA : Bustenari, Prahova, 1; Comana, Vlasca, 1; Bucharest, 1 (Genoa). Bulgaria: Sofia, 1 (Andersen). Switzerland: Geneva, 15 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Lausanne, Vaud, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Les Plans, Vaud, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Chesieres, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz) Andermatt, Uri, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Miirren, 1 ; Thurgau, 1 ; Oberhasli Valley 1 ; St. Gallon, 3 ; Rheinthal, St. GaUen, 2; Degersheim, St. Gallen, 3 Gossau, St. Gallen, 8 ; Untervatz. Grisons, 1 ; Breganzona, Ticino, 1 Cortivallo, Ticino, 6 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Comano, Ticino, 2 (U.S.N.M.) Lugano, Ticino, 4 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Muzzano, Ticino, 2 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Sorengo, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Gremignone, Ticino, 1. Italy : Turin, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Certosa di Pesio, Cuneo, 1 (Genoa) ; Parma, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Gozzauo, Novara, 3 (Genoa) ; Frugarolo, Ales- sandria, 4 (Genoa) ; Vaccarezza, 1 (Genoa) ; Perti, Finalborgo, 10 (Genoa) ; Florence, 10 (U.S.N.M.). BemarJcs. — With the possible exception of certain bats, the common mole shows less tendency to vary geographically than any other European mammal of equally wide range. 2 S. Black Isle, Cromarty, Scot- land. ?. Gordonstown, Elgin. 6. Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire. ?. Parsop, Herefordshire, Eng- land. 2 6. Rugby, Warwickshire. 2. Warwickshire. 6. Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire. 2 al. Holloway, Somerset. 2. Somerset. [Hiigcl.) 2 al. Cobham, Surrey. 1 al. 1. Egham, Surrey. ?. Knockholt, Kent. 2(5. al. Bromley, Kent. 3 6. Devonshire. 2 S. Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands. [R. H. Bunting.) 9. St. Lawrence, Jersey. S. Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 80 ft. France. 5. Pont -de-Briques, Pas -de- Calais. 6. Huelgoat, Brittany, 600 ft. 2c5, 2 9. Foret de Bouconne, Gers, 250 m. [A. Robert.) 2(5,2 9. SolfMno, Landes. (-4. Ro- bert.) 2 (5, 2 9. Caterille, Haute - Garonne, 900-1000 m. {A. Robert.) 2 S, 9. Luchon, Haute - Garonne. [A. Robert.) 2 6,19. Bareges, Hautes-Pyrt^nees. 6. L'Hospitalet, Ariege. [A. Robert.) 6. Port6, Pyrenees-Orientales. 2 S Porte, Pyr^'u6es - Orientales, 1600-1700 m. (.4. Robert.) 6. Valescure, Var. W. R. Ogilvie- Grant (p). W. R. Ogilvie- Grant (p). E. R. Alston (p). E. A. Denny (p). E. E. Austen (p). Tomes Collection. H. King (p). E. R. Alston (p). Dr. Leach (p). F. Heiss (p). W. Blackwell (p). H. E.Rawson (p). Oxley Grabham 0. Thomas (p). Mrs. Power (p). 0. Thomas (c&p). 11. 1. 3. 62-63. 11. 1. 3. 66. 79. 9. 25. 3. 11. 1. 3. 67. 11. 1. 3. 64-65. 7. 1. 1. 17-18. 11. 1. 3. 71. 58. 4. 22. 1-2. 79. 9. 25. 5-6. 58. 1. 2. 1-2. 11. 1. 3. 61. 81. 4. 2. 1-2. 11. 1. 3. 68-70. 8. 9. 2. 3-4. 8. 12. 17. 1. 94, 6. 6. 19. 0. Thomas (c & p). 98. 1. 9. 3. 0. Thomas (c & p) 0. Thomas (p). 0. Thomas (p). 0. Thomas (p). 0. Thomas (p.) G. S. Miller (c). 0. Thomas (p). G. S. Miller (c). 0. Thomas (p). 92. 9. 5. 1. 6. 4. 1. 28-31. 6. 4. 1. 32-35. 6. 4. 1. 24-27. 6. 4. 1. 21-23. 8. 8. 4. 129-132. 8. 9. 1. 38. 8. 8. 4. 133. 8. 9. 1. 36-87. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 134. TALPA 1 1 6. Agay, Var. ~ G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 135. 1. Moutauban, Haute - Savoie, A. Robert (c & p). 97. 1. 9. 1. 1000 m. 3 6, 19. Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, A. Robert (c & p). 5. 4. 4. 1. 5. 4, 900 m. 9. 3-5. 5 c5, 3 9. Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 0. Thomas (p). 5. 11. 18. 1-8. 909-1200 m. Prance. (A. Bohert.) 6, 9. Pajiires, Leon, Spain. {N. O. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 26-27. Goii:;ale2.) 2. Castrillode la Reina, Burgos, G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 20-21. Spain. 2 6, 5 9. Gastrillo de la Reiua, Burgos. N. Gonzalez (c.) 8. 7. 7. 1-7. 6. L6rida, Spain. (N. Gonzalez.) 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 28. 6 c5, 6 9. Barracas, Castellon. (N. Con- 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 29-40. zalez.) 3 6, 9. Catarroja, Valencia. {N. Gon- 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 12-15. zalez.) 4<i, 5 9. Dehesa de Valencia, Val- 0. Thomas (p). 8.2.9.17-25. encia. (A^. Gonzalez.) 8(5,9. Ingelheim,Rheinhessen,Ger- C. Hilgert (c). 8,11.2.11-14. many. 6,9. Ummerstadt, Thliringen. Lord Lilford (p). 11.1.1.115-116. {Schucliardt.) 6. Ummerstadt, Thliringen. Lord Lilford (p). 11.1.1.137. {Schucliardt.) c5, 3 9. Strass, Burgheim, Bavaria. Lord Lilford (p). 11.1.1.1-4. {Kijrbitz.) 2 (5, 9. Strass, Burgheim, Bavaria. Lord Lilford (p). 11.1.1.132-134. [Kurbitz.) 6. Niesky, Silesia. (W. Baer.) Dr. E. Hamilton 97. 12. 4.18. 9. Kalbe, Saale. {W.Bauer.) Lord Lilford (p). 11.1.1.5. 6. Kalbe, Saale. {W. Bauer.) Lord Lilford (p). 11. 1. 1. 136. 6. Magdeburg, Saxony. {Wolter- Lord Lilford (p). 11. 1. 1. 135. storff.) 6,9. Strassburg, Alsace. {C. Mot- 0. Thomas (p). 8.8.10.10-11. taz.) 2. Csallokciz-Somorja, Pressburg, Budapest Museum 94. 3. 1. 27-28. Hungary. (p). 2 6. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transyl- C. G. Danford (c). 3. 2. 2. 20-21. vania, Hungary. 6. Bustenari, Prahova, Rouma- Lord Lilford (p). 4. 4. 6. 13. nia. {W. Dodson.) 6. Oomana, Vlasca, Roumania. Lord Lilford (p). 4. 4. 6. 14. 1. Miirren, Switzerland. W. Gartner (p). 92. 10. 5. 3. 9. Thurgau, 400 m. Switzerland. O. Thomas (p). 4. 4. 5. 26. {E. H. Zollikofer.) 1. Oberhasli Valley, Switzerland. Tomes Collection. 7.1.1.130. {Koesej-man.) 2 6,9 St. Gallen, 650 m. Switzer- 0. Thomas (p). 4. 4. 5. 23-25. land. {E. H. Zollikofer). 6. Breganzona, Ticino, Switzer- 0. Thomas (p). 2. 8. 4. 17. land. {E. H.- Zollikofer). 6. Cortivallo, Ticino. {E. H. 0. Thomas (p). 2. 8. 4. 15. Zollikofer). 9. Lugano, Ticino, 300 m. O. Thomas (c & p). 2. 7. 1. 1. 6. Muzzano, Ticino. {E. H. O. Thomas (p). 2. 8. 4. 16. Zollikofer). 9. Cremignonc, Ticino. {E. H. 0. Thomas (p). 2. 8. 4. 20. Zollikofer). 12 INSECTIVORA - . . o . c a ^ a ^^ — s-i ^ '-' o c o >-> o -3 o -^ tS -^ •^ e ;^ rt ^ cc G a: C cc o so -3 ^ O .oc C Mi o 2P Avo.i-inoo; .IBllKlipilBK 13 In I IdI . g ^ g ^ N • ^ a ^ s >.o ^a >-o >.g o >% o >-> ^£Si?P ^S - >. >-. cS oi oq o^ cq o^ (jq M tjq cN CO -* MM !ro M CO CO cb ^3 ^ 3 =2 «3 2 22 22 2 2 22 S2 2 2 E2 E2 E2 °E oq(>ic<i-HOifNcoT^oico«coco«o.i«co o? <>'<J^<^22223il2i2JS2J2222^23222J O (M 0«3 ^00 Oco CD -* cD^ '^ <M O Tt* CN cq o i^i CO (N O ^ o^ O -* cq o oq cq CO o oq cq o -^ -^ 00 00 00 o CO QO oq 03 CO CO -* CO oq oq o o o ^ * oo co o o <x c» cb co <» -^ co oo oq c?q ooo oo 4j< 4ti 4iH -* 4ti 4t( >n -* 4t( 4t( in 4i »c ic >o »o i) -* -* tj< ^ lo m ^ ^ * ^ -* ^ -* -* lo »o m m lo tji o oooocooqcococqQOOoo-4<OTHoo<:M oo o^iOTt<ooqc>ic»oooooo-*oqcocooq(:;q 03 l~C»(ic-t-t-ioOt-C»OOQOaOQOt-QOOO t- t-CCOOODaOCOCOt-COCOt-GOCOCOCOGOCOCOCO oooooocqoooocqcqcooqoo^oio o c?q^oooq(»cocp<xcBco(»y3oq(»ococp-^ OO O 05 O CTi O O as OOOO 6l O O O O 050000200301050505035000000 ^^^(^cq (Mooooqoo^cooicoco oq ooo«coco<^ooqGOM<^ocpcp-*oqoco-* iiioi 1 1;- cb cb i;- .;- CO cb t- i i o i ^2222222^2222^:2^^22 o ooo-t<oo-*coococ-icO'*^0(Moqco co ooqcNOO-^co-*^ -* -^cpcoaDcqo (iq sq cq oi ,li ,^ T^ c-q T^ -H C'l ii c<! 'iq oi oq .M crq ^h ,h oq t-h oq oq cq ^ -h ^ I I -i I oq oq oq oq oq oq -H ^ ^ o cqo 00 oq oq CO oq 00 o CO oq CO oq CO oq o o o <?i co o o o <^ oq o o co to o c>q cp o co ^ (^^irioan-ioqcb4«mcOL— lOCOCO-^-^iO * Tj(ioCO-^-^-*-^-*COCOCOCOCO-^-^ininTHCO CO CO WOTOOCOOTOT OTCOOTCOCOOSmOTCOCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO <« -O <-0 O* 0»- O •<> "-O "-O '^J O CM- O *<3 O *0 'O VJ Of ^^ »o CX- "O 'O 'O *0 CM- 'O CH- CK CK O O* ^3 <<) ,H oq CO in so jf« f^ " 2 ZI^ co "* S SS 3^ i2 „ _ _ ococooqcoincDOO'Hoq "^ o^'^i-irHtD-*in<MCNcqGOin.-igoocoo^ CO 00 00 00 .X • ^ § Jg S -o o CO S ft O CO CO rvi CO r^ ^ . . «> C- CO . . . o •* -H o O o cq I- ^inSin^'oyoqoioqcM _; c<i'^'-^..^oq-* .• .ino-ir-ir-i^-io Id dd::dzl"*^?^SS«QoSx^3,i^^ ^ '«o6q6-*^c22^^^2'®232222:i1 T— irHTHrHf— 1,.^ ^t— ti— It— It— t*-^ S^tHt— i.-.T— I i— (i-HtHtHi— ii— f ^a ^ in ^ •;^-= = :: =3^^ ^a CO CO c3 a .g -71 S o d ^ i5 Ph PP CO u INSECTIVORA ^ fl ^ d ^ p- 15 TALPA C^CA Savi. 1822. Talpa cxca Savi, Nuovo Giorn. de' Letterati, Pisa, i, p. 265. 1857. Talpa cmca Blasius, Stiugethiere Deutschlands, p. 115. 1906. Talpa. cmca Camerauo, Boll. ]Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. della K. Univ. di Torino, xxi, No. 530, p. 1, June 22, 1906. 1910. Talpa cxca Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 63. Type locality. — Mountains near Pisa, Italy. Geographical distribution. — Mediterranean region, eastward into Asia Minor ; details of distribution not known. Diagnosis. — Smaller than Talpa europgea (condylobasal length of skull, 29-32 mm. instead of 33--37 mm.) and skull with narrower rostrum and palate (breadth of rostrum over canines about 4 mm. instead of 4 • 6-5 mm.) ; temporal fossa shortened, the distance from its posterior margin to posterior margin of anteor- bital foramen about equal to distance from latter point to second premolar ; anteorbital foramen large, its posterior border over front of last molar, the plate forming outer wall of canal a slender, terete thread ; teeth small, the length of upper tooth-row (exclusive of incisors), 11-12 mm. ; mesostyle of /;*'- and m^ with apex deeply notched (this character not visible in specimens with much worn teeth). Measurements. — Average and extremes of five specimens from Cortivallo, Ticino, Switzerland : head and body, 133 • 8 (125-142) ; tail, 25-2 (21-30) ; hind foot (dry), 15-6 (15-16). Average and extremes of three specimens from Reggello, Tuscany, Italy (in alcohol) : tail, 23 • 6 (22-25) ; hind foot, 14 • 7 (14 • 4-15 • 5). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 17. Specimens examined. — Twenty-five, from the following localities: — Switzerland : Agmizzo, Ticino, 1 ; Bellinzona, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Breganzona, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Canabbio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Corti- vallo, Ticino, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Lonvico, Ticino, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Lugano, Ticino, 3 (U.S.N.M.) ; Muzzano, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Origlio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Sorengo, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Stabio, Ticino, 1. Italy : Regello, Tuscany, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; N.S. della Vittoria, Ligurian Appenines, 1 (Genoa) ; no exact locality, 2. 6. Agmizzo, Ticino, Switzerland. O. Thomas (p). 2.8.4.18. {E. H. Zollikofer.) i. Stabio, Ticino. {E. H. Zol- 0. Thomas (p). 2. 8. 4. 19. likofer.) c5, 9 al. Italy." Dr. Riippell (c). 45.7.22.32-38. TALPA OCCIDENTALIS Cabrera. 1907. Talpa cxca occidentalis Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XX, p. 212, September, 1907. Type in Cabrera collection. 1907. Talpa ca&ca occidentalis Cabrera, Bol. Real. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vii, p. 222, October, 1907. (For date see Cabrera, Ann.. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., i, p. 189, February, 1908.) 1910. Talpa cmca occidentalis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 63. Type locality. — La Granja, Province of Segovia, Spain. Geographical distribution. — Ibei'ian Peninsula. 16 INSECTIVORA Dia(/no.sis. — Like Talpa cseca but skull rather robust, the breadth of I'ostrum over roots of canines usually more than 4 mm. ; anteorbital foramen contracted, its posterior border over mesostvle of »r, the plate forming outer wall of canal usually as wide as transverse diameter of foramen ; crowns of molars appreciably enlarged (length of upper tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, frequently more than 13 mm.), but dentition otherwise as in Taljja csecn. Skull. — The skull is somewhat larger and more robust than that of Talpa cseca, a character particularly noticeable in the greater width of rostrum and palate. In details of structure, however, it shows no striking peculiari- ties except in the form and position of the anteorbital foramen. This foramen is noticeabl}^ smaller than in Talpa cseca, and its posterior border lies over middle or front of second molar instead of over front of third. The plate form- ing outer wall of canal is wider and less thread-like than in Talpa cseca. Zygoma about as long as in Talpa cseca, but owing to the different position of pos- terior border of anteorbital foramen, the distance from this point to posterior edge of temporal fossa equals that from foramen to canine, or even in one exceptional instance, to outer incisor. Teeth. — The upper molars are distinctly larger than those of Talpa cseca, but otherwise the teeth show no peculiarities. Measurements. — Type (from Cabrera) : head and body, 102 ; tail, 24; hind foot, 15-5. Average and extremes of five specimens from La Granja, Segovia, Spain (in spirit, body contracted): head and body, 101-6 (98-107); tail, 25-6 (25-27); hind foot, 16-4 (16-17). Adult male from Galicia : head and body, 112; tail, 26; hind foot, 15 "4. Two males from Cintra, Portugal: head and body, 118 and 120; tail, 26 and 26 ; hind foot, 16 and 17. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 17. Specimens examined. — Ten, from the following localities : — Spain : Galicia, 1 ; La Granja, Segovia, 5. POBTUGAL : Cintra, 4. Fig. 3. Talpa ceeca (upper flgiu'e), aud T. oceidentalis (lower figure). Xat. siz3. lal. Galicia, Spain. 2(J,2?al. La Granja, Segovia, Spain. Skull. La Granja, Segovia. 2 <J, 1 al. Cintra, Portugal. IskuU. Prof.Seoane (c&p). 9d. 1. 1. 23. M.delaEscalera(c). 8. 7. 30. 19-22. M.de la Escalera(c) . O.Thomas (c&p). 6. 11. 4. 2. 98.2. 2.8 9,58, 59. 17 Observations. 18 IXSECTIVOEA TALPA ROMANA Thomas. 1902. Talpa roinana Thomas, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., x, p. 517, December, 1902. Type in British Museum. 1904. Talpa romana Camerano, ilem. Eeale Accad. Sci. di Torino, 2Dd ser., Liv, p. 81. 1910. Talpa romana Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 64. Type locality. — Ostia, Rome, Italy. Geographical distrihution. — Vicinity of Rome, Italy. Diagnosis. — Externally similar to Talpa europsea but a trifle larger ; skull and dentition more robust than in the related animal (greatest diameter of m} about 4 mm. ; length of upper tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, 14 to 15 mm.) ; mesostyle of all three upper molars bifid at tip. Skull and teeth. — Except that it is rather more robust the skull does not differ appi'eciably from that of Talpa europsea, though posterior base of zygoma appears to be usually situated somewhat further back. Teeth as in Talpa europsea, but larger throughout, a difference particularly noticeable in the first vipper molar and in the large lower cheek-teeth (the combined length of Fig. 4. Crown of molars in Talpa europsea («), and T. romatia {b). x 5. these four teeth about 10 mm. instead of about 8 mm.). In form the teeth are similar to those of the related animal, but the mesostyle of m^ is relatively as well as actually larger, and its tip is distinctly bifid, though not so deeply as in the succeeding teeth. Cingulum between outer bases of main cusps of lower molars better developed than in T. europita, its edge fi-equently forming an evident cusp, especially in m.^. Measurements. — External measurements of type (from Thomas): head and body, 126; tail, 29; hind foot, 19 (all measurements from skin). Four males from the vicinity of Rome (in alcohol) : head and body, 138-3 (130-145); tail, 28-6 (27-30) ; hind foot, 19-6 (19-20). Three females from the same 19 o Oh o CO P^ CO < 20 INSECTIVOEA locality: head and body, 127-5 (125-130) ; tail, 29-5 (29-30) ; hind foot, 18"4 (18-18"6). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 19. Specimens exatnined. — Fourteen, from the vicinity of Rome (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; also about fifty from the same region in Turin Museum. Rtmarks. — Talpa romana is a well characterized species, readily distinguished from other European moles by its unusually large teeth. 1. Ostia, Rome. Dr. L. Sambon (c & p). 1. 1. 2. 8. [Type ol species.) 1. Frascati, Rome. Dr. L. Sambon (c & p). 1. 1. 2. 9. 6, 9 al. Rome. Genoa Museum (e). 3. 1. 31. 1-2. 2 6. Rome. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton (p). 11. 1. 2. 1-2. Sub-Family DESMANIN^. Geographical distribution. — South-western France and northern half of Iberian Peninsula ; eastern Russia and western Siberia. Characters. — Teeth in front of molars not differentiated by form into incisors, canines, and premolars ; anterior upper incisor greatly enlarged, canine-like, directed downward, its outer edge highly trenchant, the two anterior lower incisors slightly elongated, projecting obliquely forward ; external form less evidently mole-like than in the Talpinse, modified for aquatic life, the much enlarged hind feet with completely webbed toes, the front feet smaller, not peculiar in form ; tail long ; muzzle depressed. Bemarks. — The sub-family Desmaninse contains the genera Desmana of Russia and Siberia, and Galemys of the Iberian Peninsula and south-western France, strictly aquatic animals not distantly related to the American moles. The anterior teeth present a much higher degree of specialization than that met with in the TaJpinse. Genus GALEMYS Kaup. 1829. Galemys Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, i, p. 118 {Mygale pyrenaica Geoffroy). 1846. Galomys Agassiz, Nom. ZooL, Index Univ., p. 149 (Emendation of Galemys). 1849. Mygalina I. Geoffroy, D'Orbigny's Diet. Univ. d'Hist. Nat., iv, p. 709 {Mygale pyrenaica Geoffroy). Type species. — Mygale pyrenaica Geoffroy. Geographical distribution. — Northern half of Iberian Peninsula, and Pyrenean region of south-westei-n France. Characters. — Tail flattened laterally at distal extremity, else- where terete ; unicuspid teeth slender, their width conspicuously less than height of crown ; main cusp of large premolar trenchant anteriorly ; brain-case without unusual ridges. GALEMi'S 21 Remarls. — The genus Galemys is readily distinguishable from the Russian and Siberian Desmana* in which the tail is flattened laterally throughout, the unicuspid teeth are low and thick, their width about equal to height of crown, the main cusp of large premolar is rounded anteriorly, and the ridges on brain-case are unusually developed. It contains a single species, peculiar to south-western Europe. GALEMYS PYRENAICUS Geofi"roy. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution. — South-western France (Pyrenees and their immediate neighbourhood) and northern half of Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis. — General characters as in the genus ; head and body, 110 to 135; tail, 130 to 155; hind foot, 32-5 to 38; condylobasal length of skull, 33 to 35*5 ; mandible, 22 to 24. External characters. — Form somewhat intermediate between that of a mole and rat, the body less elongated than in Talpa, but the neck almost equalh^ short (so that auditory oritice appears to be at shoulder) and the muzzle similarly produced ; legs less shortened than in the moles and front feet not specially enlarged ; tail rat-like, longer than head and body. Fur less dense and velvety than in the moles, and of the peculiar quality characteristic of aquatic mammals, the hairs of two kinds, the longer, coarser ones about 12 mm. in length, those of shorter under fur about half as long. Head conical, as in the moles, but the much elongated snout (length about 20 mm. from incisors) greatly flattened instead of terete, its breadth at middle about 7 mm., depth in same region 2 mm. At tip the muzzle broadens rather abruptly to about 10 mm., the broadened portion divided by shallow notch at middle of anterior border into two slightly indicated lobes ; at middle of each lobe and about 1 mm. back from anterior edge is situated one of the rather large, transversely elongated nostrils. "j" The median * Tlie synonymy of this geuus is as follows : — 1777. Desmana Gueldenstaedt, " Beschiift. Berliner Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, iii, p. 108." [Castor moschatus Linnaeus.) 1799. Desman Lacepede, Tabl. Mamm., p. 7. Same type. 1800. MygrflZt'Cuvier, Lec.d'Anat. Comp., i.Tabl. 1. Same type. (Described in Tabl. Elem. d'Hist. Nat. des Anim., p. 109.) 1815. Desmanus Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 59 (Emendation of Desvian). 1829. Myogalea Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 250 (Substitute for Mygalc). 1830. Caprios Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, p. 14 (Substitute for Mygale). 1836. Myogale Brandt, Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1834, i, p. 176. t The actual narial opening is situated at extreme inner portion of nostril, and is capable of complete closure by the combined action of antero-internal border of nostril, a narrow semilunar membrane at upper edge of inner narial aperture, and a large wart-like thickening of upper border of nostril. 22 INSECTIVORA notch is continued backward on upper surface as a narrow groove still further dividing the two lobes ; on under side it is continuous with a similar though much longer groove extending to middle of upper lip. Each lobe is further marked by a narrow groove extending backward and slightly inward from near outer edge of nostril. Surface of lobes very fineh^ rugose and pitted, that of rest of muzzle coarsely rugose and without pits. Behind lobes the muzzle is naked along median region, thinly haired at sides and beneath. Eye minute, essentially as in Talpa, though probably never covered by the integument. No external ear, the meatus about 4 mm. in diameter. Front feet rather large and broad, readily turned outward but not perma- nently in this position, the five short fingers joined by a narrow web, and armed with strong, slightly curved claws 4 to 5 mm. in length ; fourth digit longest, fifth and third sub-equal and slightly shorter, second and first still shorter. Palms naked, their surface finely tuberculo - rugose, without trace of larger tubercles, though the surface is marked by three deep wrinkles ; balls of digits projecting conspicuously beneath bases of claws. Dorsal surface of front foot covered with minute hairs, these lengthen- ing along edges to form distinct fringes. Hind foot much larger than front foot, the toes webbed to base of claws, the claws similar to those on front foot but larger ; fourth digit longest, third, fifth, second and first suc- cessively shorter, the first extending nearly to end of first phalanx of second ; surface of sole like that of palm, the three longitudinal wrinkles at bases of digits well developed, the large inner tubercle present in the moles very slightly developed, its extremity not projecting like a supplemental digit. Upper surface of hind foot naked, somewhat more coarsely tuberculate than sole. A fringe of stiffened hairs along outer edge of outer toe and continuing along foot nearly to heel. Tail longer than head and body, terete except at tip, where it is flattened laterally. Scales arranged in some- what irregular rings, of which there are about nine to the centimeter at middle of tail. Hairs of tail short, not conceal- ing scales except on flattened terminal portion, where they form I'lG. 5. Galemys pyrenaicus. Xat. size. GALEMYS 23 a rudimentary dorsal and ventral keel. Mammie ijsl — l,al — 1, ^2-2 = 8. Colour. — Back and sides dark brown varying somewhat in exact shade, but never a distinct slaty as in Talpa, the longer hairs lighter than the under fur and sometimes producing a slight ellect of coarse " lining," particularly on posterior third of back and along sides. Under parts buffy in rather strong contrast with back, but without true line of demarcation. Hairs of tail and feet buffy. Claws whitish. Shiill. — In general the skull resembles that of Talpa europsea, but the brain-case is shorter and squarely truncate posteriorly, the interorbital region is shorter and narrowed instead of widened at middle, and the rostrum is longer. Surface of skull smooth except for the same ridges as in Talpa, those at sides of brain-case not unusually developed. Brain-case decidedly more than half as deep as wide, its outline when viewed from behind vaguely ^jentagonal, its posterior margin nearly straight, though with slight median swelling ; condyles not projecting posteriorly, completely hidden when viewed from above. Interparietal projecting further forward than in Talpa, its antero-posterior diameter nearly equal to its width. Base of brain-case with deep but broad median furrow, the surface of the bones more angular and less inflated than in Talpa ; no pits in basioccipital in front of foramen magnum. Bullse low and flattened, less perfectly formed than in Talpa, the tympanic bone annular and retaining its distinctness, though joined with surrounding parts ; meatus large, occupying about one-half surface of bulla. Mesopterygoid space short, its length scarcely equal to width of palate between posterior molars, its width about one-third length, its anterior border double rounded, encroached on by slight median spine. Outer pterygoid plate reduced to a small but evident ridge. Interorbital region hour-glass shaped, widening moi-e rapidly posteriorly than anteriorly, its narrowest region, slightly behind middle. Zygoma straight, flattened posteriorly, compressed anteriorly, its length (measured from posterior border of orbit to posterior border of anteorbital foramen) equal to distance from posterior border of anteorbital foramen to front of canine. Rostrum about as wide as in Talpa, but relatively longer, the distance from posterior border of anteorbital foramen to gnathion about equal to greatest breadth of brain-case instead of much less, its dorsal surface on level with that of interorbital region, its outer margins nearly parallel to the squarely truncate anterior extremity. Nares scarcely emarginate posteriorly. Anterior portion of border of alveolus of large incisor distinctly thickened, the thickened region terminating laterally in a small but evident wart-like nodule. Lachrymal foramen over middle of anteorbital foramen and middle of m'^. Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over parastyle of m'-. Palate essentially as in Talpa, but vacuities smaller and incisive foramina large, their 24 INSECTIVORA longitudinal diameter about equal to width of palate in same region. Posterior palatal ridge much as in Talpa, but the extremities produced as distinct backward-curved processes. Mandible rather robust, the ramus nearly straight, the angular process much below alveolar line Coronoid process high and narrow, slightly recurved at tip, its height above alveolar line considerably greater than least breadth of posterior segment of mandible. Articular process short and robust, the single articular surface rather large, normal in position. Angular process longer than articular process, its form essentially as in Talpn. Teeth. — Dentition relatively heavier than in Talpa europeea, the teeth, with exception of anterior upper incisors, less trenchant in general aspect. An- terior upper incisor much the largest of all the teethj the two together closing entire front of palate ; shaft triangular in cross section, and all three faces sub-triangular in outline, the posterior and antero-external faces widest, the former slightly concave, the latter slightly convex, the two forming a perpendicular external cutting edge about 4 mm. in length along their line of con- tact ; a much shorter but well developed cutting edge along line of contact of posterior and antero- internal faces, extending from acutely triangular- pointed apex of tooth to point of contact with tooth of opposite side, a distance of about • 6 mm. ; line of contact between antero-external and antero-internal faces marked by a slight though evident ridge ; height of shaft about equal to width of palate ; first and second lower incisoi's small, chisel-shaped, strongly imbricated, the second about twice as large as first, their shafts directed forward in line with upper portion of symphysis menti, the tips of the four teeth together forming a straight transverse cutting edge w^hich Fig. 6. Galemys 2)yrenaicus. Teeth X 5. acts in opposition to combined posterior surface of large upper incisors. Upjier unicuspids forming an unbroken row continuous posteriorly with series of cheek teeth, but separated anteriorly from large incisor by distinct space into which the apex of second lower incisor tits when jaws are closed. Two anterior unicuspids (/'- and P) minute, terete, single-rooted, their axes directed backward and falling in same line with those of two anterior lower unicuspids when jaws are closed. Third unicuspid (canine) two-rooted, its crown perpendicular, compressed, larger than those of first and second combined, and distinctly greater in height. Fourth unicuspid (pm^) single-rooted, subterete, scarcely larger than second. Fifth and sixth unicuspids (jjto- and jjiH^) essentially like canine, their crowns distinctly higher than wide, comjiressed obliquely to the tooth-row, with slightly developed anterior and posterior cutting edge. Height of third and fifth sub-eqvial, greater than in the others, their tips about on level with main cusps of molars ; sixth lower than fifth but with crown longer and posterior ridge better developed. Lower unicuspids not unlike 2mt'^ 3,nd j^fP but with crowns lower and longer, slanting a little forward, each with a faintly developed antero-internal lobule. These teeth are slightly imbricated and their form approximates that of the unicuspids of the Soricidte. First and second ({3 and ^) higher than third, their form suggest- ing that of anterior lower incisor, all three single-rooted. Fourth larger than any of the first three, obscurely two-rooted ; fifth slightly smaller, single-rooted ; sixth (pm^) lai'gest of the series, distinctly two-rooted, its cusp nearly on level with main cusps of molars, its an tero external lobule (rudiment of parastyle) more evident than in the others. Large upper pre- molar three-rooted, its crown area about equal to that of third molar, its main cusp with well developed anterior and posterior cutting edges, its antero-internal cusp small but evident, its postero-internal cusp about equal to protocone of nP. Upper molars with crowns wider and less oblicjue than in Talpa etiropsea, and main cusps not so high. Transverse groove between bases of main cusps converted into a median pit by better development of commissures of protocone and larger size of protoconule and metaconule. Paracone and metacone about equal in height, the latter slightly the more robust. Styles well developed, except the reduced parastyle of m^, the mesostyle in each tooth completely divided into two cusps, the W-pattern thus changed into two V-shaped figures. Third upper molar with crown area about two-thirds that of second, its metastyle and fourth commissure absent. Lower molars essentially as in Talpa europsea, but contrast in height of outer and inner cusps very slight. 26 INSECTIVORA Galemys pyrenaicus pykenaicus Geoffroy. 1811. Mygale pyrenaica Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, xvii, p. 193. 1910. Myogale pyrenaica Trouessart, Faune IMamm. d'Europe, p. 60. Type localiti/. — Near Tarbes, Hautes-Pyrenees, France. Geographical distribution. — Pyrenees and adjacent portion of southern Prance ; probably also north-eastern Spain to the Ebro ; Asturias ? Diagnosis. — Hind foot, 32-4 to 34 • 6 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull about 33 to 34 mm. Colour. — Back and sides intermediate between prouts-brown and seal-brown, the longer hairs not so dark as under fur and with a conspicuous lustre ; a small ill-defined buffy area around eye. Underparts varying from ochraceous-bufF to a dull light cream-bufi", clouded by slaty under colour. Front feet dull ochraceous-buff tinged with dark brown. Hairs of tail and fringe on hind foot light buffy. Measurements. — Two males from Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege, France: head and body, 115 and 130; tail, 134 and 137 ; hind foot, 34 • 6 and 34. Average of three females from the same locality: head and body, 117 (110-133) ; tail, 131-6 (126-137) ; hind foot, 32 • 9 (32-4-34). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 27. Specimens examined. — Fifteen, from the following" localities : — France : As-les-Thermes, Ariege, 5 ; Pyrenees, no exact locality, 8 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Spain : Pajares, Leon, 2. Sal. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege, Toulouse Museum 1.7.27.1-2. 720 m. France. (p). 6, ?. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege. V. Builles (p). 8. 3. 27. 4-5. 2. Pyrenees. (Verreaux.) Tomes Collection. 7. 1. 1. 15-16. 1. Unknown. F. Maxwell Lyte(p). 62.1.13.2. 1 al. Pyrenees. (No history.) 1. Pyrenees. Purchased (Parzu- 41. 918. daki). 1. Pyrenees. Dr. J. E. Gray (p). 43. 10. 14. 1. S, ?. Pajares, Leon, Spain. 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 47-48. {N. Gon-alcz.) Galemys pyeexaicus rupulus Graells. 1897. Myogalea riofula Graells, Mem. Real. Acad. Sci., Madrid, xvii, p. 460. 1910. Myogale pyrenaica riifula Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 61. Tyle locality. — Rio Balsain, above the Venta de los Mosquitos, Sierra de Guadarrama, Segovia, Spain. Geograpldcal distrihution. — Central Spain, south of the Ebro Valley. Diagnosis. — Hind foot, 36 to 38 mm. ; condylobasal length 27 Observations. 28 INSECTIVORA of skvill about 34*5 to 35*5 mm. ; colour apparently not so dark as in the Pyrenean race. Colour. — Upper parts essentially as in G. j^yrenaicus pyrenaicus, but slightly less dark, the general hue somewhat leaden. Longer hairs on rump distinctly buffy. Pale area around eye larger and more noticeable than in the Pyrenean foi*m. Measurements. — Three males from Silos, Burgos, Spain : head and body, 123, 131 and 134 ; tail, 135, 145 and 156 ; hind foot, 36, 38 and 38. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 27. Specimens examined. — Six, five from Silos, province of Burgos, Spain, and one from Buitrago, province of Madrid (U.S.N.M.). Hemarlis. — The central Spanish form of Galemys appears to be well ditt'erentiated from true pyrenaicus by its greater size, a character which is particularly noticeable in the larger, more massive skull. Two specimens from the Asturias (IS^os. 8. 2. 9. 47-48, Pajares, Leon, N. Gonzalez, collector) are apparently identical with the Pyrenean animal. When in the water this animal shows much less agility than the water-rat and water-shrew, probably because, though in appearance the most perfectly adapted of the three to aquatic life, it retains too much of its Talpine inheritance of shortness of limb and heaviness of general form to be an active swimmer. Its defective vision, inherited from the same source, would also tend to a like result. 2 9 sks. Silos, Burgos ; Spain. Rev. S. Gonzalez (c). 8. 7. 7. 8-9. 6, 2 sks. Silos. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 43-45. Family SORICIDtE. 1821. Soricidai Gray, London Med. Eepos., 5V, p. 300, April 1, 1821. Geographical distribution. — Throughout tropical and temperate Africa, Europe, Asia (including the Malay Archipelago), North America, and the extreme northern portion of South America. Characters. — Skull long and narrow, strongly tapering an- teriorly, most of the sutures disappearing early in life ; zygomatic arch incomplete, represented by a slight though usually evident rudiment of the zygomatic process of maxillary ; floor of brain- case with median longitudinal bridge of bone and wide lateral fenestrate area on each side, in which auditory parts are sus- pended ; tympanic bone annular, not attached to skull ; basi- sphenoid without auditory process ; no external pterygoid plate ; mandible with complete double articulation ; anterior teeth not differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the first upper incisor very large, strongly projecting forward, its tip hooked downward, its base with a secondary lobe, the anterior lower incisor nearly straight, much produced in axis of mandible, the other anterior teeth forming a series of small " unicuspids," differing from each other chiefly in size : crowns of upper molars SOREX 29 low, sub-quadrate in outline (except the much reduced third), the paracone and metacone near middle of crown, the styles and commissures well developed and forming an important functional part of the cutting apparatus ; form mouse-like, but snout always pointed and much produced beyond incisors, eyes small, and ears often partly or entirely hidden in the fur. RemarJcs. — The members of the family Soricidse are at once recognizable among European Insectivora by their mouse-like form, small eyes, and sharply pointed mvizzle. They are all of small size, the largest (Neomys fodiens) not so large as a house- mouse, while the smallest [Pachym-a etrusca) is one of the least of known mammals. Notwithstanding their manifestly primitive general structure, the Soriei'lse present a very high degree of specialization in the form of the anterior teeth, the absence of the zygoma, and the remarkable double articulation of the jaw. About fifteen genera are known. Four of these are represented in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF SORICID^^. Posterior lower molar with five cusps ; teeth pigmented at tips ; tail without sprinkling of elongated hairs. Upper unicuspid teeth 5-5 ; cutting edge of anterior lower incisor with more than one lobe ; feet not fringed Sorcx, p. 29. Upper unicuspid teeth 4-4 ; cutting edge of anterior lower incisor with one lobe ; feet fringed. (Water Shrews) Neomys, p. 65. Posterior lower molar with four cusps ; teeth wliite throughout ; tail with noticeable sprinkling of elongated hairs. Upper unicuspid teeth 4-4 Pacliyura, p. 81. Upper unicuspid teeth 3-3 Crocidura, p. 86. Genus SOREX Linnteus. 1758. Sorex Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., i, 10th ed., p. 53. 1829. Oxyrhin Kaup, Eutw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, i, p. 119 (Included the undeterminable Sorcx constrictas Hermann and S. tetragonurus Hermann ; the latter may be chosen as type). 1835. Amfhisorcx Duvernoy, M6m. Soc. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, II, p. 23 (hermanni = Neomys fodiens skull -f- Sorex araneus tetragonicrus animal) Part. 1838. Ccyrsira Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1837, p. 123. June 14, 1837 {vulgaris = araneus). 1842. Otisorcx De Kay, Zool. of New York, i, Mamm., p. 22 (platyrhinits = iicrsonatus). 1857. So7-ex Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 124. 1890. Homalurus Schulze, Schriften Naturwiss. Vereins Harzes in Werni- gerode, v, p. 28 {nlpimis). Type species. — Sorex araneus Ijinn.ieus. Geographical distribution. — Northern portion of both hemi- spheres ; in Europe west to Ireland and south to central Spain and southern Italy. 30 INSECTIVORA Characters. — Upper unicuspid teeth 5-5 (deutal formula : ' 1^1' ^i^» i""f=ij ''*S ~ ^^) ' posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor fully half as high as main cusp ; anterior lower incisor with three well developed lobes on cutting edge ; third lower molar with hypoconid and entoconid small but distinct, so that the form of the tooth differs from that of first and second molars in the reduced size of the second triangle only, its crown, like the others, 5-cusped ; second lower unicuspid with rudimentary second cusp and commissure ; jjoints of all the teeth pigmented (the coloured portion wearing away in extreme old age) ; skull lightly built, with slender weak rostrum and abruptly wider brain-case ; rudimentary zygomatic process of maxillary evident ; no special modifications in external form ; tail covered with hairs of uniform length (except that those of pencil are elon- gated) ; ear nearly concealed by the fur, the meatus closed by a large valvular outgrowth from the antitragus supplemented by a fold on inner surface of conch ; habits terrestrial. Hemarhs. — This is the most widely distributed genus of Insectivora. It contains about sixty described forms, fourteen of which occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF SOBEX. Anterior mandibular incisor with low, sometimes ill- defined lobes on cutting edge ; first lower uni- cuspid two-pointed ; lachrymal foramen over point of contact between ?»' and m" ; tail about as long as head and body ; colour uniform dark slaty grey. (Alpine Shrews) S. aljnnus, p. 60. Condylobasal length of skull 19-4 to 20'6 mm.; upper tooth-row 8 '6 to 9*0 mm. (Alps; east- ward to Transylvania) .S'. a. alpinus, p. 62. Condylobasal length of skull 19 to 19 -6 mm. ; upper tooth-row 8 '2 to 8*6 mm. (Harz Mountains and Riesengebirge) S. a. hercynicus, p. 63. Anterior mandibular incisor with high, distinct lobes on cutting edge ; first lower unicuspid single- pointed ; lachrymal foramen in front of point of contact between /»' and m" ; tail shorter than head and body ; colour never uniform dark slaty grey, the under parts usually much lighter than back. First, second and third upper uuicuspids sub-equal ; condylobasal length of skull 14 "8 to 16 '6 mm.; head and body usually about 50 to 60 mm. (Pigmy Shrews) S. nmiittus, p. 53. Molars and anterior upper incisor normal (Dis- tribution general) S. m. minutux, p. 55. Molars and anterior upper incisor enlarged (Southern Italy) 5. m. lucanhos, p. 60. First and second upper unicuspid much larger than third; condylobasal length of skull 17-4 to 20 mm. ; head and body usually about 65 to 80 mm. (Common Shrews) S. aranetis, -p. Bl. SOREX 31 Palate broad anteriorly, its width at level of first unicuspid nearly equal to that of tooth. Condylobasal length of skull 18 "4 to 19 "2 mm.; anterior teeth enlarged (Island of Jersey)... S. a. fretalis, p. 45. Coudylobasal length of skull about 17 '5 mm. ; anterior teeth not enlarged (Mountains of central Spain) S. a. granaruis, p. 52. Palate narrow anteriorly, its width at level of first unicuspid barely more than half that of tooth. Condylobasal length of skull usually 19 to 20 mm.; hind foot usually 13 to 14-4 mm. (mountain and northern forms). Hind foot 1-3 '6 to 14*4 mm.; colour in summer pelage very dark, the tricolor pattern usually conspicuous (South- western Norway) S. a. bergensis, p. 41. Hind foot 13 • to 14 mm. ; colour in summer pelage frequently light and brownish. Back frequently blackish in summer pelage (Alps and neighbouring regions) S. a. tetragonurus, -p. 4:2. Back rarely if ever blackish in summer pelage (Pyrenees) S. a. pyrenaicus, p. 44. Condylobasal length of skull usually 17 "4 to 19 mm. ; hind foot usually 11 to 13 mm. (lowland forms). Underparts blackish, not contrasted with back (Charente, Prance) S. a. santonus, p. 40. Underparts greyish or brownish, contrasted with back except when latter is also brown. Colour of sides not distinctly contrasted with that of back ; belly heavily washed with wood-brown (Plains of south-western France) 5. a. euronotus, p. 41. Colour of sides usually forming distinct contrast with that of back ; belly lightly washed with wood-brown. Average colour darker, the back ranging from bister to a deep blackish brown (Central Eucope and Scan- dinavia, except south - western Norway) s. a. araneus, p. 35. Average colour less dark, the back ranging from hair-brown tinged with bister to seal-brown (Great Britain) S. a. castaneus, p. 37. SOREX ARANEUS Linnasus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution. — Northern portions of Europe and. Asia from England and Scotland eastward ; exact limits of range unknown ; in western Europe south to central Spain, and central Italy, north to northern Scandinavia. Dlafjnosis. — Size medium, head and body usually about 65-80 mm, the tail 20-35 mm. shorter, condylobasal length of skull, 17 -8-20 mm.; posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor 32 INSECTIVORA compressed laterally, the length of its base equal to that of base of anterior cusp ; colour brown or blackish, the underparts never as dark as back (usually much lighter), and the sides often contrasted with both. External characters. — Fur moderately dense, its depth at middle of back about 4 mm. in summer, 8 mm. in winter, its texture not specially modified ; no elongated hairs on flanks and across rump. Eyes small and inconspicuous ; ears nearly concealed in the fur. Feet not peculiar in form, thinly clothed with very tine hairs on dorsal surface ; fore foot with third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, fifth extending just beyond base of fourth, first barely reaching base of second, the claws small but well developed ; palm so conspicuously rugose reticulate that tubercles are not very distinct ; tubercles 6, sub-equal, the three at bases of main digits well-defined, that at base of thumb sometimes confluent with that at inner side of wrist (so that the number is apparently reduced to 5), the two wrist-pads separated from each other in median line by a noticeable space ; extreme posterior edge of palm covered with ordinary integument. Hind foot with third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, second slightly shorter, fifth reaching base of fourth, and first extending to base of fifth ; surface of sole as in palm, but tubercles better defined, four at bases of digits and two situated more posteriori)-, all six about equal in size ; sole finely haired from hinder tubercles to heel, the middle of which is bare ; claws like those of fore-foot. Tail terete or somewhat 4-sided, rather more than half as long as head and body, its hairs minute, rather closely appressed, and nearly concealing the annulation ; pencil usually well developed, 4-6 mm. in length, but occasionally in aged individuals much reduced or absent, together with the rest of the hairy covering of the tail. Caudal annulations rather indistinct, about 24 to the centimeter at middle. Mammae : «• 3-3 = 6. Colour. — Dorsal area, extending from base of tail to crown cheeks and muzzle, brown, the exact shade varying much both seasonally, racially and individually, but the normal extremes falling between hair-brown or light bister and a veiy dark, blackish seal-brown. Sides wood-brown, usually forming an evident contrast with dorsal area, though this contrast is occasionally inconspicuous in dull light specimens in summer coat, or wholly obliterated in the general darkening of entire animal in S. araneus santonus. Underparts smoky grey washed with wood-brown, or occasionally sufiYised with slaty (particularly in the dark S. a. santonus). Between colour of back and sides there is usualh' an evident line of demarcation ; between sides and belly the contrast is less marked and the transition less abrupt. Feet a dull indefinite light brown, often with a faint dark shade along outer edge. Tail dark brown above and at tip, light brown below, especially near base, sometimes bicolor throughout. SOREX 33 While there is no invaiiable rule, the colour in winter is usually darker than in summer, and the tricolor pattern of dark back, yellowish brown sides and greyish belly is more pronounced. A trace of this pattern is often the most convenient character by which to recognize shrunken ill-prepared specimens, which might otherwise be mistaken for Sorex minutus. SJciill. — The skull is slender and lightly built, with no special peculiarities of form as compared with that of other shrews. Brain-case well marked off from interorbital region, its surface smooth except in extreme old age, its main sutures remaining open until late in life. It is sub-circular in general outline when viewed from above, but with antero-external portion of border noticeably flattened, so that at point of greatest breadth there is usually an evident angle ; condyles scarcely visible, causing no break in posterior outline. Depth of brain- case at middle slightly more than half greatest width ; no sagittal crest except in extreme old age ; lambdoid crest at first confined to lateral portions of occiput, rarely extending to median line. Dorsal profile usually with evident concavity in inter- „ """' ' , , orbital region (more marked than m Sorex Nat. size. minutus and *S'. alpinm). Nares broadly rounded posteriorly, the lateral margin obtusely angled near middle. Anteorbital foramen moderately large, not very con- spicuous when skull is viewed from in front. Lachrymal foramen over middle of ni^. Mesopterygoid space nearly parallel- sided, less than half as wide as long. Teeth. — Anterior upper incisor with basal lobe relatively larger than in any other European shrew, the length of its base nearly equal to diameter of anterior lobe at level of angle between the two cusps. When tooth is viewed from below the posterior lobe appears nearly as large as anterior cusp ; in lateral view it approximates the size and form of first and second unicuspid, and in height falls a little short of anterior cusp. The two teeth come in contact anteriorly slightly below tips, which do not diverge conspicuously. Anterior lower incisor robust, its shaft very slightly tapering, its cutting edge with three well-developed lobes, the lengths of bases of which diminish regularly from first to third, the first lobe more distinctly separated from succeeding lobe than from anterior point of tooth. Upper unicuspids robust, their crowns squarish in outline when viewed from below, bluntly triangular when viewed from the side ; height about equal to length ; anterior and posterior borders straight or faintly concave, upper border convex, more strongly posteriorly than anteriorly. The highest point of cusp lies slightly in front of middle of crown. Upper 34 INSECTIVOKA Q^===^^^^>^^^*^^^ Sorex aratuu-s. Anterior teeth in profile. X 5. and posterior borders sub-equal, slightly longer than anterior border. Cusp rounded on antero-external face, squarely truncate postero-internally along line connecting antero-internal and postero-external corners of crown. The region behind this line is occupied by a flattened or somewhat concave, nearly horizontal crushing surface opposed during mastication to second and third lobes of lower incisor (1st and 2nd upper unicuspids) and to points of the two lower unicuspids (3rd and 4th upper unicuspids). In size the first and second unicuspids are sub-equal and decidedly larger than third, which in turn some- what exceeds fourth. Fifth still smaller than fourth and closely crowded between it and antero-external cusp of large premolar, its cusp relatively lower than in the other teeth of the series. First lower unicuspid essentially similar to first and second upper, but crown longer than broad and without distinct crushing surface. Second larger than first, not conspicuously different from it in general form when viewed from the side, but cutting edge much longer and better developed, distinctly angled behind middle, the angle clearly representing a rudimentary second cusp, and transverse portion behind it a second commis- sure, the tooth thus contain- ing the modified elements of one of the triangles of a molar. Large upper pre- molar with protocone smaller than in the first and second molars, though well developed and of essentially the same form ; paracone smaller than pro- tocone, therefore much smaller than in first and second molars ; hypocone small but well developed ; posterior margin of crown more deeply emarginate than that of molars. Crowns of first and second molars squarish in outline, though somewhat wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Outer re-entrant angles deeper in second than in first. Protocone long and rather i^'- Fig. 9. Sorex araneus. I'eetli X 10. SOREX 35 low. Hypocone small but well developed. Third uj^per molar with about half the crown area of second, all the elements of the tooth present except hypocone. First and second lower molars alike in size and form, the posterior triangle slightly larger than anterior. Third molar smaller than the others, the relative size of the triangles reversed, but elements of tooth all present. 3Iensure)itenis. — While there is some variation in size among the different races the head and body in full-grown individuals is seldom if ever less than 65 or more than 80 mm. The tail falls short of head and body by from 20 to 35 mm., being thus relatively shorter than in either of the other European species. The hind foot ranges from 11 to about 14 '5 mm. and the condylobasal length of skull from 17 "8 to 20 mm. Detailed measurements are given under each of the subsj^ecies. > Bemarhs. — Sorcx araneus, the most widely distributed and best known of the European shrews, is so easily recognized that it needs no special comparison with the other species. Specimens of the dark race from Charente, France, have a superficial likeness to Sorex aljjinus, but are at once distinguishable externally by their blackish instead of slaty coloration and relatively short tail. Immature, dull coloured individuals of the other races may occasionally be confused with *S'. minutus. The same is true of shrunken, badly j^repared skins. But some trace of the tricolor pattern can almost invariably be found in a common shrew no matter what its condition, while a glance at the size of the teeth and form and proportions of the unicuspids will always serve to determine the identity of any specimen in hand. SOREX ARANEUS ARANEUS Linna3US. 1758. [^Sorex] araneus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., i, 10th ed., p. 53 (Sweden). 1828. Sorex coronatus Millet, Faune de Maine-et-Loire, i, p. 18 (Blou, Maine-et-Loire, France). 1828. Sorex personatus Millet, Faune de Maine-et-Loire, i, p. 18, foot- note (Rejected MS. name for coronatus). Not Sorex jpersonatus I. Geoffroy, 1827. 1832. Sorex concinnus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1832. Sorex rhinolopJms Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1832. Sorex melanodon Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1838. Sorex vulgaris Nathusius, Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgesch. IV, I, p. 45. 1839. S[orex] macrotrichus de S61ys-Longchamps, Etudes de ]Micromamm., p. 20. (Specimen of S. araneus briefly described as agreeing with the <S. inucrotrichus Mehlis MSS. No locality given.) 1839. S[orex'] labiosus Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 326, January, 1839. (Frankfurt a/M., Germany.) 1857. Sorex vulgaris Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 129 (part). 1895. Sorex araneus Thomas, The Zoologist, 3rd ser., xix, p. 63, February, 1895. 1910. Sorex araneus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 51 (part). Tijpe locality. — Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution. — Western Continental Europe, D 2 36 INSECTIVORA except Atlantic waterslied of south-western Norway, from Finland to central France, central Germany, and northern Hun- gary. Exact southern and eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis. — Size small (condylobasal length of skull usually 17 "8 to 19 mm., hind foot usually 11 to 13 mm.) ; colour rather dark, the back ranging from bister to a deep blackish brown ; sides distinctly lighter than back except in specimens representing the pallid extreme of colouration ; teeth moderately pigmented, the hypocone of in^ and »i- usually white to tip. Teeth. — The teeth show no special peculiarities of form. In pigmentation they represent the extreme of restriction of the dark areas. While the area of pigmentation on all of the cusps is less extensive than in the Alpine and Pyrenean races, the difi'erences are best seen in the hypocones of the three large upper cheek teeth and protocone of m^, as these small cusps, unlike the larger ones, may be completely without brown colour. A comparison of seventy-five topotypes of Sorex araneus with eighty Swiss specimens of S. araneus tetragonurus gives the following results : — araneus. tetrofjonurus. Large premolar with pigment on hypocone . '0% ... 38"7 % First molar with pigment on hypocone . . 22*6 % ... 93 '7 % Second molar with pigment on hypocone . 21"2% ... 8S"7 % Third molar with pigment on protocone . 45"3 % ... 100 "0 % None of the small cusps pigmented . . 54'6 % ... "0 % All of the small cusps pigmented . . . '0% ... 37*2% Measurements. — Average and extremes of twenty specimens from the type locality : head and body, 77 • 5 (72-85) ; tail, 40* 1 (38-43); hind foot,' 12-6 (12-13). "^ Average and extremes of nine specimens from Lillehammer, central Gudbrandsdal, ISTorway (dry): hind foot, 12 '3 (12 '2-12 "6). Average and extremes of four specimens from Holaaker, upper Gudbrandsdal, Norway : head and body, 70-2 (69-71); tail, 36-5 (34-39); hind foot, 12 '2 (12-13). Average and extremes of twenty specimens from Brunswick, Germany : head and body, 78 • 9 (68-85) ; tail, 39-7 (36-4.5); hind foot, 12-7 (12 •2-13-0). Average and extremes of ten specimens from Waremme, Liege, Belgium : head and body, 68-9 (66-72); tail, 42-3 (38-47); hind foot (dry), 12*2 (11 •8-12*8). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 46. Specimens examined. — Two hundred and ninety-eight, from the following localities : — Norway : Molmen, Upper Gudbrandsdal, 2 ; Holaaker, Upper Gud- brandsdal, 4; Lesjevark, Middle Gudbrandsdal, 1; Lillehammer, Middle Gudbrandsdal, 9 (U.S.N.M.) ; Eggedal, Buskerud, 8 (U.S.N.M.) ; Spjosod, Telemarkeu, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Asker, near Christiania, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Holme, Mandal, 7. Sweden: Upland, 1; Upsala, 97 (U.S.N.M.); Skaane, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Denmark: Hillerod, Zealand, b; Nvstad, Lolland, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Skansen, Lolland, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Holland: Oosterbeek, Guelderland, 6; Leiden, 4 (U.S.N.M.). Belgium: Hastiere, Namur, 1; Waremme, Liege, 10 (U.S.N.M.). France : Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 4 ; Manonville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 2 ; Barbizon, Seine-et-Marne, 3. SOREX 37 Germany: Brunswick, 35 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Bodethal, Harz Mts., 15 (U.S.N.M.) ; Mauseklippe, Harz Mts., 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Bahreuberg, Harz Mts., 9 (U.S.N.M.) ; Tharand, Saxony, 1 ; Magdeburg, Saxony, 5 ; Moritz- burg, Saxony, 1 (U.S.N.M.); lugelbeim, llbeinhessen, 3; Nuremberg, Bavaria, 10 (U.S.N.M.); Marxbeim, near IMoubeim, Bavaria, 15; Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 1 ; Euleugrund, Riesengebirge, Silesia, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Wolfshau, near Sneekoppe,iiiesengebirge, Silesia, 8 (U.S.N.M.); Niesky, Silesia, 5 ; near Konigsberg, 6 (U.S.N.M.) ; no exact locality, 1. AusTRiA-HuNGAEY : Haida, Arva, Bobemia, 9. S,9. 38 INSECTIVORA to the mainland, though occurring on Bardsey Island, Carnar- vonshire. Diagnosis. — Similar to Sorex araneus araneus, but colour in series of skins averaging less dark, that of dorsal area ranging from hair-brown slightly tinged with bister to seal-brown, and seldom if ever attaining the deep blackish brown frequently seen in the typical race. Shdl and teeth. — The skull and teeth resemble those of true Sore.i- araneus. Measurements. — Average and extremes of ten specimens from Cromarty, Scotland: head and body, 70-6 (62-78); tail, 39*8 (38-43); hind foot, 12 '9 (12 '5-13). Average and extremes of eight specimens from Aberia, Merioneth : head and body, 67-5 (58-73); tail, 38-7 (36-41); hind foot, 12 (11-13). Average and extremes of eight specimens from Grimsby, Lincoln- shire : head and body, 65*2 (58-72); tail, 42 (38-44); hind foot, 12*5 (12-13). Average and extremes of six specimens from Northlew, Devonshire : head and body, 66 • 6 (65-70) ; tail, 36 "8 (35-39); hind foot, 13 (13). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 48. Specimens examined. — Two hundred and fifty-two, from the following localities : — Scotland : Black Isle, Cromarty, 16 ; South Sutor, Cromarty, 5 ; Nairn, Morayshire, 4 ; Dunphail, Elgin, 2 ; Gordonstown, Elgin, 3 ; Lhan- bride, Elgin, 1; Lossiemouth, Elgin, 3; Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, 26 (Wilson) ; Kennordy, 1 (Wilson) ; Cortachy, Forfar, 6 (Wilson) ; Cromlis, Stirling, 10; Islay, 3; Dunkeld, Perthshire, 2; Loch Earn Head, Perth- shire, 1 ; Stockbriggs, Lanarksliire, 2 ; Kirtle Bridge, Dumfriesshire, 4 ; Wyseby, Dumfriesshire, 3. Wales : Aberia, Merionethshire, 8 ; near Bridgend, Glamorganshire, 6 Bardsey Island, Carnarvonshire, 1. England : Berwick-on-Tweed, Northumberland, 2 ; Biding Mill-on- Tjme, Northumberland, 3 ; Newby Bridge, Lake Windermere, Cumber- land, 1 ; Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 17 ; Whitnash, Warwickshire, 1 ; Rugby, Warwickshire, 2; Filey,- Yorkshire, 3; Wellersey Hill, Broadway, Wor- cestershire, 1 ; West Cheshire, 1 ; Shropshire, 1 ; Staffordshire, 1 ; Swith- land, Leicestershire, 10 ; Bishopstoke, Herefordshire, 1 ; Leominster, Here- fordshire, 1 ; Graftonbury, Herefordshire, 19 ; Lilford, Northamptonshire, 2 ; Drinkstone Park, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, 2 ; Lowestoft, Suffolk, 6 ; Wormsley, Oxfordshire, 1 ; Stokenchurch, Oxfordshire, 4 ; Cambridge- shire, 1 ; Kensington Gardens, London, 1 ; Hillingdon, Middlesex, 3 ; Bletchingley, Surrey, 4 ; Godalming, Surrey, 2 ; Merstham, Surrey, 1 ; Richmond Park, Surrey, 1; Crowborough, Sussex, 3; St. Leonard's, Sussex, 1 ; Tunbridge Wells, Sussex, 1 ; Eastwell, Kent, 3 ; Lyndhurst Road, Hampshire, 2 ; New Forest, Hampshire, 17 ; Basingstoke, Hamp- shire, 1 ; Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 3 ; Clifton Bridge, Gloucestei-shire, 2 ; Leigh Woods, Clifton, Gloucestershire, 3 ; Blandford, Dorsetshire, 1 ; Combmartin, Devonshire, 4 ; Chagford, Devonshire, 5 ; Northlew, Devon- shire, 6 ; no exact locality, 3. Remarks. — While the British common shrew is an incom- pletely differentiated form, the average characters of the large series of specimens examined seem important enough to warrant the use of Jenyn's name. As compared with the Continental SOREX 39 race the dark extreme is less dark and less freqvient, while the light extreme is more light and more frequent. The constantly small size of this animal as compared with the large Continental races (hergensis, tetragonnrus and pyrenaicus), is shown by the fact that among 102 British specimens measured by many different collectors the hind foot exceeds 13-2 mm. in only six instances. ?. Black Isle, Cromarty, W.R. Ogilvie-Grant 94.10.6.1. Scotland. (c & p). 9 6. Black Isle, Cromarty. W. K Ogilvie-Grant 11. 1. 3. 103- (c & p). 107. 109-112. 2 6. South Sutor, Cromarty. W.R. Ogilvie-Grant 11. 1. 3. 108, (c & p). 113. 2 6,2 9. Nairn, Morayshire. W.E. Ogilvie-Grant 11. 1. 3. 99-102. (c & p). 6. Morayshire. E. R. Alston (c & p). 79. 9. 2.5. 79. 9. Dunphail, Elginshire. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant 11.1.3.97. (c & P). 1. Lhanbride, Elginshire. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 3598. 2 6. Gordonstown, Elgin- W. R. Ogilvie-Grant 11.1.3.95-96. shire. (c & p). 6. Gordonstown, Elgin- W. R. Ogilvie-Grant 11. 1. 3. 98. shire. (c & p). 3 6,19. Cromlix, Stirlingshire. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant 11.1.3.114-123. (c & p). 3 al. Islay. H. Russell (c & p). 9. 9. 11. 1-3. 6, 9. Stockbriggs, Lanark- E. R. Alston (c & p). 79. 9. 25. 11-12. shire. 6,39. Kirtle Bridge, Dumfries- Miss D. Bate (c&p). 11.1.3.88. shire. 11. 1. 3. 92-94. 3 9. Wyseby, Dumfriesshire. Miss D. Bate (c&p). 11.1.3.89-91. 5 6,39. Aberia, Merionethshire, G. H. Caton Haigh 11. 1. 3. 156- Wales. (c&p). 163. 3^,3 9. Bridgend, Glamorgan- R. I. Pocock (c& p). 11. 1. 3. 164- shire. 169. 2 al. Berwick-on-Tweed, -J. H. Fryer (c & p). 47.11.11.6-7. Northumberland, England. 1 al. Newby Bridge, Cumber- J. Paul (c & p). 94. 9. 3. 2-3. land. 6,5 9,2. Grimsby, Lincolnshire. G. H. Caton Haigh 11. 1. 3. 124- (c & p). 131. 6,6 9. Swithland, Leicester- P. A. Butler (c&p). 11. 1. 3. 132- shire. 138. 1 al. Shropshire. T. C. Eyton (c & p). 63. 10. 12. 4. 9 al. Bishopstoke, Hereford- S. 0. Ridley (c&p). 84. 10. 6. 1. shire. 6 6,8 9. Graftoubury, Hereford- W. do Winton 11. 1. 3. 72-87. shire. (c & p). 3 St. Graftonbury, Hereford- W. de Winton 96. 4. 28. 17-19. shire. (c&p). 2 al. Bury St. Edmunds, J. H. Powell (c & p). 80. 5. 22. 1-2. Suffolk. 3<5, 3 9. Lowestoft, Suffolk. 0. Thomas (c & p). 11. 1. 3. 139- 144. 4 9. Stokenchurch, Oxford- W. R. Ogilvie-Grant 11. 1. 3. 145- shire. (c & p). 148. 3 9. Hillingdon, Middlesex. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 3595- (0. Thomas.) 3597. 40 INSECTIVOEA 1. Kensington Gardens, N. Churton (c & p). 161. a. London. 4 9. Bletchingley, Surrej'. W.R. Ogilvie-Graut 11. 1. 3. 149- (p). 152. 1. Crowborough, Sussex. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 3593. {W. B. Ogilvie-Giant.) ? al. Richmond Park, Surrey. Prof. Owen (r). 75.9.17.1. 7 6, 10 9. NewForest,Hampshire. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 2851- 2867. 3023. '9. Basingstoke, Hamp- Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 3611. shire. {W. P. Stark.) 6,29. Alum Bay,Isle of Wight. O. Thomas (c & p). 11.1.8.153-155. 9 (albino) Winscombe, Somerset. F. A. Knight (c. & p). 4. 8. 9. 1. 6, 4 9. Northlew, Devonshire. E. C. Wroughton 11. 1. 3. 170- (c & p). 174. 2 6,3 9. Chagford, Devonshire. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 3606- {W. P. Stark.) 3610. 1 al. England. Dr. J. E. Gray (p). 46. 5. 2. 7. SOREX ARANEUS SANTONUS Mottaz. 1908. Sorex santonus Mottaz, Bull. Soc. Zool. de Geneve, i, p. 118, April 30, 1908. Type in Mottaz Collection. 1910. Sorex santonus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 54. Type locality. — Lignieres-Sonneville, Charente, France. GeograpJdcal distribution. — Known only from the vicinity of _ the type locality. Diagnosis. — Size as in Sorex araneus nraneus and the other small races ; colour throughout a nearly uniform dark sooty brown. Colour. — Upper parts dark sepia anteriorly, deepening to blackish postei'iorly, the sides essentially similar to the back. Underparts a slaty drab washed with wood-brown and forming no evident contrast with sides and back, though a well-defined line of demarcation is present. Tail blackish throughout. Feet scantily clothed with inconspicuous brownish hairs. SJcull and teeth. — The skull and teeth do not difier appreciably from those of the other small races. Measurements. — Type (female), from Mottaz : head and body, 75 ; tail, 42 ; hind foot, 13. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined. — Ten, all from the type locality (Mottaz). RemarJcs. — The Charente shrew is so different in aspect from the other European races of Sorex araneus that it needs no special comparison with any of them. Its peculiar colour is, however, almost exactly duplicated by that of a larger, longer - tailed form from Asia Minor. 41 SOREX ARANEUS EURONOTUS Miller. 1901. Sorex araneiis euronotus Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, siv, p. 44, April 25, 1901 (Montrejeau, Haute-Garonne, France). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Sorex arancus euronotus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 53. Type locality. — Montrejeau, Haute-Garonne, France. Geographical distribution. — Probably the plains between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. At present known from the type locality only. Diagnosis. — Similar to Sorex arancus araneus, but colour in summer (winter pelage not known) more dull, the sides scarcely if at all contrasted with the back, and underparts more heavily washed with wood-brown. Skull with slightly narrower less elevated brain-case, and teeth just perceptibly smaller than in true araneus. Measurements. — External measurements of type specimen : head and body, 78; tail, 44; hind foot (dry), 12 '6. Average and extremes of nine specimens from the type locality : head and body, 71-4 (67-78); tail, 42 (37-44); hind foot (dry), 12-5 (12 • 2-13 "0). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined. — Nine, all from the type locality (U.S.N.M.). Sorex araneus bergensis Miller. 1909. Sorex arancus bergensis Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., Ill, p. 416, May, 1909. Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Sorex araneus bergensis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 52. Type locality. — Graven, Hardanger, Norway. Geographical distribution. — Western Norway, from region of Bergen, north at least into Nordland. Diagnosis. — Larger than Sorex araneus araneus (hind foot, 13-6 to 14-4 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 19 to 20 mm.), and colour in summer pelage darker, the dark brown or blackish dorsal area sharply defined from the yellowish brown of sides. Colour. — Dorsal area well defined, ranging from a blackish seal-brown to bister, usually darker on rump and lumbar region than on head, and almost invariably with sharp lateral line of demarcation. Sides yellowish isabella-colour. Underparts greyish, washed with light wood-brown. The contrast between colour of sides and underparts, though less marked than that between sides and back, is usually evident. Feet scantily clothed with inconspicuous Isabella-coloured or dusky hairs. Tail obscurely bicolor, brownish above, dull yellowish below. Skull and teeth. — The skull and teeth do not differ appreciably from those of Sorex arancus araneus, except in their larger size, as shown by the detailed measurements. The j^igmentation of 42 INSECTIVORA the teeth is scarcely, if at all, more extensive than in the typical i-ace. Measurements. — External measurements of type : head and body, 80*5; tail, 44*5; hind foot, 13-6. Average and extremes of eleven specimens from the Bergen district : head and body, 78-7 (76-83) tail, 49-3 (44-56) ; hind foot, 13-8 (13 -6-14 -4). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined. — Twenty-seven, from the following localities : — Norway : Vefseu, Nordland, 1 ; Skjserdal, Nordfjord, 7 ; Opheim, Bergen, 4 ; Graven, Bergen, 8 (U.S.N.M.) ; near city of Bergen, 7 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Remarks. — This large race of Sorex araneus, closely resembling the large Alpine and Pyrenean forms, but decidedly darker in colour, appears to be strictly contined to the Atlantic slope of western Norway. On the eastern watershed it is replaced by true araneus, even so far north and west as the upper portion of the Gudbrandsdal. I have not seen specimens in full winter pelage, but an adult female taken at Graven on June 10, 1898 (No. 84,663, U.S.N.M.), is moulting, the \vinter fur remaining on posterior half of body. Others taken at the same place and about the same date have completed the change to the short, velvet}^ summer coat. 1. Vefsen, Nordland, Nor- E. G. B. Meade 5. 7. 1. 2. way. Waldo (c & p). 6, 4 ?. Skjserdal, Nordfjord. G. H. Stephenson 8. 1. 5. 1-5. (c & p). 2 6,29. Opheim, Bergen. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 4453- 4456. 6, 2 9. Bergen. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 4457-9. 9. Bergen, 2,700 ft. G. Barretfc-Hamil- 8. 9. 21. 1. ton (p). SoEEX ARANEUS TETRAGONURUS Hermann. 1780. Sorex tetragomcrtis Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., ii, p. 383 (Strassburg, Germany). 1792. Sai-ex quadricaudatiis Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 208 (Strassburg, Germany). (Based on Pennant's account of S. tetragonurus Hermann.) 1835. Sorex fodiens Duvernoy, Mem. Soc. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Stras- bourg, II, p. 17. Part : skull, not animal. 1835. Sorex hermanni Duvernoy, M6m. Soc. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Stras- bourg, II, p. 23 (Near Strassburg, Germany). Part: animal, not skull. 1857. Sorex vulgaris Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 129 (part). 1868. ? Sorex araneus, pallidus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wis- sensch., Wien, Math. Nafcurwiss. Classe, lvii, pt. i, p. 488 (Based on specimen from unknown locality, probably in Italy, figured by Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., fasc. xxix, pi., fig. 5.) 1869. [/Sorex vulgaris'] var. nuda Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, i, p. 127 (Bernese Oberland, Switzerland). SOREX 43 1869. [Sorex vulgaris'] var. 7iigra Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, i, p. 127 (Lucerne, Switzerland). 1900. S[orex:] vulgaris var. vei subsp. mollis Fatio, Rev. Suisse de ZooL, VIII, p. 471 (Substitute for nigra). 1901. Sorex araneus alticola Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xiv, p. 43, April 25, 1901 (Meiringen, Switzerland). Type in U.S. National ]\Iuseum. 1905. S[orex] vulgaris crassicaudatus Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Geneve, 4th ser., xix, p. 201, February 15, 1905 (Zermatt, Switzer- land). Cotypes in Geneva Museum. 1905. Crossoims ou Sorex ignotus Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Geneve, 4th ser., xix, p. 202, February 15, 1905 (Switzerland). Part: mandible, not skull. Type in Geneva Museum. 1905. Sorex araneus carpathicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xv, p. 506, May, 1905 (Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary). Type in British Museum. 1910. Sorex araneus tetragonurus and S. araneus carpathicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, pp. 52, 54. Type locality. — Strassburg, Germany. Geograflikal distribution. — Alps and neighbouring portions of Germany, France and Italy ; eastward through Tirol to the mountains of Transylvania. Diagnosis. — Similar to Sorex araneus bergensis, but colour in summer pelage not so dark, the contrast between back and sides often not conspicuous, though back is frequently blackish ; pigmentation of teeth more extensive than in the northern races, the hypocone of m^ and m^ usually brown at tip (see tabular comparison with true araneus on p. 36). Measurements. — Average and extremes of eight specimens from the type locality : head and body, 75 '8 (71-79) ; tail, 47-5 (45-50); hind foot, 13-5 (13 •2-14 -2). Average and extremes of twenty specimens from Andermatt, Uri, Switzerland : head and body, 73-1 (70-81); tail, 51-1 (50-55); hind foot,^13-3 (13-14). Measurements of an adult female from Zermatt, Valais, Switzerland (in alcohol) : * head and body, 74-6 ; tail, 51 ; hind foot, 13-6. Average and extremes of three specimens from Vitznau, Switzerland : f head and body, 67 • 3 (62-72) ; tail, 46-3 (44-49); hind foot, 13-2 (12 -8-13 -6). Type oi Sorex araneus alticola Miller (Meiringen, Switzerland, No. 85,930 U.S.N.M.) : head and body, 76 ; tail, 55 ; hind foot, 14. Average and extremes of ten specimens from Meiringen, Switzerland : I head and body, 74-0 (70-77); tail, 52-5 (47-57); hind foot, 13-3 (13-14). Average and extremes of four specimens from Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland: head and body, 76-7 (76-82); tail, 48-5 (45-50); hind foot, 13-6 (13 -4-13 -8). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 49. * Cotype of Sorex vulgaris crassicaudatus Fatio. t Essentially topotypes of Sorex vulgaris nigra and mollis Fatio. X Topotypes of Sorex araneus alticola JMiller and essentially topotypes of Sorex vulgaris nuda Fatio. 44 IXSECTIVORA Specimens examined.— Two hundred and sixty-two, from the following localities : — France: Etupes, Doubs, 10; Barcelonnette, Basses- Alpes, 3; Cha- monix, Haute-Savoie, 10 (U.S.N.M.). Germany : Strassburg, 8. Switzerland : Geneva, 17 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; St. Cergues, Vaud, 19 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Chesieres, Vaud, 13 (Mottaz) ; Bioux-Dessus, Yaud, 4 (Mottaz) ; Les Plans, Vaud, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Zermatt, Valais, 7 (B.M., U.S.N.M. and Geneva) ; Stalden, Valais, 2 (Geneva) ; Grindelwald, Bern, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Briinig, Bern, 9 (U.S.N.il.) ; Meiringen, Bern, 17 (U.S.N.M.) ; Vitznau, Lucerne, 6 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Goschenen, Uri, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Andermatt, Uri, 49 (U.S.N.M.) ; Hospenthal, Uri, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Zurich, 1 ; Murgsee region, St. Galleu, 16 (U.S.N.M.) ; Degersheim, St. Gallen, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Uzwil, St. GaUen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sitterwald, St. GaUen, 5 (U.S.N.iM.) ; Ziiberwangen, St. GaUen, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Wildkirchli, Appen- zell, 1 (U.S.N.LI.) ; Albulapass, Grisons, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Untervatz, Grisons, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Grisons, no exact locality, 4 (U.S.N3I.) ; Faido, Ticino, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Lugano, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Gentilino, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Locarno, Ticino, 4 ; no exact locality, 1. Austria-Hungary : Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 10 ; Csallokoz- Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 3 ; Schwaz, Tirol, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Italy : Near Turin, 4 (Turin) ; Unerzio, Cuneo, 1 ; Vallombrosa, near Florence, 2. 8(5,2?. SOREX 45 pelage (winter coat not known), in which the back rarely if ever assumes the blackish-brown tints often seen in the Alpine form. Colour. — The colour scarcely needs detailed description. As compared with that of the other large races it is characterised by extreme dulness and lack of noticeable contrast between the dorsal area and sides. In none of the thirty-two skins examined is the back so dark as in the dark individuals frequently found in Switzerland in summer. Skull and teeth. — As in 8. araneus tetragonunis. Measurements. — External measurements of type : head and body, 72 ; tail, 51 ; hind foot, 14. Average and extremes of six specimens from the type locality : head and body, 70 '6 (69-72) ; tail, 47 (44-4-51); hind foot, 13-3 (13-14). Average and extremes of nine specimens from Bareges, Hautes-Pyrenees : head and body, 72-5 (69-75); tail, 45 (42-49); hind foot, 13-3 (13-14). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 50. Specimens examined. — Thirty-two, from the following localities in the French Pyrenees : — Port6, Pyren^es-Orientales (Spanish watershed), 9; I'Hospitalet, Ariege, 12 ; Ax-les-Thernies, Ariege, 2 ; Bareges, Hautes-Pyr^nees, 9. BemarTcs. — ^In its dull colour the Pyrenean shrew differs from the other large members of the group in much the same way as the small Sore.v araneus euronotus of the neighbouring lowlands differs from true araneus. It thus represents the opposite extreme from the dark Norwegian form. 8, ?. Porte, Pyr6nees-0rien- G. S. Miller (c). 8. S. 4. 142-143. tales, 1600m. France. 2 6,9. Porte, Pyrenees-Orien- 0. Thomas (p). 8.9.1.49-51. tales, 1600-1700 m. [A. Robert). (5,4?. L'Hospitalet, Ariege, G. S. Miller (c). 8.8.4.151-154. 4700 ft. 301. (8. 8. 4. 301. Type of subspecies.) 9. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege, G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 141. 2600 ft. 6, 6 ?. Bareges, Hautes-Pyre- G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 144-150. nees, 1300-1500 m. SoREX ARANEUS FRETALIS Miller. 1909. Sorex araneus fretalis Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., in, p. 416, May, 1909. Type in British Museum. 1910. Sorex araneus fretalis Trouessart, Fauna Mamm. d'Europe, p. 52. Type locality. — Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands. Geographical distribution. — Known only from the island of Jersey. Diagnosis. — Like Sorex araneus araneus, but skull with rostral portion shortened, broadened and deepened, and anterior 46 INSECTIVOKA fl a O . . O S ^ . S '^ ^ o a " o o o fl - a !^ ^ ^ . .o >^^ 2 ^ _o ^ r -.o^ - — — =1 ^-'^-^5^3^-^ 'S ^-s S § ^fc§^ § ^ U ^^0 -% <u -*COQOOQOCO«:>OOOQOOOcO(MOOCOOQOOO<MOOOOQOO-5iH t-t-t-OOt-t-t-C-t-t-OOQOt-CDCOOOt-ODt-QOOOaOQCt-OOt^OOt- QOQOCBQOOOOOCJOOOCOQOOOQOQOCOOOQOCOOOCOQOOOaOOOOOCDQOOoi ^OOOOOOOOOOOOOQOCMOOOQOQOOOOOOqoOO-^QOO 0iOOO02OOOO0>OO02Oo65O0lOO05OOOO0>05O iHrHi-l iHtHi-lrH r-ll-( iHi-l i-<t-( rHrHr-liH i-l cocoo -^cqocq'OOCMco-rHQOcocNcotMtMoqooooo-^-^-^oqo C3 0C2 I a505a50i0505CJ0303C30i030505C5C5CiC505a303OC5O OQOOOO-^COOOCOtOCDOOQOOQOOCOOOCOtOtOOOOQOQOSOOO cqooqcMO-^'^cMtMoocqoqooqcMOcqocqocMcocMoifM-^oqTjH QOOOD CMaoaOO(MQOOCQOQOOOOCMOO-^OiMOOQO(MOQO CJDGIOO I COOOaOOiOlOOOiOCTJOOOlOOcrjQOaOQOOCJSOaCriOOCDCOCC AVOJ-q^OO^ eiqipiitJit •(ireipaat) as'BO -uiu-iq JO q'^dad •8ST;o-uiB.iq JO q^pBajg •q^pB8jq ^BlUjtjqDBI *"q^pBa.iq OlIBlUOSiCz •qiSugt IBSBqci^puo^ 'X3N3X)'-0'-0'-0'^'^*^C>(>CH-(>CM-C>r>(>CHO+(>'X3C»-»0*0(>-(>CM-'-0 iHTHrHC<l^'*CD'X)COTH,H,-l(MCM(NCOCO^iOO OOQOOOQOaDQOOOOOOOQOCOOOXOOCOQOaOGOOCQO ^ ^1 s s « • • ; CN c^ g^ ;i; ;i; ' (M (M lO : 3 c cii rt « 1^ • • •'S J^ IS 2 -f? ^ «^ •^ tS^ g w H ^ :: CO .. .. ^ Q n d 47 ^ fl 73 O § a 1 o o 2 o § a a g o t>0 O I* + ++ + + cqc0CD«DOOtD'*00C0_|_O 00 OcDOG^^TJ^OCDOOOOaOC»tOOOO(MOOQOC^qQOQOOOO t-t-t~t-cooot-t~t-t-t-t- 48 INSECTIVORA s o 00 CM 49 cos ^ d o a o '^ o aT" o '^ o -*^ r-J -1-3 tjD-t-=> IT! +=* 9 fl 2 '-^2 § 2 •*oooocMO-*cqooq(Mo-*tM-*'*oq(M-* ^(oooo^cooooooio oDaoooaoooaooooocxDQOooiiaoQOoooocoxooQO I ooaoooaDODXCot-cocot-QO O O OOOOQOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO<M<MOQOOOtM-^<£>COCM<X) OD X Oi30CDX0303a0005G5C3000C5ClClC5C3C2C50C5ClC2aOC10C5QOXOOQOQO o cq ^(M-^o-*co(MO-*-<:n-*oqoqooocM^(MG^^^(MOOoooco-*aooooo 02 O O O O OO O O O O O O OOO O O O O O OOO O O O O O O O C2 CI o o i-lTHt-lrHrHrHiHTHTHiHTHiHrHi-li-(T-l^iHiHTHTHT-li-liHi-li-li-li-l th 00 c-i'*(MOOO(MOOOOOoooqoq^o-*o^^ooTHOOoo<)(Moocq "* O OO^^O-^OOOOQOCOOOOqOQOGOTHOOCDaOCDCDOqOOqcOOOOOC-I^DO-IO CT) Ci OOO0105OOOTCTiC3OOC5C2C5C75C2C5C503C5aiC3OOClOC5CJOOOO 00 o cq ooooo 00 o 00 o o o ooo CO CO CO CO oo 00 00 o o o o o CO 00 00 00 00 CO CO -* * * tJ< 'df * CO -^ CO * -* * * -^ -^Jt CO CO CO CO * -^ (W (TO 4j( 4t( -^ 4j< -^ CO CO CO OD M oq oq o 00 CO CO CD CO CO CO CO O 00 CO -^ CO 00 ^ oq -* CO * 'ii CO -^ CO * CO ** cq oq cq oq cq la ic »o>oo»o>oioio»oioco»oioio>o»0"Oin>o»oioioio>o>o»oooic»0'0»oio>o o CO cqQO^-*ooocoooooococ<iooooooocooqcqcqocqocqocoO'*':>ioco C5 t- T-icq -^ inco QOCT) -rtit- COCOiHi-liHrHrH Oqcq * . ."5 .-^ . .CO . .OOCTi . .COt~^C1CO^COOC5>Ot-OTH^CDt-OOt-00 ooOoOoo^ooOOooOiocococooqcqcocococic-icocciooot-t^ CT cq CI C-l C>1 CI '^ TtH tH ^ lO lO O O O lO lO lO lO O "O O lO o 00 00 "^ OD "^ QO' CO "^ OD OO" "^ "^ OD OO' "^ '^T ^'' ^ ^ ^ 0° °° °^ '-O ^ "^ '^ ^ ^ "^ ^ °° ^ OO" 00 go' 00 OO' QO" 00 00 00 -< "r- -ii s _ g =* - - ' -^ ? - ha 2 - 2 fi g >,^ -Si .o fi go -g ^ -^ g fl iG I - vT 3 ::^ 3 S H C3 fM • CQ 50 IXSECTIVORA aS S o 1 51 52 IN'SECTIVORA teeth (incisors both above and below, and first and second uj^per unicuspids) enlai'ged. Colour. — Summer pelage about like that of S. araneus araneus, but upper parts perhaps not so dark. Sides apparently averaging lighter than in true araneus, and underparts in some specimens a very pale, almost whitish, buffy grey, decidedly lighter than in any skins of the other races yet examined. Skull. — In size and general form the skull does not differ appreciably from that of true Sorex araneus, but on comparison of specimens the rostral portion in front of large premolar is seen to be relatively shorter, broader and deeper. The greater breadth is especially noticeable from below, the space between the anterior unicuspids about equalling diameter of these teeth, while in all the other races (except ;S^. a. granarius) it is evidently less. Teeth. — While in general the teeth resemble those of Sorex araneus araneus, the large incisors both above and below are appreciably more robust, and the first and second upper uni- cuspids are wider. The difference is particularly noticeable in the lower incisor, the shaft of which is thickened and the lobes on cvitting edge distinctly enlarged. Measurements. — External measurements of type (adult female) : head and body, 63; tail, 48 • 2 ; hind foot, 13. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined.— Five, all from the island of Jersey. Remarhs. — The Jersey shrew is easily distinguishable from the other races by its enlarged anterior teeth. It is probable that a sufficient .series of skins will show that there is an average difference in colour as well. 9,6. Jersey, Channel Islands. 0. Thomas (p). 8.9.2.1-2. (R. H. Bunting.) (S. 9. 2. 1. Tijpe of subspecies.) Sorex araneus graxarius Miller. 1910. Sorex araneus granarius ]Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sth ser., VI, p. 459, November, 1910. Type in British Museum. Type locality. — La Granja, Segovia, Spain. Geographical distribution. — At present known from the type locality only, and probably confined to the mountains of central Spain. Diagnosis. — Smallest known European race of Sorex araneus, the condylobasal length of skull only about 17" 5 mm., upper tooth-row about 7 * 5 mm. ; palate wide anteriorly as in iS'. araneus fretalis, but anterior teeth not enlarged. External characters and colour. — Externally the animal shows no special peculiarities, though the ear and the plantar tubercles SOREX 53 seem to be relatively smaller than usual. Colour of specimens in alcohol apparently as in true araneus. Skull and teeth. — Apart fi'om its small size the skull does not differ noticeably from that of the other races, except in the relative shortness of the rostral portion and tooth-row as com- pared with the breadth of palate. Palatal breadth between anterior unicuspids as great in proportion to width of teeth as in S. araneus fretalis. Teeth small, normal in form, the pig- mentation apparently less extensive than usual. Measurements. — Type (adult male), and an older male, also from La Granja : head and body, 62 and 66 ; tail, 36 and 37 ; hind foot, 11 "6 and 11 '6; ear from meatus, 6*6 and 7. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined. — Two, both from the type locality. BemarJcs. — In its broad palate the Guadarrama .shrew bears a remarkable likeness to the form inhabiting the island of Jersey. It is readily distinguishable from the Jersey animal by its small size, and by the absence of all tendency to enlarge- ment of the anterior teeth, 2 al. La Granja, Segovia, M.dela Escalera(c). 6.11.4.3-4. Spain. (6. 11. 4. 4. Tijpe of subspecies.) SOREX MINUTUS Linnfeus. (Synonymy iinder subspecies.) Geugmphical distribution. — Northern portion of Eurasia from Ireland eastward (exact eastern limits of range not known). In Europe south to the Pyrenees and southern Italy. Diagnosis. — Size small, head and body usually about 50-60 mm., the tail 10-15 mm. shorter, condylobasal length of skull 1 4 • 8-^1 6 • 6 mm. ; posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor sub-terete, the length of its base about half that of anterior cusp ; colour brown, the underparts always lighter than back, and sides never specially contrasted. External characters. — In general external characters Sorex hiinutus agrees with S. araneus, except for its smaller size and relatively longer tail. Colour. — The colour rather closely resembles that of Sorex araneus in dull summer pelage, except that the back usually has a peculiar greyish cast not easy to describe, but by which it is possible to recognise skins with much certainty. There is never any indication of a specially differentiated colour area along sides. Upper parts between sepia and wood-brown in summer, more nearly hair-brown in winter, the hairs slate-grey at base and with faint silvery sub-terminal annulations more visible in some lights than in others, and giving rise to the greyish effect already alluded to. Underparts smoke-grey of varj'ing depth, some- 54 INSKCTIVORA times almost whitish, the line of demarcation along sides usually evident though not very conspicuous. Feet pale wood-brown with a silvery gloss or suffused with drab, sometimes noticeably lighter than back. Tail concolor with back above, not so dai'k below. SJcuU. — Apart from its conspicuously smaller size (condylo- basal length, 14 -8 to 16 mm. instead of 17 '8 to 20 mm.) the skull differs notably from that of Sorex arancus and S. alpinus in the narrower, more elongate brain-case, the outline of which when viewed from above is distinctl}^ oval instead of sub-circular. Antero-external portion of border flattened, though less notice- ably than in Sorex araneus. Owing to its different form the brain-case is less abruptly marked ofl' from interorbital region than in Sorex minutus. ^^^® other European species. Depth of brain-case Nat. size. usually less relatively to breadth than in S. araneus. Lachiymal foramen opening over posterior half of first molar. Teeth. — Aside from their very much smaller size (upper tooth-row 6 to 7 mm. instead of 8 to 9 • 6 mm.) the teeth of Sorex minutus differ in numerous details of form from those of S. araneus. Anterior upper incisor with basal lobe nearly as high as anterior cusp, so that the two points of the tooth are essentially in line with the tips of the first three unicuspids. When viewed from below the posterior lobe appears, however, distinctly smaller than anterior cusp, while from the side its outline is conspicuously higher and narrower than that of first unicuspid. Anterior lower incisor with first lobe on cutting edge as well defined from anterior point of tooth as from second lobe, and lengths of bases of all three lobes approximately equal. Upper unicuspids not essentially different in form from those of Sorex araneus, but crowns perceptibly longer than wide and less abruptly rounded off anteriorly, the resulting form less nearly ^'*^' ^^' „ T 1 i 1 • J.1 J.T • -i" Sorex minutus. Anterior square. In lateral view the outline is quite teeth in profile, x 5. as in the larger animal. The relative size of the unicuspids differs markedly from that in the larger animal. The first, second and third are sub-equal, with the second usually a trifle smaller than the third, and the first with distinctly the greatest crown area. Fourth slightly smaller than third, and fifth equally smaller than fourth'"', between which and large premolar it is tightly crowded. First lower unicuspid diflering from that of S. araneus in its greater length along cingulum and less height of cusp, its form when viewed from * Sometimes equal to fourth or slightly larger. SOREX 00 the side thus noticeably different from that of first upper unicuspid. Second unicuspid, together with other mandibuhxr teeth, essentially as in S. a ran ens. Maxillary cheek-teeth as in S. ar emeus, except that hypocones are less developed, that on large premolar obsolete. Bemarks. — Sorex minutus is at once distinguishable from S. araneus by its smaller size and relatively longer tail, as well as by the more technical characters of the skull and teeth. Immature individuals of araneus might sometimes be mistaken for minutus, but their larger feet will serve to indicate their identity ; while if the skull and teeth can be examined, a positive identification is easily obtained. SoREX MINUTUS MINUTUS Linnseus. 1766. [Sorex] minutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., i, 12th ed., p. 73 (Siberia). 1769. Sorex pygmastis Laxmann, Sibirische Briefe, p. 72 (Barnaul, Tomsk, Siberia). 1789. [Sorex] exilis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 13th ed., p. 115 (Yenesei River, Siberia). 1806. Sorex canaliculatus Ljungh, Koiigl. Vetensk. Akad. Nya Handl., xxvii, p. 263 (Lommaryd Vicarage, northern Vedbo district, Jornkoping, Sweden). 1811. Sorex jjygmains Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, p. 134 (Ob and Yenesei Rivers, Siberia). 1811. Sorex minimus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, xvii, p. 186 (Accidental renaming of minutus). 1832. Sorex lyumilio Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1838. S[ore.v] rusticus Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., i, p. 423, August, 1838 (England). 1838. S[o7-ex] rusticus var. B S[orex] hibernicus Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., i, p. 423, August, 18.38 (Dublin, Ireland). 1844. Sorex pumilus Nilsson. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetensk. -Akad. Forhandl., Stockholm, i, p. 33, March 20, 1844 (North-eastern Skaane, Sweden). 1857. Sorex pygmxus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 133. 1895. Sorex minutus Thomas, The Zoologist, 3rd ser., xix, p. 63, February, 1895. 1910. Sorex minutus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 55. Tijije locality. — Vicinity of the Yenesei River, Siberia. Geographical distribution. — The entire Eurojaean range of the species, except southern Italy. Diagnosis. — Teeth normal in size, the molars and anterior upper incisor not enlarged. Measurements. — -Average and extremes of thirteen specimens from Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, Scotland: head and body, 52*3 (49-5.5); tail, 36 (32-5-39-5); hind foot, 10-4 (10-11). Average and extremes of eight specimens from the Isle of Man : head and body, 59-6 (52-64); tail, 40-2 (36-43); hind foot, 11-1 (10-12). Average and extremes of five specimens from Ariege, France: head and body, 55-8 (51-62); tail, 44*2 (42-46); hind foot, 11-4 (11-12). Average and extremes of 56 INSECTIVORA four specimens from the Harz Mountains, Germany : head and body, 57-3 (51-63) ; tail, 40-5 (39-42) ; hind foot, 11-5 (11-12). Average and extremes of four specimens from Stalden, Valais, Switzerland: head and body, 55*6 (50-61) ; tail, 42-6 (42-43) ; hind foot, 11*0 (10*8-11 '2). Average and extremes of seven specimens from Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania : head and bodv, 51-3 (47-55); tail, 40-6 (32-46); hind foot, 11-2 (10-12). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 58. Specimens examined. — Oue hundred and twenty-five, from the following localities : — Scotland : Lossiemouth, Elgin, 2 ; Gordonstown, Elgin, 1 ; Lhanbryde, Elgin, 2; Grantowu-on-Spey, Elgin, 13; Cromlix, Dunblane, 1; Aber- deen, 1; Dunvegan, Skye, 1; Stornoway, Lewis, Hebrides, 1; Newton, North Uist, Hebrides, 1 ; Barra Island, Hebrides, 1 ; Stockbriggs, Lanark- shire, 1; Kirtle Bridge, Dumfriesshire, 1; Wyseby, Dumfriesshire, 2. Wales : Aberia, Merionethshire, 2 ; near Bridgend, Glamorganshire, 1 ; no exact locality, 1. England : Spurn Head, Yorkshire, 1 ; Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 3 ; Waltham, Lincolnshire, 2 ; Thornhaugh, Nortbants, 2 ; Swithland, Leices- tershire, 1 ; Graftoubury, Herefordshire, 2 ; Crippetts, Gloucestershire, 3 ; Clifton, Gloucestershire, 1 ; Loughton, Essex, 2 ; Wilbraham, Cambridge- shire, 1 ; Dartford, Kent, 1 ; New Forest, Hampshire, 1 ; Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 1 ; Chagford, Devonshire, 2 ; Combmartin, Devonshire, 1 ; South Molton, Devonshire, 1 ; Lundy Island, Devonshire, 1 ; Isle of Man, 8. Ireland : Clonbroch, Co. Galway, 1 ; Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, 1 ; Co. Longford, 1 ; Knock, Co. Down, 1 ; North Esk, Dunkettle, 2 ; Duncannon, 3 ; Kilkenny, 1 ; no exact locality, 2. Norway : Holaaker, upper Gudbrandsdal, 1 ; Graven, Hardanger, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Sweden: Upsala, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; near Stockholm, 1; Svarta, Orebro, I (U.S.N.M.). France: Barbizon, Seine-et-I\Iarne, 1; Montr^jeau, Haute-Garonne, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege, 2; I'Hospitalet, Ariege, 3; Porte, Pyrenees-Orientales, 1. Germany: Brunswick, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Bodethal, Harz Mts., 3 (U.S.N.M.); Mauseklippe, Bodethal, Harz Mts., 1 (U.S.N.M.); Frankfort- on-Main, Hessen-Nassau, 1 ; Niesky, Silesia, 1 ; Marxheim, near Mannheim, Bavaria, 2; near Konigsberg, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Austria-Hungary: Csallokoz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 1 ; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 7. Switzerland : St. Cergues, Vaud, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Stalden, Valais, 4 (Geneva) ; Untervatz, Grisons, 5 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; St. Gothard, Uri, 1. Italy: YaUombrosa, near Florence, 1. 1. Lossiemouth, Moray- G. Denson (c & p). 8. 9. 17. 1. shire, Scotland. ?, 1. Lhanbrvde, Elgin, 200 ft. W\ Taylor (c & p). 8. 9. 3. 1-2. ?. Dunblane, Stirlingshire. W.R. Ogilvie-Grant 8.9.6.1. (c & p). 1. Aberdeen. Dr. Macgillivray 52. 7. 10. 13. (c & p). 6. Dunvegan, Skye. J. S. Elliott (c & p). 8. 9. 4. 1. 6. Stornoway, Lewis. R. M. D. Hawker 8. 9. 18. 1. (c & P). 1 al. North Uist, Hebrides. J. A. Harvie Brown 79. 9. 18. 1. (c & P). 1. Barra Island, Hebrides. W. E. de Winton 8. 9. 20. 1. (c & p). 57 6. Stockbriggs, Lanark- shire. 1. Bridgend, Glamorgan- shire, Wales. 1 al. Wales. 9. Grimsby, Lincolnshire, England. 2. Waltham, Lincolnshire. 2 st. Graftonbury, Hereford- shire. ?. Wilbraham, Cambridge- shire. (S.F.Harmer.) 1. Clifton, Gloucestershire. (R. I. Pocock.) 6. Lundy Island, Devon- shire. 2 6. Chagford, Devonshire, 856 ft. (W.P.Stark.) 6, 4 9. Ramsay, Isle of Man. 6. Sulby Glen, Isle of Man. 9. Clonbroch, Galway, Ire- land. 1 al. Longford. 6 St. Knock, Down. 2 al. Dunkettle, Cork. 2 c5, 1 9. Duncannon, Wexford. (Rev. Dr. Martin.) 1 al. Ireland. 6. Holaaker, Gudbrandsdal, 1900 ft. Norway. 9. Barbizon, Seine-et- Marne, France. 2 9. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege. 6. r Hospitalet, Ariege, 4700 m. 6. V Hospitalet, Ariege, 1450 m. (A. Robert.) 9. Port6, Pyrenees-Orien- tales, 1600 m. 2. Quorum Forest, Bruns- wick, Germany. 1 al. Frankfort - on - INIaiu, Nassau. 9. Niesky, Silesia, 181 m. (W. Bacr.) 6. ]\Iarxheim, Bavaria, 1. Csallokciz-Somorja, Press- burg, 400 ft. Hungary. 1. Platszeg, Hunvad, Tran- sylvania, " 2000- 5500 ft. 3. Hatszeg, Transylvania, 2000-5500 ft. 3 6. Hatszeg, Hunyad, 1500- 2000 ft. E.R. Alston (c&p). R. I. Pocock (c & p). G. Stokes (c & p). G. H. Caton Haigh (c & p). G. H. Caton Haigh (c & p). W. de W i n t n (c & p). Miller Collection. ]\Iiller Collection. N. H. Joy (c & p). Miller Collection. C. H. B. Grant (c & p). C. H. B. Grant (c & p). H. F. Witherby (c & p). Dr. G. E. Dobson (c & p). Hon. N. C. Roths- child (c&p). ;\Iiss O'Keefe (c&p). G. Barrett-Hamilton (P)-. Zoological Society's Collection. R. J. Cuuinghame (c & p). G. S. Miller (c). V. Bullies (c&p). G. S. Miller (c). 0. Thomas (p). G. S. Miller (c). G. Barrett-Hamilton Tomes Collection. Lord Lilford (p). Lord Lilford (p). Budapest IMuseum (E). C. G. Danford (c). C. G. Danford (c). C. G. Danford (c). 79. 9. 25. 18. 8. 9. 5. 1. 48. 9. 24. 3. 8. 9. 16. 1. 11. 1. 2. 81-82. 96. 4. 28. 20-21. 7. 7. 7.2850. 7. 7. 7. 3604. 6. 5. 16. 1. 7. 7. 7. 4472, 4474. 8. 9. 7. 1-5. 8. 9. 8. 4. 8. 9. 19. 1. 80. 12. 14. 6. I. 9. 3. 7. 80. 11. 20. 4. 81. 6. 29. 1. II. 1. 2. 83-85. 52. 9. 18. 288. 98. 2. 28. 5. 8. 8. 4. 160. 8. 3. 27. 2-8. 8. 8. 4. 159. 8. 9. 1. 45. 8. 8. 4. 161. 11. 1. 2. 86-87. 7. 1. 1. 46. 99. 1. 9. 15. 11. 1. 1. 146. 94. 3. 1. 25. 3. 2. 2. 11. 3. 2. 2. 13-15. 3. 11. 8. 16-18. 58 INSECTIVORA 59 60 INSECTIVOKA 1. St. Gothard, Uri, Swit- Purchased (Brandt). 46. 2. 13. 14. zerland. 1 al. Vallombrosa, Florence, Dr. G. Cecconi (p.) 1. 8. 2. 4. Italy. SoREx MiNUTUS LUCANius Miller. 1909. Sorex minutus lucanius Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sth ser., Ill, p. 417, May, 1909. Type in British Museum. 1910. Sorcx minutus lucanius Trouessart, Paune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 55. Type locality. — -Monte Sirino, Lagonegro, Italy. Geographical distribution. — At present known from the type locality only. Diacjuosis. — Similar to Sorex minutus minutus, but with molars and anterior upper incisor noticeabl}' enlarged Teeth. — As compared with specimens of Sorex minutus minutus from a wide range of European localities and also with specimens from Scalipa and Sumela, Asia Minor, the type of S. minutus lucanius is at once recognizable by its enlarged teeth The actual size is so small that it is impossible to express the differences by measurements, but to the eye the greater area of the molar crowns and the larger more projecting anterior upper incisor and more robust unicuspids and anterior lower incisor are at once apparent. Measurements. — Tail, 42; hind foot, 10 "4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 59. Specimen examined. — The type. 1. Monte Sirino, Lagonegro, 0. Thomas (p). 8. 9. 1. 5. S. Italy. {A. Robert.) {Type of subspecies.) SOREX ALPINUS Schinz. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution. — Pyrenees, Alps, Harz Mountains, Riesengebirge and Carpathians. Diagnosis. — Size essentially as in Sorex araneus (head and body usually 65 to 70 mm.), but tail about equal to head and body ; colour uniform dark slaty grey, the underparts nearly as dark as back ; basal lobe of anterior upper incisor sub-terete, the length of its base about half that of anterior lobe. External characters. — Except for the dark, slaty colour, and the much greater relative and actual length of the tail, Sorex alpinus does not differ markedly from Sorex araneus in general external characters. The fur of the back varies from 5 mm. to 8 mm. in depth according to season, and the tail may either be well covered with closely appressed hairs and provided with a pencil 4 to 5 mm. long, or practically naked at tip and very SOREX 61 scantily haired elsewhere, a variation not wholly dependent on season.* At middle of tail there are about 18 annulations to the centimeter. Feet relatively larger than in Sorex araneus, but not i^eculiar in form. Colour. — -Entire upper parts a deep slaty grey produced by the combination of blackish-slate under colour and short seal- brown tips, lightened to a varying degree by silvery sub-terminal annulations. Underparts slightly washed with sepia, but the difference in colour of the two sux-faces not conspicuous, and sides entirely without line of demarcation. Feet scantily clothed with silvery hairs. Tail sharjjly bicolor, nearly black above and at tip, buffy whitish below, the light area always less extensive than the dark, and sometimes reduced on distal half of tail to a narrow median line. Shull. — The skull, though of the same general dimensions as that of Sorex araneus, is recognizable by its less elevated brain-case* the outline of which when viewed from above is more nearly circular, owing to the very slight flattening of antero-external portion of border. Inter- orbital region less tapering than in the related species, a character due to the slightly though appreciably greater lachrymal breadth. The diameter of the tympanic ring is usually though not constantly less than in Sorex araneus. Anteorbital foramen slightly larger than in S. araneus. Lachrymal fora- „ men opening over point of contact between sorexaiphms. first and second molars. i^at. size. Teeth. — Relatively to size of skull the teeth are noticeably smaller than in Sorex araneus ; this is particularly evident in the anterior upper incisor when viewed from the side, and the upper unicuspids when viewed from below. Anterior upper incisor with basal lobe even smaller than in *S^. minutus, its height slightly less than that of first unicuspid and much less than that of anterior lobe of incisor. Viewed from below it appears to occupy decidedly less than half of tooth, while from side it appears scarcely half as large as first unicuspid, from which it further differs in its simple peg-like form. The two teeth come in contact at about the same level as in >S^. araneus, but their tips diverge more noticeably. Anterior lower incisor with shaft distinctly tapering, its cutting edge with three low, sometimes ill-defined lobes. Upper unicuspids less robust than in Sorex araneus, their crowns distinctly longer than broad. The cusp occupies more than half area of crown, at expense of crushing area, most of which, except in fifth unicuspid, lies obliquely instead of horizontally. Viewed from the side the unicuspids * A specimen in full winter coat, but with the tail bare at tip (B.M. 3. 2. 2. 2), was taken at Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary, on December 12. 62 INSECTIVORA are all longer in proportion to their height than in Sorex araneus, and the posterior border is more concave. In size there is a f'radual and regular diminution from first unicuspid to third ; fourth somewhat more abruptly smaller ; '"' fifth slightly smaller than fourth when viewed from the side, but with larger crown area due to the presence of a well developed postero-internal crushing surface. This tooth is rela- tively larger and more functional than in Sorex araneus, showing no tendency to become subordinate to paracone of large premolar. Lower unicuspids narrower and more trenchant than in Sorex araneus. Except for this general tendency the second shows no special ^_^^' ^^' . peculiarities of form. The first, how- "'^^teeth.'* X 5" '^''° ever, is strikingly diiferent from the corresponding "tooth in S. araneus. Its general outline when viewed from side is irregularly elliptical, with longest axis parallel to that of mandible, the upper edge with two low, rounded cusps, the anterior of which is about as large as lobes on cutting edge of incisor, the posterior smaller. Upper cheek-teeth not essentially different from those of Sorex araneus, except that hypocones are less developed. Lower cheek-teeth as in the related species. Pigmentation of teeth slightly less extensive than usual in Sorex araneus. Sorex alpinus alpinus Schinz. 1837. Sorex alpinus Schinz, Neue Denkschr. Allgem. Schweiz. Gesellsch. Naturwiss., Neuchatel, i, p. 13 (St. Gothard Pass, Switzerland). 1840. ? Sorex anthiorii Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., i, fasc. 29 (No exact locality, and probably not a European species). 1857. Sorex alpinus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 126. 1870. ? Sorex intermedius Cornalia, Catal. Descrit. Mamm. Ital., p. 27 (Hills of Brianza, Como, Italv). Part : body ; see Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxviii, p. 364, 1899. 1899. ? Sorex alpinus var. longobarda Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxviii, p. 363 (MS. synonym of interynedius) . 1910. Sorex alpinus Trouessarfc, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 50. Type locality. — St. Gothard Pass, Uri, Switzerland. Geographical distribution. — From the Jura and Alps through Tirol to Transylvania ; Pyrenees. f * In an adult female from Briinig, Switzerland (No. 85830, U.S.N.M.), the third and fourth unicuspids on right side are fused into a single 2-cusped tooth, while those on left side are normal. t I have seen no Pyrenean specimens of Sorex alpinus. For record of its occurrence see Trutat, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat., Toulouse, xii, p. 100, 1878 ("massif de la Maladetta"). The animal is probably less common in the Pyrenees than in the Alps, as I was unable to find it in several localities resembling those where it regularly occurs in Switzerland. SOREX 63 Diagnosis. — Skull and teeth of maximum size for the sjDecies (condylobasal length of skull, 19*4 to 20' 6; upper tooth-row, 8 • 6 to 9 • ; lower tooth-row, 8 • to 8 • 4). Measurements. — Average and extremes of five specimens from Briinig, Switzerland: head and body, 74 '6 (72-77); tail, 73 (70-75) ; hind foot, 16. Average and extremes of three speci- mens from A^itznau, Switzerland : head and body, 72 "3 (69-75) ; tail, 74-0 (72-75); hind foot, 15-5 (15-16). Adult male from Vitznau, Switzerland : head and body, 69 ; tail, 68 ; hind foot, 15 '3. Adult female from Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, France: head and body, 73; tail, 74; hind foot, 15 "4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 64. Specimens examined. — Thirty-one, from the following localities: — France: Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Switzerland : St. Cergues, Vaud (Jura), 4 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Briinig, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Vitznau, 4 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Audermatt, 1 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gothard,Uri, 6 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Untervatz, Grisons, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Murgthal, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Siintis, St. Gallen, 1 (Mottaz) ; no exact locality, 3. Austria-Hungary : Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 4. 6. Vitznau, 440 m. Swit- O. Thomas (c & p). 5. 8. 3. 15. zerland. 1. St. Gothard, Uri. Baron E. de Selys- 45. 7. 5. 1. Longchanips (p). 1, 1 al. St. Gothard, Uri. Purchased (Brandt). 46. 2. 1.3. 13. 46. 2. 13. 14. 1. St. Gothard, Uri. Purchased (Stock- 46. 6. 2. 82. holm Museum). 1. Switzerland. E. R. Alston (p). 79. 9. 25. 9. 1. Switzerland. Purchased (Ger- 76. 9. 18. 13. rard). 9. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- C. G. Danford (c). 3. 2. 2. 2. sylvania, 2000 ft. Hungary. 6, 2 ?. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- C. G. Danford (c). 3. 11. 8. 12-14. sylvania, 1500-2000 ft. SoREX ALPINUS HERCYNICUS Miller. 1909. Sorcx alpimis liercynicns Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser.. Ill, p. 417, May, 1909. Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Sorcx alpinus hercynicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 51. Type locality. — Mauseklippe, Bode Valley, Harz Mountains, Germany. Geographical distribution. — Harz Mountains and Riesen- gebirge. Diagnosis. — Skull and teeth not so large as in typical Sorex alpinus (condylobasal length of skull, 19 to 19 "6 mm.; upper tooth-row, 8*2 to 8-6 mm. ; lower tooth-row, 7-8 to 8"0 mm.). Measurements. — External measurements of type : head and body, 71, tail, 67 ; hind foot, 15-4. Average and extremes of six specimens from the Harz Mountains: head and body, 73 '4 64 INSECTIVORA Observations. NEOMYS 65 (72-77); tail, 66-6 (65-68); hind foot, 15-1 (14-8-15-8). Average and extremes of five specimens from the Riesengebirge : head and body, 73-4 (72-77); tail, 65-4 (59-68); hind foot, 14-9 (14 •8-15-0). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 64. Specimens examined. — Eleven (all in U.S.N.M.), from the following localities in Germany: Bahrenberg, Harz Mts., 2; Bodethal, Harz Mts.. 1 ; Mauseklippe, Harz Mts.. 3 ; Eulengrund, Riesengebirge, Silesia, 3 ; Wolfshau, Riesengebirge, Silesia, 2. Rcraarlcs. — In external measurements the Alpine shrew of the Harz Mountains and Riesengebirge agrees with the Swiss animal ; but the differences in length of skull and of tooth-rows seem enough to warrant the recognition of the two forms as distinct. Genus NEOMYS Kaup. 1829. Keomys Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Tbierwelt, i, p. 117 {Sorex daubentonii Erxleben). 1829. Leucorhynchus Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Tbier- welt, I, p. 117 {Sorex lineatus Geoffroy and S. Icucodon Hermann; the first chosen as type by Thomas, The Zoologist, 4th ser., ii, p. 102, March, 1898). 1829. Hydrogale Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Tbierwelt, i, p. 119 {Sorex remifer Geoffroy). 1832. Crossopus Wagler, Isis, p. 275 {Sorex fodiens Schreber). 1835. Hydrosorex Duvernoy, Mem. Soc. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, II, p. 19 {Sorex fodiens Pallas, see p. l7). 1835. Amphisorex Duvernoy, Mem. Soc. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, II, p. 28 {hermanni = fodiens skull + Sorex araneus tetragonurus animal). Part. 1838. Pinalia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, Loudon (1837), p. 12G, June 14, 1838 (MS. synonym of Crossopjis). 1848. Galemys Pomel, Archiv Sci. Phys. et Nat., Geneve, ix, p. 249, November, 1848 (part, included Brachysorex Duvernoy, Crossopus Wagler, and Pachyura de Selys-Longchamps). 1854. Myosicfis Pomel, Catal. Meth. Vert. Foss. Bassin de la Loire, p. 14 (based on a fossil not distinguished specifically from Neomys fodiens) . 1857. Crossopus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 119. 1898. Neomys Thomas, Zoologist, 4th ser., ii, p. 100, March 15, 1893. Type species. — Sorex daubentonii 'Evxlehen = S. fodiens Schreber. Geographical distribution. — Pala^arctic region north of the Mediterranean from Spain and England to the Caucasus and Asia Minor, north to northern Scandinavia. Characters. — Upper unicuspid teeth 4-4, their form more j^re- hensory than in ^S'orea;; dental formula : i^^, ("j-Ejji"" |Ei> ^"^3^3— '^^'> posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor less than half as high as first ; anterior lower incisor with one ill-defined lobe on cutting edge near middle of tooth ; third lower molar and second lower unicuspid as in Sorex ; points of all the teeth pigmented ; fur unusually soft and dense, entirely concealing ears ; feet with a noticeable fringe of elongated hairs at edges of soles and toes, 66 INSKCTIVOEA the liind feet enlarged and turned somewhat outward ; in one species a longitudinal ridge of stiti'ened hairs along under surface of tail ; ear small, completely hidden in the fur, the meatus closed by two valves, one of which lies on inner surface of antitragus, the other on inner surface of conch ; habits aquatic. Bemarks. — In its external form, slight reduction in the number of teeth, and in the noticeably prehensory adaptation of the upper incisors and unicuspids, the members of the genus Neomys are distinctly more specialized than the species of Sorex. They retain, however, the primitive form of the third lower molar and lower premolar characteristic of Sorex, these teeth showing no tendency to the more highly modified structure found in Crocidura. The members of the genus Neomys are the only European shrews specially adapted to aquatic life. They are at once recognizable by their dense, velvety fur, and large, distinctly fringed hind feet. In the commonest and most widely distributed species the tail is provided with a keel of stiffened hairs, a character not found in any other European shrew. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORjMS OP NEOMYS. Tail with median keel of stiffened hairs extending entire leDgth of under surface N. fodiens, p. 66. Underparts whitish or yellowish, occasionally brownish (Continental Europe except Iberian Peninsula) X. f. fodien.i, p. 69. Underparts usually brownish (England and Scot- land) -V./. bicolor, p. 73. Tail without keel. Length of tail 47 to 53 mm. ; hind foot 16 to 17 mm. (Alps and Pyrenees) N. milleri, p. 78. Length of tail 55 to 61 mm.; hind foot 16-8 to 18 mm. (Northern and central Spain) N. anomalus, p. 81. NEOMYS FODIENS Schreber. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geograpldcal distribution. — From Norway and England to the Pyrenees, northern Ital}^ and western Siberia. Northern and eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis. — Tail with keel always present ; feet very con- spicuously fringed ; hind foot usually more than 1 7 mm. ; lachry- mal foramen opening over posterior half of m^ ; anterior upper incisor robust. E.dernal characters. — Fur very dense, its depth at middle of back about 6 mm. in summer, 9 mm. in winter, its textui'e soft and velvety, this particularly noticeable on underparts ; a few longer hairs usually present on flanks and rump. Eyes small and inconspicuous ; ears completely hidden by the fur. Muzzle less slender than in Sorex aranens, the median ridge on upper lip with distinct wart-like outgrowth which fits between points of upper incisors when mouth is closed. Feet larger than NEOMYS 67 in species of Sorex of approximately the same size, noticeably broadened ; digits proportioned as in Sorex araneus but gradua- tion less ; soles and palms completely bare, their surface strongly tuberculo-reticulate ; pads 6-6, much as in Sorex araneus but more widely spaced and better defined. At edge of soles and toes the hairs are elongated to form a dense, conspicuous fringe. Tail terete or slightly four-sided, its hairs minute, flattened, and closely appressed, nearly concealing the rather indistinct annula- tions, of which there are about 25 to the centimeter at middle ; pencil evident, usually about 3 to 5 mm. in length. Along median line of tail below, from extreme base to tip, the hairs are so crowded, elongated, and directed inward as to form a distinct, low keel, the presence of which is often made more evident by the nearly bare condition of the skin immediately at each side of it. Mamrn* : a 2—2, i 2—2 = 8. Colour. — -Entire underparts a dark slaty grey, more bluish in summer, more blackish in winter, the individual hairs blackish- slate with seal-brown tips and a sub-terminal lighter area of varying distinctness. Underparts usually whitish in strong contrast with back, the line of demarcation everywhere evident, and on head passing just below base of ear and extending along upper lip to nostril. The underparts, while never so dark as back, are often strongly suftused with buffy, smoky, or wood- brown, and occasionally tinged with salmon-colour. A small whitish tuft usually springs from inner surface of ear, and a minute speck of the same colour is generally present behind eye. Feet thinly sprinkled with silvery grey hairs. Tail a dark indefinite brown above, slightly less dark below, the keel usually a silver grey, sometimes standing out in strong contrast against the dark surrounding parts. Skull. — The skull differs from that of Sorex araneus in larger size, relatively larger, more inflated brain- case (depth decidedly more than half breadth), and lower, more flattened rostrum and interorbital region. The brain-case is sub- circular in outline, though distinctly flattened antero-externally and postero-externally ; in front it is marked oif from interorbital region by a conspicuous, well defined angle. In lateral view the profile of brain-case is high and rounded posteriorly, low anteriorly where it passes by a distinct, often conspicu- ously abrupt curve into the nearly flat dorsal outline of interorbital region and rostrum. Anteorbital foramen relatively larger and more ^, ' " . , , ,, .1 !- £ ^ eomys fodiens. Widely open than m the iiuropean species or jjat. size. Sorex. Lachrymal foramen over posterior half of m^. ]VIesopterygoid space decidedly more than half as wide as long ; hamular processes shorter than in Sorex araneus 68 INSECTIVORA and more abruptly turned outward. Foramen ovale appearing rather conspicuously in region between hamular and postglenoid process. Rudimentary zygomatic process of maxillary well developed, essentially as in Sorex araneus. Teeth. — Though in general not strikingly different from those of Sorex araneus the teeth show a tendency towards greater elevation of the cusps as well as a more pronounced hooking forward of the anterior upper incisor, peculiarities which impart to the entire dentition, though particularly to the teeth lying in front of the large premolars, an unmistakably prehensive character. Anterior upper incisor with main hook more projecting than in Sorex araneus ; posterior talon low though rather long, its outline when viewed from the side somewhat triangular, its height less than half that of main cusp and much less than that of first unicuspid. Lower incisor more slender than that of Sorex araneus, its cutting edge with onh^ a single low, ill-defined lobe near middle. Upper unicuspids large and strong, their crowns when viewed from below decidedly longer than wide, truncate posteriorly, narrowed an- teriorly and terminating in a slight though evident point. In lateral view the cusps appear to be more slender and set further forward than in Sorex araneus, and the posterior part of crown is more produced backward, the cingulum often rising to a distinct postero- internal angle or rudimentary cusp, particularly in first tooth. Spaces 3com?/s,^oyM7s.^ iiteiioi ee i between tips of unicuspids greater than in the European species of Sorex. Each cusp is nearly terete, but with a small postero- intei'nal concavity continuous with the concave crushing area which occupies postero-internal fourth of crown. The con- cave area of cusp and crown is bounded externally by a low but distinct ridge extending to middle of posterior border of crown. First and second unicuspids sub-equal ; third about half as large as first or second though quite similar to them in form ; fourth not half as large as third, in tooth- row or crowded somewhat inward, always distinctly visible from outer side, in contact posteriorly with large premolar. Lower unicuspids relatively longer and lower than in Sorex araneus, their form when viewed from the side much as in Sorex alpinus, except that the first has a very rudimentary posterior cusp. First somewhat more than half as large as second, its general outline much the same as in corres- ponding upper teeth. Second essentially as in Sorex araneus. Larger cheek-teeth as in Sorex araneus, but main cusps higher and hypocones better developed. Pigmentation of teeth about NEOMYS 69 as in Sorex araneus araneus, the hypocones usually if not always white.* Measurements. — In external measurements this species is unusally variable, the head and body ranging from 72 to 96 mm., tail from 47 to 77 mm., and hind foot from 16 to 20 mm. These differences appear to be for the most part strictly individual. The ,skull is more constant : condylobasal length, 19'6 to 22 • 2 mm. ; upper tooth-row, 9 • 6 to 11 mm. Here the variation is to a certain extent geographic, as the skull of the British race averages smaller than that of the Continental form. HemarJcs. — Neomys fodiens is the common and widely dis- tributed water-shrew of Europe. It may always be recognized by its large size, fringed feet and keeled tail. AVhile the keel varies greatly in depth and distinctness, some trace of it is always present on basal half of tail, the region in which the median hairs are never modified in the round-tailed members of the genus. Neomys fodiens fodiens Schreber. 1776. Sorcx aquaticus P. L. S. Milller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.-Band, p. 36 (France ; based on Buffon, viii, pi. 11). Not Sorcx aquaticus Linnpeus, 1758. 1777. Sorex fodiens Schreber, Saugthiere, iii, p. 571 (Berlin, Germany). 1777. [Sorex] daubentonii Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., i, p. 124 (Burgundy, France ; based primarily on the Musaraigne d'eau of Daubenton, Hist, de I'Acad. Roy. des Sci., Paris, 1756, p. 42). 1780. Sorex carinatus Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., ii, p. 382 (Strassburg, Germany). 1792. Sorex liricaudatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 208 (Strassburg, Germany ; based on Pennant's account of Sorex carinatus Hermann). 1793. [Sorer] fluviatilis Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutschlands, III, p. 746 (Suggested but not adopted as preferable to fodiens). 1793. Sorex eremita Meyer, Zool. Annalen, i, p. 823 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1793. Sorex fluviatilis Meyer, Zool. Annalen, i, p. 323 (Published as a synomym of Sorex eremita, perhaps from Bechstein ]\IS.). 1800. Slorex] f[odie7is'] albus Bechstein, Thomas Pennant's Allgem. Uebers. vierfiiss. Thiere, ii, p. 723. 1811. Sorex hydrophilus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., p. 130 (Berlin, Germany). 1811. Sorex lineatus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, xvii, p. 181 (Paris, France). Type in Paris Museum. 1811. Sorex remifer Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, xvii, p. 182 (Abbeville, Somme, France). Type in Paris Museum. 1818. Sorcx collaris Desmarest, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxii, p. 65 (Holland : islands at mouth of Escaut and Meuse). Described but not named bv Geoffroy, M6m. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, i, p. 309, 1815. * In an adult male from Geneva, Switzerland (No. 1046 Mottaz), the right upper incisor and first unicuspid and right lower incisor are white throughout. All other teeth normal. 70 INSECTIVORA 1822. Sonw macrourns Lchmann, Observ. Zoologicie in faunam Hamburg- ensem, i, p. 5 (Sachsenwald, near Friedrichsruh, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). 1826. So)-ex amphibitcs Brehni, Ornis, ii, p. 44 (Reuthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). 1826. Surex natans Brehm, Ornis, ii, p. 44 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). 1826. Sorcx stagnatilis Brehm, Ornis, ii, p. 47 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany) . 1830. Sorex rivalis Brehm, Isis, p. 1128 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). 1832. Sorex vntsculus Wagler, Isis, j). 54 (Bavaria, Germany). 1832. Sorex 'psilurus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria, Germany). 1834. S[orex'] nigripes Melchior, Den Danske Stats og Norges Pattedyr, p. 68 (Sielland, Denmark). 1835. Sorcx fodieiis Duvernoy, Mem. Soc. du JNIus. d'Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, II, p. 17. Part : animal, not skull. 1835. Sorex hermanni Duvernoy, I\Iem. Soc. du Tilus. d'Hist. Nat., Stras- bourg, II, p. 23 (Strassburg, Germany). Part : skull, not animal. 1838. Ampliisorex linneana Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 287, December, 1838 (North Bothnia, Sweden). 1839. \ Sorex fodiens] var. leucotis de Selys-Lougchamps, Etudes de ]\Iicro- mamm., p. 142 (described on p. 25) (St. Gervais, at foot of Mt. Blanc, Haute-Savoie, France). 1839. ? [Sorcx fodiens] var. albivcntris de Selys-Lougchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 142 (nomen nudum). 1845. ? [Sorcx fodiens'] var. nigricans Nilsson, Atti della sesta Eiunione degli Sciendati Italiani, Torino, 1844, p. 357 (Sweden). Nomen nudum. 1857. Crossopus fodiens Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 120 (part). 1868. Sorcx fimhriatiis and Crossopus fimhriatns Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, llath.-Naturwiss. Clasre, lvii, pt. 1, p. 610 (Synonyms of " Crossopus daubentonii nigripes,'" wrongly attributed to Giebel, Siiugethiere, p. 899). Not Sorex Hmhriatus Wagler, 1832. 1868. Crossopns ciliatus, griscogiilaris Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, lvii, pt. 1, p. 623 (Chartres, Eure-et-Loire, France). 1870. Sorex intermedius Cornalia, Catal. Descrit. Mamm. Ital., p. 27 (Hills of Brianza, Como, Italy). Part: tail only (see Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxviii, p. 364, 1899). 1895. Neomys fodiens Thomas, The Zoologist, 4th ser., ii, p. 100, ]March, 1908. 1899. Sorcx alpiniis var. longobardus Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxviii, p. 363 (MS. synonym of intcrmedixts). 1901. Neomys fodiens minor Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xiv, p. 45, April 25, 1901 (Montr^jeau, Haute-Garonne, France). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1905. Crossop)us ou Sorex ignotus Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Geneve, 4th ser., xix, p. 202, February 15, 1905 (Switzerland). Part: skull, not mandible. Type in Geneva Museum. 1905. Neomys fodiens naias Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xv, p. 507, May, 1905 (Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary). Tj-pe in British Museum. NEOMYS 71 190G. Ncomys fodiens nanus Lydekker, Zoological Record, xlii (1905), jMamm., p. 34, August, 1906 (Accideutal renaming of naias). 1910. Ncomys fodiens, N. fodiens naias and N. fodiens minor Trouessart, Faune ]\Iamm. d'Europe, pp. 66, 57. Ti^pe localitij. — Berlin, Germany. Geographical distribution. — Continental Europe from Norway to Italy and the Pyrenees. Diagnosis. — Underparts buffy whitish, occasionally tinged with a stronger shade of yellow or suftused with salmon-colour, and sometimes though rarely washed with wood-brown, especially on chest and along median line of belly. Condylobasal length of skull usually more than 21 mm. Measurements. — Average and extremes of ten specimens from Brunswick, Germany: head and body, 86 "6 (83-92); tail, 65 '5 (58-77) ; hind foot, 18 '5 (17-19). Average of three specimens from Montrejeau, Haute-Garonne, France : * head and body, 83 (82-85); tail, 52 (50-60); hind foot, 17-1 (16-18). Average and extremes of seven specimens from Luchon, Haute-Garonne, France : head and body, 75-7 (72-80) ; tail, 53-1 (47-58) ; hind foot, 16 "4 (16-17). Average and extremes of five specimens from Porte, Pyrenees-Orientales, France : head and body, 93 (83-96) ; tail, 61 (57-65) ; hind foot, 18-2 (18-19). Average and extremes of nine specimens from Meiringen, Bern, Switzerland : head and body, 82-7 (80-86); tail, 66-2 (62-71); hind foot, 19 '3 (18-20j. Average and extremes of ten specimens from Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania : f head and body, 77 ' 7 (72-82) ; tail, 60 (56-66) ; hind foot, 18 '5 (18-19). For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 75. Siycmnens examined. — One hundred and thirty-four, from the following localities: — Norway: Vefsen, Nordland, 1; Kvikne, Hedemarken, 1; Brekke- bygden, Trondhjem, 1. Sweden : Bothnia, 1 ; Upland, 1 ; Medstugan, Jemtland, 1 ; Upsala, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; no exact locality, 1. Belgium: Waremme, Liege, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Fbance : Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 2 ; Abbeville, So nme, 2 (B.M. and Paris ; the latter type of remifer Geoffrey) ; near Paris, 1 (Paris ; type of lincatus Geoffrey) ; Dinan, C6tes-du-Nord, 1 ; Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Montrejeau, Haute-Garonne, 3 (U.S.N.M.) ; Port6, Pyr6n6es- Orientales, 5 ; I'Hospitalet, Ariege, 2 ; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 7 ; Bareges, Hautes-Pyrenees, 3 ; Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, 1 ; Chamonix, Haute- Savoie, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 1 ; Scientrier, Haute- Savoie, 1 (Mottaz) ; Etupes, Doubs, 6 (Mottaz) ; no exact locality, 1. Germany: Brunswick, 10 (U.S.N.M.); Saxony, no exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Bahrenberg, Harz Mts., 1 (U.S.N.M.): Frankfort, Wies- baden, 1 ; Niesky, Silesia, 1 ; Strassburg, 1. Austria-Hungary : Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 3 ; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 11. Switzerland : Geneva, 4 (Mottaz) ; Chesieres, Vaud, 4 (Mottaz) ; Les Plans, Vaud, 3 (U.S.N.M.) ; Meiringen, Bern, 9 (U.S.N.M.) ; Grindelwald, * " Neomys fodiens minor " Miller. t ^^ Neomys fodiens naias ^^ Barrett-Hamilton. 72 INSECTIVORA Bern, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Miirren, 2; Goschenen, Uri, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; St. Got- hard, Uri, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 8 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; St. Fiden, St. Gallen, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Murgsee region, St. Gallen, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Au, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Uzwil, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Sitterwald, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Paido, Ticino, 1 ; Gordola, Locarno, Ticino, 3 ; Porlezza, Ticino, 1 (Mottaz) ; Muzzano, Ticino, 1 (Mottaz) ; no exact locality, 1. Italy : Busalla, Liguria, 3 ; Vallombrosa, Florence, 1. Remarks. — There is much individual variation in colour as well as in external measurements and proportions,* though the size of the skull and teeth, as may be seen from the Tables, remains very constant. The degree of development of the fringes on feet and keel on tail is also variable, the depth of the keel in some individuals being about equal to diameter of tail, while in others it is too slight to be measured. This is partly, if not entirely, due to season, as the deepest keels are found in winter specimens. With regard to the variations in external measure- ments shown by the averages and extremes in a preceding paragraph, it is probable that they are much exaggerated by different methods in taking the measurements. This is well illustrated by the two series of Pyrenean specimens measured by A. Robert at an interval of six years. While much material has been examined it is not wholly satisfactory, con- sisting chieHy of small lots taken by many different collectors. Eventually it may be necessary to recognize certain Continental forms such as minor, naias, and the Scandinavian linneana, as distinct from true fodiens ; but for the present, in view of the uncertainties concerning external measurements and the striking similarity of skulls from the entire range of the animal, there seems to be no other alternative than to regard all the Con- tinental water-shrews with keeled tail as belonging to a single 1. Vefsen, Nordland, Nor- E. G. B. Meade 5. 7. 1. 1. way. Waldo (c & p). 6. Kvikne, Hedemarken, G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 88. 2200 ft. [N. F. Ticc- (p). hurst.) 9. Brekkebygden, Trond- G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 89. bjem [N. F. Ticehurst.) (p). 1. Botbnia, Sweden. Purchased. (Wahl- 38. 9. 24. 14. berg.) 9. Medstugan, Jemtland, Lord Lilford (p). 11. 1. 1. 147. 550 m. (G. KoWioff.) 2 9. Guines, Pas-de-Caiais, 0. Thomas (c & p). 94: 6. 6. 1-2. France. 6, 2 9. Porte, Pyr^n^es-Orieu- 0. Thomas (p). 8. 9. 1. 39-41. tales, 1600-1700 m. France. [A. Robert.) * This tendency to variation, coupled with the animal's peculiarly attractive and interesting appearance, has led to the creation of the most formidable synonymy (33 distinct names) yet applied to a European mammal. 73 9. 6,2.3 9. 2 9. 6 c?, 4 9. 4 9. 9. 3 6. ]. 6,2 9. 1 al. L'Hospitalet, Ariege, 1450 m. (.4. Robert.) L'Hospitalet, Ariege. Luclaon,Haute-Garonue, 600-900 m. (A.Eobert.) Bareges, Hautes-Pyre- nees, 1300-1500 m. Barcelounette, Basses- Alpes. (C. Mottaz.) Cranves-Sales, Haute- Savoie.- Abbeville, Somme. Frankfort, Wiesbaden, Germany. Niesky, Silesia, 181 m. (W.Baer.) Strassburg, Alsace. (C. Mottaz.) H a i d a, Bohemia, Austria. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- sylvania, 1500 ft. Hungary. Hatszeg, Transylvania, 1500-2000 ft. Miirren, Bern, Switzer- land. Ziiberwangen, St.Gallen. (E. Zollikofer.) Faido, Ticino. Locarno, Ticino. Switzerland. Busalla, Liguria, Italy. Vallombrosa, Florence. 0. Thomas (p). G. S. Miller (c). O. Thomas (p). G. S. Miller (c). 0. Thomas (p). A. Robert (p). V. Baillon (c). Dr. Dieffenbach (p). Lord Lilford (p). 0. Thomas (p). Lord Lilford (p). G. G. Danford (c). G. G. Danford (c). W. Gurtner (p). 0. Thomas (p). 0. Thomas (c & p). 0. Thomas (c & p). Purchased(Parreys) . O. Thomas (c & p). Dr. G. Cecconi (p). 8. 9. 1. 42. 8. 8. 4. 139. 6. 4. 1. 12. 14- 18. 8. 8. 4. 136- 137. 8. 8. 10. 13. 5. 4. 9. 2. 54. A. 47. 1. 8. 46. 99. 1. 9. 8. 8. 8. 10. 12. 11. 1. 1. 148- 149. 3. 2. 2. 1. 3. 11. 8. 2-11. 92. 10. 5. 1-2. 4. 4. 5. 48-51. 5. 8. 2. 20. 5. 8. 2. 8-10. 46. 6. 15. 61. 5. 8. 3. 16-18. 1. 8. 2. 1. Neomys fodiens bicolor Shaw. 1791. Sorex hicolor Shaw, Naturalists' Miscellany, ii, pi. 55, named in index (Oxford, England). 1805. Sorcx ciliatus Sowerby, British Miscellany, xlix, p. 103 (Norfolk, England). 1837. Amphisorex pennanti Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 125 (England). 1840. Crossopus sowcrhyi i Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., i, fasc. 29, in text under G. fodiens. 1857. Crossopus fodiens Blasius, Siiugethiere Deutschlands, p. 120 (part). 1905. Ncomys fodiens ciliatus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xv, p. 508, May, 1905. 1910. NeoniTjs fodiens ciliatus Trouessart, Faune ]\Iamm. d'Europe, p. 56. Type locality. — Oxford, England. Geographical distribution. — Great Britain. Diagnosis. — Similar to Neomys fodiens fodiens, but underparts usually washed with wood-brown. Condylobasal length of skull usually less than 21 mm. Measurements. — External measurements of two adult females from Scotland (Gi-antown-on-Spey and Cortachy, Forfar) : head 74 INSECTIVORA and body, 83 and 71 ; tail, 57*5 and 53*5 ; hind foot, 18 and 17. Adult male from Wellington, Somerset : head and body, 75 ; tail, 48 ; hind foot, 17. Adult male from Yalding, Kent : head and body, 82 ; tail, 52 ; hind foot, 17. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 77. Specimens examined. — Forty-six, from the following localities : — Scotland : Gordonstown, Elgin, 1 ; Dunphail, Elgin, 1 ; Granto\vu-on- Spey, Elgin, 1 (Wilson) ; Cortachy, Elgin, 1 (Wilson) ; Cromlix, Stirling- shire, 1 ; Knibruck, Stirlingshire, 1 ; Aberdeen, 1 ; Penkill, Ayrshire, 1. Wales: Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, 1; no exact locality, 1. England : Mill-on-Tyne, Northumberland, 1 ; Leeds, Yorkshire, 1 ; Wellington, Somerset, 1 ; Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 2 ; Shaftesbury, Dorset, 1 ; Hales^Yorth, Suffolk, 1 ; Cambridgeshire, 2 ; Thoruhaugh, Northampton, 1 ; Podington, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, 1 ; Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 2 ; Drinkstone Park, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, 1 ; Woolpit, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, 3 ; Halesworth, Suffolk, 1 ; Cambridgeshire, 2 ; Epping, Essex, 1 ; Banstead, Surrey, 3 ; Esher, Surrey, 1 ; Garratt Park Lake, Surrey, 1 ; Godalming, Surrey, 1 ; Tillingbourne Stream, Surrey, 1 ; New Forest, Hampshire, 4 ; IBasingstoke, Hampshire, 2 ; Hampshire, no exact locality, 2 ; Yalding, Kent, 1. i. Dunphail, Elgin. 1 al. 9 Aberdeen, Scotland. 1. Penkill, Ayrshire. 9. Fishguard, Pembroke- shire, Wales. 1. Wales. 9. Mill-on-Tyne, North- umberland, England. 1 al. W^ellingborough, North- amptonshire. 1. Halesworth, Suffolk. ?. Cambridgeshire. 1. Cambridgeshire. (J. Baker.) 1. Epping, Essex. 2 al. Henley, Oxfordshire. 1 al. Bur y St. Edmunds, Suffolk. 3 al. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. 6 al. Esher, Surrey. 9 al. Godalming, Surrey. (5,3 9. New Forest, Hampshire. 2 9. Basingstoke, Hampshire. 2 al. Hampshire. Miller Collection. Hon. N. C. Roths- child (p). E. R. Alston (p). Y. H. Mills (c & p). S. Stokes (c & p). Rev. H. H. Slater (c & p). R. R.Orlebar (c&p). Rev. W. R. Tate (c & p). J. Baker (c&p). E. R. Alston (p). J. Baker (p). W. Royal Dawson (c & p). J. H.Powell (c&p). Duncan Parker (p). E. Dalgleish (c&p). W. T. Blanford (c & P). Miller Collection. Miller Collection. E. Bartlett (p). 7. 7. 7. 2848. 10. 11. 28. 1. 79. 9. 25. 8. 11. 1. 3. 376. 48. 9. 24. 4. 11. 1. 3. 375. 84. 4. 21. 1. 87. 6. 7. 1. 39. 9. 29. 26. 79. 9. 25. 7. 40. 4. 11. 9. 11. 1. 3. 377. 83. 8. 8. 1. 84. 5. 16. 1-3. 11. 1. 3.378. 94. 8. 5. 2. 7. 7. 7. 2845- 2849. 7. 7. 7. 4470- 4471. 74. 11. 24. 1-2. 75 76 INSECTIVORA o a "3) f5 a '-s as S-^a A\.o.iinoo:) (M o o <* cq o oq o o o C5 05 cb o •(8J1!)U8) AiOI OO(MC0t0-^<MO-*-*CM0q<M(M-<*( oo O oq o o O rH tH .H O O O O •aiqipuTJK 77 78 INSECTIVORA NEOMYS MILLERI Mottaz. 1907. Neomys milleri ^lottaz, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, xx, p. 22, September 20, 1907. 1910. Ncomijs milleri Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 58. Type localiti/. — Chesieres, Alpes Vaudoises, Switzerland. Altitude, 1,230 m. Geographical distribution. — Pyrenees and Alps ; Hungary. Details of distribution not yet known. Diagnosis. — Slightly smaller than Neomys fodiens ; tail with keel absent, or represented by a slight lengthening of hairs on under side of terminal third only ; fringes on sides of feet not conspicuously developed; hind foot usually less than 17 mm.; tail usually less than 55 mm. ; lachrymal foramen opening over point of contact between m'^ and vf ; anterior upper incisor slender. External characters. — Similar to Neomys fodiens, except that the feet are less fringed and the tail lacks the definite keel on under side. When unworn the hairs on ventral surface of tail are slightly longer than those on upper side, and on terminal third this elongation is occasionally sufficient to produce a rudimentary keel ; but there is never any trace of a well- defined ridge extending to base of tail. Caudal annulations slightly less distinct than in Neomys fodiens. Mamma; : a 1-1, i 4-4 = 10. Colour. — The colour is similar to that of typical specimens of Neomys fodiens fodiens. Among the ^ins examined none shows any noticeable wash of brown or suffusion of buff on underparts. Skull and Teeth. — The skull closely resembles that of Neomys fodiens, but may be distinguished by its smaller general size and relatively lower, more slender rostrum ; lachrymal foramen over point of contact of m^ and nr. Teeth smaller throughout, a difference especially noticeable in the anterior upper incisor. Upper unicuspids with crowns longer and narrower than in Neomys fodiens, the long posterior portion especially noticeable in lateral view by comparison with height of cusp ; cingula not so well developed as in the related species, and seldom, if ever, forming a postero-external cusp. Measurements. — External measurements of type : head and body, 76; tail, 59; hind foot, 16; hind foot, including claws, 17. Average and extremes of ten specimens from the type locality: head and body, 77*4 (71-87); tail, 53-7 (50-59); hind foot, 15 '8 (15-16*2). Average and extremes of six sjDecimens from Untervatz, Grisons, Switzerland : head and body, 79-3 (75-82); tail, 46-8(45-51); hind foot, 14-16 (14-15-4). Two adult males from Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland : head and body, 86 ; tail, 50 and 53 ; hind foot, 16 and 17. Average and extremes of three adult females from 1' Hospitalet, Ariege, NEOMYS 79 France: head and body, 78 (75-80); tail, 50 "6 (47-53); hind foot, 15*7 (15 •4—16). Adult male from Bareges, Hautes- Pyrenees : head and body, 76; tail, 56; hind foot, 16*4. For cranical measurements see Table, p. 80. Specimens examined. — Thirty-three, from the following localities : — Switzerland : Near Geneva, 1 ; Lausanne, Vaud, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Chesieres, Alpes Vaudoises, 10 (B.^NI. and Mottaz) ; Meiringen, Bern, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Untervatz, Grisons, 6 (U.S.N.M.) ; Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Sorengo, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Locarno, Ticino, 2. Italy : Porlezza, Como, 1 (Mottaz). Austria-Hungary : Zuberei', Northern Hungary, 1. Prance : L'Hospitalet, Ariege, 3 ; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 1 ; Bareges, Hautes-Pyreuees, 1. Bemarhs. — Though superficially resembling Neomi/s fodiens the round-tailed water-shrew is easily recognizable by the complete absence of any true keel on the tail. The slight elongation of the hairs in median region which sometimes occurs on terminal third of tail never results in the formation of a definite keel similar to that of the related species ; while no trace of such a structure is ever present on basal half of tail. The smaller hind foot is usually diagnostic, though in this character there is a slight overlapping between the two species. Though in all essential respects trvie water-shrews, the members of the round-tailed group (N. anomalus of Spain, N. milleri of the Pyrenees, Alps and northern Hungary, and N. teres of Asia Minor) are less highh^ specialized than Neomys fodiens. Their habits, however, appear to be essentially similar to those of the common species, as the two animals are found together in localities where their ranges coincide.'"" 2 9. L'Hospitalet, Ariege, G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. i. 1-38, 140. France. ?. Chesieres, Alpes Vau- C. Mottaz (p). 6. 2. 6. 4. doises, 1200 m. Swit- zerland. ?. Ziiberwangen,St.Galleu, 0. Thomas (p). 4. 4. 5. 52. Switzerland. {E. H. Zollikofer.) 2 i. Locarno, Ticino, Swit- 0. Thomas (c & p). 5. 8. 2. 6-7. zerland. 1. Zuberec, Hungary. Budapest Museum 94. 3. 1. 26. (E). * At two localities in the Pyrenees (I'Hospitalet, Ariege and Bareges, Hautes-Pyrenees), where I found the two animals occurring together, both were taken alternately in the same traps set at the edge of mountain streams. In the original description of the species, however, I\Ir. r^Iottaz observes (p. 23) that according to his observations the round-tailed animal is the more inclined to wander away from the immediate vicinity of water. The habits of N. anomalus in North Central Spain appear to be as strictly ac[uatic as those of N. fodiens. 80 INSECTIVORA PACHYURA 81 NEOMYS ANOMALUS Cabrera. 1907. Ncomys anomalus Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 214, September 1, 1907. 1907. Neomys anomalus Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, VII, p. 224. Published November, 1907. 1910. Neomys fodiens anomalus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 57. Type locality. — San Martin de la Vega, Madrid, Spain. Geographical distribntion. — -Northern and central Spain. Diagnosis. — Similar to Neomys milleri, but with longer tail (ilsually over 55 mm.), and larger hind foot (16 "8 to 18 mm.). Mammse : a 1 — 1, i 4 — 4=10. Measurements. — -Type specimen, male (from Cabrera) : head and body, 73 ; tail, 60 ; hind foot, 17 "5. Average and extremes of nine specimens from Silos, Burgos, Spain : head and body, 83-2 (76-88); tail, 60 (56-61); hind foot, 17-4 (17-18). Adult male and adult female from Barracas, Castellon, Spain : head and body, 99 and 100; tail, 53 and 52; hind foot, 17 For cranial measurements see Table, p. 82. Specimens examined. — Twenty-two, from the following localities in Spain : Silos, Burgos, 9 ; La Granja, Segovia, 2 ; Barracas, Castellon, 2 ; Lerida, 9. Remarlcs. — The Spanish water-shrew is well differentiated from Neomys milleri by its longer tail and larger hind foot. As 3'et no member of the keel-tailed group has been found in the Iberian Peninsula, though it is probable that N. fodiens occurs in the region north of the Ebro, and perhaps also in the Asturias. 2 6,19. Silos, Burgos, Spain. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 22-30. 2 al. La Granja, Segovia. M. dela Escalera (c). 8. 7. 30. 6-7. (5,9. Barracas, Castellon. O. Thomas (p). 8.2.9.41-42. [N. Gonzalez.) Genus PACHYURA de Selys-Longchamps. 1839. Pachyura de Selys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 32 {Sorex etruscus Savi). Sub-genus of Crocidura. 1857. Pachyura Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 147 (Sub-genus of Crocidura). 1897. Plerodus Schulze, Mamm. Europ., in Helios, Abhandl. u. Vortraga Gesammtb. Naturwiss., xiv, p. 90 {Crocidura suaveolens Blasius = Sorex etruscus Savi) . Type species. — Sorex etruscus Savi. Geographical distribution. — Africa and warmer portions of Asia ; in Europe confined to the Mediterranean region. Diagnosis. — Like Crocidura (p. 86), but with upper uni- cuspids 4-4, the dental formula : i j"^, c ^J, pm -^^, m ^^ = 30. Bemarlcs. — Although perhaps not forming a natural group, the 30-toothed species of Crocidura may for convenience be 6 82 INSECTIVORA CO b § o o m H PACHYURA 83 treated as members of a distinct genus. The only European species is immediately recognizable by its excessively small size. PACHYURA ETRUSCA Savi. 1822. Sorex etriiscus Savi, Nuovo Giom. de' Letterati, Pisa, i, p. GO (Pisa, Italy). 1835. [Sorex] pachyurus Kiister, Isis, p. 77 (Cagliari, Sardinia). 1841. Pachyura etrusca Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., i, Indice distrib. 1857. Crocidiira suaveolens Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 147. 1910. Pachyura etrusca Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 43. Type locality. — Pisa, Italy. Geographical distribution. — Italy and adjoining portions of the Mediterranean region.* Limits of range not known. Diagnosis. — -Much smaller than Crocidura russula (head and body, 35-40 mm. ; hind foot, 7*6-8 mm.), but with tail (:^o- 30 mm.) relatively longer, its ratio to head and body about 70 ; skull excessively small, its condylobasal length only about 1 2 • 8 mm. , the dorsal profile nearly straight from front of nasal to back of parietals, usually a little concave in interorbital region, the brain-case narrow but even more flattened than in Crocidura leucodon and G. mimula ; teeth not conspicuously difierent from those of the smaller European species of Crocidura, except for the presence of the fourth upper unicuspid, and their much smaller size (maxillary tooth-row about 6 mm.). External characters. — ^In general external form Pachyura etrusca does not differ notably from Crocidura russula except in the relatively longer tail. The weight of a full grown individual is, however, probably not more than one-fourth or one-third that of an adult C. russula, and the head and feet are equally small in proportion, a character by which Pachyura etrusca mav be easily distinguished from young individuals of the larger animal. Mammte, i 3 — 3 = 6. Colour. — Upper parts a uniform slaty brown, perhaps best described as drab-grey washed with light bister, the individual hairs slate-grey at base. Underparts faintly contrasted, rather pale drab-grey with silvery reflections in certain lights. Feet dull light slaty grey not noticeably contrasted with back. Tail like back above, usually becoming somewhat darker toward tip, lighter and more like belly below, but with no evident contrast between the colours of the two surfaces. Slctdl. — Apart from the small size the skull differs from that of its European allies in several important characters. Most noticeable among these is the extreme flatness of the dorsal profile, which is essentially straight from nares to occipital, usually a little concave in interorbital region, while in the European forms of Crocidura it is usually a little convex throughout, and never evidently concave in interorbital region. * Spain. See footnote, p. 86. — 0. T. G 2 tWdj^ 84 INSECTIVORA The brain-case is excessively flattened, relatively more so than in Crocidura mimula, so that there is less contrast between its depth and that of rostrum. This flattening is not accompanied by any increase in breadth of brain-case, the ratio of ^^^T^ which to condylobasal length is about 46, slightly less than in Crocidura mimula. Ante- orbital foramen relatively large, its position normal. Lachrymal foramen over posterior half of m^. Palate relatively short and wide. Mesopterygoid space relativel}^ longer than in the European forms of Crocidura, its anterior border on line with posterior edge of third Fig. 16. molar instead of distinctly behind it, its lateral Nat. size. borders nearly parallel, though slightly con- verging posteriorly ; hamular excessively deli- cate, bowed outward and upward, its length relatively greater than in C. russiila, and about equal to greatest breadth of fossa. Mandible not pecuKar except for its small size (length about 7 mm. or less), and very delicate structure. Teeth. — While in general, and aside from the presence of the fourth unicuspid, the teeth do not differ materially from those of the smaller European Crocidurse except in size, they show several peculiarities in form. The anterior upper incisor projects more strongly forward, and has the anterior cusp rather shorter than in the species of Crocidurn, while the posterior cup is more distinctly separated from the cingulum, these two characters together imparting to the tooth a form somewhat suggesting that assumed in Sorex. First unicuspid relatively larger and higher than in Crocidura russula, its cingulum less curved, and its width distinctly exceeding that of palate instead of barely equalling it. Contrast in both height and crown area of first and second unicuspids greater than in C. russula, the area of second about one-third that of first instead of evidently more than one-third. Third unicuspid slightly larger than second. Fourth about half as large as third, crowded inward from the tooth-row, but visible from the outside through space separating third unicuspid from large premolar, the width of this space rather more than half diameter of crown of fourth unicuspid. Large premolar as in C. leucodon, except that cutting blade is shorter and even higher, and posterior border of crown is less concave. Upper molars with hypocones less distinct than in C. russula, but otherwise not showing any tangible peculiarities. Mandibular teeth essentially as in Crocidura russula and C. leu- codon, but posterior section of third molar even more reduced. Measurements. — Average and extremes of six specimens from Florence, Italy : head and body, 38 • 5 (36-42) ; tail, 27 • 1 (26-28) ; hind foot, 7-7 (7 • 6-7 • 8). Adult male and female from near Turin, Italy : head and body, 42 and 40; tail, 28 and 27 ; hind foot, 7 • 8 and 7 • 4. Adult male and female from near PACHYTJRA 85 oi 86 INSECTIVORA Genoa, Italy : head and body, 41 and -Ir'i ; tail, 26 and 28 ; hind foot, 7 • 6 and 8 * 0. Adult female from vSassari, Sardinia : head and body, 41 ; tail, 29 ; hind foot, 7*8. For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 85. Specimens examined. — Twenty-nine, from the following localities : — Italy : Near Turin, 2 (Genoa) ; Parti, Fiiialborgo, 2 (Genoa) ; near Genoa, 5 (U.S.N.M. and Genoa) ; Pisa, 5 (B.M. and Mottaz) ; Florence, 6 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Tuscany, 2 ; Rome, 1 (Genoa) ; no exact locality, 2. Sicily : No exact locality, 2. Sardinia: Assuni, 1 (U.S.N.M.). No exact locality, 1. Greece : Lamia, 1. lal. CROCIDURA 87 above fur, the meatus closed by two valves as in Nt'omijs ; tail somewhat thickened, its surface covered with short hairs, among which are sprinkled numerous longer ones ; habits terrestrial. Bemarks. — Though not highly modified in external pecu- liarities the genus Groddura is the least primitive group of shrews occurring in Europe. This is indicated by the reduced number of up^ier unicuspids, but is more clearly shown by the highly modified form of the third lower molar and the completely unicuspid character of the lower premolar. Among the European members of the family Soriddae the species of Groddura may at once be recognized by their moderate size, entirely white teeth, large ears, and by the presence of long, loosely spreading hairs scattered over the surface of the tail. Badly prepared specimens, in which the true characters are obscured, may often be detected among skins of Sorex by the noticeable silvery reflections on hairs of back. Eight species are now known to occur in western Europe, while the number of forms thus far described from other portions of the range of the genus is not far from one hundred. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF CROCIDURA. Tail decidedly more than half as long as head and body, the ratio normally varying from 70 to 80. Hind foot about 14 mm. (Sicily) C. caudata, p. 110. Hind foot 11 to 12-5 mm. Upper tooth-row about 8*6 mm. (Corsica) C. cyrnensis, p. 111. Upper tooth-row about 8 mm. (Balearic Islands)... C. balearica, p. 112. Tail about half as long as head and body, the ratio normally varying from 40 to 60. Condylobasal length of skull 16 to 17 '6 mm. Second upper unicuspid with crown area about equal to that of third (Crete) C. canese, p. 109. Second upper unicuspid with crown area distinctly less than that of third C. mimiua, p. 94. Colour tending to be pale and greyish (Basque Provinces, Spain) C. m. caatabra, p. 99. Colour tending to be dark and brownish. Brain-case not decidedly flattened (Charente, France) C. m. icidisma, p. 98. Brain-case decidedly flattened (entire range of species, western portion excepted)... C. m. mimula, p. 95. Condylobasal length of skull 17 '6 to 20 '4 mm. (usually more than 18 mm.). Brain-case about half as high as wide or less. Animal conspicuously bicolor ; condylobasal length of skull usually more than 19 mm. (Central Europe, south into Italy) C. leitcodon, p. 88. Animal obscurely bicolor ; condylobasal length of skull usually 18 to 19 mm. (Sicily) C. sicula, p. 108. Brain-case more than half as high as wide C. riissula, p. 99. Condylobasal length of skull usually 19 to 20-4 mm. (Central Europe, south into Italy) C. r. russvla, p. 101. Condylobasal length of skull usually 18 to 19 mm. Colour a dark, coppery-brown (Portugal) C. r. cintrx, p. 108. Colour a pale drab-brown (Spain and south- western France) C. r. pulchra, p. 103. 88 INSECTIVORA CROCIDURA LEUCODON Hermann. 1780. Sorcx leucodon Hermanu in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., ii, p. 382 (vicinity of Strassburg, Germany). 1781. Sorex leucodon Hermann in Schreber, Siiugthiere, pi. clix. 1782. Sor[t'.r] leucodon Hermann, Tabula Affinitatum Animalium, p. 79 (footnote). 1792. Sorex albipes Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 208 (based on Pennant's account of S. leucodon Hermann). 1832. Croc[idura] leucodon Wagler, Isis, p. 275. 1857. Crocidura leucodon Blasius, Siiugethiere Deutschlands, p. 140. 1869. Leucodon microuriis Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, i, p. 173 (Substitute for leucodon). 1897. [Crocidura] leucodus Scbulze, ]\Iammalia Europsea, p. 18 (Substitute for leucodon). 1910. Crocidura russula leucodon Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 14. Tijpe locality. — Vicinity of Strassburg, Germany. Geograjjhical distribution. — Central Europe, from Belgium to Hungary; south into Italy. Not known from the Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis. — Size large (among the European species) ; hind foot, 11 to 13 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 18 4 to 20 mm. ; upper tooth-row, 8*8 to 9*0 mm. ; tail short, its actual length 28 to 38 mm., its ratio to head and body usually ranging from 38 to 43 ; skull with brain-case noticeably depressed, its height less than half its width ; large upper premolar with antero- external cusp rather large, its height usually greater than that of first unicuspid ; colour of underparts whitish, strongly con- trasted with rather slaty brown of back, the line of demarcation along sides well defined. External characters. — Fvir shorter and more dense than in Sorex araneus, the length of hairs at middle of back about 3 • 5 mm. in summer, 5 mm. in winter, its texture not specially modified; a few slightly elongated hairs (8 mm.) on flanks and across rump. Eyes small and inconspicuous ; ears small but rising conspicuously above fur, the two well developed valves a conspicuous feature of the ear in freshly killed specimens. Feet not peculiar in form ; less slender than in Sorex araneus, finely pubescent on dorsal surface and on lateral portions of posterior half of sole ; fingers proportioned as in S. araneus, but graduation less, especially in hind foot ; pads 6-6, those on palm distinct though somewhat crowded, the surface of palms and soles finely rugose between the pads. Tail less slender than in Sorex and Neomys, nearly terete or with under side somewhat flattened, its length equal to about half that of head and body, its hairs of two kinds : (a) finely appressed hairs less than 1 mm. in length, nearly concealing the annulations and forming a very slight pencil ; and (h) loosely spreading hairs about 5 mm. long, rather thickly sprinkled among the others ; annulation ill-defined, about 35 to the centimeter at middle. Mammae, i 3 — 3 = 6. CROCIDURA 89 Colour. — UpjDer parts varying from a slaty drab to dull russet, the hairs with a slight metallic gloss and with silvery reflections, which in certain lights produce an evident eftect of fine speckling. Underparts and inner surface of limbs buffy white, dulled to a varying degree by the slaty under colour, the chin and throat often suff'used with cream-buff. Line of demarcation sharply defined, extending just below ear and eye and alongside of muzzle to middle of pad. The two extremes of colour probably represent ill-defined dichromatic phases. Most of the specimens examined are in some degree intermediate. Feet dull whitish, often irregularly clouded with drab. Tail sharply bicolor, whitish below, concolor with back above, the longer hairs silvery grey. SJculI. — The skull is slightly larger than that of Sorex araneus and noticeably more heavily built, particularly that portion lying in front of brain-case, all of which is both broadened and deepened, so that the general outline tapers less consjiicuously from behind forward, whether skull is viewed from above or from the side. Brain-case less well marked off from interorbital region than in the European species of Sorex and Neomys, its main sutures closing earl}^ in life. Brain-case slighth^ longer than broad, its posterior out- /^ " — -~~^ line rounded but broken by the slightly U^s^i^-i.^'^^^^r'p*^ projecting points of the condyles, its antero- external border straight, sharply angled in front ; sagittal crest low but evident in adult skulls, meeting the complete lambdoid crests posteriorly. Depth of brain-case at middle slightly but constantly less than half greatest breadth (see tig. 20, page 100). Dorsal profile with a slight concavity at front of brain-case and slight convexity over middle of rostrum. Nares squarely truncate posteriorly, the crotiav^aieucodon. lateral wall abruptly angled near middle. Nat. size. Anteorbital foramen relatively smaller than in Sorex araneus, and region between it and edge of alveolus dis- tinctly wider. Lachrymal foramen over metastyle of m'^. Plate forming outer wall of anteorbital canal nearly three times as wide as lachrymal foramen. Angular shelf-like region over posterior molars broader and more prominent than in the European species of Sorex, but rudimentary zygomatic process of maxillary reduced to the merest trace. Mesopterygoid fossa as in Sorex araneus ; floor of brain- case between tympanic bones narrower and with distinct median ridge. Teeth. — Dentition noticeably heavier than in the European species of Sorex and Neomys, the difference in general aspect heightened by the absence of brown colouring matter on points • of cusps. Anterior upper incisor with main cusp long and slender, abruptly hooked downward ; basal lobe low and 90 INSECTIVOKA Fig. 18. Crocidura leucodon. Anterior teeth in pioflle. x 5. triangular, its height less than half that of main cusp and only a little more than half that of first unicuspid tooth. General form of first incisor not unlike that of Neomys fodiens, but with even more contrast between height of the two cusps. Anterior lower incisor simple, rather robust, the shaft slightly taper- ing, the point slightly bent upward, the cutting edge without lobes. Upper unicuspids robust, strongly contrasted in size. First about double the height of second and third, the points of which are nearly in line with that of basal lobe of anterior incisor. Its crown is somewhat longer than broad, with main axis slightly oblique to that of tooth-row. In lateral view it is nearly triangular, with anterior border about half as long as upper and lower. Cutting edge essentially as in Neomys, but better developed and reaching posterior border of tooth somewhat outside of middle. Crushing surface well developed, occupjnng about one-third area of crown. Second and third unicus- pids aj)proximately equal, in both height and crown area, to basal lobe of anterior incisor, their crowns distinctly narrower as well as much shorter than that of first unicuspid, their cutting ridge and crushing sur- face less well difieren- tiated than in first. Second smaller than third, its crown aboiit as broad as long. Third separated from large pre- molar by a slight space, its crown longer than broad, its cusp about equal in height to para- cone of large premolar. Lower unicuspids essen- tially alike in form, the second differing from that of Sorex and Neomys in the complete absence of the rudimentary second cusp. First low, narrow and long ; second high, its crown about as broad as long. Upper cheek-teeth with crowns narrower than in Sorex and i'lG. 19. Crocidura leucodon. Teeth X 10. CROCIDURA 91 Neomys, the emargination of posterior border deeper, particularly in pm*, and hypocones more distinct. Large upper premolar with antero-external cusp (paracone) well developed, its height usually about equal to that of third unicuspid or somewhat more, the distance from its jjoint to well-defined angle in cingulum over anterior root of tooth distinctly more than half length of anterior border of main cusp ; posterior cutting blade high, the angle formed between its edge and the moderately projecting point of main cusp ill-defined and obtuse. Third upper molar actually as well as relatively smaller than in Sorex araneus, but containing the same elements. Lower cheek-teeth essentially as in Sorex araneus except for the peculiarities of nir^ characteristic of the genus. Measurements. — Average and extremes of nine specimens from Etupes, Doubs, France: head and body, 78 '3 (70-87); tail, 35-3 (32-39); hind foot, 12-3 (12-13). Average and extremes of nine specimens from Untervatz, Grisons, Switzerland : head and body, 81 (77-85); tail, 31-6 (29-34); hind foot, 12 "5 (11 "8— 13). Average and extremes of four specimens from Lugano, Ticino, tSwitzerland : head and body, 80 (77-81); tail, 32 • 2 (31-36) ; hind foot, 12 • 5 (1 1 • 8-13). Average and extremes of three specimens from Florence, Italy (in alcohol, bodies contracted): head and body, 63-3 (63-64); tail, 34-3 (32-36) ; hind foot, 12 '3 (11 •6-13). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 92. Specimens examined. — Sixty-six, from the following localities : — Belgium: Esneux, Liege, 2; Waremme, Li6ge, 1 (U.S.N.M.). France : Dinan, Brittany, 1 ; Paris, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Manouville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 1; Etupes, Doubs, 14 (B.M. and Mottaz). Germany : Brunswick, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Nussberg, Brunswick, 1 ; Frank- furt, Hessen-Nassau, 1 ; Taucha, Saxony, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Marxheim, Bavaria, 4 ; Ummerstadt, Thiiringen, 1 ; no exact locality, 1. Austria-Hungary : Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 1. Switzerland : Geneva, 3 (Mottaz) ; Briinig, Bern, 1 (U.S N.M.) ; Mei- ringen, Bern, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Untervatz, Grisons, 15 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Grisons, no exact locality, 1 ; Lugano, Ticino, 4 (U.S.N.M.) ; Ziiber- wangeu, St. Gallen, 1. Italy : Porlezza, Como, 1 (^Mottaz) ; Boccadassa, Genoa, 1 (Genoa) ; Pisa, 1 (Mottaz) ; Florence, .3 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Borne, 1. Bemarks. — This species is recognizable among the European members of the genus by its sharply bicolor pattern of coloura- tion and by the low, flattened brain-case. From Crocidura riissnla, the only species with which it is likely to be confused, it is further distinguished by the peculiarities of the large upper premolar, a tooth whose higher cutting edge, better developed paracone and more prominent cingulum indicate a degree of etticiency superior to that of the corresponding tooth in the related animal. 92 INSECTIVORA CROCIDURA 93 94 INSECTIVORA 2 9, 1. Esneux, Liege, Belgium Lord Lilford (p). U5. 1. 1. 1-2. (if. Gronvold.) 6. Dinan, Brittany, France. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 158. 6. Manonville,Meurthe-et- Lord Lilford (p). 8.9.8.1. Moselle. 5 (^, 4 ?. Etupes, Doubs, 350 m. O. Thomas (p). 8. 8. 10. .33-41. (C. Mottaz.) 2 9. IMarxheim, Bavaria, Lord Lilford (p). 8. 9. 8. 2-3. Germany. 1. Frankfort, Hessen- Dr. Diefienbach (p). 47.1.8.50. Nassau. 6. Nussberg, Brunswick. G.Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 90. 1 al. Germany. Tomes Collection. 7. 1. 1. 45. 9. Hatszeg, Transylvania, C. G. Danford (c). 3. 2. 2. 16. 1500 ft. Hungary. 3(5,4 9. Untervatz, Grisons, O. Thomas (p). 4.4.5.21-22. Switzerland. 10. 8. 16. 9-18. {E. H. Zollikofcr.) 9 sk. Grisons, 550 m. O. Thomas (p). 4. 4. 5. 20. {E. H. Zollikofcr.) 9. Lugano, Ticino. 0. Thomas (p). 10. S. 16. 15. {E. H. Zollikofcr.) 9. Ziiberwangen,St.G'allen. 0. Thomas (p). 10. 8. IC. 14. [E. H. Zollikofer.) 6. Rome. (C. Coll.) G.Barrett-Hamilton 11.12.103. CROCIDURA MIMULA Miller. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution. — Central Europe from north- western Spain through France, Switzerland, central Germany and northern Hungary to Roumania and Bulgaria, south into Italy and Greece. Diagnosis. — Size less than in Crocidura russtda and C. leucodon (hind foot, 10 to 12 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 16 to 17 "6 mm.) ; skull and teeth resembling those of C. leucodon, the brain-case nearly as much depressed, its height seldom more than half width, the third unicuspid similarly low as compared with small anterior cusp of large premolar ; colour not very different from that of C. aranea, the upper and lower surfaces of body not strongly contrasted, and no line of demarcation along sides. Colour. — ^Upper parts varying from a dull russet tinged with sepia to a dark hair-brown with a tinge of drab, the hairs with metallic gloss and silvery reflections ; underparts varying from dull ochraceous-buff to greyish cream-buff", never sharply defined from colour of back and sides. Feet butty whitish, usually with some dark clouding. Tail greyish or brow^nish, very obscurely bicolor. Skull and teeth. — Except for their noticeably smaller size the skull and teeth closely resemble those of Crocidura leucodon, though the brain-case is less constantly flattened, sometimes assuming a form essentially like that in C. ritssida. Plate forming CROCIDURA 95 outer wall of anteorbital canal narrower than in C. lencodon, its width scarcely twice that of lachr^-mal foramen. Large upper premolar with high cutting blade and well developed paracone, the form and size of which relatively to main cusp and to third unicuspid are exactly as in C. leucodon. Measurements. — According to measurements made by various collectors, the head and body varies from 55 to 72 mm., tail from 28 to 40 mm., and hind foot from 10 to 12 mm. The condylobasal length of skull ranges between 16 '0 and 17*6 mm., and length of upper tooth-row between 7 '2 and 8"0 mm. lie marks.— Grocidnra mimula differs from the other continental European members of the genus, in its small size, a character in which it is approached by the small races of G. russula, though not sufficiently to cause any confusion. In addition to the typical form two geograj^hical races have been described, one from south-western France, the other from northern Spain, the status of neither of which is clearly understood. Crociduea mimula mimula Miller. 1839. ?? ICrocidura arancaA, var. minor de S^lys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 35 (Silesia). 1901. Crocidura mimula Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xiv, p. 95, June 27, 1901 (Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, Switzerland). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1901. Crocidura antipx Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 228, November, 1901 (Siulnita and Barza, Roumania). 1902. [Crocic/«)Tf] viinuta Lydekker, Zool. Record, xxxviii (1901), Mamni., p. 27 (Accidental renaming of mimula). 1910. Crocidura mimula and C. antipai Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, pp. 46, 48. Tjipc locallti/. — Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, Switzerland. GeugrajjJiical distribution. — Range of the species from the Rhone Valley eastward. Diagnosis. — Size maximum for the species ; skull with brain- case tending to be strictly of the flattened type ; colour usually dark. Measurements. — External measurements of type : head and body, 72; tail, 33; hind foot, 11. A male and female from Untervatz, Grisons, Switzerland : head and body, 71 and 65 ; tail, 35 and 35 ; hind foot, 10 and 11. A male and female from Marxheim, Bavaria : head and body, 71 and 58 ; tail, 36 and 30 ; hind foot, 10 and 10. Average and extremes of four specimens from Haida, Arva, Bohemia : head and body, 59 • 7 (55-65) ; tail, 30 (28-32) ; hind foot, 11-5 (1 1-1 2). A male from Gageni, Roumania, and female from Bustenari, Roumania : head and body, 64 and 66 ; tail, 31 and 34; hind foot, 11 and 11. Two adult males from Agay, Var, France : head and body, 64 and 66 ; tail, 35 and 34; hind foot, 11 and 11. Adult female from Italy : head and body, 70 ; tail, 38 ; hind foot, 11 "6. 96 INSECTIVORA CROCIDURA ^ >-> e8 >» Xi O O O (M O <M t- t- t- t- t- t- CO 00 o o o o t~ t- t~ CO 00 00 OO 00 O O '^ ^ T}H CO •* ^ ^ -H oo o cq-* (Mooocq-"* i oqtN OOOO CD CO CD CD CD CO CO (XI CD CD CD O O I (N CM oo O 0-* OtMOOO^HO ot- to t-t~ t-t-Ot-t-t- 97 ' p CO CD cb cb O^O(MIO<M00-* 9''?'?' ClOOCJ 05000 OCOCO oo 98 INSECTIVOKA Adult male and female from Corfu, Greece : head and bod}-, 74 and 75 ; tail, 44 and 44 ; hind foot, 11 "8 and 11 • 4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 96. Specimens examined. — Thirty-seven, from the following localities : — Prance : Abbeville, Somme, 1 ; Agay, Var, 2. Germany : Marxheim, Bavaria, 2. Austria-Hungary : Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 4 ; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 1; Tatra Mts., Hungary, 1. RouMANiA : Gageni, Prahova, 1 ; Busteiiari, Prahova, 1. Bulgaria: Sofia, 1 (Andersen); Varna, 1 (Andersen). Switzerland: Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 3 (U.S.N.M. and INIottaz) ; Untervatz, Grisons, 2 ; Faido, Ticino, 1 ; Santa Margherita, Ticino, 3 <Mottaz) ; Davesco, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Lugano, Ticino, 2 (B.M. and Mottaz) ; Locarno, Ticino, 1. Italy : Porlezza, Como, 4 (Mottaz) ; Viareggio, Lucca, 2 : Rome, 1. Greece : Corfu, 2. 1. Abbeville, Somme, Baillon Collection. 56. b. France. 2 6. Agay, Var. G. S. MiUer (c). 8. 8. 4. 162-163. 6. Marxheim, Bavaria, Lord Lilford (p). 8.9.8.4. Germany. (Wolter- storff.) 6,9. Haida, Bohemia, Lord Lilford (p). 8. 9. 8. 5-6. Austria. 9. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- C.G.Danford (c&p). 3.2.2.12. sylvania, Hungary. 1 al. Tatra Mc-mtains. Dr. R. Collett (p). 91. 1. 21. 2. ?. Gageni, Prahova, Rou- Lord Lilford (p). 4. 4. 6. 11. mania. {W. Dodson.) 6. Bustenari, Prahova, Lord Lilford (p). 4. 4. 6. 12. 840 m. {W. Dodson.) ?. Faido, Ticino, Switzer- 0. Thomas (c & p). 5. 8. 2. 18. land. 5. Locarno, Ticino. 0. Thomas (c & p). 5. 8. 2. 1. (5,9. Untervatz, Grisons. O. Thomas (p). 4.4.5.21-22. (E. H. Zollikofer.) 9. Lugano, Ticino. 0. Thomas (p). 4.4.5.57. [E. H. Zollikofer.) 9. Viareggio, Lucca, 5 m. 0. Thomas (c & p). 5. 8. 2. 21. Italy. 6. Rome. (Coli.) G.Barrett-Hamilton 11.1.2.97. (P)- 6. Corfu, 50 m. Greece. J. I. S.Whitaker (p). 8.10.1.8. (C. Mottaz.) Crocidura mimula iculisma Mottaz. 1908. Crocidura tnimula iculisma Mottaz, Bull. Soc. Zool. de Geneve, i, p. 119, April 30, 1908. Type in Mottaz Collection. 1910. Crocidura mimula iculisma Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europc, p. 47. Type locality. — Lignieres-Sonneville, Charente, France. Geograiiliical distribution. — Known from the type locality only. Diagnosis. — Size as in C mimula mimula or slightly smaller (hind foot, 10; condylobasal length of skull, 16); brain-case deep, nearly as in C. russida. CROCIDURA 99 Measurements. — Type (from Mottaz) : head and body, 60 • 5 ; tail, 38'5; hind foot, 10 •2. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 97. Specimens examined. — Three, all from the type locality (Mottaz). BemarJcs. — While this race appears to be distinct from true mimula, the material seen is insufficient to form the basis of any final opinion as to its status. Crocidura mimula cantabra Cabrera. 1908. Crocidura cantabra Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., viii, p. 239, May, 1908. Type in Madrid Museum. 1910. Crocidura cantabra Trouessart, Faune IMamm. d'Europe, p. 46. Tjipe locality. — Basque Provinces, Spain, exact locality not known. Geographical (Jistrihution. — Basque Provinces, Spain. Diagnosis. — Colour paler and more grey than in the other races ; size small. Measurements. — Type (from Cabrera) : head and body, 55 ; tail, 24 ; hind foot, 10 ; ear, 6*5 ; upper tooth-row, 7*2. (Cranial dimensions not known.) Remarhs. — I have not seen this animal, but from the original description, as well as from information received from Mr. Cabrera, it appeal's to be paler than the typical form, to which it bears much the same relation as C. russula pulclira to true riissula. CROCIDURA RUSSULA Hermann. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution. — Central and southern Europe, from the Mediterranean coast to Holland and central Germany. Not found in the British Islands. Diagnosis — Size rather large (among the European forms) : hind foot, 11 to 14 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 18 to 20*4 mm.; upper tooth-row, 8 "2 to 9 mm.; tail rather short, its actual length 33 to 45 mm., its ratio to head and body varying from 45 to 55 ; skull with brain-case not noticeably depressed, its height always at least half greatest width and usually more ; large upper premolar with antero-external cusp small, its height usually less than that of third unicusjaid ; colour of underparts not strongl}^ contrasted with that of back, the line of demarcation along side vaguely defined. External characters. — In external characters, aside from the relatively longer tail, Crocidura russula agrees with C. leucodon. Depth of fur at middle of back about 5 mm. in summer, 8 mm. in winter. H 2 100 INSECTIVORA Colour. — Upper parts varying from a dark hair-brown, tinged with bister to a light drab with or without a shade of wood-brown, the darker colour more frequent in winter pelage, the light apparently peculiar to summer. The pelage has the usual metallic gloss, and the individual hairs show strong silvery reflections in certain lights, particularly in the long full winter coat. Underparts usually a dull bufly grey or ecru-drab, but sometimes almost whitish, rarely tinged with a bright yellowish brown,* never strongly constrasted with back, the line of demarcation along sides always vague. Feet dull bufiy grey or light drab. Tail obscurely bicolor, like back above, like belly below. SJctdl and teeth. — The skull resembles that of Crocidura leucodon, except that the brain-case is noticeably less flattened, its depth at middle always exceeding one half greatest width, a character readily appreciable to the eye when skulls of the two animals are viewed from behind. Teeth essentially as in the related species, but large upper premolar with antero-external Pig. 20. Fig. 21. Posterior view of skull of Crocidura russula. Anterior Crocidura leucodon (upper teeth in profile. X 5. figure), and C. russula (lower figure). X 1*. cusp (paracone) low, its height often much less than that of third unicuspid, the distance from its point to ill-defined angle in cingulum over anterior root of tooth about half length of anterior border of main cusp ; posterior cutting blade not so high as in Crocidura leucodon, the angle formed between its edge and conspicuously projecting point of main cusp well defined and less obtuse than in the related species. Meastirements. — In the different races the head and body ranges from *64 to 95 mm., tail from 33 to 46 mm., hind foot from 10 '8 to 14 mm., condylobasal length of skull from 18 to 20*4 mm. The unusual apparent variability in length of head and body is probably in great part due to differences in method of taking the measurement and to differences in the condition of the specimens measured. * Such specimens evidently formed the basis of Savi's Sorex ihoracicus and Dehne's S. chrysotliorax. CROCIDURA 101 Crocidura eussula russula Hermann. 1777. Sorex araneus Schreber, Saugthiere, iii, p. 573 (not of LiniiEeus, 1758). 1780. Sorex rassulus Hermann in Zinimermanu, Geogr. Gesch., ii, p. 382 (vicinity of Strassburg, Germany). 1780. ?? Sorex constrictus Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gescb., ii, p. 383 (vicinity of Strassburg, Germany). Based on yomig in nest. 1792. ?? Sorex unicolor Kerr, Auim. Kingd., p. 208 (Strassburg, Germany. Based on Pennant's account of Sorex constrictus). 1793. Sorex musaraneus Cuvier, Tabl. 15lem. de I'Hist. Nat. des Anim., p. 109 (France). 1800. ?? Sorex leucurus Sbaw, Gen. Zool., i, pt. 2, p. 538 (Strassburg, Germany. Based on Scbreber, pi. clixc, S. constrictus Hermann). 1801. S[prcx'\ a\_raneHs'] cincrcus Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgescb. Deutscb- lands, I, 2iid ed., p. 867, misprinted 863 (Tbiiringen, Germany). ISOl. S[orcx\ a[raiieu,s'] candiclus'Bechstem,Geraeinn. Naturgescb. Deutscb- lands, I, 2nd ed., p. 867, misprinted 863 (Tbiiringen, Germany). 1832. Sorex fimbriatus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria, Germany). 1832. Croc[^idiira\ moschata Wagler, Isis, p. 275 (Substitute for Sorex fimbriatus). 1832. Cl^rocidura] major Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (Bavaria, Germany). 1832. Crocidura rufa Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (banks of tbe Rbine, Germany). 1832. Crocidura poliogaster Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (banks of tbe Rbine, Germany). 1832. Sorex tJwracicus Savi, Nuovo Giorn. de' Letterati, Pisa, xxiv, p. 52 (near Pisa, Italy). 1839. ? Sorex inodorus de Selys-Longcbamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 34 (Savi cited as autbority, but name apparently publisbed berc for tbe first time as synonym of aranea. (= russula)). 1839. ? [Crocidura aranea?\ var. minor de S61ys-Longcbamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 35 (Silesia). 1839. [Crocidura arujiecC] var. albivcntris de S61ys-Longcbamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 36. (No locality given.) 1839. ? Crocidura- hydrunfina Costa, Fauna del Eagno di Napoli, Mamm., p. 6 (Otranto, Calabria, Italy). 1855. Sorex chrysothorax Debne, Allg. deutscbe Naturbist. Zeitung, Neue Folge, I, p. 241 (Wilsdurf, near Dresden, Germany). 1857. Crocidura araneus Blasius, Siiugetbiere, Dentscblands, p. 144. 1895. Crocidura russula Tbomas, Tbe Zoologist, 3rd ser., xix, p. 63, February, 1895. 1910. Crocidura russula Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 43. Type locality. — Vicinity of Strassburg, Germany. Geographical distribution. — Central Europe, from Holland and central Germany to the valley of the Garonne and the coast of south-eastern France (Var); Italy; Sardinia?*; Guernsey and Alderney, Channel Islands. Diagnosis. — Size rather large (hind foot, 11 '7 to 14, condy- lobasal length of skull, 19 to 20-4), and colour usually dark, seldom, if ever, becoming a light drab except in rather worn summer pelage. Measurements. — Average and extremes of four specimens from Oosterbeek, Guelderland, Holland: head and body, 78 (76-81) ; tail, 41 (37-45); hind foot, 12-8 (12 -2-13 -9). Average and * I bave seen five Sardinian specimens in tbe Genoa Museum resembling tbe typical form of Crocidura russula and differing widely from tbe Corsican C. cyrnensis (see pp. 111-112). 101 INSECTIVORA extremes of nine specimens from Esneux, Liege, Belgium : head and body, 77 (72-85); tail, 35-6 (33-38); hind foot, 12*4 (11* 7-13). Average of ten specimens from Pas-de-Calais, France : head and body, 74 • 5 (71-80) ; tail, 40 • 9 (38-46) ; hind foot, 1 3 • 1 (12 '5-13 "5). Average and extremes of six specimens from St. Cergues, Vaud, Switzerland : head and body, 87 (83-95) ; tail, 38-1 (35-41); hind foot, 12-8 (12-4-13-2). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 104. Specimens examined. — One huudred and two, from the following localities : — Holland : Oosterbeek, Guelderland, 4. Belgium : Esneux, Liege, 9 ; Waremme, Liege, 8 (U.S.N.M.) ; no exact locality, 1. France : Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, 8 ; Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 2 ; Abbeville, Somme, 2 (B.M. and Mottaz) ; Guernsey, Channel Islands, 4 ; Alderney, Channel Islands, 1 ; St. Briac, Brittany, 1 ; Liguieres, Charente, 1 (Mottaz) ; Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 1 (Merriam) ; Etupes, Doubs, 9 (Mottaz); MontaulDan, Haute-Savoie, 4; Valescure, Var, 2; Ax- les-Thermes, Ariege, 1 ; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 2. Germany : Ummerstadt, Thiiringen, 2 ; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 2 ; Strassburg, 1. Switzerland : Geneva, 10 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; St. Cergues, Vaud, 9 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Grosjean, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz) ; Chesieres, Vaud, 1 (IMottaz) ; Lucerne, 1 ; A^itznau, Lake of Lucerne, 3 ; Thurgau, Roggwil, 1 ; St. Gallen, 3 (U.S.N.M.) ; Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 5 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Degersheim, St. Gallen, 5 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Engelberg, Unterwalden, 1. Italy: Ceresole d'Alba, Turin, 2 (Turin). 3 (J, 1 9. Oosterbeek, Guelderland, 0. Thomas (c & p). 98. 2. 1. 9-12. 6,9. 4c5,4?,l, 1. 2(5,9,1. 9. 5<?, 3 9. 2 6. 1. 1. 2. 2(5. t?, 9. 9. 2 9. 3 9. 1 al. 50 m. Holland Oosterbeek, Guelderland. (0. Thomas.) Esneux, Liege, Belgium. Belgium. (H. Grdnvold.) Guernsey, Channel Is- lands. {R.H. Bunting.) Alderney. Boulogne, Pas-de-Calais, 10 m. France. Guines, Pas-de-Calais. Abbeville, Somme. St. Briac, Brittany. Montauban, Haute- Savoie. Montauban, Haute- Savoie, 900 m. {A. Robert.) Valescure, Var. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege. Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 600 m. (A. Robert.) Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Germany. Strassburg, Alsace. {C.Motta Vitznau, Lake Lucerne, 500 Switzerland. Engelberg, 3300 Switzerland. of m. Miller Collection. Lord Lilford (p). Tomes Collection. 0. Thomas (p). W. Eagle Clarke (p). 0. Thomas (c & p). 0. Thomas (c & p). Baillon Collection. W. M. Daly (c & p). A. Robert (c &p). 0. Thomas (p). G. S. Miller (c). V. Builles (c & p). O. Thomas (p). C. Hilgert (c). 0. Thomas (p). 0. Thomas (c & p) 7. 7. 7. 3851- 3852. 95. 1. 1. 3-11. 7. 1. 1. 30. 8. 9. 2. 18-21. 9. 3. 28. 1. 98. 1. 9. 4-11. 94. 6. 6. 8-9. 56. A. 94. 10. 3. 1. 97. 1. 9. 2-3. 6. 4. 2. 2-3. 8. 8. 4. 164-165. 8. 3. 27. 1. 6. 4. 1. 19-20. 8. 11. 2. 9-10. 8. 8. 10. 43. 5. 8. 3. 9-11. ft. Dr. J. Anderson (p). 99.7.17.3. CROCIDURA 103 Crocidura russula pulchra Cabrera. 1907. Crocidura russula pulclira Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. -2,1'd, September 1, 1907. Type in Cabrera col- lection. 1907. Crocidura russula pulchra Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vii, p. 223, October, 1907. (For date see Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sth ser., i, p. 189, February, 1908.) 1910. Crocidura russula pulchra Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 45, Type locaUtjj. — Valencia, Spain. Geographical distribution. — Central and southern Spain ; low- lands of France south of the Gironde. Diagnosis. — Smaller than Crocidura russula russula (hind foot, 10'8 to 1.3, condylobasal length of skull, 18 to 19 "4), and paler in colour, the back a light drab brown tinged with sepia or dull russet. Measurements. — External measurements of type, male (from Cabrera): head and body, 71; tail, 41 "5; hind foot, 12. Average and extremes of seven specimens from Silos, Burgos, Spain : head and body, 72 • 7 (67-78) ; tail, 36 (34-37) ; hind foot, 11*9 (10* 8- 12* 4). Average and extremes of seven specimens from Granada, Spain : head and body, 69 '6 (68-74) ; tail, 38-2 (36-40); hind foot, 12-2 (12-12-8). Average and extremes of ten specimens from Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, France: head and body, 75*2 (70-81); tail, 37 (33-40); hind foot, 11 "6 (11-12). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 106. Specimens examined. — Sixty-five, from the following localities : — France: Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, 19 (U.S.N.M.) ; Montrejeau, Haute-Garonne, 3 (U.S.N.M.) ; St. Genies, near Nimes, Gard, 2.* Spain: Silos, Burgos, 18; Dehesa de Valencia, Valencia, 1; Alcoy, Alicante, 8 ; Elche, Alicante, 2 ; Venta del Baul, Granada, 2 ; Granada, 8 ; Barracas, Castellon, 1. Portugal : Sierra de Gerez, 1 (in alcohol ; perhaps referable to cintrai). ?. St. Genies, Gard, 102 m. 0. Thomas (p). 8. 8. 10. 42. France. (C. Mottaz.) 4 i. Silos, Burgos, 980 m. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 38-41. Spain. ?. Dehesa de Valencia. 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 46. {N. Gonzalez.) 2 <5, 1 ?. Alcoy, Alicante. 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 4:3-45. {N. Gonzalez.) 6,9. Venta del Baul, Granada. G. S. Miller (c). 8.8.4.31-32. 4 (J, 1 9. Granada. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. :33-37. (Jal. Sierra deGerez.Portugal. Dr. H. Gadow 87.3.28.1. (c & p). * Intermediate hetvieen jjulchra and true russula. 104 INSECTIVORA CO b g s o o o o !zi % P3 P CO S Observations. CROCIDURA 105 106 INSECTIVORA CROCIDURA 107 a^ >> o sa 108 INSKOTIVOKA Crocidura russula ciNTRiE Miller. 1907. Crocidura russula cintrx Miller, Anu. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xs, p. 390, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Crocidura russula cintrie Trouessart, Faune IMamm. d'Europe, p. 45. Type locality. — Cintra, near Lisbon, Portugal. Geograpltical distribution. — At present known only from the type locality. Diagnosis. — Size as in C. russula pulehra (hind foot, 11*4 to 12-7, condylobasal length of skull, 18 to 19 "2), but colour fully as dark as in true russula, the back between the mars-brown and russet of Ridgway, the hairs with a peculiar, strong, coppery lustre rarely indicated in the typical race. Measurements. — External measurements of type : head and body, 64; tail, 33 ; hind foot, 11-4. Average and extremes of ten specimens from the type locality : head and body, 67 • 6 (64-72); tail, 37-7 (33-42); hind foot, 11-9 (11 -4-12 -7). For cranial measurements see Table, j). 107. Specimens examined. — Eleven, all from the type locality. Remarks. — In its small size the Cintra shrew agrees with the Spanish race, but the colour is conspicuously darker. Taken as a whole the series, in winter pelage, is about as dark as in French and Belgian russula ; but the noticeable coppery lustre is highly characteristic of the Portuguese form. 6 (5, 5 ?. Cintra, Estremadura, 0. Thomas (c & p). 98. 2. 2. 10-20. 300-350 m. Portugal. (Tijpe of subspecies 98. 2. 2. 11.) CROCIDURA SICULA Miller. 1879. ? Crocidura sicula Giglioli, Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1879, I, p. 96. Nomen nudum : " Crocidura sicula (Giglioli MSS. sp. nov. ?) Castelbuono, Sicilien." 1901. Crocidura sicula Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xiv, p. 41, April 25, 1901 (Palermo, Sicily). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Crocidura sicula Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 47. Type locality. — Palermo, Sicily. Geographical distribution. — Sicily. Diagnosis. — Size and colour essentially as in Crocidura russula pulehra (hind foot, 12 to 13 mm., condylobasal length of skull, 17 "6 to 19 mm.); brain-case nearly as much flattened as in C. leucodon, its depth usually a little less than half greatest width ; crown area of molars slightly reduced. Colour. — Upper parts a light bluish drab tinged with sepia ; underparts faintly constrasted pale smoke-grey, with or without a buffy cast. Feet dull whitish grey. Tail obscurely bicolor, brownish above, whitish grey below. Shdl and teeth. — Except for its distinctly flattened brain-case CKOCIDURA 109 the skvill i-esembles that of the small races of Crocidura russnla. Teeth as in C. russiila, but upper molars with crown area somewhat reduced, a character readily appreciable on comparison, and lartje upper premolar with antero-external cusp slightly enlarged, its form and relative size approaching the conditions found in C. leucodon. Measurements. — External measurements of type (male) and a second specimen from the type locality : head and body, 68 and 75; tail, 32 and 35; hind foot, 12 and 12. Average and extremes of six specimens from San Giuglielmo, Castelbuono, Sicily : head and body, 76-3 (72-80) ; tail, 35-3 (32-41) ; hind foot, 12 "8 (12-13). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens examined. — Fourteen, all from Sicily. Exact localities : Palermo, 5 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Marsala, 2 ; San Giuglielmo, Castel- buono, 6 ; Ficuzza, 1. 2 ?. Palermo, Sicily. J. I. S. Whitaker (p). 98. 10. 6. 2-2*. 1. Marsala. {A. Eobert.) O. Thomas (p). 6. 8. 4. 26. 3 <5, 1 9. San Giuglielmo, Castel- 0. Thomas (p). 8. 9. 1. G-9. buono. {A. Eohert.y CROCIDURA CANEiE Miller. 1909. Crocichtra caneai Miller, Ann. and ]\Iag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., iii, p. 418, May, 1909. Type in British ]\Iuseum. 1910. Crocidura cancie Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 48. Type locality. — Crete. Geographical distribution. — Island of Crete. Diagnosis. — Size and general appeai'ance as in the smaller forms of Crocidura russula, and skull with similarly deep cranium ; but second upper premolar as large as third, and entire anterior portion of upper tooth-row unusvially long relatively to cheek- teeth. Colour. — The colour does not differ appreciably from that of dark individuals of C. russula. Skull. — The skull is essentially similar to that of the smaller forms of Crocidura russula. Brain-case slightly more than half as high as wide. Anterior portion of palate between unicusj^ids and anterior incisors more nearly parallel-sided, and more elongate than in any of the related species. Teeth. — The teeth differ from those of all the other known European members of the genus in the approximately equal size of the two small upper unicuspids and in the longer, relatively narrower crown of the first unicuspid. In the related species the first unicvispid is so wide posteriorly that it makes an abrupt and noticeable break in the outline of outer side of tooth-row. In C. canese this tooth, though larger than usual, is not sufiiciently wide to project beyond the general line of the outer margins of the unicuspid teeth. Second unicuspid fully as large as third, which is of normal size. The unicuspid row is thus distinctly 110 INSECTIVORA increased in length, so that the distance from front of large premolar to front of incisor equals that from front of large premolar to mesostyle of second molar, Avdiile in the related species it equals that from front of large premolar to metastyle of first molar. Large premolars and molars, particularly those of mandible, more robust than usual though not peculiar in form. Measurements. — External measurements of tyjae (male) : head and body, 65 ; tail, 42 ; hind foot, 11*8. External measurements of adult male from Canea : head and body, 71 ; tail, 47 ; hind foot, 12*6 ; ear, 9 "5. Eor cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens examined. — Two, both from Crete. 6 al. Crete. Purchased (Linnsea, 84. .3. 14. 2. Frankfort). {Type of species.) 6. Canea, Crete. A. Trevor Battye (p). 8. 10. 24. 1. (C. H. B. Ch-ant.) CROCIDURA CAUDATA Miller. 1901. Crocidura caudata Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xiv, p. 42, April 25, 1901. Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Crocidura caudata Trouessart, Fauna Mamm. d'Europe, p. 49. Type locality. — Palermo, Sicily. GeograpMcal distribution. — Sicily. Diagnosis. — Size about as in large specimens of C. russnla (hind foot, 14 mm.). Tail very long, its ratio to head and body about 80, and so thickened that its diameter at middle is 3 mm. (in other European species the diameter of tail scarely if at all exceeds 2 mm.). External characters. — Except for the unusual length of the tail Crocidura caudata does not difl:er in external characters from C. russula. The tail is so long that when laid forward over back it extends to between ears. It is distinctl}^ 4-sided, broader below than above, its greatest diameter at middle 3 mm.* Colour. — After six months' immersion in alcohol the colour of the type specimen was essentially as in Crocidura sicula. After eight years more in the same fluid the back appears to have assumed a somewhat more brownish cast. Skull and teeth. — The only known skull is so injured that the details of its form cannot be seen. The rostral portion does not differ appreciably from that of C. russida. Teeth essentially as in C. russula, but first upper unicuspid larger, third unicuspid more crowded against large premolar, and cutting edge of large premolar higher, its antero-external cusp, however, of the same form as in C. russula. * In the type the tail is flattened laterally for about 13 mm. from tip, evidently as the result of an accident. CROCIDURA 111 Measurements. — External measurements of type : head and body, 63; tail, 52; hind foot, 14. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimen examined. — The type. Bemarlcs. — The tail is actually as well as relatively longer in this species than in any other European member of the genus. CROCIDURA CYRNENSIS Miller. 1907. Crocidura cyrnensis IMiller, Anu. and ilag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 390, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Crocidura cyrnensis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 49. TyjK' locality. — Bastia, Corsica. Geographical distribution. — Corsica. Diagnosis. — Smaller than Crocidura candata (hind foot, 12 to 12*4 mm.) but with tail relatively almost as long, its ratio to head and body about 70. External characters. — Similar to C. caudata except for the smaller size ; tail apparently less thickened than in the Sicilian animal, its diameter at middle only about 2 mm. Colour. — Back and sides drab washed with a brown inter- mediate between wood-brown and raw-umber, this especially noticeable on posterior half of back, but scarcely extending to sides, which are a nearly clear drab ', underparts a light bufFy drab-grey, inconspicuously contrasted with sides ; tail dull dark drab, essentially unicolor ; feet (both fore and hind) like tail on outer half, rather sharply contrasted pale bufFy grey on inner half. Skull and teeth. — While its general size and form are essentially as in Crocidura russula, the skull of the Corsican shrew is distinguishable by its broader, more deepened rostrum. In the type the mandible is peculiar in the unusual depth of ramus, though in a second specimen this character is less marked. Teeth essentially as in C. russula. Measurements. — External measurements of type (adult male) : head and body, 67 ; tail, 48 ; hind foot, 12-4. Very old female from the type locality : head and body, 62 ; tail, 46 ; hind foot, 12 '4 ; ear, 8 '2. External measurements of well made skin from La Foce de Vizzavona : head and body, 72 ; tail, 51 ; hind foot, 12. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens examined. — Three, all from Corsica. Memarhs. — Crocidura cyrnensis is nearly related to C. caudata, though readily distinguishable by its smaller size and less thickened tail. So far as known it is the only shrew inhabiting Corsica. Whether an animal of this type occurs in Sardinia is a matter of doubt. Five Sardinian specimens (three from 112 INSECTIVORA Ovile Seardu and two from Zinnigas) in the Genoa museum appear to be strictly of the russida type, though without com- parison of the skulls it is impossible to say whether they are most nearly related to true russida or to skida. Their average and extreme measurements (from sj^irit specimens) are as follows : head and body, 65-2 (60-69); tail, 36-8 (33-6-39); hind foot, 12 (11 -8-12 -2). 1 La Foce de Vizzavona, Col. J. W. Yerbury (c & r). 93. 9. 15. 3, Corsica. S al. Bastia, Corsica. Mrs. Southwell (c & p). 6. 3. 14. 1. {Type of species.) ? al. Bastia, Corsica. Mrs. Southwell (c & p). 9. 6. 14. 1. CROCIDURA BALEARICA Miller. 1901. Crocidura russida Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 39. 1907. Crocidura balearica Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 391, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Crocidura balearica Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Enrope, p. 49. Type locality. — San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands. Geographical distribution. — Balearic Islands, Spain. Diagnosis. — In general similar to Crocichira cyrnensis, but tooth-row distinctly shorter than in the Corsican form. Colour.— The three skins are more noticeably brownish above than in the one skin of cyrnensis at present known, though the actual elements of the colour are the same. Feet with the same colour pattern. Sliull and teeth. — In cranial and dental characters the Balearic shrew agrees with Crocidura cyrnensis, except that the mandible is less robust (essentially as in the small races of C. russula) and the tooth-row is distinctly shorter. Brain-case somewhat more flattened than in the small races of C. russula. Measurements. — External measurements of type (female) : head and body, 62 ; tail, 45 ; hind foot, 12* 5. Extei'nal measure- ments of two other specimens from the type locality (male and female) : head and body, 71 and 72 ; tail, — and 45 ; hind foot, 12*5 and 12. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens examined.— Three, all from the type locality. 6,29 San Cristobal, Minorca; 0. Thomas and R.I. Pocock 0. 7. 1. 40-42. Balearic Islands. (c & p). (0. 7. 1. 42. Type of species.) CROCIDURA 113 11.4 INSECTIVORA Family ERINACEIDiE. 1821. Ermaccidx Gray, London Med. Eepos., xv, p. 300, April 1, 1821. Geographical distribution. — Tropical and temperate Africa, Europe and continental Asia ; in Europe west to Ireland, north to central Sweden and south-eastern Norway. Characters. — Skull deep and heavy, not specially tapering anteriorly, most of the sutures persistent ; zygomatic arch com- plete and heavy ; floor of brain-case completely ossified ; tympanic bone annular, not attached to skull ; aviditory process of basi- sphenoid large, sometimes forming an evident half-bulla ; glenoid surface directed downward (normal) ; a large external jjterygoid plate ; teeth anterior to molars neither well differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars nor strictly " unicuspid," the anterior upper incisor higher than the others but not specially modified in form ; anterior lower incisor short, oblique ; crowns of upper molars rather high, sub-quadrate in outline (except the reduced third), the cusps sub-equal, subterete, near margin of crown, the styles and commissures reduced or absent, never forming an important functional part of the tooth ; form short and heavy ; eyes and ears well developed ; snout pointed, some- what produced ; back normally covered with short, stifi" spines. EemarJi-s. — At present this family is usually regarded as containing the single genus Erinaceiis. It is very probable, however, that several genera are represented among the members of the group. Genus ERINACEUS Linnajus. 1758. Erinaceus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., i, 10th ed., p. 52 {E. europseus). 1857. Erinaceus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 152. 1868. Herinaceus Mina-Palumbo, Ann. Agric. Sicil., 2nd ser., sii, p. 37. Type species. — EriJiaceus europseiis Linnaeus. Geographical distribution. — Essentially coincident with that of the family. Characters. — Skull rather short and broad, the zygomatic breadth distinctly more than half greatest length ; posterior palatal region conspicuously fenestrate ; auditory process of basi- sphenoid well developed, concave, sometimes forming a half-bulla ; external pterygoid plate rather larger than internal pterygoid plate, formed about equally of ectopterygoid and a broad horizontal outgrowth from palatine ; dental formula : i ^"^, c 1^, pm |5|^ m 3I3 = 36 ; canines not difierentiated by form from the contiguous teeth ; third upper molar consisting of a large i^rotocone and minute paracone, all trace of crushing surface absent ; body short and heavy, the back covered with stiff, sharply pointed bristles of uniform length ; tail shorter than hind foot. ERINACEUS 115 Remarks. — About' twenty-five species are currently referred to this genus, four of them occurring in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF ERINACEUS. Third upper incisor definitely 2-rooted ; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar 2-cusped ; a bare area among spines at middle of forehead (Spain, Balearic Islands and southerji France)... E. alginis, p. 130. Underparts clouded with brown, at least in inter- ramial and intercrural regions (Spain and southern France) E. a. algirus, p. 131. Underparts entirely whitish (Balearic Islands) E. a. vagans, p. 133. Third upper incisor never definitely 2-rooted ; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar 3-cusped ; no bare area among spines at middle of forehead. Greatest upper length of maxillary greater than or at least equal to depth of rostrum at middle ; anterior upper premolar sub-equal to canine, its posterior border with small though evident cusp (Eastern). Hind foot 40 to 43 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull in adult male about 58 mm. (Eastern Germany through Bohemia and Roumania to Greece) E. roumanicus, p. 127. Hind foot 35 to 38 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull in adult male about 55 mm. (Crete) E. nesiotes, p. 129. Greatest upper length of maxillary less than depth of rostrum at middle ; anterior upper premolar decidedly smaller than canine, its posterior border with cusp obsolete or absent (Western) E. europxus, p. 115. Size larger, the skull in old males exceeding 59 mm. in condylobasal length. Average colour darker, the face never clear, pale, buffy grey, but usually with notice- able blackish markings (Central-western Europe) E. e. europseus, p. 120. Average colour lighter, the face usually clear, pale, buffy grey without noticeable black- ish markings (Iberian Peninsula) E. e. Ms^xmicus, p. 122. Size smaller, the skull in old males not ex- ceeding 59 mm. in condylobasal length. Colour of head and shoulders lighter than that of contiguous spiny area (Italy) E. e. italkus, p. 123. Colour of head and shoulders darker than that of contiguous spiny area (Sicily) E. e. consolei, p. 126. ERINACEUS EUROPvEUS Linnaeus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution. — Europe from the Mediterranean coast to Scotland and sovithern Scandinavia ; west to Ireland ; eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis. — Size large (head and body about 225 to 275 ; hind foot 40 mm. or more ; condylobasal length of skull more than 116 INSECTIVORA 55 mm.) ; spines coarse and heavy, extending in au unbroken line across forehead and decidedly overtopping ears ; skull with heavy, deep rostrum, the distance from posterior extremity of premaxillary to posterior extremity of maxillary less than I'ostral depth at middle ; auditory process of basisphenoid short, wide- funnel shaped, not forming a half-bulla ; third upper incisor with one root, this sometimes partly divided longitudinally ; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar with three cusps (fig. 25 a). External characters. — General form short, thick and clumsy, the legs short, the feet large, plantigrade. Legs, tail, underparts and head, except crown, clothed with coarse fur, the finer more woolly hairs of which are about 15 mm. long, the longer, straight hairs about 40 mm. in length. The rest of the body is covered by a densely-set mass of sharply pointed bristles about 25 mm. in length and 1 mm. in diameter. * The skin on which these bristles are set is loosely attached to body, and provided with a special system of muscles by which the edges of the spiny area can be drawn together ventrally over the animal's retracted head and legs, forming a complete protection for the entire body. Feet robust with short digits and well developed claws, those on hind feet longest. Fore foot broad and rounded with very short, thick fingers, the third and fourth sub-equal and longest, seconil slightly shorter, fifth extending to base of fourth, first well developed but not reaching base of second ; balls of all five large and pad- like ; palm entirely naked ; three large, semi-confluent pads at bases of median digits, a small tubercle (about 2 mm. in diameter) at base of thumb, and two large pads at back of \vrist, the outer the larger ; skin between pads w^-inkled ; hind foot much like fore foot but longer ; second, third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, but their claws noticeably graduated from second to fourth, fifth digit extending to base of fourth, first not reaching base of second ; sole naked, the tubercles as on palm but more crowded, the two posterior sub-equal. Tail short and thick, its length much less than that of hiud foot. Ear simple, rounded, shorter than bristles on crown, the meatus without valves. Muzzle moderately produced, somewhat pointed, the muzzle-pad well developed, naked, its surface marked w ith minute furrows, its lateral edges finely scalloped, its lower border continued as a pair of parallel ridges extending inward to palate. Eye well developed but rather small. Mammfe : p 1-1, a 2-2, i 2-2 = 10. Colour. — Furred portions of bodj- varying from dull brown to dirty whitish, the under fur usually a dusky hair-brown, the longer hairs lighter and more bufty. Belly often irregularly blotched and variegated with whitish and darker or lighter brown. Feet usually darker than sides. Cheeks and eye-ring often darker than rest of head. Spines bufFy at base, then with * Rarely the bristles are replaced by coarse hair like that on under- parts. See Natural Science, xiii, p. 156, pi. ii, September, 1898. ERINACEUS 117 a slaty area of variable width, followed by a narrow but sharply defined buffy annulation and an obscurely darker tip. The general eftect is a coarse grizzle, the exact tone of which varies considerably in the different geographical races as well as in individuals of the same race. Skidl. — General form of skull rather short, heavy and deep, the zygomatic breadth about f upper length, the brain-case not Fig. 22. Erinaceus europxvs. Nat. size. conspicuously wider than interorbital region, the rostrum short and deep (distance from anteorbital foramen to front of pre- maxillary less than depth through anterior root of zygoma). Occiput and interorbital region marked by noticeable ridges. 118 INSECTIVOEA Ventral profile straight, the dorsal profile essentially parallel to it from lambda nearly to front of interorbital region, then sloping forward at a slight angle (about lo") ; occiput squarely or some- what obliquely truncate. General outline of occipital region as viewed from behind truncate-triangular, slightly more than half as high as wide, the base of the triangle formed by line joining tips of widely projecting mastoid processes, the apex by the narrowly rounded or bluntly pointed lambdal region. Paroccipital processes nearly as large as mastoid processes and resembling them in form, though more slender and directed more backward. Basisphenoid with deep median pit between bases of half -funnel formed auditory processes, the pit continuous anteriorly with mesopterygoid fossa. Tympanic ring open postero-externally, its greatest breadth (antero-internal) about 3 mm. Inner and outer pterygoid plates broadly triangular, approximately alike in size and form, each containing more of the pterygoid than palatine element. Hamular short, strongly curved. Mesopterygoid space slightly longer than broad. Palate terminating posteriorly in a high transverse ridge and strongly projecting median spine, the ridge nearly straight, its median portion well developed. In front of ridge the palatine bones are conspicuously and irregularly fenestrate. Lambdoid crest high. Sagittal crest low but evident, extending forward to back of interorbital region. Here it divides into two low, diverging ridges which pass forward toward lachrymal region. In some specimens they can be traced as far as the high, well defined ridge which occupies edge of orbit for a distance of about 7 mm. above lachrymal foramen. Ante- orbital foramen small, separated from lachrymal foramen by a space much greater than its own diameter, its anterior border over anterior root of large premolar. Upper portion of maxillary rather short, its length behind posterior point of premaxillary less than depth of rostrum at middle. Posterior termination of premaxillary variable in form : nearly square, broadly or narrowly cuneate, rounded, or rounded with supplemental inner spicule. Mandible short and heavy, the greatest depth of ramus about one- third length of alveolar line. Coronoid process high, narrow, sharply hooked backward at tip. Angular process about as wide as coronoid process, but not so long, its apex slightly bent inward. Teeth. — General aspect of teeth as compared with that in other European members of the order, short, heavy and blunt, distinctly omnivorous rather than strictly insectivorous in type. Anterior upper incisor about twice as high as the succeeding small teeth, its shaft subterete, flattened posteriorly, directed slightly forward and inward, the teeth separated at base by space about equal to height of shaft, at tip by about half this distance. The four succeeding teeth (two incisors, canine and anterior premolar) are essentially alike in form, the crown slightly longer than wide, its height slightly greater than length. ERINACEUS 119 the blunt point of conical cusp somewhat in front of middle of crown. Of these four unicuspid teeth the first is smallest, the second and third sub-equal and larger, the fourth intermediate. On posterior side of crown of each unicuspid there is a faintly developed ridge extending to apex of cusp, this ridge tending to rise posteriorly, esjiecially in fourth unicuspid, to form a very rudimentary secondary cusplet. First and second incisors invari- ably single-rooted. Third incisorsingle-rooted, but root occasionally showing trace of longitudinal furrow on outer side. Canine usually single-rooted, the root with or without longitudinal furrow ; but in a small series of specimens every stage may be observed from this condition to a completely two-rooted tooth, each root with a distinct alveolus. First premolar single-rooted, the root often showing traces of longitudinal division, and perhaps rarely double. Anterior lower incisor essen- tially like the corresponding upper tooth but not so high. Its shaft is directed obliquely forward in line with symphysis, the teeth of opposite sides parallel, separated throughout by a narrow space. Three succeeding teeth unicuspid, the crowns similar in outline to those of upper unicuspids, but an- terior cusps obsolete and posterior cusplets relatively better developed. Second upper premolar scarcely broader than the unicuspids, but three-rooted and with a distinct protocone, metacone and postero- external commissure. Large upper premolar with well developed pro- tocone, hypocone, metacone and pos- tero-external commissure, the cusps much as in the molars except that hypocone is relatively smaller and metacone and its commissure larger and more trenchant. Large lower premolar with a high anterior three-cusped portion similar to first triangle of lower molars, except that the metaconid is reduced to a slight thickening at inner base of commissure of protoconid ; second triangle repre- sented by a mere narrow ledge or thickened cingulum. First upper molar sub-quadrate in outline, the crown slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Protocone with somewhat broader base than the other cusps and with low ill-defined anterior and posterior commissures. Paracone, metacone and hypocone sub-equal, the metacone slightly larger than the others. All three are subterete with faintly indicated commissures, that extending outward and backward from metacone to rudimen- tary metastyle the most distinct. Parastyle and mesostyle riG. 23. Erinaceus eui-ojixus. Teetli. 120 INSECTIVORA absent.* A small but evident metaconule. Second molar like first but smaller, its crown area about equal to that of large premolar, its greatest diameter anterior instead of posterior. Cusps essentially as in first molar, except that paracone is larger than metacone and hypocone, and metaconule is barely indicated. Third molar reduced to a protocone nearly as large as in the other teeth, and a rudimentary paracone, the two connected by a cutting edge sloping obliquely outward, forward and uj^ward. The tooth is single-rooted. Lower molars with the usual cusps and commissures, the cusps more terete and commissures less trenchant than in other European insectivores. Third molar consisting of the anterior triangle only, this somewhat smaller than in the other two teeth. Erinaceus europ^us europ^us Linnaeus. 1758. [Eri7iaceus'} europseus Linnaeus, Systema Naturse, i, 10th ed., p. 52 (Sweden). 1779. \_Hystrix\ erinaceus Blumenbach, Handbuch d. Naturgesch., p. 72 (Germany). 1803. Erinaceus suillus Geoffroy, Catal. Mammif. du Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., p. 67 (France). 1803. Erinaceus caninus Geoffrey, Catal. Mammif. du Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., p. 68 (France). 1857. Erinaceus eurox^ams Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 153 (part). 1858. E\_rinaceus'\ caniceps Hamilton Smith, Jard. Nat. Libr., 2nd ed., xv (Mammalia I), p. 148 (near Brussels, Belgium). 1897. [Erinaceus'] echinus Schulze, Abh. u. Vortr. Gesammtb. Naturw. iv, No. 10, p. 19 (Substitute for europaiiis). 1900. Erinaceus europa^us Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 362, April, 1900. 1900. Erinaceus eiiropseus occidentalis Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 362, April, 1900 (Haddingtonshire, Scotland). Type in British Museum. 1910. Erinaceus europgeus and E. europmus occidentalis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 38. Tijpe locality. — Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution. — Western central Europe from Scotland, southern Norway, and central Sweden to the Pyrenees and Alps ; west to Ireland ; eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis. — Size largest of the European hedgehogs (cond^'lo- basal length of fully adult skulls usually 61 to 63 mm., seldom less than 60 mm.) ; colour dark, the sides and underparts seldom if ever a light buffy grey ; face with blackish area extending from eye to muzzle. Measurements. — Adult male and female from Upsala, Sweden : head and body, 265 and 263 ; tail, 34 and 37 ; hind foot, 44 and 43. Adult male from Innerwick, Haddingtonshire, Scotland : head and body, 218; tail, 17 ; hind foot, 42. Adult male and * The cingulum usually forms a small projection resembling a rudi- mentary parastyle. EPaNACEUS 121 female from Oundle, Northampton, England : head and body, 249 and 257 ; tail, 24 and 31 ; hind foot, 40 and 40. Adult male and female from Maredsous, Namur, Belgium : head and body, 270 and 251 ; tail, 39 and 33 ; hind foot, 44 and 44. Adult male from Bouconne, Gers, France : head and body, 220 ; tail, 20 ; hind foot, 41. Adult male and female from St. Gallen, Switzerland : head and body, 279 and 297 ; tail, 41 and 43 ; hind foot, 44 and 47. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 124. Specimens examined. — Seventy-three, from the following localities : — Scotland: Dunphail, Elgin, 2; Gordonstown, Elgin, 2; Innerwick, Haddingtonshire, 1; Glendoc, Inverness, 1 (Wilson); Lanarkshire, 1. England: Kelnsea, Spurn, Yorkshire,!; Leeds, Yorkshire,! (U.S.N.M.); Somersetshire, 4 ; Shrewsbury, Shropshire, 3 ; Oundle, Northampton, 2 ; Graftonbury, Herefordshire, ! ; Saffron Walden, Essex, 2 ; Banstead, Surrey, !; Elstead, near Godalming, Surrey, !; Ockley, Surrey, !; Wandsworth Common, Surrey, 1 ; Hampshire, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Wales : Cardiff, 2. Ireland : Castle Hamilton, ! ; Nenagh, Tipperary, 2 ; Ennis, Co. Clare, 2; Glenmore, Co. Donegal, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Kilmanock, Wexford, 2. Norway : Asker, near Christiania, !. Sweden : Upsala, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Upland, !. Denmark: Copenhagen, 5 (Andersen). Holland : No exact locality, !. Belgium : Maredsous, Namur, 2. France : Foret de Bouconne, Gers, ! ; Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, !. Germany: Brunswick, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Heidelberg, ! (U.S.N.M.) ; Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 3; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 1. Switzerland : Geneva, 2 (Mottaz) ; St. Gallen, 7 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Uzwil, St. Gallen, ! (U.S.N.M.) ; Heresau, St. Gallen, ! (U.S.N.M.) ; Wolf- halden, Appenzell, ! (U.S.N.M.); Thurgau, 2. Bemarjcs. — The typical race of Erinaceus europseus is dis- tinguishable from the forms occurring in the Mediterranean region by its combination of large size with dark colour. It is more readily confused with the dark E. roumanicus, whose range adjoins it on the east, and from which it cannot be distinguished with certainty except by comparison of the skull and teeth. The cranial character supposed to distinguish British specimens from the Continental form appears to be too inconstant to warrant the recognition of an insular race.* 6, 9. Gordonstown, Elginshire, W. B. Ogilvie-Grant !1. !. 3. 379- Scotland. (c & p). 380. 6. Innerwick, Haddington- W. Eagle Clarke (c & 0. 3. !3. !. shire. p). (Type of E. c. occidentalis B.-Ham.) 9. Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire. E. R. Alston (c & p). 79. 9. 25. 76. S, 9. Oundle, Northampton, Hon. N. C. Roths- !!. !. 3. 38!- England. child (c & p). 382. 6. Graftonbury, Hereford- W. E. de Winton (c 11. 1. 3. 383. shire. & p). * For discussion of this character see Lonnberg, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, pp. 542-544, June, 1900, and Barrett-Hamilton, I.e., pp. 245-246, August, 1900. The question cannot yet be regarded as decided, since no adequate series of skulls has yet been brought together. 122 IXSECTIVOEA 2 6. Saffron Walden, Essex. {Wright.) 6. Banstead, Surrey. i. Godalming, Surrey. 6. Ockloy, Surrey. 3juv.al. Shrewsbury, Shropshire. 6, 9. Somerset. 6, 9 al. Somerset. 9. Cardiff, Glamorganshire, Wales. 6. Nenagh, Tipperar}', Ire- land. {W. Smithivick.) 6 al. 6. Ennis, Clare. 2 6. Kilmanbck, Wexford. 1. Asker, Christiauia, Kor- way. 6 juv. Upland, Sweden. (G. EoUhoff.) 1 al. Holland." {Seba Coll.) 2 6. Maredsous, Namur, Bel- gium. 6. Foret de Bouconne, Gers, 250 m. France. (.-1. Robert.) 9. Cranves - Sales, Haute- Savoie. (A. Robert.) 6, 9. Burgheim, Bavaria, Ger- many. (Woltcrstorff.) 6. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen. 2 6,9 juv. St. Gallen, 500 m. Switzerland. {E. H. Zollikofcr.) 6, 9. Thurgau, 400 m. {E. H. Zollikofer.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 91-92. C. H.B. Grant (c&p). 11. 1. 3. 386. W.T.Blanford(c&p). 11. 1. 3. 384. Hon. Ella Scarlett 11. 1. 3. 385. (c & p). H. E. Forrest (c & p). 0. 9. 23. 1-3. Dr. J. Anderson (p). 93. 7. 31. 1-2. Dr. J. Anderson (p). 93. 7. 31. 3-4. R. Drane (c & p). 11. 1. 3. 387. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 95. J. W. Scott (c & p). 93. 10. 30. 1-2. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 93-94. (c & p). Christiania Museum 93. 3. 1. 7. (E). Lord Lilford (p). 11. 1. 1. 151. Lidth de Jeude Coll. 67. 4. 12. 555. Rev. G. Fournier (c 1. 6. 2. 1-2. & p). 0. Thomas (p). 0. 4. 1. 10. 0. Thomas (p). Lord Lilford (p) C. Hilgert (c). 0. Thomas (p). 0. Thomas (p). 6. 4. 2. 1. 11. 1. 1. 92, 150. 8. 11. 2. 5. 4. 4. 5. 27-29. 4. 4. 5. 30-31. Erinaceus EUROPiEUS HisPANicus Barrett-Hamilton. 19C0. Erinaceus europseus hispanicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 363, April, 1900. Type in British Museum. 1910. Erinaceus europseus hispanicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 39. Type locality. — Seville, Spain. Geographical distribution. — Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis. — Size large, essentially as in E. europseus europseus (condylobasal length of skull in old individuals about 60 mm.) ; general colour paler than in the typical race, the fur often a uniform light buffy grey, seldom with any evident darker area between eye axid muzzle. Colour. — There is much variation in colour, some individuals essentially agreeing with the palest examples of true europseus. In its extreme phase, however, the colour is a whitish buff, decidedly paler than the cream-buff of Ridgway, the muzzle and region about eyes washed with ecru-drab ; feet tinged with drab ; spines the same whitish buff, about half of them with scarcely an}^ ERINACEUS 123 dark shading, the rest with a drab sub-terminal band, the general effect of spiny area scarcely speckled, and nearly as pale as fur. In the type specimen the fur is a dull cream-buff, and the feet are washed with broccoli-brown ; spines drab brown with light tips, essentially as in true europseus. Measurements. — Type : hind foot (dry), 40. Adult male and female from Burgos, Spain : head and body, 270 and 250 ; tail, 30 and 28 ; hind foot, 43 and 41. Adult male and female from Pajares, Leon : head and body, 252 and 249 ; tail, 22 and 21 ; hind foot, 44 and 42. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 125. Specimens examined. — Twenty, from the following localities in Spain : Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, 1; Pajares, Leon, 7; Burgos, 5; Palacios de la Sierra, Burgos, 1; Bejar, Salamanca, 2; Seville, 4. RemavTis. — The Spanish hedgehog is a moderately well differentiated form. Extreme specimens are easily distinguish- able from typical europseus ; but in general the difference between the two races must be regarded as an average one. 6. Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 9. Spain. (iV. Gonzalez.) c5, 2 9, 9 juv. Pajares, Leon. [N. Gon- 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 2-6. zalez.) 6, 9, 9 juv. Burgos. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 17-19. 2 6. Burgos. {N. Gonzalez.) 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 10-11. 2 6 juv. Bejar, Salamanca. {N. 0. Thomas (p). 8. 2. 9. 7-8. Gonzalez.) 6, 2 9, 1. Seville. (Dr. A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (p). 95. 3. 3. 1-4. {Type of subspecies 95. 3. 3. 2.) Erinaceus eueop^us italicus Barrett-Hamilton. 1857. Erinaceus europseus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 153 (part). 1900. Erinaceus europaus italicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 364, April, 1900. Type in British Museum. 1910. Erinaceus europseus italicus Trouessart, Fauna Mamm. d'Europe, p. 39. Type locality. — Siena, Italy. Geographical distribution. — Italian Switzerland, Italy and Sardinia ; Corsica ? Diagnosis. — Colour as in E. europseus europseus or slightly paler ; size less than in the typical race, the largest skulls probably not exceeding 59 mm. Colour. — The colour is about as in the paler individuals of typical europseus, though the speckling of the spiny area seems in general to be finer, and the underparts usually lack all heavy dark clouding. Measurements. — Adult female from Curoggio, Ticino, Switzer- land : head and body, 250; tail, 29 ; hind foot, 41. Two adult 124 (noaAiB : g.ii^iia) avo.i a o S • S • S • ^ o s o s o a >~, ^ o ^ o ^ o "3 ^ ^^^^" " '~^S'~ Id 9 'co S lo S fi CO^CNCOCOCOCOC-l-^COM CM tM-*^'-HCO CO cMcqcMcMCMCMoqc^oqcMcM c^ <N(McMC-icN o; o 00 00 cq o 00 00 -^ o o 00 oo oq (m o o o <>) OOCOt-OOOOGOCOOOOOOO 00 OTOOOCl Ol (M(MOqOqiy|CM<M<MCO<M<M (M (MCOCOCqCM CM O '^ 00 O O O 00 ^ '^l O ^ O 00 O O O CM CM ^COCO-^lOlOOTCO-^CO-cH (M cooocq-* Tjl OOIOOO'^COOOO^OO O-l (MtOCOO^ CM C5tX!Q0t~GOt~00OTCJlCO0O t- Q0CJ5G0t-t- t- T-HrHrHTHiHiHiHiHi-iTHiH r-t iHrHiHrHi-l tH CDOOOOq-^OOOOCMOOOCO CO 'HCM-^CO-^ O Cqi-ICMCMCMCMOqCMCOCOCM i-l CMCOCMi-ICC CM i-(iHiHiHrHrHT-HT-lT-li-lrH rM r-irHiHTHi-l t-t (M'^QOOOCMCOOOOOOCO ^ OGOOOyi O --H^T-HiHTHi-li-li-l>HrHi-l i-l tH^iHi-It-I .H OCM'^OO-^OCOOCM^ C» CMOCMCO-* CM ooc:Da5Cjioooc33<jic320 o ooococji o CqcMOICMCOCOCOCMCMCMCM C^ CMCOCMCqOq CM C-I^OOCMCMOtUCMOOcO ^ ^COOO'* oo >oiocokot~t-t~t-«:)>o>o CO >ooot--^t- »o COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO COCOCOCOCO CO tOOOCIOCOCOOOOOCM O CMO'^iCCX 00 t-t-OOC»CJ5C3100t-C^CDOO CD OiCMOOOOO 00 •(U03AIB : aji^ua) avoj aiqipuBjC •(I'BM'iVi) tiu piiiqeci ;fj1?[[IXT!UiajCl IV iun.nsoj JO iiipBajg; UOI^OIJiSllOO IB^iriJo^sod; •iHP'Ba.iq pio:)SBi,^ •q!)pB8iq oi:)BuioS^Z •q^Stiai IBSBqOIiCpUOQ <^• *o "x) o o o* •OCM-"-0 *o CK'O'-O'O'-O ; t~ CM CO O iH O) ^ t~ CM CO o iH s; " CO cm CO C?J Oi si ~; o o o o o 03 '^ U5 lO lO lO lO rrt p^ 00 CO 00 00 00 a rn "^ "-' -'^ . CO 3 =^ CO CO O ^ "O a 125 ^ S «3 "i" o >-. 5^ g ^ g 126 INSECTIVORA males from Siena, Italy : head and body, 210 and 220 ; * tail, 30 and 28 ; " hind foot, 40 and 42.* Two adult females from the same locality : head and body, 200 and 208 ; tail, — and 32 ; hind foot, 43 and 38. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 125. Specime?is examined. — ^Seventeen, from the following localities : — Switzerland : Bigorio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.) ; Curoggio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Gentilino, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Italy : Empoli, Florence, 1 ; Siena, 4 ; Ostia, Rome, 1 ; Rome, 4. Sardinia: Su Cramu, 1; Bare, 1; Marusei, 1; Trecorgia, 1. BemarJcs. — ^Though not so pale as the Spanish race the Italian hedgehog seems worthy of recognition as a form distinct from true europseus. Its status is at present unsatisfactory, owing to the lack of sufficient material ; but specimens from south of the Alps seem never to attain the large size of Central European adults. The Sardinian specimens that I have seen are in general paler than those from the mainland ; but here again the material is insufficient. A hedgehog is known to occur in Corsica, but no specimens have yet been compared with the Italian race. 9. Empoli, Florence, Italy. A. H. Savage Landor 97. 3. 7. 1. (c & p). 2 (5, 2 9. Siena. (S. Brogi.) Dr. E. Hamilton (p). 98. 10. 2. 5-8. {TyjJe of subspecies 98. 10. 2. 5.) 1. Ostia, Rome. Dr.L. Sambon(c&p). 1. 1, 2. 7. 3 6. Rome. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 3-4. 96. 6. Su Cramu, Sardinia. {W. 0. Thomas (p1. 0. 12. 3. 5. Wolterstorff.) S. Bare. {W. Wolterstorff.) O. Thomas (p). 0. 12. 3. 3. 9. Marusei. (W. Wolterstorff.) O. Thomas (p). 0. 12. 3. 6. 9 juv. Trecorgia. {'W. Wolterstorff.) 0. Thomas (p). 0. 12. 3. 4. Erinaceus europ.eus consolei Barrett-Hamilton. 1900. Erinaceus europseus consolei Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 366, April, 1900. Type in British Museum. 1910. Erinaceus europseus consolei Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 40. Type locality. — Palermo, Sicily. Geographical distribution. — Sicily. Diagnosis. — Size apparently as in E. europseus italicns (only known specimen imperfect) ; colour differing from that of italicus in the uniform dusky brown head and shoulders : quills unusually robust, their dark and light markings strikingly con- trasted. Colour. — Whole head and sides of neck and shoulders a uniform dark brown between hair-brown and sepia, si3i'inkled with buffy grey hairs. The dark brown continues back along * Type. ERINACEUS 127 edge of spiny area to tail, but throughout this region it is overlaid by the uniform light cream-buff of underparts. Spines very dark drab with light cream-bufF tips, the light area shorter on spines of middle of back than on those of sides, thus jaroducing a slight though evident darker median dorsal area. Feet so injured that colour cannot be determined. Shull and teeth. — The imperfect skull shows no peculiarities. Teeth as in specimens from the mainland. Measurements. — Type (sex not known) : head and body, 252 ; tail, 50 ; hind foot, 40. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 125. Specimen examined. — The type. Remarks. — If not an abnormal specimen of E. europseus italicus the type of consolci represents a very distinct local race. 1. Palermo, Sicily. J. I. S. Whitaker (p). 98. 10. 6. 1. {Type of subspecies.) ERINACEUS ROUMANICUS Barrett-Hamilton. 1900. Erinaceus curopmus roumanicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 365, April, 1900. (Gageni, Roimaauia.) Type in British Museum. 1901. Erinaceus clanubicus Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 229, December, 1901. (Prundu, Roumania.) 1910. Eri7iaccus europxus roumanicus and E. europams dayiabicus Troues- sart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, pp. 40-41. Type locality. — Gageni, Prahova, Rovimania. Geoc/rapMcal distribution. — From eastern Germany (Konigs- berg) and northern Bohemia south through Hungary, into Greece. Diagnosis. — In general like Erinaceus europseus, but colour of furred parts usually much darker, and chest often with a large, conspicuously contrasted whitish area ; skull with upper length of maxillary greater than depth of rostrum at middle ; teeth essentially as in E. europseus, but first upper premolar with postero-basal cusp usually more distinct. Colour. — Furred area dark hair-brown interspersed with buffy and whitish hairs, the former most numerous on sides, the latter forming a clear whitish pectoral area which sometimes spreads over entire underparts. Feet and tail sepia. Face usually with a seal-brown suffusion. Claws blackish horn-colour. Quills with colours usually less contrasted than in E. europseus, the general effect of the spiny area darker and less speckled. shull and teeth. — The skull differs from that of E. europseus in the relatively longer, less deepened rostrum, a peculiarity which seems chiefly to involve the maxillary bone. Upper length of maxillary greater than depth of rostrum at middle. Posterior 128 INSECTIVORA transverse palatal ridge usually lower and less developed, particularly at middle, where there is often a slight angle. Ridge at margin of orbit in lachrymal region not so long as in E. europseus, and less distinctly marked off from general contour Fig. 24. Erinaceus roumanicus. Nat. size. of skull, its degree of development somewhat as in E. algirus. Teeth not certainly distinguishable from those of Erinaceus europseus, though anterior upper premolar is usually larger relatively to canine, and its posterior cusplet tends to be better developed. Measurements. — External measurements of adult male and female from vicinity of Konigsberg, Germany : head and body, 285 and 280; tail, 21 and 22; hind foot, 42 and 41. Type (adult female) : head and body, 206 ; tail, 24 ; hind foot, 40 '6. Adult female from Corfu, Greece : head and body, 263 ; tail, 37 ; hind foot, 43 ; ear, 29. Adult male from Cephalonia, Greece: head and body, 260; tail, 35; hind foot, 42; ear, 31. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 132. Specimens examined. — Eleven, from the following localities : — Germany: Near Konigsberg, 3 (U.S.N.M.). KRINACEUS 129 ?. 130 INSKCTIVOEA ERINACEUS ALGIRUS Duveriioy and Lereboullet. (Synonymy under subspecies.) GeograpMcal distribution. — Northern Africa ; also in southern Spain, southern France, and the Balearic Islands. Diac/nosis. — Smaller than Erinaceus europseus (hind foot less than 40 mm.) ; sjDines not so coarse ; middle of forehead with bare area among the spines : skull with sagittal crest extending forward to middle of frontal ; a wide flattened area on each side of bony palate behind transverse ridge ; third upper incisor with two perfectly distinct roots ; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar with only two cusps (fig. 2b b). External characters. — Externally Erinaceus alyiriis is dis- tinguishable from E. europseus by its smaller size, shorter, more slender and apparently more densely-set bristles, and by the bare area at middle of forehead. This bare area is about 7 mm. wide and extends back about 10 to 15 mm. from front line of spines. In dried skins it is sometimes partly hidden by shrinking. Fur more dense and less coarse than in the larger animal. Claws on front feet seldom attaining a length of 8 mm. Coloxir.- — The colour resembles in general that of the paler races of E. euroj.seus. SlxulL- — The form of the skull is essentially as in E. < uropseus except that rostrum is less elevated posteriorly, so that the dorsal profile tends to become slightly concave. Sagittal crest when fully developed extending forward to middle of frontal, while in E. europseus it is visually confined to parietals, rarely encroaching on posterior edge of frontal. Ridge at margin of orbit very short, scarcely more than a process above lachrymal foramen. Bony palate extending behind transverse ridge as a well-defined flat area divided along median suture by a longitudinal ridge representing the median spine of E. europseus. Basisphenoid pit narrower, relatively deeper, and with more overhanging edges than in E. europseus. Teeth. — In general the teeth show no departure from those of E. europseus. The posterior lower pre- molar, however, lacks all trace of the meta- conid, so that the resemblance of the elevated portion of the tooth to the first triangle lof wtj and m.^ is completely destroyed. In the upper jaw the third incisor, canine, and a h first premolar are two-rooted, apparently Fig. 2.5. without exception. Large lower premolar of Measurements. — Head and body about and'^.''aJ^(>Ms°(iO.''*x3*. 200 to 250 ; tail, 25 to 40 ; hind foot, 32 to 37 ; condylobasal length of skull, 54 to 59 mm. Memarhs. — Thisspecies is readily distinguishable fromJG/•/J^ace^^s europseus by the bare spot among spines of forehead, the perfectly two-cusped large lower premolar, and the two-rooted third upper ERINACEUS 131 incisor. Although occurring wild in southeini Spain, on the Balearic Islands, and in south-eastern France, it seems not improbable that the animal owes its presence in Europe to the agency of man. Erinaceus aLgiuus algirus Duvernoy and Lereboullet. 1840. Erinaceus algirus Duvernoy and Lereboullet, M6m. Soc. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Strasbourg, in, fasc. 2, p. 4. 1898. Erinaceus algirus de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1897, p. 955. Tyjje local iiy. — Oran, Algeria. Geographical distribution. — Northern Africa ; also in southern Spain and south-eastern France, Diagnosis. — Condylobasal length of skull in individuals with distinctly worn teeth 57 to 59 mm. ; underparts dusky through- out or with at least an evident dark wash in interramial and intercrural regions. Colour. — Furred area buflfy white to base of hairs, except on muzzle, cheeks, inten-amial region, a narrow band along sides bordering quills and spreading posteriorly to cover tail, hind legs and intercrural region, all of which are a dark brown, very nearly the bister of Ridgway. Feet a lighter shade of the same brown. Occasionally the brown suffusion extends over most of ventral surface. Quills dull horn-colour, each with a whitish sub-terminal area about 7 mm. in length, the extreme tip usually dark. Throughout the spiny area the whitish strongly pre- dominates, especially when animal is viewed from in front. Claws light yellowish horn-colour. Measurements. — Adult male from Schaf-el-Kab, Morocco (teeth much worn) : head and body, 206 ; tail, 20 ; hind foot, 32. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 132. Specimens examined. — Numerous specimens from Northern Africa; also^ an adult from " Andalucia," Spain; a young, less than half grown, from Elche, Alicante, Spain ; and a still younger specimen from Lecques, Var, France. Remarks. — Owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the Spanish and French material the status of the Continental European hedgehogs of the Erinaceus algirus group is at present doubtful. Should they prove to be identical with the North African form it would seem probable that they have been introduced within historic times. The specimen from Elche, though undoubtedly a wild-bred animal, is too young to be positively determined as to geographical race. The same is even more true of that from Var. The adult from " Andalucia " lacks detailed history. Externally it resembles the African form as compared with E. algirus vagans^ but the skull is small,* essentially as in the Balearic race. * Condylobasal length, 53-8; zygomatic breadth, 32-0; least inter- orbital breadth, 14-8 ; mandible, 41-2; upper tooth-row, 27 "0; lower tooth- row, 22-0. K 2 132 INSKCTIVOKA s ^ c en S X S fl H -X •(jIOaAl'B : 9.TI^tI8) AlO.l •(1108AXB : 3.n^u9) Aio.1 tM o 00 o * •* oq o CO OO 0-1 X-*OOOQ0 cq oq a[qipuBK (lB.ia?t?i) jCtEiiixBuiajd ^B uin.iiso.1 JO n^pBa.ig ao!^oi.nsnoo fB^iq.ioisoj •qip«at(( pio^SBK •q^peajq oi^BraoSiz q^uai 1 l!S1!( (OJ,{puo,J 5-1 O CO 00<MO-*CC cqoi CO ocMcoocqco 3000 L~ t-t-OOOOOOCO Ol 00 o oq o 00 o * OO O 00 CO 1—1 X o KRINACEUS 133 1. Audalucia, Spain. Lord Lilford (p). 94. 6. 11. 5. 6 juv. Elche, Alicante. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. IG. juv. al. Lecques, Var, France. Dr. P. Siepi (p). 98. 8. 25. 1. Erixaceus aloirus vagans Thomas. 1901. Erinaceus alginis vagans Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 38. Type in British Museum. 1910. Erinaceus algirus vagans Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 39. Type locality. — San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands. Geographical distrihufion. — Balearic Islands. Diagnosis. — Condylobasal length of skull in individuals with worn teeth about 54 mm. : furred area of body whitish through- out, with no evident dark wash on face, in interramial or intercrural regions, or on feet. Measurements. — -Type (adult male) : head and body, 250 ; tail, 40 ; hind foot, 37. Adult male from Inca, Majorca : head and body, 218 ; tail, 31 ; hind foot, 35. For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 132. SjJecinicns examined. — One from ^lajorca and five from Minorca, Balearic Islands. BemarJcs. — The Balearic form of Erinaceus algirus is dis- tinguishable from the African race by its paler colour and smaller size. Its relationship to the animal occurring on the mainland of southern Spain is not at present clear. 6. Inca, Majorca ; 300 m. O. Thomas & R. I. Pocock 0. 7. 1. 6. Balearic Islands. (c & p). 4 6, ?. San Cristobal, :Minorca. O. Thomas A- R. I. Pocock 0. 7. 1. 35-39. (c & p). (0. 7. 1. 36. Type of subspecies.) 134 CHIROPTER\ Order CHIROPTERA. 1779. Chiroptcra Blumeubach, Handbuch dei' Naturgeschiclitc, p. 74. Geographical distrihution. — Practically cosmopolitan ; only absent from the treeless arctic and antarctic regions, and from the most remote islands of the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans. Characters. — Terrestial placental mammals with the anterior limbs modified for true flight, the fingers greatly elongated (third usually at least as long as head and body) and joined together by a membrane which extends to sides of body and legs ; shoulder girdle much more developed than pelvis, the sternum usually keeled ; knee directed backward. Memarhs. — ^The order Chiroptera, containing the only living vertebrates, except birds, capable of true flight, is the most sharply circumscribed of the main groups of mammals. Not only are its living members invariably distinct from all other recent forms, but the fossils also are, so far as known, equally well differentiated. Therefore no intermediate stage has yet been found connecting the bats with any other order. That they are, however, not distantly related to the Insectivora, is shown by numerous peculiarities of structure, among others the relatively simple character of the brain. Two sub-orders are recognized among the recent members of the order, the Megachiroptera, not represented in Europe, with less highly modified skeleton of fore limb, and more modified teeth, and the Microchiroptera with more highly developed wing and in most instances more primitive teeth. Sub-Order MICROCHIROPTERA. 1821. Insectivora Gray, London Medical Repository, xv, p. 299, April 1, 1821. 1872. Animalivora Gill, Arrangement of the Families of Slammals, p. IG, November, 1872. 1875. Microchiroptera Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4tli ser., xvi, p. 346, November, 1872. 1878. Microchiroptera Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 2. 1907. Microchiroptera Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 78, June 29, 1907. Geographical distrihution. — The same as that of the order. In Europe north to the limits of tree growth, west to Ireland and the Azores. MICROCHIROPTERA 135 Characters. — Anterior limb very highly modified, the second finger scarcely if at all independent of third, its ungual phalanx never present, the humerus with trochiter and trochin large, the former usually articulating with scapula ; mandible with angular process well developed, long and narrow ; teeth usually not modified for frugivorism (never in European species), the cheek- teeth of upper and lower jaws very different from each other (except when excessively reduced, as in the South American Dfismodontidse) ; margin of ear not forming a ring ; tragus usually present. Mammae in all European genera, j^ 1-1 = 2. JRemarks. — The sub-order Microcluroptera is essentially cos- mopolitan in distribution. Though more highly modified than the Megacliiroiitera in wing structure, the members of this group for the most part retain the primitive tuberculo-sectorial type of molar tooth, though certain South American frugivorous forms show the stages through which the Megachiropterine molars have probably passed. At present 17 families and nearly 150 genera are recognized ; the species are too imperfectly known to permit any approximate estimate of their number. Three families and ten genera are found in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES OF MICROCHIROPTERA. Tragus absent ; muzzle with leaf-like outgrowths ; premaxillaries represented by palatal branch only, not fused with surrounding parts (often lost in prepared specimens) Rliinolophidai, p. 136. Tragus present ; muzzle without leaf -like out- growths ; premaxillaries represented princi- pally (entirely in European genera) by nasal branch, very early and completely fused with surrounding parts. Fibula robust, its diameter about half that of tibia ; tail projecting conspicuously beyond hinder edge of narrow interfemoral mem- brane Molossidx, p. 276. Fibula very slender, its diameter much less than half that of tibia ; tail scarcely or not pro- jecting beyond hinder edge of broad inter- femoral membrane Vcspcrtilionidee, p. 165. Presternum with median lobe nruch smaller than body of bone ; coracoid curved out- ward ; second phalanx of third finger not specially elongated Vespertilion'um, p. 165. Presternum with median lobe lai-ger than body of bone ; coracoid straight, directed inward ; second phalanx of third finger nearly three times as long as first Minioptennie, p. 26S. 136 CHIROPTERA KEY TO THE GENERA OF EUROPEAN BATS. (A wholly artificial key based primarily on external characters.) Muzzle with leaf-like outgrowths RJnnolophus, p. 137. ^luzzle without leaf -like outgrowths. Tail projecting conspicuously beyond membraue... Nijctinomus, p. 27G. Tail not projecting conspicuously beyond membrane. Ears joined. Ear longer than head Plccotus, p. 256. Ear shorter than head Barbastella, p. 263. Ears separate. Second phalanx of third finger nearly three tiines as long as first Minioptcrus, p. 268. Second phalanx of third finger less than twice as long as first. Fifth finger about as long as metacarpal of fourth or third Nydalus, p. 242. Fifth finger much longer than metacarpal of fourth or third. Ear wider than high, its lower margin forming a small pocket near angle of mouth Vesperfilio, p. 238. Ear higher than wide, its lower margin not forming pocket near angle of mouth. Upper cheek-teeth 6-6 Mijotis, p. 166. Upper cheek-teeth less than 6-6. Upper cheek-teeth 5-5 Pipistrcllus, p. 202. Upper cheek-teeth 4-4 Eptesicus, p. 224. Family RHINOLOPHID^. 1827. Rhinolophina Lesson, Man. de Mammalogie, p. 81 (part). 1857. Phyllostomata Blasius, Siuigethiere Deutschlauds, p. 26. 1866. Bhinolopliidm Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 81 (part). 1878. Bhinolophidie. Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 100 (part). 1907. Rliinolopliidx IMiller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 106, June 29, 1907. Geographical distribution. — Tropical and temperate portions of the Old World from Ireland east to the Phihppine Islands. Solomon Islands and north-eastern Australia. In Europe north to northern England and the Baltic coast of Germany. Characters. — Ear without tragus ; muzzle w ith conspicuous leaf-like cutaneous outgrowths (fig. 26) consisting of a horizontal anterior horseshoe, a perpendicular median sella, and a posterior erect lancet ; skull with premaxillaries represented by palatal branches only, the two bones partly cartilaginous and not fused with surrounding parts (often lost in prepared specimens) : shoulder girdle highly abnormal, the seventh cervical and first dorsal vertebrae, first and second ribs, and presternum fused into a continuous ring ; secondary articulation of humerus with scapula small but distinct ; fibula thread-like ; foot normal, the hallux with two phalanges, the other toes with three. Bemarks. — The Rhinolophidse are the most widely distributed KHINOLOPHUS 137 of the Old World leaf-nosed bats, and the only family known to occur in Europe. Notwithstanding its extensive distribution and its large number of species the group is represented by a single genus. (ienus RHINOLOPHUS Lacepede. 1799. Rhinoloplius Lacepede, Tabl. des div. sousdiv. ordres et genres des Mammiferes, p. 15 (ferrjim-equiniini). 1836. Bhinocrepis Gervais, Diet. Pittoresque d'Hist. Nat. iv, pt. 2, p. GIT (attributed to GeofEroy and Cuvier, Mag. Encyclopedique, 1795, but the name does not occur in the paper alluded to). 1847. Aquias Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 15 {luetics and trifoliatiis). 1857. Rhinolopluis Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 26. 1866. Phyllotis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 81 {'phiUjjjx-nsis) not Phyllotis Waterhouse, 1837. 1866. Coslophijllus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 427 (ccelopJiyllus). 1878. Rhinolophus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. ]\Ius., p. 100. 1901. Euryalus INIatschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 225 {meliclyi). 1904. Euryalus Matschie and Andersen, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 71 (curyale group). 1907. Rhhiolopihus Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 108, June 29, 1907. Type species. — Vespert'dio ferriim-equinum tSchreber. Geographical distribution. — Same as that of family (p. 136). Characters. — Dental formula : / ^^^7, ) '' \E\ j 1^'"^ ^', ) "' |55 — •^'-^ Upper incisor very small, but usually well formed and with distinct rounded crown with slight cusp on inner side. Lower incisors trifid, the outer larger than inner, the four teeth forming a continuous row between canines. Upper canine heavy, but without secondary cusps or conspicuous cingulum. Lower canine rather weak. Anterior upper premolar (jjm^) and middle lower premolar (pm^) small, functionless, usually crowded (juite out of tooth-row. Other teeth showing no special peculiari- ties ; m^ and m'" without hypocone, m^ with live cusps and three commissures (in many species a rudimentary fourth com- missure), the crown area much more than half that of m^ or m'^. Skull with large brain-case and much shortened, globularly inflated rostrum, beyond which the maxillaries, bearing the large canines, conspicuously project ; palate so deeply emarginated both anteriorly and posteriorly that its median length is less than least distance between tooth-rows. Tail well developed, extending to edge of wide interfemoral membrane. Calcar slender. Ears large, separate, without tragus. Muzzle with conspicuous leaf-like cutaneous outgrowths, consisting of a hori- zontal anterior horseshoe, a perpendicular median sella and an erect posterior lancet (tig. 26). Remarks. — Among European bats the members of the genus Rhinolophus are at once recognizable by the presence of the nose- 138 CHIROPTERA leaf and absence of tragus. Tlie skull differs from that of all other members of the fauna in tlie short, globularly inflated rostrum and long, projecting maxillaries, between which lie the M c ^ d Fig. 26. Noseleaf of Rh'uwloiihv>i ferrfim-eqninum (a), R. hipposideros (W)., R. euryale (c), and R. blasii (d). JTat. size. horizontal free premaxillaries (often lost in prepared specimens). About 100 forms have been described,* eight of which occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF RHINOLOPHUS. Noseleaf with connecting process broadly rounded above ; skull with nasal sweUiugs long, rising gradually above line of fore- head. Forearm over 50 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull over 20 mm. ; sella pandurate ; large upper premolar in contact with canine (Greater Horseshoe) B. ferrum-equimim, ]^. 139. Wing relatively long ; forearm 54-58 mm., longest finger 84 to 92 mm. (Southern and central Continental Europe) H. f. ferrum-equinum, p. 142. Wing relatively shorter ; forearm 52 to 55 mm., longest finger 83 to 88 mm. (England) R. f. insulanus, 'p. 147. * See Andersen, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xvi, pp. 618-662. RHINOLOPHUS 139 Forearm under 43 mm. ; coudylobasal length of skull under IG mm. ; sella cuneate ; large upper premolar not in contact with canine (Lesser Horseshoe) B. hlpposidcros, p. 147. Greatest length of skull 14 -5 to 15' 5 mm. (Mediterranean region) jt. li. muiimus, p. 151. Greatest length of skull more than 15 "5 mm. Forearm 36 -.3 to 39 mm. (England and Ireland) /?. /,. minutus, p. 154. Forearm 89 to 41 -7 mm. (Central Europe) R.h. hipposideros, p. 149. Noseleaf with connecting process acutely pointed above ; skull with nasal swellings short, rising abruptly above level of fore- head. First phalanx of fourth finger more than half as long as second ; sella bluntly cuneate ; no marked contrast between crown areas of anterior and posterior lower premolars (Eastern Mediterranean region) R. blasii, p. 162. First phalanx of fourth finger less than half as long as second; sella parallel-sided, broadly rounded above ; a marked con- trast between crown areas of anterior and posterior lower premolars. Size smaller, forearm 44-6 to 49 mm., upper tooth-row 6 • 2 to 6 • 6 mm. ; gradation between phalanges of fourth finger abrupt (ratio of first to second about 88) ; point of lancet gradually narrowed, never linear R. euryalc, p. 155. Size larger, forearm 48 '6 to 51-4, upper tooth-row about 7 nnn. ; gradation between phalanges of fourth finger less abrupt (ratio of first to second about 44) ; point of lancet linear R. mchclyi, p. 159. RHINOLOPHUS FERRUM-EQUINUM Hchreber. (Sjmonymy under subspecies.) GeograpJiical distrihuiion. — From southern Japan and China, through the Hiniahiyas, the Mediterranean sub-region (exclusive of Egypt), and central Europe to southern England (Andersen). Diagnosis. — 8ize largest of the European species (forearm more than 50 mm., condylobasal length of skull about 21 mm., mandible, 15 to 16 mm.); noseleaf with horseshoe less than 10 mm. wide, the sella pandurate, the connecting process low, abruptly rounded ; fourth finger with first phalanx considerably more than half as long as second ; large upper premolar broadly in contact with canine, the small premolar minute (sometimes absent), completely external to tooth-row% External characters. — Size large and form rather heavy (among the European members of the genus). General outline of noseleaf a rather elongate ovate-pyriform, the width of horse- shoe slightly greater than distance from flat area at base of sella 140 CHIROPTERA to tip of lancet. Sella broadly rounded at tip, noticeably con- stricted somewhat above middle, the resulting outline pandurate. Connecting process rising slightly but evidently above level of sella, its upper border straight anteriorly, its tip rather abruptly rounded off. Ear large, extending when laid forward slightly beyond extremity of muzzle, abruptly narrowed to a rather acute recurved tip ; antitragal lobe less than half as high as conch, its width about equal to its height, its upper border nearly horizontal. Wings broad, the membrane attached to ankle. First phalanx of fourth linger noticeably more than half as long as second. Foot slender, nearly half as long as tibia. Colour. — General effect a light greyish or drabby brown produced by varying combinations of the pale ecru-drab under colour and the darker hair tips, the region between ears, across shoulders and at sides of lumbar region usually paler than back. The colour of the tips is usually either a clear, rather light sepia, or a bufiy brown resembling the wood-brown of Eidgway. While intermediate shades occur the extremes are more often met with, evidently representing two dichromatic phases. Underparts usually rather lighter than back but neA^er approaching whitish. Skull. — General outline of skull long and narrow, the breadth of brain-case much less than twice that across canines, and con- tained about 2^ times in greatest length ; zygomata projecting slightly beyond general outline ; interorbital region greatly con- stricted and conspicuously hour-glass shaped ; occipital portion of brain-case noticeably overhanging foramen magnum and marked off from main portion by a slight transverse depression corre- sponding to suture between parietals and unusually large interparietal ; sagittal crest well developed, extending forward to •narrowest portion of interorbital region : lambdoid crest low but evident ; auditory bulke small, covering less than half surface of large cochleae, between which the floor of brain-case is reduced to a longitudinal bridge less than 1 mm. in diameter ; mesopterygoid fossa slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly, about 1^ times as long as wide, its rounded anterior margin at level of jjostero- internal angle of )*('- ; palate with an evident emargination on each side ex- tending between m^ and mesopterygoid space ; anterior palatal emargination extending back to line joining protocones of anterior molars ; premaxillary ligulate, somewhat wider pos- teriorly than anteriorly, the inner border entire, the outer border with a deep almost circular emargination posteriorly, the two bones closely applied to each other along inner margin and to 'r^\r:^eEa^ Rhinolophusferrum-equinum. Nat. size. RHINOLOPHUS 141 bottom of jDalatal emarginatioii posteriorly, but otherwise free ; rostral inflation evident but low, its posterior border running gradually into that of interorbital region, its anterior margin over middle of anterior molar ; maxillary triangular in outline when viewed from the side, the heavy canine projecting forward and downward from its anterior apex ; anteorbital foramen small, over ipiddle of second molar and directly beneath minute lachrymal foramen, the plate forming outer wall of canal thread-like, occasionally absent. Teeth. — Except for the minute ^^remolars and upper incisors the teeth are robust and heavy I'elatively to size of skull. Upper incisor minute, low, the crown subterete, wider than root, lower externally than internally, each tooth placed near middle of oblique anterior border of i^remaxillar}^, the space between the two nearly double diameter of crown. Lower incisors strongly imbricated, forming a short, very convex row between canines, their crowns longer than high, compressed (the outer tooth less than the inner), deeply and equally trifid. Upper canine very large, and noticeably the highest tooth in the maxillary series, the root oblique, the shaft abruptly bent downward at level of well developed cingulum, its length along cingulum about three- fourths height ; cross section of shaft triangular, the inner surface flattened, slightly concave near cingulum, the posterior edge trenchant, the anterior edge narrowly sub-trenchant, the outer surface with well developed median longitudinal ridge and noticeable posterior concavity. Lower canine not so large as upper, the flattened surface of its shaft directed posteriorly to oppose front of upper canine in mastication. Anterior upper premolar minute, resembling upper incisor in both size and form, entirely external to tooth-row, occasionally absent. Posterior upper premolar large, closely crowded against canine, its crown area about equal to that of second molar, without secondary cusps, its main cusp intermediate in height between canine and metacone of first molar ; posterior border of crown slightly but evidently emarginate. Anterior lower premolar less than half as high as posterior premolar and with barely half its crown area, the two teeth crowded closely together between canine and first molar ; shaft of anterior tooth with slightly developed concave area on inner side, that of posterior tooth with better defined posterior concavity, its inner side convex ; middle lower premolar resembling anterior upper premolar, its position equally external to tooth-row. Upper molar with large though not unusually high protocone, behind which in m^ and m- there is a low-lying heel (best developed in m^), but no indication of a true hypocone : paracone and metacone well developed, the latter slightly the higher in m^ and m-, this reversed in m^ ; styles and commis- sures in m^ and m- well developed, forming a normal VV-pattern ; in m^ the metastyle and fourth commissure are absent, and the third commissure is much reduced in length ; crown area of m' U: OHIROPTERA about two-thirds that of vr ; lower molars with protoconid noticeably higher than the other cusps, the posterior triangle slightly the wider of the two in m^ and m.^, a little the narrower in m^ ; behind entoconid the cingulum forms a minute though evident accessory cusp. Remarks. — Among the leaf-nosed bats of Europe this species is easily recognizable by its large size taken in connection with the low, rounded upper mai'gin of the connecting process of sella. In R. mchehji, which approaches it in size, the connecting process is sharply pointed above. Two geographical races are known, one occupying the Continental range of the species, the other confined to Great Britain. Rhinolopiius ferrum-equinum ferrum-equinum Schreber. 1774. Vespertilio ferrum-equimim Schreber, Saugthiere, i, pi. lxii, upper figures ; description, i, p. 174 under name : Die Hufeisennase (part). France ; based primarily on Daubenton. 1776. Vespertilio equinus P. L. S. ?\Iuller. Natursyst. Suppl. u. Kegist.- Band, p. 20 (part), France. 1779. [Fesper^iHo] j3e?'S2.iiciH«f'UsBlumeubach, Handb. d. Naturgesch., p. 75, (part : included the leaf-nosed bats of Europe and South America). 1785. [}^es'pertilio'] ungula Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium, i, p. 71 (Burgundy) . 1792. Vesp\ertilid] fcr\_rum']-cqii\j,num'] major Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 99 (not y. molossus major Kerr, I.e., p. 97), France. 1798. Ves2)e7-tilio hippocrepls Schrank, Fauna Boica, i, p. 64 (Renaming of ferrum-equinum Schreber). 1803. Bhinolophus major Geofiroy, Catal. Mamm. Mus. Xat. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 56 (Burgundy). 1813. Bhinolophus unihastatus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, XX, 10. 257 (France). 1829. '> Bhinolophus unifer Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, i, ]0. 104 (nomen nudum). 1857. Bhinolophus ferrum-equimim Blasius, Saugetliiere Deutschlands, p. 81. 1863. [BhinolopMis fcrrnm-eguinum'] a var. germanicus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xviii, p. 522 (Wiesbaden, Hessen-Nassau, Germany). 1863. [^Bhinolophus ferrum-equinum^ B var. italicus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xviii, p. 523 (Italy). 1878. Bhiiwlophus fciruni-eijuiitum Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. ]\Ius., p. 119 (part). 1885. Bhinolophus unihastatus, var. homorodahnasiensis Daday, Orvos- Termeszettudomanyi Erteseto, Kolozsvar, x, p. 274 (Homorod- Almas cave, Hungary). 1886. Bhinolophus imihastatus var. homorodalmasiensis Daday, Verhandl. u. Mittheiluugen des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissensch. in Hermannstadt, xxxvi, j). 79. 1887. Bhinolophus ferrum-equinum var. homorodensls Daday, Ertekezesek a Term^szettudomanyok K6r6bi'il, Budapest, xi, pt. 7, p. 13 (Renaming of homorodalmasiensis). KHINOLOPHUS 143 1904. Rhinoloplius ferrum-eqiunniii, obsciirtts Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espau. Hist. Nat. Madrid, ii, p. 257 (Valencia, Spain). 1905. Bhinolophus fcrrum-ecininuvi typicits Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, ii, p. 113, October 17, 1905. 1905. Bhinolophus fm-um-equintmi obscurus Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, ii, p. 116, October 17, 1905. 1910. BhiiwlopJms ferrmn-cquinum, B. fcrncm-equinum obscurus and B. ferrum-cqiiinum homorodcnsis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, pp. 4-5. Ty^pe locality. — Burgundy, France. Geographical distribution. — Central and southern Continental Europe. Diagnosis. — Wing relatively long ; forearm, 54 to 58 mm. ; third finger, 84 to 92 mm. 3Ieasurements. — Average and extremes of six males from Silos, Burgos, Spain: head and body, 62*1 (58-64 "4); tail, 39-9 (37-6-43); tibia, 23-2 (21-8-24); foot, 11-7 (11-13); forearm, 55-1 (54 -8-55 -4); third finger, 89-3 (88-92); fifth finger, 72-5 (72-73); ear from meatus, 24-9 (24-26). Average and extremes of five females from Silos, Burgos, Spain : head and body, 61-8 (60-66); tail, 38-8 (37-42); tibia, 23-1 (22-6-24^) ; foot, 11-7 (11-13) ; forearm, 56-2 (56-57) ; third finger, 89*6 (88-91); fifth finger, 73 '4 (71-76); ear from meatus, 25 * 1 (24 • 8-26). Two males from Granada, Spain : forearm, 54 and 54. Two females from the same locality : forearm, 56 and 58. Two males from Elche, Alicante, Spain : forearm, 54 and 55. Average and extremes of six adults (3 males and 3 females) from St. Genies, Gard, France : tibia., 24-1 (23 -4-24 -6); foot, 12-1 (11 •8-12-8); forearm, 55-4 (54-65) ; third finger, 87-3 (84-91) ; fifth finger, 71-5 (69-74). Female from Marseilles, France : forearm, 57. Male and female from near Genoa, Italy : forearm, 57 and 57. Two females from Rimini, Itah* : forearm, 53 and 57. Female from Siena, Italy : forearm, 54. Male from Rome, Italy : forearm, 56. Male from the Parnassus region, Greece : forearm, 54. Adult female from Tiibingen, Wiirtemberg, Germany : head and body, 63 ; tail, 37 ; tibia, 24 • 4 ; foot, 1 1 ; forearm, 56 • 6 ; third finger, 88 ; fifth finger, 72 ; ear from meatus, 24 ; width of ear, 16. Adult female from Ofener Mts., Hungary : head and body, 61 ; tail, 40 ; tibia, 24; foot, 11-6; forearm, 56; third finger, 87; fifth finger, 73; ear from meatus, 23*4; width of ear, 16. Two males from Herkulesbad, Hungary : forearm., 56 • 6 and 58. Four females from Herkulesbad, Hungary : forearm, 56, 56 • 4, 56 • 6 and 57*4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 144. Specimens cxamlnecl. — One hundred and forty-one, froni the following localities : — Portugal: Cintra, 1. Spain : Silos, Burgos, 22 ; Granada, 4 ; Elche, Alicante, 3 ; San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands, 4. 144 CHIROPTEHA aippiiu }t! asBO-nt'B.i(| JO tuda'd asi'0-uiB.tci JO l[JpB8.ia •iUpBa.iri IBIU.C.IIIOBI o _6C -g _bp O ;-j 1 •AiO.I-ll')001 [Document text truncated for crawler view.]