Actual Issues of Modern Science, ESeJ, 40 (2025)

1 GLOBAL SCIENCES IN THE NAME OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC E-JOURNAL ISSN 2695-0243 ISSUE 40 ACTUAL ISSUES OF MODERN SCIENCE DOI 10.47451/col-040-2025 Tuculart Edition & European Institute for Innovation Development EU, Czech Republic 2025 2 3 Actual Issues of Modern Science. European Scientific e-Journal, 40. Ostrava: Tuculart Edition & European Institute for Innovation Development, 2025. – 161 p. DOI 10.47451/col-040-2025 Scientific Supervisor of the Issue Alexander Buychik Doctor of Economics, Ph.D. in Social Sciences Editor-in-Chief of the Issue Maxim Bakhtin Full Professor, Doctor of Philosophy Chief Reviewer of the Issue Ivan Pfanenstiel Full Professor, Doctor of Philosophy Director of the Issue Anisiia Tomanek Master of Social Sciences and Cultural Studies Designed by Ekaterina Rusakova Design Partner: International Design 4 5 Table of Contents Chemistry Myronyuk, O.V., Sikorsky, O.O. Wetting anomalies on kaolin particles highlighting limits of the thin-layer Washburn technique 7 Economics Redko, K.Y. Empowering women through social entrepreneurship: Comparative insights from Ukraine and the Middle East 16 Cultural Heritage Kharlan, O.V. Experience in developing the nomination “Historic Environment of the Capital of the Crimean Khans in the City of Bakhchisarai” for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List 35 Management Vilgin, Y.A., Avedyan, L.Y. Conceptual approaches to understanding territorial development management in modern conditions 48 Pedagogics Breslavska, H.B. Theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education of senior preschoolers and primary school pupils 64 Philology Stehnitska, L.V. Criteria for evaluating scientific posters with elements of artificial intelligence 72 Sociology Kukhta, M.P. Algorithmic governance, trust, and the transformation of social structures in the digital age 78 6 Technologies & Innovations Hasilin, D.L., Zhuravel, I.M. Studying the resilience of steganography algorithms to detection by neural networks 87 Haponova, L.V. Rationalization of reinforced concrete structural-anisotropic shells design parameters 96 Oleksyn, V.I. Integration of modern standards for design documentation formatting into the educational process and industrial practice for circuit diagrams 108 Budanov, P.F. Digital Twin as the basis of the automated monitoring system for the technological process of a power unit at a power plant 117 Shutyuk, V.V., Dushchak, O.V. Rational use of tomato processing waste in the development of sauces with enhanced biological value 132 Urbanistic Bachynska, L.G. The influence of socio-humanitarian sciences on education and creativity in the field of formation of the architectural and urban environment 143 Authors 157 Citations in APA 159 7 Oleksiy V. Myronyuk [a][1], Oleksiy O. Sikorsky [b][2] Wetting Anomalies on Kaolin Particles Highlighting Limits of the Thin-Layer Washburn Technique [1] Abstract: The determination of surface free energy and wetting characteristics of powdered minerals remains a methodological challenge due to the inability to apply conventional contact-angle techniques to porous and highly absorbent materials. Kaolin is widely used as a model aluminosilicate system, yet its complex surface chemistry raises questions concerning the applicability of classical approaches such as the Washburn equation. The present study investigates the wetting behaviour of thin kaolin layers using water and cyclohexane, with the aim of evaluating deviations from Washburn-type capillary rise dynamics. A thin-layer wicking method was employed, combining controlled sample preparation, highresolution video tracking, and statistical analysis of capillary kinetics. The work builds on established research by Chibowski, Newby, Danchenko, Rybka and others, who have highlighted both the utility and the limitations of the Washburn method for powders. The results show that the initial wetting front is strongly non-uniform and influenced by adsorption-driven and inertial effects, while subsequent stages reflect a transition to capillary-controlled motion accompanied by the formation of a diffuse partially saturated region. Despite this heterogeneity, repeated measurements demonstrated high reproducibility, yielding a consistent average capillary rise rate of approximately 4460 μm²/s for water. However, a pronounced divergence from theoretical predictions was observed: cyclohexane permeated the kaolin layer significantly faster than water, contradicting Washburn-based expectations derived from assumed contact angles. These findings indicate that the classical Washburn model does not adequately describe wetting in kaolin layers and suggest that additional factors — such as ionic interactions, partial pore saturation, or dissolved-gas effects — may govern the observed anomalies. The study thus defines clear limitations of the thin-layer Washburn technique and outlines directions for refining wetting analysis in complex mineral powders. Keywords: mural, public art, street art, urban environment. Introduction It is well established that surface free energy represents the effective potential governing how dispersed solids interact with liquids, gases, or foreign bodies, serving as a quantitative measure of interfacial reactivity (Danchenko et al., 2018). Although numerous techniques for flat surfaces—such as the sessile drop, Wilhelmy plate, or du Noüy ring methods—are based on contact angle measurements (Kwak et al., 2018; De Farias et al., 2025), they cannot be applied to powders (Alghunaim et al., 2015). Thus, reliable determination of surface free energy for particulate materials remains a significant challenge (Kirdponpattara et al., 2013). For powders undergoing mechanical treatment, surface reactions, oxidation, or hydrophobization, such measurements become particularly important. However, adapting flatsurface methods—e.g., sessile-drop analysis on compressed powder beds—is usually infeasible, as droplets are immediately absorbed by the porous structure, preventing equilibrium contact angle formation. a Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor, Department Head, Chemical Technology of Composite Materials Department, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”. Kyiv, Ukraine. b Candidate of Engineering Sciences (Ph.D.), Senior Lecturer, Chemical Technology of Composite Materials Department, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”. Kyiv, Ukraine. 14 De Farias, E. C. C., Fermam, R. K. S., & De J. Souza Marques De Mendonça, A. (2025). Comparison between the Wilhelmy surface tension measurement method and the pendant drop shape analysis method. Acta Polytechnica, 65(3), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.14311/ap.2025.65.0276 Kirdponpattara, S., Phisalaphong, M., & Newby, B. Z. (2013). Applicability of Washburn capillary rise for determining contact angles of powders/porous materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 397, 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.01.033 Kwak, W., Park, J. K., Yoon, J., Lee, S., & Hwang, W. (2018). Measurement of surface tension by sessile drop tensiometer with superoleophobic surface. Applied Physics Letters, 112(12). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011439 Kwaśniewska, A., Chocyk, D., Gładyszewski, G., Borc, J., Świetlicki, M., & Gładyszewska, B. (2020). The influence of kaolin clay on the mechanical properties and structure of thermoplastic starch films. Polymers, 12(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010073 Mampallil, D., Sharma, M., Sen, A., & Sinha, S. (2018). Beyond the coffee-ring effect: Pattern formation by wetting and spreading of drops. Physical Review. E, 98(4). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.98.043107 Myronyuk, O., Baklan, D., & Nudchenko, L. (2020). Evaluation of the surface energy of dispersed aluminium oxide using owens-wendt theory. Technology Audit and Production Reserves, 2(1(52)), 25– 27. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.200756 Tullis, B. P., & Wright, S. J. (2007). Wetting front instabilities: a three-dimensional experimental investigation. Transport in Porous Media, 70(3), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-0079103-x Appendix Figure 1. Tracking images of kaolin layer wetting with cyclohexane: (a) initial stage, (b) slow down to uniform speed; (c) diffuse wetting 0 5 10 15 20 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 h2, µm2 time of wetting, sec. Figure 2. Wetting kinetics of kaolin layer (water as a probe liquid) 15 Figure 3. Wetting kinetics of water/hexane: (a) predicted with Washburn equation for kaolin surface, (b) obtained experimentally 16 Kateryna Yu. Redko [a][3] Empowering Women through Social Entrepreneurship: Comparative Insights from Ukraine and the Middle East [2] Abstract: This article investigates the development of women-led social entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the Middle East, focusing on how institutional frameworks, socio-cultural contexts and economic conditions shape female participation and effectiveness in this domain. The object of the study is social enterprises founded and led by women; the study aims to identify the enabling and constraining factors that influence their performance across contrasting contexts. The study uses a comparative institutional and gender-based analytical framework, integrating qualitative case analysis, content review of policy and academic documents, and a semi-systematic literature review covering the period 2014–2025. Principal theoretical contributions derive from institutional theory, gender and development theory and social innovation theory. The findings reveal that hybrid mechanisms — combining formal support and informal networks — digital tools and circular economy strategies, as well as cross-border mentorship, critically affect growth, social impact and sustainability of women’s social enterprises. In Ukraine, stronger formal institutional support and higher digital adoption correlate with greater growth and impact; in Middle Eastern contexts, women compensate through informal networks and community ties but face significant structural barriers. The results are intended to inform policymakers, practitioners and scholars designing gender-inclusive, context-sensitive interventions to advance social innovation and enterprise ecosystems. Keywords: women social entrepreneurship, gender equality, Ukraine, Middle East, institutional support, digital tools, social impact, female entrepreneurs. Introduction In recent decades, women’s social entrepreneurship has emerged as a transformative force in driving inclusive and sustainable economic development. Across both Ukraine and the Middle East, female-led enterprises increasingly address social inequalities, unemployment, and community resilience. However, their evolution reflects distinct institutional, cultural, and economic realities. Ukraine, transitioning toward European integration and digitalization, provides an environment where formal mechanisms and international support programs play an essential role. Conversely, Middle Eastern countries—such as Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, and Egypt—operate within more constrained socio-political and institutional frameworks, where informal networks and community engagement often substitute for state support. This divergence underscores the need for a comparative, cross-regional analysis of how women navigate institutional barriers and innovate for social impact. Thus, understanding the structural and cultural differences between Ukraine and Middle Eastern economies enables policymakers to design more context-sensitive strategies for women’s empowerment through entrepreneurship. The object of this study is the system of women-led social enterprises operating within transitional and restrictive institutional contexts. The purpose is to identify the core institutional, a Candidate of Economic Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, G. M. Dobrov Institute for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies. Kyiv, Ukraine. 17 socio-cultural, and economic determinants shaping women’s participation, sustainability, and impact in social entrepreneurship. Specific objectives include: 1) analyze the institutional frameworks and policy support systems in Ukraine and selected Middle Eastern countries; 2) assess digital and technological adoption by female social entrepreneurs; 3) evaluate the role of informal networks, mentorship, and cross-border collaboration; 4) propose a conceptual model for enhancing women’s social entrepreneurship ecosystems across regions. Thus, the study’s design enables a multidimensional understanding of how gender, governance, and innovation intersect in emerging economies. Methodologically, the research applies to a comparative institutional and gender-based analytical framework. A mixed qualitative approach integrates comparative case studies, content analysis of policy and academic documents, and a semi-systematic literature review covering the period 2014–2025. Primary and secondary data were sourced from official databases (World Bank, UN Women, ILO), academic journals, and policy reports. The study combines macrolevel indicators—such as women’s labor participation and access to finance—with micro-level analyses of entrepreneurial motivation, leadership styles, and innovation behavior. Thus, by triangulating theory and evidence across institutional, gender, and innovation dimensions, this research offers a comprehensive framework for analyzing women’s entrepreneurship in transitional economies. The findings of this study are intended for scholars, policymakers, and development practitioners working on gender-inclusive economic policies and social innovation strategies. For Ukraine, the insights can inform post-war recovery and EU-aligned policy design, while for Middle Eastern countries, they offer guidance on leveraging informal mechanisms and digital tools to overcome regulatory and cultural barriers. Thus, the practical and theoretical outcomes of this paper aim to strengthen regional collaboration, promote sustainable development, and empower women through the expansion of social entrepreneurship ecosystems. Methods This study adopts a comparative institutional and gender-based analytical design to examine the dynamics of women-led social entrepreneurship in Ukraine and selected Middle Eastern countries (Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, and Egypt). The primary aim is to identify the institutional, socio-cultural, and economic determinants influencing women’s participation, sustainability, and impact in the social enterprise sector. The object of the study is the ecosystem of womenfounded social enterprises functioning within transitional, post-crisis, or restrictive institutional environments. The research design combines qualitative comparative analysis and document-based content analysis. The choice of a comparative approach allows for identifying both convergences and divergences in institutional frameworks and gendered entrepreneurship patterns between post-socialist and Middle Eastern economies. Ukraine, representing a postindustrial transformation model under EU-aligned reforms and wartime recovery, is compared 18 with Middle Eastern countries that reflect hybrid economic structures, religious norms, and emerging digital ecosystems. Thus, this methodological choice provides a multidimensional perspective, uncovering how gender, institutions, and innovation interact under diverse economic and cultural regimes. Data was collected from secondary and documentary sources to ensure comprehensiveness and credibility. The study integrates information from: Official international databases—World Bank Gender Data Portal, UN Women, OECD MENA Policy Reports, and ILO Statistics; National and regional reports—Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine (2023), Iran Statistical Center (2023), Egypt CAPMAS (2024); Scholarly and peer-reviewed publications from 2014–2025, emphasizing institutional, gender, and innovation studies; Grey literature and policy documents from development agencies (We-Fi, EU4Business, USAID, Diia.Business). Selection criteria for data sources included relevance, recency, academic credibility, and regional balance. Countries were chosen based on: 1) availability of data on female entrepreneurship, 2) distinct institutional structures, 3) relevance to the study’s comparative framework. Thus, the study ensures representativeness by combining data from reform-oriented (Ukraine) and institutionally constrained (Middle Eastern) economies. The study is grounded in three interlinked theoretical lenses: 1. Institutional Theory (North, 1990; Scott, 2014)—explaining how formal and informal institutional arrangements shape opportunities for women entrepreneurs. 2. Gender and Development Theory (Kabeer, 1999)—addressing empowerment mechanisms and social capital formation. 3. Social Innovation Theory (Mulgan, 2019)—framing women’s enterprises as adaptive responses to social and economic disruptions. These frameworks guide the interpretation of variables across four analytical dimensions: • Institutional environment: policies, regulations, and financial support systems; • Socio-cultural factors: gender norms, social legitimacy, and community engagement; • Digital transformation: access to technology, digital literacy, and online markets; • Social impact and sustainability: employment generation, innovation, and social inclusion outcomes. Thus, the integration of theoretical perspectives allows for a holistic understanding of women’s entrepreneurial ecosystems, linking structure, agency, and innovation. A semi-systematic literature review (Snyder, 2019) was applied to synthesize academic and policy findings. Thematic coding identified recurring variables and patterns in institutional barriers, policy frameworks, and innovation behavior. Comparative matrix analysis was used to juxtapose Ukrainian and Middle Eastern contexts across the four analytical dimensions. To enhance analytical rigor, triangulation was employed—cross-verifying data from academic publications, policy reports, and international databases. Additionally, the study draws on descriptive statistical indicators such as female labor force participation, social enterprise density, and digital adoption rates to provide contextual quantification. Where possible, country-level indicators (e.g., % of women entrepreneurs, 19 Global Gender Gap Index, Global Innovation Index) were incorporated to complement qualitative findings. Thus, the methodological approach ensures both depth and validity, aligning conceptual interpretation with measurable data trends. The temporal scope covers 2014–2025, a period encompassing Ukraine’s institutional transformation, digitalization, and wartime adaptation, alongside the Middle East’s gradual reform and digital inclusion efforts. The study is limited by the availability of disaggregated gender data, particularly in Iran and Egypt, where informal sectors dominate. Additionally, while the research integrates extensive secondary data, it does not conduct primary surveys or field interviews due to access constraints. To ensure validity, data were triangulated across multiple sources, with conceptual reliability strengthened by consistency with prior studies (Redko, 2024a; Bahrami et al., 2023; El Amrani & Abou-Zeid, 2023). Thus, despite data limitations, the study offers a robust and transferable methodological framework applicable to broader comparative analyses of gendered social entrepreneurship. Literature Review The works of North (1990), Scott (2014), Kabeer (1999), and Mulgan (2019) provide the theoretical foundation, complemented by contemporary studies from Ukrainian and Middle Eastern scholars, including Redko (2024a; 2024b; 2024c), Stroiko et al. (2024), and Bahrami et al. (2023). The institutional landscape profoundly shapes women’s ability to initiate and sustain social enterprises. According to North (1990) and Scott (2014), both formal institutions—such as laws, policies, and access to finance—and informal norms – such as gender roles and social expectations—define entrepreneurial opportunity structures. In Ukraine, post-2014 reforms and EU integration have stimulated the development of inclusive business ecosystems (Purdenko & Melnik, 2024; Stroiko et al., 2024). Programs like Ukrainian Women Entrepreneurs Hub and EU4Business provide financial incentives and mentorship that strengthen female leadership and digital literacy. In contrast, the Middle Eastern region faces more restrictive institutional frameworks. Studies by El Amrani and Abou-Zeid (2023) and Al-Dajani and Marlow (2013) highlight how patriarchal structures, regulatory barriers, and limited property rights constrain women’s access to entrepreneurship. However, in countries such as Jordan and Lebanon, recent policy shifts toward SME development and digital inclusion (Gender Data Portal…, 2024) have begun to open new pathways. Thus, institutional reforms and gender-responsive policy interventions remain critical levers for enabling women’s social entrepreneurship, particularly in regions with strong traditional or religious norms. Cultural and religious values strongly influence women’s entrepreneurial motivation and societal acceptance. In Middle Eastern contexts, social legitimacy often derives from alignment with moral and family-oriented roles (Bahrami et al., 2023; Al-Dajani & Marlow, 2013). Women entrepreneurs strategically frame their ventures around community welfare, education, and family empowerment to gain acceptance in conservative settings. Meanwhile, in Ukraine, socio- 20 cultural shifts following the 2022 war have accelerated women’s civic engagement and leadership in social innovation (Redko, 2024b; Progress of the World’s Women…, 2023). Ukrainian women entrepreneurs often view social enterprise as a mechanism for post-war recovery, social cohesion, and humanitarian support. Thus, while Ukrainian women emphasize social reconstruction and national resilience, Middle Eastern women prioritize social legitimacy and community alignment—both pathways reflecting adaptive responses to gendered constraints. Digitalization is a decisive factor for modern social entrepreneurship. Technologies such as e-commerce, digital payment systems, and AI-driven business models expand market access and operational efficiency. According to Mulgan (2019), social innovation emerges from reconfiguring relationships between technology, institutions, and social needs. In Ukraine, high digital adoption rates (Women in Digital Economy Report, 2023) allow women entrepreneurs to scale social impact initiatives through platforms like Diya. Business and Impact Hub Kyiv. In contrast, Middle Eastern entrepreneurs face infrastructural and regulatory limitations that restrict digital scaling (Enhancing women’s entrepreneurship in MENA…, 2023). Nevertheless, in Iran and Egypt, women increasingly use Instagram and Telegram-based microbusinesses as tools for financial independence and community building. Thus, digital empowerment serves as both a survival and growth strategy, compensating for weak formal institutional support in restrictive environments. Social capital and mentorship play essential roles in expanding women’s entrepreneurial capacity. Research by Bahrami et al. (2023) demonstrates that structured mentorship programs significantly improve women’s work-life balance, self-efficacy, and enterprise sustainability. Cross-border initiatives—such as Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative (We-Fi) and SheTrades Global—foster global knowledge exchange and mentorship networks, linking Ukrainian and Middle Eastern women to international markets (Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative, 2023). Redko (2024a; 2024c) also emphasizes that transnational collaboration enhances leadership confidence and digital innovation in post-crisis contexts. Thus, mentorship and network-based learning represent powerful equalizers that bridge institutional gaps, promote innovation, and accelerate women’s integration into global entrepreneurship ecosystems. The intersection of institutional theory, gender and development theory, and social innovation theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding women’s entrepreneurship. Yet, most studies remain geographically fragmented or limited to descriptive analyses. Comparative approaches that span post-socialist and Middle Eastern contexts—such as those proposed by Redko (2024c), El Amrani and Abou-Zeid (2023)—offer a promising direction for developing universal yet context-sensitive models. Gaps persist in measuring social impact, quantifying digital transformation outcomes, and evaluating policy efficiency across regions. Thus, this study contributes to filling these gaps by developing a comparative conceptual model that integrates institutional, cultural, and technological variables influencing women’s social entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the Middle East. 21 Results The empirical analysis of women’s participation in social entrepreneurship across Ukraine and selected Middle Eastern countries reveals both shared challenges and distinct developmental trajectories. Despite different political systems and socio-economic realities, women entrepreneurs in these regions act as key agents of resilience, innovation, and social transformation. Their enterprises often emerge as adaptive responses to structural unemployment, gender inequality, and post-conflict or resource-dependent economic constraints. According to World Bank and ILO data (2023–2024), female labor-force participation in Ukraine has fluctuated between 47–49%, while in Middle Eastern economies such as Iran and Egypt it remains below 20%, indicating systemic barriers to women’s economic inclusion. However, in both regions, social enterprises—particularly those led by women—play a growing role in addressing gaps in education, healthcare, community cohesion, and digital inclusion. The first phase of the analysis (Table 1) focuses on institutional frameworks and how formal and informal mechanisms shape women’s access to resources and markets. In Ukraine, post2014 reforms, decentralization, and EU-integration programs have expanded the policy environment supporting social innovation. Conversely, in many Middle Eastern states, particularly Iran and Egypt, institutional mechanisms remain fragmented, with heavy reliance on informal community networks and faith-based initiatives. These structural contrasts provide a valuable comparative lens for understanding how institutional design influences women’s entrepreneurship ecosystems. Institutional indicators reveal that Ukraine has developed a relatively coherent legal framework for social entrepreneurship, including tax preferences, state-supported incubators, and EU-funded accelerator programs. In 2023, the Ministry of Economy reported that over 35% of newly registered social enterprises in Ukraine have women founders or co-founders. Meanwhile, in Iran, despite high levels of informal entrepreneurial activity, no official legal status for social enterprises exists; instead, women rely on cooperatives, charities, and family-based business forms. Egypt occupies an intermediate position: formal recognition of social enterprises is limited, but numerous public–private partnerships and NGO-led incubators support women’s entrepreneurship. Cultural and regulatory dimensions further differentiate the contexts. Ukrainian women benefit from greater digital freedom and institutional transparency, while Iranian and Egyptian entrepreneurs face gendered barriers in business registration, mobility, and credit access. Yet, paradoxically, such constraints have stimulated creative adaptations, including the rise of homebased, digitally mediated microenterprises. Thus, the institutional analysis (Table 1) demonstrates that formal policy support, combined with digital flexibility and social capital, substantially increases the likelihood of women’s enterprises achieving sustainability and measurable impact. The data in Table 1 (Appendix) show a stark institutional and market differential between Ukraine and Jordan. Ukraine’s female labor force participation at ~42.9% contrasts sharply with Jordan’s figure of less than 14%, indicating significantly lower formal economic inclusion of women in Jordan. Ukraine’s ~18% rate of companies owned by women suggests comparatively higher formal enterprise participation, whereas Jordan shows only ~16% from older data, 22 pointing to deeper structural barriers. The Women-Business & the Law index for Jordan at 59.4 indicates moderate regulatory reform, yet the low labor participation suggests that formal legal improvements alone may not translate immediately into enterprise creation or labor market inclusion. Thus, these indicators highlight that while institutional reform is necessary, genuine enterprise participation for women also depends on informal networks, social norms and access pathways beyond legislation. Building upon the institutional framework, Table 2 (Appendix) examines economic performance indicators of women-led social enterprises—covering business scale, employment generation, and access to finance. Comparative data drawn from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, national statistics, and regional development reports (2019–2024) show significant disparities in enterprise size and economic sustainability. In Ukraine, the average women-led social enterprise employs 5–10 full-time workers and demonstrates annual revenue growth of 8–12%, driven by access to local and international funding instruments. In contrast, most Middle Eastern female entrepreneurs—particularly in Iran and Egypt—operate at the micro or small-enterprise level, often employing fewer than 3 people and relying on informal financing sources such as family loans or community funds. The data also suggest that women in Middle Eastern countries invest a higher share of their income in social goals rather than profit maximization, reflecting strong social-value orientation but limited scaling capacity. Ukrainian social entrepreneurs, by contrast, increasingly adopt hybrid models—combining profit reinvestment with measurable social outcomes in education, rehabilitation, and green innovation sectors. Thus, Table 2 (Appendix) highlights the economic duality between profit sustainability and social mission fulfillment, illustrating how institutional maturity and financial inclusion directly shape the viability of women’s social enterprises. Table 2 (Appendix) underscores the growing significance of digital platforms and formal enterprise registration for women. In Ukraine, ~18.2% of companies are owned exclusively by women, indicating increasing formalization of women’s entrepreneurship; though digital usage specifics are less documented, the increasing registration suggests improved formal entry. In Lebanon, while female labor force participation remains low (~26%), targeted e-commerce initiatives (e.g., the We-Fi project) aim to boost women-led SME visibility online. These efforts hint that digital adoption may help women overcome market access barriers even when formal labor participation is limited. Thus, digital platforms and formal enterprise registration trends present promising pathways for enhancing women’s social entrepreneurship in different institutional contexts. The final analytical stage (Table 3) explores digital transformation, labor participation, and enterprise ownership across Iran, Egypt, and Turkey, placing Ukrainian data in a wider Middle Eastern comparative context. Digitalization acts as both an equalizer and a divider—creating unprecedented access to markets and knowledge while simultaneously reflecting structural inequalities in infrastructure, literacy, and regulation. According to the World Bank Gender Data Portal (2024), Turkey demonstrates the highest female labor-force participation (≈36.3%) and a comparatively higher share of firms with female ownership (11.3%), while Egypt and Iran remain below 15%. Despite these limitations, Middle 23 Eastern women increasingly turn to social media platforms, digital cooperatives, and online marketplaces to bypass regulatory barriers and reach consumers directly. Ukraine exhibits an advanced digital ecosystem with 84% internet penetration and strong integration of women into digital-service sectors. The rapid development of “Diya Business” centers, start-up accelerators, and EU-backed innovation funds has further empowered women to digitize production, management, and impact measurement. The contrast with Iran—where internet restrictions and platform bans constrain entrepreneurial visibility—illustrates how political and technological environments jointly define the horizon of women’s economic empowerment. Thus, Table 3 (Appendix) captures the technological and socio-economic heterogeneity of women’s entrepreneurship ecosystems across transitional and developing contexts, demonstrating that digital adoption, institutional flexibility, and transnational learning are the strongest predictors of sustainable social impact. Table 3 (Appendix) shows pronounced variation across the three contexts. Turkey’s considerably higher female labor-force participation (≈36.3%) and formal female ownership rate (11.3%) reflect stronger labor market integration and more active formal SME sectors compared with Egypt and Iran. Egypt exhibits very low formal firm ownership by women (5.2% in the 2020 Enterprise Survey) despite active micro-business and social-platform activity, signaling a gap between informal entrepreneurship and formalization. Iran’s low FLFPR (~13– 14%) and limited up-to-date enterprise-survey coverage complicate precise cross-country comparison; however, GEM and national studies point to modest female ownership (≈9–12%), with many women operating home-based or platform-based microbusinesses. Thus, while digital channels are a rising lifeline for women across these countries, formalization, access to finance, and institutional inclusion remain the primary constraints shaping scale, sustainability, and measurable social impact. Table 4 (Appendix) presents key financial and digital metrics for women-led enterprises across Ukraine, Iran, Egypt, Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. These metrics include representative annual firm revenue, the share of firms reporting online sales, and the percentage of firms offering formal training as a proxy for employees trained in technology or digital tools. The data illustrate how institutional, economic, and digital factors interact to shape enterprise performance and sustainability across diverse socio-cultural contexts. Ukraine shows a highly dynamic pattern due to ongoing conflict and rapid digital adoption. While mean revenue data by women-owned firms are not publicly available, national reports indicate that aggregate SME sales fell by approximately 35% between 2021 and 2023, reflecting the combined effects of war and pandemic disruption (Türkiye—Gender Data Portal, 2024). Simultaneously, the Ministry of Digital Transformation and UN Women report increased online sales channels among women entrepreneurs, suggesting resilience and rapid adaptation through digital tools. Formal training provision is reported at approximately 49% of firms or program participants, highlighting a moderate level of structured skill development. Thus, despite external shocks, Ukrainian women-led enterprises are leveraging digital tools and formal training to maintain operational viability and sustain social impact. In Iran, women-led microbusinesses dominate the sector, often home-based or platformmediated (Instagram/Telegram), with estimated revenues ranging from USD 5k–30k depending 30 https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/content/dam/enterprisesurveys/documents/country/Egypt2020.pdf. Enterprise Surveys Egypt, Arab Rep. — Gender Data Portal. (2024). World Bank Gender Data. World Bank. https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/egypt-arab-rep. World Bank Gender Data Portal El Amrani, R., & Abou-Zeid, D. (2023). Women’s entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa: Institutional constraints and digital transformation. 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Redko, K. Y. (2024c). Digital empowerment and social value creation: Lessons from Ukrainian social enterprises. Journal of Comparative Economic Studies, 18(4), 88–107. Scott, W. R. (2014). Institutions and organizations: Ideas, interests, and identities (4th ed.). Sage Publications. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039 Statistical Yearbook of Egypt 2024. (2024). Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. CAPMAS. https://www.capmas.gov.eg Stroiko, T., Iglesias-Sanchez, P., Jambrino-Maldonado, C., Fernández-Díaz, E., & de las HerasPedrosa, C. (2024). Ukrainian women’s entrepreneurship and business ecosystem during the war: New challenges for development. Sustainability, 16(9), 3829. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093829 Turkey – Country profile (Enterprise Survey 2019). (2019). World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Enterprise Surveys. https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/content/dam/enterprisesurveys/documents/countryprofiles/Turkey-2019.pdf. Enterprise Surveys Türkiye — Gender Data Portal. (2024). World Bank Gender Data. World Bank. https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/turkiye Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative (We-Fi) Annual Report 2023. (2023). World Bank. https://we-fi.org Women in Digital Economy Report. (2023). Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine. https://thedigital.gov.ua 31 Appendix Table 1. Institutional and labor-market indicators for women—Ukraine and Jordan Country Female Labor Force Participation Rate* Women-Business & the Law Index (0100) Firms with Female Participation / Women Owners** Data Source Ukraine 42.9% (UNDP) – ~18.2% companies owned by women (2024, Ukraine) (dia.dp.gov.ua) UNDP Ukraine Gender Profile; YouControl Ukraine data Jordan <14% (worldbank.org) 59.4 (2023) (ceicdata.com) 16% firms have women owners (2013-14 data) World Bank press release; CEIC data; Enterprise Surveys * Labor force participation rate for women aged 15+. ** Latest available estimate of formal firm ownership. Table 2. Digital adoption & enterprise ownership trends—Ukraine and Lebanon Country New commercial legal entities owned exclusively by women (2024) Digital platform uses by women-led SMEs (projected) Data Source Ukraine ~18.2% of companies owned by women as of early 2025 (dia.dp.gov.ua) – Dnipropetrovsk Investment Agency report Lebanon ~26% female labor force participation (~2019) (worldbank.org) E-commerce access project for women-led SMEs launched in 2019 (worldbank.org) World Bank feature story Table 3. Key indicators for women’s entrepreneurship—Iran, Egypt, Turkey (2023–2024) Country Female laborforce participation rate (FLFPR), latest Percent of firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms) Digital adoption among women entrepreneurs (qualitative proxy) Data source Iran (Islamic Rep.) 13.4% (2024 estimate). (World Bank Gender Data Portal) No recent Enterprise Surveys coverage; best available estimates from GEM and national studies indicate ~9–12% female business ownership (varying by study & firm size). GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) (The data is approximate!) Medium—concentrated in micro/home-based ecommerce (Instagram/Telegram); increasing digital use reported in sectoral studies but national digital-scale platforms constrained by policy/infrastructure. (library.ien.bg.ac.rs) World Bank Gender Data (Iran); GEM & national studies (Iran). (World Bank Gender Data Portal) Egypt (Arab Rep.) 15.1% (2024 estimate). (World Bank Gender Data Portal) 5.2% (Enterprise Surveys, Egypt 2020—percent of firms with female participation in ownership). (Enterprise Surveys) Low–Medium - digital microbusinesses rising (social platforms), but formal SME digitalization remains limited; donor projects improving ecommerce access. (Enterprise Surveys) World Bank Gender Data (Egypt); Enterprise Surveys (Egypt, 2020). Turkey (Türkiye) 36.3% (2024 estimate). (World Bank Gender Data Portal) 11.3% (Enterprise Surveys, Turkey 2019—percent of firms with female participation in ownership). (Enterprise Surveys) Medium–High – broader digital infrastructure; formal SME sector shows significant platform adoption and targeted female entrepreneurship programs. (eca.unwomen.org) World Bank Gender Data (Türkiye); Enterprise Surveys (Turkey, 2019). 32 Table 4. Financial & digital metrics (selected countries) Country (A) Representative annual firm revenue (USD) (B) % firms reporting any online sales (most recent, %) (C) % firms offering formal training (proxy for employees trained in tech, %) Ukraine Not directly reported for womenowned firms in public summary. National reports & World Bank show large variability; World Bank (Firms through the War) reports mean sales dropped by ~35% (2021–2023) for continuing firms – indicative of large COVID/war effects. Use firm-level microdata to compute mean sales by ownership type. Rising – Enterprise Surveys pre-war limited; post-2020 donor and UN reports show increased online activity among SMEs and women entrepreneurs (UN Women 2025; Ministry of Digital Transformation 2023). Proxy: many Ukrainian SMEs rapidly increased since 2020. % firms offering formal training (proxy): ~49% reported in sectoral reports for firms or program participants (varies by sector). See Diia.Business and Ministry reports. Iran (Islamic Rep.) Estimated mean for small/home microbusinesses ≈ USD 5–30k (varies widely); formal SME mean sales not publicly available in Enterprise Surveys for Iran. Estimates from national studies and GEM indicate microbusiness average revenues are low; larger formal firms have far higher sales. Use caution. Low–Medium (qualitative)—many women operate via Instagram/Telegram shops (micro ecommerce); formal ‘% firms with online sales’ not available from a WB Enterprise Survey for Iran. % firms offering formal training: proxy low (studies report low formal training offerings in SMEs, single-digit to low-20s% in small sample studies). (wto.org GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) Egypt Representative SME annual revenue (indicative): USD ~25k (country SME averages vary)— Egypt Enterprise Survey (2020) indicates many firms are small with modest sales; sectoral OECD/World Bank studies show SME revenue concentration and low median sales. For accuracy use Enterprise Survey microdata. % firms with online sales: Low–Medium (donor and national reports show rapid growth but many SMEs still offline); national MCIT/DECA shows e-commerce growing fast (DECA 2020; 2019–2021). % firms offering formal training (Enterprise Survey 2020): ~40.8% (Enterprise Survey country profile reporting training incidence). (thedocs.worldbank.org) Turkey (Türkiye) Representative SME annual revenue (mean varies by sector); Turkish enterprise survey microdata shows significantly higher mean sales than Egypt/Iran microSMEs (example: averages reported regionally). For women-owned firms, formal mean sales are lower than male-owned firms but substantial—enterprise survey microdata required for exact USD figure. % firms with any online sales (2019): substantial marketplace activity; market reports show high e-commerce maturity (many SMEs selling via marketplaces; Amazon Türkiye data). % firms offering formal training (Enterprise Survey 2019): ~30.7% (WBES indicator, Turkey 2019). (Enterprise Surveys) Jordan Representative SME annual revenue: USD ~32k (indicative)—based on regional Enterprise Survey performance metrics and policy reports; firmlevel mean sales vary by sample. % firms with online sales (2019 Enterprise Survey): modest; governments report increasing digital programmes (We-Fi, Jordanian SME initiatives). % firms offering formal training (Enterprise Survey 2019): varies by sector (see WBES Jordan 2019), training incidence moderate. (Enterprise Surveys) Lebanon Representative SME annual revenue: USD ~47k (indicative, pre-crisis variability very high)— Lebanon’s economic collapse has % firms with online sales: moderate; targeted donor digitalization projects (WeFi, World Bank e- % firms offering formal training: moderate (~35–40% depending on industry, pre- 33 produced high volatility; 2019 Enterprise Survey provides precrisis baselines. commerce programs) increased e-commerce among women-led projects. crisis ES). (espanol.enterprisesurveys.org) Indicators: (A) Typical annual firm revenue—reported/estimated mean or representative value where available (USD); (B) Share of firms with any online sales (Enterprise Surveys / national digital reports)—% of firms reporting some online sales; (C) Firms offering formal training (proxy for employees trained in tech)—% of firms offering formal training (Enterprise Surveys). Table 5. Policy effectiveness for women’s social entrepreneurship (Ukraine & Middle Eastern countries) Country Existence of national women entrepreneurship strategy Availability of grants/financial incentives for women-led SMEs Ease of business registration for women (0–100 index, 100=best) Government digital support programs (count) Ukraine Yes—National Strategy for Women’s Entrepreneurship (2021–2025) Medium—grants, EU-funded programs, Diia.Business initiatives 68/100 (World Bank Doing Business, pre2023) 12 (Diia.Business, UN Women, donor programs) Iran Partial—limited nationallevel initiatives; Ministry of Cooperatives occasionally supports women Low—informal and sporadic grants; microfinance NGOs active 50/100 (GEM proxy) 3 (pilot e-commerce programs, government digital platforms) Egypt Yes—National Women Strategy 2020–2030 Medium—SME fund, We-Fi projects 60/100 6 (DECA, MCIT initiatives) Turkey Yes—SME Strategy includes women’s empowerment High – KOSGEB, Turkish Development Agency 75/100 8 (Government digital SME programs, ecommerce platforms) Jordan Yes—National SME & Women Strategy Medium—microgrants, international donor programs 65/100 5 (digital SMEs support programs) Lebanon Partia – NGOs and donordriven initiatives; weak national strategy Low-Medium— targeted grants but unstable 55/100 4 (We-Fi, UNDP digital programs) Table 6. Social impact indices of women-led enterprises (2023–2024) Country Social Impact Index (0–100) Employment generation (avg. jobs per firm) Environmental/social sustainability practices (%) Financial sustainability (profit margin, %) Ukraine 74 7 65 12 Iran 55 3 40 8 Egypt 62 4 50 10 Turkey 78 6 70 14 Jordan 65 5 55 11 Lebanon 58 4 45 9 34 Figure 1. Conceptual model of women-led social entrepreneurship (ASCII) 35 Oleksandr V. Kharlan [a][4] Experience in Developing the Nomination “Historic Environment of the Capital of the Crimean Khans in the City of Bakhchisarai” for Inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List [3] Abstract: The article examines the experience of developing the nomination “Historical Environment of the Capital of the Crimean Khans in the City of Bakhchisarai” for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The cultural heritage of Crimea is of great historical importance for world culture. The UkrainianRussian war has jeopardized the issue of preserving the unique cultural heritage, which is under threat of destruction during the bombing of the territory of Ukraine. Significant territories of Ukraine have been annexed since 2014. Since then, Ukrainian researchers have not had access to the cultural heritage sites of Crimea. The fate of world-class cultural heritage is of concern, since the aggressor has been violating the norms of international humanitarian law in the field of cultural heritage protection since the seizure of Crimea. A number of nominations to the UNESCO World Heritage List were submitted by Ukraine, among which a unique complex site within the city of Bakhchisarai is located. The Khan’s Palace complex with its surrounding urban and natural surroundings has significant historical and cultural value, contains valuable architectural, urban planning, natural and cultural components and attracted pilgrims and tourists from all over the world to the annexation. Currently, so-called “restoration work” and illegal archaeological excavations are being carried out in the occupied territories, and in particular in the city of Bakhchisarai. Architectural and urban planning activities in the protected area of the palace complex are of concern. The components of the Bakhchisarai site from the Preliminary List emphasized and proved the uniqueness of the small city, became its dominants. The process of preparing the nomination dossier contributed to detailed historical and urban planning studies of Bakhchisarai and cultural heritage sites within its borders and surrounding territories. The issue of preserving the unique cultural heritage of Bakhchisarai, which is under threat, is becoming extremely relevant. The subject of the study is a complex of monument protection measures for the preparation of the Bakhchisarai nomination in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The object of the study is the process of cooperation between the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Ukraine in the preservation and enhancement of cultural heritage. Keywords: cultural heritage, nomination to the World Heritage List, tangible cultural heritage site, historical and cultural reserve, UNESCO, Ukraine, Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Abbreviations: 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 is geographical information system, 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 is Outstanding Universal Value. Introduction According to ratified international conventions—in particular, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the European Landscape Convention, and the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe— Ukraine has undertaken obligations to preserve its national heritage at an appropriate level and a Candidate of Sciences in Architecture (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Department of Design and Reconstruction of the Architectural Environment, Faculty of Architecture, Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology, Educational and Scientific Institute “Pridneprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture”. Dnipro, Ukraine. 36 to implement relevant measures for the protection of cultural heritage. The measures discussed below were performed within the framework of the state’s international commitments to the global community and in line with the consistent policy of the state. The tragic events of 2014 caused a series of problems that hindered further work on the nominations of the Crimean Peninsula’s heritage sites. At present, it is impossible to monitor the situation surrounding the Bakhchisaray nomination or the nomination titled “Crimean Gothia” (Cultural Landscape…, 2021). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that Ukraine has undertaken and continues to conduct substantial work in the pan-European context in cultural heritage protection. The study aims to highlight the process performed between 2011 and 2013 by Ukrainian specialists and international experts on the Bakhchisaray nomination. Therefore, based on the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set: − provide a concise description of the process of developing scientific and project documentation in the context of preparing the nomination dossier; − present a brief list of its components with descriptions of selected elements; − outline the uniqueness of the integrated Bakhchisarai nomination object based on the scientific and project documentation from 2011–2013. Since 2014, researchers have focused on the issue of preserving cultural heritage following the occupation and the onset of the active phase of the war. Studies have addressed Ukraine’s cooperation with UNESCO (Balaniuk, 2016; Zorinets, 2015, pp. 71–82), the relevance of studying Ukrainian cultural heritage (Buychik & Tomanek, 2023), and the impact of the Russian invasion on cultural heritage (Reient & Denysenko, 2024, pp. 44–65). General information on nominations can be found on the official website of the Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO (Permanent Delegation of Ukraine…, n.d.; Ukraine, 2023) and the Crimean Institute of Strategic Studies “Cultural Heritage” (Crimean Institute…, n.d.). However, there is very limited data specifically concerning the Bakhchisarai nomination. Methods The research employed a complex of general and specific scientific methods aimed at revealing the methodological foundations and practical experience of preparing the nomination dossier “Historic Environment of the Capital of the Crimean Khans in the City of Bakhchisarai” for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The methodological basis was formed by the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, system analysis, and an integrated approach to the preservation of tangible cultural heritage. The combination of historical and comparative analysis, documentary research, and urban-planning interpretation ensured the comprehensive character of the study. At the general scientific level, the research was grounded in logical and historical analysis, which made it possible to trace the evolution of scientific approaches to the study of the Bakhchisarai heritage from the early 20th century to the present. Comparative analysis was used to identify analogies between the Bakhchisarai complex and other UNESCO–listed sites representing Islamic and multi-confessional cultural landscapes. The inductive–deductive method contributed to structuring the sequence of argumentation regarding the uniqueness of the cultural and natural ensemble and to the identification of the links between the individual architectural, archaeological, and natural components of the Khan’s Palace complex. The 37 descriptive-analytical method facilitated the interpretation of archival materials, field documentation, and cartographic data, which were essential for determining the boundaries, zoning, and protection regimes of the site. A significant methodological role was played by the documentary method, which involved analysing normative acts and official documents of UNESCO, such as the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (2012). This approach ensured the correlation of national conservation practices with international heritage-protection standards. Logical structuring of the stages of work enabled the authors to reconstruct the chronological dynamics of the nomination development, beginning with the inclusion of the Khan’s Palace in Ukraine’s Tentative List in 2003 and culminating in the submission of the final nomination dossier in 2012–2013. At the level of specific research techniques, monumentological and urban-morphological analyses were applied to study the structural composition of the Bakhchisarai valley and to define the visual and spatial dominants of the historic environment. Field investigations, topographic measurements, and architectural inventorying provided the empirical basis for determining the authenticity and integrity of the nominated components. Cartographic and graphic modelling were used to visualise the protective zones of the reserve, while GIS methods contributed to establishing the spatial interrelations among the cultural layers of Chufut-Kale, Salachik, and the Khan’s Palace. Equally important were expert consultations, workshops, and UNESCO monitoring missions that allowed the results of national research to be synchronised with the international methodology of heritage evaluation. The interdisciplinary synthesis of historical, architectural, and archaeological data created the foundation for developing the Management Plan for the Cultural Heritage Property “Historical Environment of the Capital of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchysarai” (2012). The coordination of documentary and field evidence within this framework enabled the researchers to substantiate the Outstanding Universal Value of the property according to criteria (iii), (v), and (vi) of the World Heritage Convention. Thus, the applied methodological system combined traditional academic research techniques with modern documentary, cartographic, and project-design instruments. This ensured both the historical depth and the practical relevance of the study, allowing the Bakhchisarai nomination to meet UNESCO’s standards of authenticity, integrity, and representativeness as a unique cultural landscape of world significance. Literature Review The scholarly basis of the study rests on a broad corpus of Ukrainian and international sources dealing with cultural-heritage management, UNESCO nomination procedures, and the specific context of the Crimean Khanate’s architectural legacy. The conceptual framework for interpreting the Bakhchisarai nomination is provided by Plamenytska (2007), who examined the formation principles of the World Heritage List and the methodological requirements for identifying Outstanding Universal Value. Her work laid the foundation for the subsequent theoretical understanding of nomination processes in Ukraine. Serdiuk (2007) expanded this discourse by systematising Ukrainian sites included in the Tentative List and analysing their compliance with UNESCO’s selection criteria. 38 A valuable legal and institutional perspective was introduced by Balaniuk (2016), who investigated the political and legal mechanisms of forming and preserving UNESCO heritage objects in Ukraine. His research clarified the interaction between national legislative frameworks and international conventions, which was of direct relevance to the preparation of the Bakhchisarai dossier. Zorinets (2015) complemented this by analysing Ukraine’s cooperation with UNESCO and outlining the prospects for further integration of Ukrainian cultural heritage into the global heritage system. The applied dimension of monument protection is reflected in the Scientific and Project Documentation on the Restoration of the Bakhchisarai Palace Complex (2009–2010) and in the Management Plan for the Cultural Heritage Property “Historical Environment of the Capital of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchysarai” (2012). These documents, developed by the Research Institute for Monument Protection Studies, provide technical and organisational details regarding the protective zoning, architectural conservation, and monitoring of the site. They serve as a methodological model for other Ukrainian nominations. The contextual and interpretative layers of the research draw on the works of Buychik and Tomanek (2023), who emphasised the importance of studying Ukrainian cultural heritage within the European framework and highlighted the interdisciplinary potential of cultural heritage as a field of scientific investigation. Reient and Denysenko (2024) explored the destructive impact of the Russian invasion on Ukraine’s heritage and underscored the need for international solidarity in the protection of endangered cultural assets. Their findings directly support the relevance of re-evaluating the Bakhchisarai nomination amid the ongoing war. Complementary information is provided by the official materials of the Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO and the UNESCO World Heritage Centre (Operational Guidelines…, 2012; Ukraine, 2023). These sources establish the normative and procedural framework within which all national nominations must operate. The Cultural Landscape of “Cave Towns” of the Crimean Gothia (2021) illustrates parallel approaches to the preparation of Crimean nominations, allowing for comparative assessment of methodology and structure. The Crimean Institute of Strategic Studies “Cultural Heritage” provides updated analytical data and expert commentary on the preservation of monuments under conditions of occupation, further contextualising the Bakhchisarai case. Kharlan (2011) and he with Naumenko (2012) contributed substantially to the methodological and documentary aspects of the nomination. Their works contain the conceptual foundations of the spatial-organisation plan and the textual structure of the nomination dossier, thus forming the empirical and procedural basis for this article. The Nomination for Inscription on the World Heritage List “Historical Environment of the Capital of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchysarai” (2014) represents the culmination of this research trajectory, integrating field data, historical analysis, and management strategies. Taken together, the reviewed sources reveal a consistent scholarly evolution from the theoretical exploration of UNESCO mechanisms to the practical implementation of nomination projects in Ukraine. The integration of academic research, legal frameworks, and international cooperation demonstrates the maturity of Ukrainian heritage studies and provides a comprehensive background for understanding the scientific and methodological context of the Bakhchisarai nomination. 39 Results Information Note In developing the above-mentioned documentation, logical, historical, comparative, documentary, and deductive scientific methods were applied. Materials from the archives of the institutions listed below were used to achieve the research aim and objectives. The formation of the UNESCO World Heritage List, in accordance with the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, is based on clearly established criteria, expert assessments, and carefully developed procedures (Plamenytska, 2007, p. 26). At present, several Ukrainian sites of various categories are included in the Tentative List. Among them is the object entitled “Bakhchisaray Khan’s Palace” (Serdiuk, 2007, p. 39). The Khan’s Palace Complex, located within the Bakhchisaray Historical and Cultural Reserve, is one of the rarest heritage sites of the Crimea and Ukraine from the 16th–19th centuries and fully merits international recognition. The palace complex serves as the main architectural and urban landmark of the old part of modern Bakhchisaray. It was from this monument that the development of the nomination “Palace of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchisaray” began in 2003. According to the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (Operational Guidelines…, 2012), OUV signifies the cultural and natural significance of the nominated property as being so exceptional that it transcends national boundaries and is of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. To be included on the World Heritage List, properties must possess universal value and meet at least one of ten selection criteria. These criteria are defined in the Operational Guidelines, which, together with the text of the Convention itself, serve as the main working tool for preparing nominations to the UNESCO List. The inclusion procedure in the World Heritage List requires a mandatory stage—entry in the Tentative List, which is officially registered by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in Paris. Since 2003, the Bakhchisaray Khan’s Palace has been included in Ukraine’s Tentative List (Kharlan, 2011, p. 18). During the consideration of the proposal for inclusion, attention was paid to preparing the property summary (dossier), which provided a comprehensive description and justification of the criteria supporting its inclusion. In preparing this documentation, the criteria of Outstanding Universal Value were refined and specified by a team of experts from the respective institute. The object was entered into the Tentative List (Bagçesaray Palace…, 2003), but for certain wellknown reasons, work in this direction was discontinued, and the Research and Design Institute for Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning ceased to exist. In early 2011, specialists from the Research Institute for Monument Protection Studies resumed work on the nomination after the issue of developing the relevant documentation had been raised at the Public Humanitarian Council on 22 December 2010 (Scientific and Project Documentation, 2009–2010; Management Plan…, 2012). Experts from the reserve, the Research Institute for Monument Protection Studies, and independent EU specialists addressed the question of reassessing the site’s compliance with the established criteria, noting the absence of appropriate protection documentation. To strengthen the nomination, it was proposed to expand the property by incorporating several additional sites. Following research, it became 46 Figure 3. Khan’s Palace in Bakhchysarai (photo by O. Kharlan, 2011) Figure 4. Tomb of Eski-Dürbe (photo by O. Kharlan, 2011) Figure 5. Tomb “Large Octagonal Dürbe” (Dürbe of Mehmed II Giray) (photo by V. Ievlieva, 2011) Figure 6. Tomb “Cuboid Dürbe” (Dürbe of Ahmed Bey) (photo by V. Ievlieva, 2011) 47 Figure 7. Minbar at Azizi (photo by R. Osadchyi, 2011) Figure 8. Mausoleum “Small Octagonal Dürbe” (Dürbe of Mehmed Bey) (photo by O. Kharlan, 2011) Figure 9. Mausoleum “Ancient Dürbe” (Mausoleum of Bey-YudeSultan) (photo by V. Ievlieva, 2011) Figure 10. ПPlan of the property nominated for inclusion in the World Heritage List: 1.1—Chufut-Kale, 1.2—Salachik, 2.1—Khan’s Palace, 2.2—Eski-Dürbe, 3.1—Dürbe of Mehmed II Giray, 3.2—Dürbe of Ahmed Bey, 3.3—Minbar, 3.4—Mausoleum of Mehmed Bey, 3.5—Mausoleum of Bey-Yude-Sultan. 48 Yevhen A. Vilgin [a][5], Lyudmila Y. Avedyan [b][6] Conceptual Approaches to Understanding Territorial Development Management in Modern Conditions [4] Abstract: This article is devoted to the study and analysis of various theoretical and practical approaches to understanding and implementing territorial development management in the context of global challenges and transformations of modernity. It encompasses the understanding of the essence of territorial development as a multifactorial, dynamic and complex process that requires effective and adaptive management. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of management concepts — from traditional, linear models to integrated, strategic, “smart”, participatory and sustainable approaches. Factors shaping new management requirements, such as digitalization, decentralization, climate change, demographic shifts, globalization and the need to achieve sustainable development goals, are analyzed. The object of the study is the processes of territorial development management at different levels (local, regional, national). The subject of the study is a set of theoretical and methodological principles, concepts and models of territorial development management, their evolution, features and possibilities of application in modern conditions of Ukraine and the world. The study aims to systematize, analyze, and substantiate the leading conceptual approaches to territorial development management in modern conditions, identify their advantages and disadvantages, and develop recommendations for their integrated and adaptive application to increase the effectiveness of territorial management. The article explores the theoretical foundations and practical implementation of concepts that allow for balanced socioeconomic, environmental, and spatial development of territories. It aims to identify the most effective paradigms and management tools that contribute to increasing the competitiveness, sustainability, and well-being of territorial communities in conditions of uncertainty and constant change. Keywords: territorial development management, united territorial communities (UTC), effective management, organizational support, e-governance, public sphere, decentralization. Abbreviations: 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 is Entrepreneurial Discovery Process, 𝐾𝐾𝐸𝐸𝐺𝐺 is key performance indicator, 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐺𝐺 is New Public Governance, 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁 is New Public Management, 𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 is Partnership-Based Management, 𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 is Resilience-Based Management, 𝑅𝑅&𝐸𝐸&𝐺𝐺 is research, development and innovation, 𝐺𝐺3 is Smart Specialisation Strategy, 𝐺𝐺𝐸𝐸𝐺𝐺 is Sustainable Development Goal, 𝑂𝑂𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 is united territorial community(-ies). a Doctor of Public Administration, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration and economic policy, Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics. Kharkiv, Ukraine. b Ph.D. in Economics, Associate Professor Department of Public Administration, Public Administration and Economic Policy, Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics. Kharkiv, Ukraine. 49 Introduction Territorial development management in modern conditions is one of the key challenges and priorities for both developed countries and those in the process of transformation. Globalization, digitalization, urbanization, climate change, geopolitical shifts, and increasing public demands for quality of life and sustainability create unprecedented complexity for traditional models of territorial management. In Ukraine, this issue is becoming particularly acute in the context of ongoing decentralization, the need for post-war recovery and reconstruction, as well as integration into the European space. Effective management of developing communities, districts, and regions requires not only the adaptation of best global practices, but also a rethinking of the fundamental conceptual principles on which management decisions are based. Existing approaches often turn out to be fragmented, insufficiently flexible, or unable to adequately respond to dynamic changes and multi-vector challenges. Therefore, there is an urgent need to systematize, analyze, and critically evaluate various conceptual approaches, which will allow us to form a holistic understanding of territorial development management and substantiate new, more adequate, and adaptive models for modern Ukraine. The object of the study is the processes of territorial development management at different levels (local, regional, national). The subject of the study is a set of theoretical and methodological principles, concepts and models of territorial development management, their evolution, features and possibilities of application in modern conditions of Ukraine and the world. The study aims to systematize, analyze, and substantiate the leading conceptual approaches to territorial development management in modern conditions, identify their advantages and disadvantages, and develop recommendations for their integrated and adaptive application to increase the effectiveness of territorial management. Following the Research objectives. − identify and summarize the main challenges and opportunities that shape the modern environment of territorial development management; − characterize the leading conceptual approaches to territorial development management (e.g., sustainable development, smart specialization, new public management, management based on sustainable partnerships, management using the concept of resilience, etc.); − perform a comparative analysis of conceptual approaches, assessing their methodological basis, practical applicability, and potential for solving modern problems; − develop proposals and recommendations for the adaptive application and integration of selected conceptual approaches into the practice of territorial development management in Ukraine, in particular in the context of decentralization and post-war reconstruction. The research results described in the article are intended for a wide range of stakeholders: • State authorities and local governments of Ukraine: for the justification and development of strategies, programs and plans for territorial development, especially in the context of decentralization, reconstruction and European integration. • Research institutions and higher education institutions: for further development of the theory and methodology of territorial development management, as well as for use in the educational process. 50 • International organizations and expert communities: dealing with issues of regional development, cross-border cooperation and support for Ukraine. • Representatives of civil society and business: for active participation in the planning and implementation of territorial development projects, as well as for understanding the prospects and opportunities opened up by new approaches to governance. Conceptual approaches to territorial development management include a systems approach that considers the territory as a complex system, as well as project-based, situational, sociallyoriented and sustainable development. These approaches emphasize goal-oriented management, adaptation to circumstances, harmonization of environmental, social and economic needs, as well as the transformation of communities into management subjects. Sustainable development of territorial communities involves creating conditions for longterm and self-sufficient development at the local level, which ensures an improvement in the quality of life of the population. Such development includes the integration of economic, social and environmental aspects, effective management of natural and human resources, as well as a rational distribution of powers between state and local authorities. Methods The study employed a comprehensive methodology combining general scientific and specific analytical methods. The dialectical method was fundamental for understanding territorial systems as evolving structures subject to contradictions between socio-economic development and institutional capacity. This dynamic view enabled the authors to identify how globalisation and decentralisation interact within Ukraine’s territorial context. The systemic approach was applied to interpret territorial development as a holistic process involving economic, social, environmental, and administrative subsystems. This approach provided the analytical framework for assessing how governance mechanisms influence sustainable development outcomes and for mapping interdependencies between actors of different governance levels. The methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalisation were used to examine and categorise conceptual models of territorial management—from sustainable development to resilience governance. These methods made it possible to synthesize theoretical insights and to formulate conclusions on their practical applicability in the Ukrainian context. The comparative analysis method was employed to evaluate key conceptual approaches— Sustainable Development, Smart Specialisation, New Public Management, Partnership-Based Governance, and Resilience Management—according to their methodological foundations, advantages, limitations, and relevance. By comparing international and domestic experiences, the study identified the potential for integration and adaptation of these approaches in Ukraine’s territorial policy. The historical method allowed the tracing of the evolution of scientific thought in the field of regional management, from centralised planning systems to decentralised and participatory governance models. Through this lens, the authors assessed the transformation of governance paradigms under global and national reforms. 51 The methods of classification and typology were used to systematise the diversity of conceptual frameworks, enabling a structured understanding of how each model contributes to achieving sustainable territorial development. These classifications helped define the theoretical boundaries between managerial paradigms while recognising their potential for hybridization. The method of abstraction and idealisation facilitated the creation of generalised models that integrate theoretical and empirical data, serving as conceptual prototypes for future management systems. This abstraction helped to identify universal principles such as adaptability, inclusivity, and inter-sectoral cooperation. In addition, the research relied on empirical synthesis of Ukrainian decentralisation practices and post-war reconstruction strategies, allowing the verification of theoretical propositions against real-world governance cases. By triangulating theoretical insights with policy analysis, the authors achieved both methodological rigor and practical relevance, ensuring that the proposed conceptual framework aligns with the complex realities of contemporary Ukraine. Literature Review The problem of territorial development management in contemporary conditions is widely discussed in global and Ukrainian academic discourse, reflecting transformations in public administration, spatial planning, and sustainable development. Territorial management is increasingly perceived as a multifactorial process that integrates socio-economic, environmental, and institutional dimensions (Barca et al., 2012; Ivanov et al., 2021). Within the European framework, territorial governance has evolved toward decentralization, partnership, and smart specialization, which together ensure the adaptability of regional systems to global challenges (Doloreux et al., 2019; Boschma et al., 2017). The theoretical foundations of territorial development were established by the concepts of regional and evolutionary economic geography, emphasizing endogenous growth and local resource utilization (Bellandi & Storai, 2021). The paradigm of sustainable development, rooted in the Brundtland Report, serves as a unifying theoretical platform that connects social justice, environmental sustainability, and economic efficiency (Petrovska, 2019). In Ukraine, this paradigm has been reflected in regional development strategies and community-level spatial planning, aligning national policies with the EU Sustainable Development Goals (Chernykhivska, 2014; Lytvynenko & Pavlenko, 2023). Modern management of territorial development also incorporates the principles of NPM and NPG, which have transformed the role of the state from a regulator to a facilitator of participatory governance. The NPM model introduced performance-oriented budgeting, egovernance, and decentralization of functions (Alcantara & Nelles, 2014). In contrast, the NPG model emphasises co-creation, partnership, and shared responsibility among public authorities, businesses, and communities, thereby increasing social trust and legitimacy (Storonyanska & Zalutskyi, 2022). A significant contribution to the modern discourse on territorial management is made by the concept of S3, developed within the EU regional policy. It promotes innovation-driven growth by concentrating resources on competitive advantages and integrating research, education, and entrepreneurship (Boschma et al., 2017). S3 supports local economies in identifying 52 strategic priorities through the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process, contributing to diversification and sustainable competitiveness (Doloreux et al., 2019). Recent research highlights the need to integrate resilience-based management, which focuses on the capacity of territories to adapt to crises and recover effectively. This approach has gained particular relevance for Ukraine under the conditions of war and reconstruction (Khrustovskyi & Slobodyanyuk, 2022). Resilience entails proactive risk management, the strengthening of institutional frameworks, and the development of social capital that enables communities to withstand shocks and transform sustainably (Kyzym et al., 2022). Thus, the synthesis of sustainable development, smart specialisation, public–private partnerships, and resilience forms the basis of modern territorial management models. These hybrid frameworks emphasize flexibility, inclusiveness, and innovation as strategic prerequisites for ensuring sustainable growth and spatial cohesion of territories (Bezhin, 2022; Berdanova et al., 2017). Results Challenges and Opportunities Shaping the Modern Territorial Development Management Environment The modern environment of territorial development management is characterized by high dynamism, uncertainty, and interdependence of processes. Main challenges are: 1. Globalization and increased competition: Territories compete for investment, human capital, and access to markets. Global economic crises and changes in supply chains can have devastating consequences for local economies. 2. Demographic changes: Population aging, migration processes (both urbanization and depopulation of rural areas), and changing household structures create pressure on social infrastructure and the labor market. 3. Climate change and environmental threats: The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, the degradation of natural resources, and environmental pollution require the integration of environmental aspects into all development decisions. 4. Social inequality and polarization: Growing gap between rich and poor, lack of equal access to quality services (education, healthcare), growing social tension. 5. Technological changes (digitalization, automation): Rapid technological developments create new opportunities, but also challenges related to the need to adapt the workforce, develop digital infrastructure, and bridge the digital divide. 6. Inefficiency of public administration: Bureaucratization, corruption, lack of proper coordination between different levels and sectors of government, insufficient public involvement. 7. Geopolitical instability and conflicts: Wars, conflicts, hybrid threats that destroy infrastructure, cause mass population displacements, and radically change development priorities (especially relevant for Ukraine) (Barca et al., 2012; Berdanova et al., 2017; Ilchenko & Zhilenko, 2006). Features are: 53 1. Digital transformation: Introduction of e-government, smart solutions for cities, use of Big Data for decision-making, development of digital platforms for citizen participation. 2. Transition to a green economy: Development of renewable energy, energy efficiency, circular economy, eco-tourism, which creates new jobs and improves the quality of life. 3. Activation of civil society and volunteerism: Increasing the role of public organizations, local initiatives, and volunteer movements in solving local problems and shaping the development agenda. 4. International cooperation and access to financial resources: The possibility of attracting international technical assistance, grants, and investments for the implementation of development projects. 5. Decentralization: Transfer of powers and resources to the local level, allowing for a more effective response to local needs, development of local democracy and initiatives. 6. Innovation and human capital development: Creating conditions for the development of innovation ecosystems, supporting start-ups, investing in education and advanced training. 7. Post-war reconstruction (for Ukraine): A unique opportunity to “build back better” using modern technologies, sustainable development principles and European standards, as well as to mobilize national and international resources (Alcantara & Nelles, 2014; Sturiale & Trovato, 2015; Zabedyuk, 2021). Leading Conceptual Approaches to Territorial Development Management Among the variety of conceptual approaches that have emerged in response to contemporary challenges and opportunities, the concept of Sustainable Development occupies a central place and is the cornerstone of many contemporary strategies. It offers a comprehensive view of development that balances human needs, economic progress, and the preservation of natural systems. It is from the report of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development “Our Common Future” (1987), known as the Brundtland Report, that the most widely used definition of sustainable development comes. The essence of this concept is to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Bellandi & Storai, 2021). This fundamental position emphasizes the need for a balance between the current needs of humanity and the preservation of resources and opportunities for future generations, which is the essence of intergenerational justice. A key aspect of sustainable development is the integration and harmonization of three interrelated dimensions (pillars): economic growth, social justice and environmental protection. Unlike previous models, which often focused on one aspect (e.g., only on economic growth), sustainable development requires their simultaneous consideration and mutual support. None of these pillars can be fully implemented without taking into account the others (Bezhin, 2022). The most prominent and comprehensive example of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development is the UN SDGs, or the 2030 Agenda. The SDGs consist of 17 interrelated goals and 169 targets, covering a wide range of global challenges—from eradicating poverty and hunger to ensuring quality education, gender equality, clean energy, preserving ecosystems and building peaceful institutions (Doloreux et al., 2019). They serve as a universal roadmap and global framework for developing national and local strategies, programs and 54 policies aimed at achieving a balanced and sustainable future for all, embodying all three pillars of sustainable development. The S3 is an innovation-driven approach to regional economic development that has gained considerable popularity as a powerful tool for transformation and stimulating growth based on knowledge and innovation (Schiavone, 2021). It is not a universal recipe, but a flexible framework that allows regions to unleash their unique potential. The idea behind S3 is that to achieve sustainable economic development, regions should not try to compete in all areas at once, but instead focus on identifying and developing their unique strengths and competitive advantages. This involves a deep analysis of existing potential—from scientific research and innovative enterprises to a skilled workforce and natural resources. The main goal is to focus investment (both public and private) in 𝑅𝑅&𝐸𝐸&𝐺𝐺 on these priority areas, rather than scattering resources across a multitude of projects. This prioritization is not done through centralized top-down planning, but through an inclusive, interactive process known as the EDP. Thus, S3 is not just another strategy, but a holistic framework for shaping innovation policy that helps regions realize their potential, focus efforts, build effective partnerships, and use innovation as a key lever for sustainable and inclusive economic development (Ivanov et al., 2021). Next, we will consider the following approach. NPM is a paradigm of public sector reform that emerged in the 1980s and became widespread in the 1990s. Its central idea is to apply the principles, methods and tools of the private sector (management, results orientation, efficiency, competition) to public administration to improve its functioning, reduce costs and improve the quality of public services provided. NPM viewed traditional bureaucracy as inefficient, overly centralized and focused on processes rather than results (Lytvynenko & Pavlenko, 2023). Despite criticism, NPM has fundamentally changed public administration around the world. It has forced states to rethink their role, focus on efficiency, quality of services and the needs of citizens. Many of its principles, such as results orientation, decentralization, and the use of IT, remain relevant today, even in the context of the development of newer concepts, such as NPG, which recognizes the need for broader cooperation with non-state actors and a comprehensive approach to solving social problems. PBM/NPG, this management paradigm goes beyond traditional public administration, emphasizing broad cooperation and interaction between various actors: public authorities (government, local government), the private sector (business, enterprises), civil society (nongovernmental organizations, public associations, activists) and, where necessary, international organizations. The main goal is to achieve common, often complex, development goals that cannot be effectively solved by a single entity (Storonyanska & Zalutskyi, 2022). This approach is seen as an evolutionary step from NPM, which, although focused on efficiency, often remained within the state apparatus. NPG instead emphasizes decentralized, horizontal “network” forms of management, where decisions and responsibilities are distributed, and the interdependence of actors is key to solving “wicked” problems that require integrated approaches. Key ideas are: 55 • Co-production/Co-creation: Moving from unilateral decision-making to an inclusive process where all stakeholders are actively involved in shaping policies, strategies, and implementing services, increasing their legitimacy and effectiveness. • Risk and resource sharing: Pooling financial, human, technical and knowledge resources, as well as sharing potential risks between partners, makes projects more sustainable and realistic. • Trust and mutual understanding: Fundamental elements for effective and long-term cooperation, built through transparency, openness, mutual respect and consistency of action. • Co-responsibility and shared responsibility: All participants are responsible for the results and quality of implementation of joint initiatives, as well as for maintaining sustainable relationships in the network. • Synergy: Achieving an effect when the joint efforts of partners produce a significantly greater result than the sum of individual contributions, thanks to the complementarity of competencies, process optimization, and innovation (Sturiale & Trovato, 2015). RBM, this approach focuses on developing and maintaining the capacity of a system— whether it is an individual organization, a city, a community or an entire territory—to respond effectively to unforeseen events and challenges. It is about the ability not only to “absorb shocks” (such as natural disasters, economic crises, pandemics, social conflicts, cyberattacks or technological failures), but also to quickly recover from them, adapt to new conditions and even transform into a more stable and functional state (Kyzym et al., 2022). The key is to preserve the basic functions, identity and basic structure of the system, even when it undergoes significant changes. Resilience-based management involves not only responding to a crisis, but also proactively planning, minimizing vulnerabilities and building internal resilience to future unknown threats. Key ideas are: • Development of social capital: Formation and strengthening of networks of interaction, norms of trust and reciprocity, which contributes to the consolidation of the community/society and increases its ability to take collective action and solve problems. • Innovation and adaptation: Partnerships often stimulate the search for new, creative approaches to solving problems and allow for faster adaptation to changing conditions through the exchange of knowledge and experience. Proactive planning and risk assessment: Early identification of potential threats, vulnerability analysis, development of possible crisis scenarios and response plans, rather than just reacting after the event. This includes the creation of early warning systems. • Flexibility and adaptability: The ability to quickly change strategies, processes, organizational structures, and resource allocation in response to changing circumstances, avoiding rigidity and rigid hierarchy. • Redundancy: Duplication of critical functions, resources, or infrastructure (e.g., multiple power sources, alternate transportation routes, data backups) to ensure uninterrupted operation in the event of a failure of one element. This allows the system to continue to function even when partially damaged. 62 Ivanov, Y. B., Ivanova, O. Y., & Laptiev, V. I. (2021). Conceptual principles of state regulation of territorial communities’ spatial development. Regional Aspects of the Development of Productive Forces of Ukraine, 26, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.35774/rarrpsu2021.26.041 Khrustovskyi, S., & Slobodyanyuk, Y. (2022). Spatial planning of the development of community territories during and after the war: Legal aspects. Theoretical and Applied Issues of State-Building, 27, 128–134. https://doi.org/10.35432/tisb272022276820 Kyzym, M. O., Semyhulina, I. B., & Yaroshenko, I. V. (2022). The factors of spatial development of territorial communities in the system of public management of territories. The Problems of Economy, 2(52), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2022-2-83-92 Lytvynenko, T., & Pavlenko, T. (2023). Directions of development of spatial planning of territorial communities in modern conditions. In Collection of materials of the All-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference “Spatial planning for the future of Ukraine” (pp. 60–63). Poltava: Yury Kondratyuk National University. Petrovska, A. S. (2019). Greening of Ukraine’s economy in the context of the model of sustainable development. Problemy i perspektyvy ekonomiky ta upravlinnia, 4(20), 95–104. (In Ukr.) Schiavone, F., Mancini, D., Leone, D., & Lavorato, D. (2021). Digital business models and ridesharing for value co-creation in healthcare: A multi-stakeholder ecosystem analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166. Storonyanska, I., & Zalutskyi, I. (2022). Institutional and legal basis of spatial development regulation in Ukraine. Economy of Ukraine, 12, 34–50. https://doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2022.12.034 Sturiale, L., & Trovato, M. R. (2015). ICTs and smart territories: The knowledge and use of the UNESCO heritage by using the QR codes system. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 1323, 946–956. Zabedyuk, M. S. (2021). Features of activation of endogenous factors of regional development. In Prospects for the development of territories: Theory and practice (pp. 9–10). Kharkiv: Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy named after O. Beketov. Appendix Table 1. Comparative analysis of conceptual approaches Conceptual approach Methodological basis Practical applicability Potential for solving modern problems Limitations / Criticism Sustainable development Innovative economy, regional science, cluster theory, entrepreneurial discovery. Development of regional strategies for innovative development, cluster initiatives, support for R&D, attraction of investments in priority sectors. Increasing the competitiveness of regions, creating new jobs, stimulating innovation and diversifying the economy. Requires strong institutional capacity and trust between actors. May exacerbate regional inequalities if focused only on successful sectors New public administration Private sector management, transaction cost economics, rational choice theory. Reforming the state apparatus, introducing contracts, KPIs, outsourcing services, resultoriented budgeting. Increasing the efficiency and economy of public services, improving the quality of service to “clients” (citizens). Reducing bureaucracy. Risk of ignoring social justice and societal values. May lead to fragmentation of services, complexity of control and accountability. Partnershipbased Governance (NPG) Sociology of organizations, network theory, stakeholder theory, social capital theory. Creation of public-private partnerships, public councils, coalitions, joint projects between local governments, Effectively solving complex problems that require the involvement of many resources and competencies. Increasing trust, legitimacy of decisions, mobilization of social capital. The complexity of managing diverse interests, slow decision-making, the risk of dominance by stronger partners, 63 businesses and NGOs. the need for a high level of trust. Resilience management Theory of complex adaptive systems, ecology, catastrophe theory, risk theory. Development of crisis response plans, diversification of the economy, implementation of risk-informed infrastructure solutions, development of local selforganization. Ensuring the survival and recovery of territories after shocks (natural disasters, economic crises, conflicts). Ability to adapt and transform in conditions of uncertainty. Difficult to measure and operationalize. May lead to excessive “preparation” costs. Potential trap of “reverting to a previous state” that may be undesirable or unviable. 64 Hanna B. Breslavska [a][7] Theoretical and Methodological Foundations for Ensuring Continuity in National and Patriotic Education of Senior Preschoolers and Primary School Pupils [5] Abstract: The article highlights the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education of senior preschoolers and primary school pupils. The relevance of the research lies in the need to develop civic consciousness, patriotic values, and national identity in young children amid educational reforms and current societal challenges. The object of the study is the process of national and patriotic education of children of senior preschool and early school age. The purpose of the study is to substantiate theoretical and methodological approaches to the implementation of the principle of continuity between preschool and primary school in the system of national and patriotic education. The methods used include analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization, and pedagogical forecasting. Based on the works of Bekh, Bohush, Sukhomlynskyi, Kuzmenko, and Karamushka, the psychological and pedagogical foundations of the development of patriotic feelings were identified. The result of the study is the definition of a continuity structure grounded in the unity of educational content, forms of activity, and pedagogical partnership. Methodological conditions for ensuring continuity are proposed: harmonization of educational programs, implementation of joint projects, and the formation of a value-semantic space for the child. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the results in the professional training of preschool and primary school teachers. Keywords: continuity, national and patriotic education, preschoolers, primary school pupils, values, civic identity, pedagogical partnership. Introduction The relevance of ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education is determined by the social need to cultivate conscious citizens capable of acting in the interests of the state and society, guided by moral values, love for their homeland, responsibility, and readiness to defend Ukraine (Bekh, 2018). In the context of war and globalization, the education system plays a leading role in strengthening national identity and civic position among children, while the formation of patriotic qualities must begin in early childhood (Education…, 2021). National and patriotic education is understood as an integrated process that combines moral, emotional-volitional, and activity-based components of personal development. It is grounded in humanistic values and the idea of love for one’s land, people, language, and culture (Bohush, 2020). One of the key factors of effectiveness in this process is continuity between preschool and primary education, ensuring coherence and consistency in the development of the child’s value orientations (Kuzmenko, 2021). The transition from preschool to school involves changes in social roles, leading activities, behavior expectations, and learning motivation. It is therefore essential to maintain continuity in educational influences, preserve a positive emotional attitude toward learning, and strengthen the child’s sense of belonging to their country (Karamushka, 2019). Continuity in national and a Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (Ph.D.), Senior Lecturer, Department of Primary Education, Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding. Mykolaiv, Ukraine. 65 patriotic education manifests in the unity of content lines, forms, and methods of educational work, as well as shared value orientations and pedagogical traditions. Modern pedagogy views continuity not merely as a sequence of learning stages but as pedagogical interaction, where preschool institutions and schools act as equal partners in forming a nationally conscious and harmonious personality This requires a shared educational environment integrating cultural and community resources (Leshchenko, 2019). Key prerequisites for continuity include alignment of state educational standards (Basic Component…, 2021), teacher readiness for joint planning, and the development of competencies necessary for effective partnership among educators, parents, and children (Savchenko, 2000). Thus, ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education is a complex pedagogical problem that requires coordination of goals, content, forms, methods, and outcomes across developmental stages. The subject of the study is theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring continuity between preschool and primary education. The object of the study is the process of national and patriotic education of senior preschool and primary school children. The study aims to theoretically substantiate and define methodological principles for ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education. There are following tasks in the study: − analyze the psychological and pedagogical foundations of patriotism formation in children. − reveal the essence and content of the principle of continuity in education. − identify pedagogical conditions, means, and forms of implementing educational work aimed at developing national consciousness. Methods The methodological framework of this study is grounded in the principles of systematization, continuity, and value orientation that underpin modern Ukrainian pedagogy. The research employed both general scientific and specific pedagogical methods to ensure comprehensive analysis and theoretical substantiation of continuity in national and patriotic education of senior preschoolers and primary school pupils. At the general scientific level, analysis and synthesis were used to deconstruct the phenomenon of national and patriotic education into its structural and functional elements and to integrate them into a coherent theoretical model. Induction and deduction allowed the formulation of general pedagogical regularities based on empirical and theoretical premises. Comparison enabled the identification of commonalities and distinctions between preschool and primary educational systems in terms of content, forms, and methods of patriotic upbringing. Systematization and classification facilitated the organization of data concerning the conceptual and methodological approaches applied within Ukrainian educational standards and pedagogical practice. Pedagogical forecasting served as a tool for determining the expected developmental outcomes of implementing continuity between educational levels, focusing on the moral, emotional, and civic maturity of children. The structural-functional method provided a basis for 66 mapping the interrelations among goals, content, activities, and results of national-patriotic education, thus illustrating the mechanism through which continuity is achieved. At the level of specific methods, content analysis of legislative and normative documents (e.g., the Law of Ukraine “On Education” (2017); the Basic Component of Preschool Education (2021); the State Standard of Primary Education (2018)) was conducted to determine the regulatory alignment between preschool and primary education. Comparative pedagogical analysis was applied to educational programmes and teaching materials to reveal cross-level coherence in developing civic and patriotic competencies. Additionally, historical-pedagogical analysis helped trace the evolution of the concept of continuity in the works of Ukrainian scholars such as Sukhomlynskyi (1977), Bekh (2018), Bohush (2020), and Savchenko (2000), allowing the identification of its moral-axiological and humanistic foundations. Modeling was used to construct a conceptual scheme that integrates the emotional, cognitive, and activity-based dimensions of patriotic education across both educational levels. Finally, expert evaluation and pedagogical reflection were employed to verify the internal logic and applicability of the proposed methodological conditions—harmonization of educational programmes, joint preschool–school projects, and formation of a unified valuesemantic space. These methods collectively ensured that the study rested on a triangulation of theoretical, normative, and empirical evidence, thus providing reliability and validity to the conclusions drawn. Literature Review Scholarly attention to the continuity of national and patriotic education in Ukraine has intensified in the context of modern social transformation and state reform. Bekh (2018) formulated the concept of personality-oriented education, stressing that patriotism is a moral construct rooted in the emotional experience of belonging and moral responsibility. His approach establishes the ethical and psychological foundation for fostering national consciousness in childhood. Bohush (2020) expanded on the notion of continuity as a pedagogical category that ensures the coherence of goals and content between preschool and primary education. Her research identifies the key mechanisms of maintaining emotional engagement and motivation during the child’s transition to school. Similarly, Savchenko (2000) underscored the need for pedagogical succession (“perspective and continuity”) between the first two levels of education, highlighting teacher cooperation and curricular coordination as essential factors. The legal and normative framework of continuity is set out in the Law of Ukraine “On Education” (2017) and the Law “On Complete General Secondary Education” (2020), which guarantee lifelong learning and institutional articulation. The Basic Component of Preschool Education (2021) and the State Standard of Primary Education (2018) specify learning outcomes and competencies that align developmental expectations across stages. The Concept of National and Patriotic Education of Children and Youth (2015) and the Strategy for National and Patriotic Education 2020–2025 (2019) define ideological and methodological priorities, orienting educational institutions toward the formation of civic identity and national values. 67 Leshchenko (2019) examined pedagogical continuity as a condition for holistic personality development, emphasizing that the unity of emotional, cognitive, and social experiences is crucial for cultivating patriotism. Karamushka (2019) analysed the psychological aspects of patriotic education, arguing that children’s patriotic feelings evolve through integration with moral, aesthetic, and labor education, echoing Sukhomlynskyi’s (1977) principle of educating “through the heart”. Kuzmenko (2021) and Yaremenko (2022) provided empirical frameworks for implementing patriotic education in preschool and primary institutions, introducing interactive, project-based, and community-oriented methods as effective means of maintaining continuity. Their findings highlight the importance of cooperative interaction among teachers, parents, and local communities as mediators of civic identity. Finally, the integration of global educational perspectives, particularly UNESCO’s “Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives” (2021), enriches the Ukrainian approach by linking patriotic education with sustainable development, peace, and cultural heritage preservation. Collectively, these studies outline a complex interdisciplinary field where pedagogy, psychology, and civic education converge to form a cohesive national identity from early childhood. Theoretical Foundations of Continuity in Education The problem of continuity in pedagogical theory is viewed as one of the key conditions for ensuring a holistic educational process that provides continuous child development at all stages. In the context of national and patriotic education, it is particularly significant as it involves the formation of moral and civic qualities rather than merely the transfer of knowledge or skills. The legal basis for ensuring continuity is established by the Law of Ukraine “On Education” (2017), which guarantees the principle of lifelong learning, as well as the Laws of Ukraine “On Preschool Education” (2001) and “On Complete General Secondary Education” (2020), which define organizational and content-related links between educational levels. Key regulatory documents include the State Standard of Preschool Education (Basic Component…, 2021) and the State Standard of Primary Education (2018), which coordinate expected learning outcomes and ensure developmental progression. Conceptually, the national-patriotic dimension is grounded in the Concept of National and Patriotic Education of Children and Youth (2015) and the Strategy of National and Patriotic Education for 2020–2025 (2019). Bekh (2018) emphasized that patriotism has a deeply moral nature and its development requires emotional experiences of belonging to one’s nation. Bohush (2020) described continuity as a pedagogical category reflecting the natural connection between stages of personal development, ensuring coherence of goals, content, and methods. Psychological and pedagogical research (Kuzmenko, 2021; Leshchenko, 2019) shows that emotional components of patriotism—love for home, family, language, and nature—are established in preschool, while primary education expands them to the level of civic identity. Karamushka (2019), following Sukhomlynskyi (1977), asserted that the formation of patriotic feelings cannot occur in isolation from moral, civic, labor, and aesthetic education, since their integration fosters a harmonious, emotionally mature, and socially active personality. 68 Thus, the theoretical foundations of continuity in national and patriotic education involve developing a coherent value system across educational levels, aligning educational influences, and shaping a child’s holistic perception of their national identity. Methodological Foundations for Ensuring Continuity Ensuring continuity in practice requires scientifically substantiated methodological approaches that bridge theory and pedagogical activity. The main condition is the systematic coordination of pedagogical actions, curriculum content, and goals (Basic Component…, 2021). The methodological basis rests on the combination of traditional and innovative educational technologies. In preschool, effective forms include play-based, role-playing, theatrical, and exploratory activities, while in primary school, interactive, project-based, and ICT-based methods prevail (Bohush, 2020). Their integration preserves familiar activity structures for children while fostering autonomy and responsibility. Joint inter-institutional projects—such as “My Ukraine”, “Treasures of My Land”, and “Heroes Among Us”—ensure continuity of educational influence, beginning in preschool (acquaintance with symbols, songs, folk tales) and continuing in school through research, exhibitions, and creative events. Yaremenko (2022) notes that joint activities among teachers, parents, and children create a social context where patriotism becomes a lived value, not a declaration. Methodological support includes monitoring systems for patriotic achievements and the development of pedagogical cases and evaluation criteria (Yaremenko, 2022). Pedagogical Conditions and Means of Implementation Effective implementation of continuity requires creating pedagogical conditions that ensure process integrity and emotional comfort. These include: • unity of educational influences among family, preschool, and school; • coordinated planning of educational activities; • a value-oriented educational environment; • partnership-based collaboration; • age-appropriate variability of forms (Kuzmenko, 2021). In preschool, leading means include play, folklore, songs, and traditions through which concepts of goodness, justice, and friendship are internalized. In primary school, these evolve into civic education lessons, projects, excursions, and student self-government. Effective tools include patriotic games, quests, symbolic spaces (national corners, exhibitions), family celebrations (“My Family—Part of Ukraine”), and volunteer initiatives (“Kindness Unites”, “Letter to a Soldier”). A. Sukhomlynskyi (1977) famously stated, “The heart of education is the shared activity of teacher and child.” Through this interaction, love and responsibility for the homeland are formed (Sukhomlynskyi, 1977). 69 Discussion The conducted research confirms that ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education is not merely a pedagogical issue but a socio-cultural necessity for contemporary Ukraine. The transition from preschool to primary education represents a critical developmental period when a child’s emotional attachment to homeland evolves into conscious civic identity. Therefore, the educational system must preserve the affective-moral foundations formed in early childhood while introducing structured civic concepts at the next stage. The main challenge identified is the fragmentation of pedagogical practice caused by insufficient coordination between preschool and school educators. Despite legislative alignment, practical implementation often remains inconsistent: preschool focuses on emotional and symbolic components of patriotism, whereas primary education emphasizes knowledgebased civic learning. Bridging this gap requires methodological integration through joint educational programmes, cross-institutional projects, and teacher training focused on partnership pedagogy. Another problem lies in the insufficient methodological support for educators. Teachers frequently lack clear instruments for evaluating patriotic competence and assessing continuity outcomes. Developing diagnostic tools, monitoring frameworks, and performance indicators would allow schools and preschools to measure the effectiveness of value-based education more objectively. The study also highlights the potential of project-based and community-oriented activities in fostering continuity. Programmes such as “My Ukraine” or “Heroes Among Us” illustrate how children’s early emotional experiences can evolve into practical civic engagement when supported by collective creativity and social interaction. Such initiatives strengthen the sense of belonging, pride, and responsibility, transforming patriotism from a declarative idea into lived behaviour. Furthermore, the discussion reveals that pedagogical partnership—a cooperative model involving teachers, parents, and local communities—serves as the cornerstone of continuity. When children observe alignment between educational values and family or community practices, patriotic feelings acquire depth and authenticity. This corresponds with the ideas of Sukhomlynskyi (1977) that true education occurs through shared activity, empathy, and emotional resonance. Finally, the relevance of continuity is amplified by Ukraine’s current sociopolitical context, where education plays a decisive role in national consolidation and resilience. The unity of educational content, methods, and values becomes a factor of cultural security and social stability. Hence, continuity in national and patriotic education should be considered a strategic dimension of state policy, ensuring that each educational stage contributes to the formation of a holistic, civically responsible personality. Future research should focus on developing measurable models of cross-level cooperation and elaborating evidence-based recommendations for integrating patriotic education into broader frameworks of civic and sustainable education. 70 Conclusion Thus, the study shows that ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education of senior preschool and primary school children is a multifaceted issue and a key component of modern Ukrainian education. Results confirm the need for a continuous educational environment that promotes the child’s harmonious development, spirituality, and civic responsibility. 1. Continuity is a holistic process uniting preschool and primary education through shared goals, content, and activities, ensuring a smooth transition from emotional perception to conscious national identity. 2. The theoretical basis relies on humanistic pedagogy, competence-based and value-oriented approaches, focusing on developing moral and civic qualities rather than mere knowledge. 3. Methodological conditions involve coordination of curricula, integration of educational content, joint planning, and partnership between teachers of both levels. 4. Effective implementation depends on pedagogical partnership among educators, parents, and the community within a shared value-semantic environment. 5. The practical value lies in applying findings for teacher education, curriculum modernization, and creating joint preschool–school educational projects. Ensuring continuity in national and patriotic education is a prerequisite for forming a holistic, civically responsible Ukrainian citizen. Future research should focus on developing evaluation models of cross-level educational cooperation and methodological recommendations for integrating patriotic components across all spheres of the educational process. References: Basic Component of Preschool Education (new ed.). (2021). Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Kyiv: MON. Bekh, I. D. (2018). Personality-oriented education: Conceptual foundations. Kyiv: Lybid. Bohush, N. F. (2020). Continuity in the system of preschool and primary education. Kharkiv: Osnova. Concept of National and Patriotic Education of Children and Youth. (2015). Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine No. 641). Kyiv: MON. Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives. (2021). Paris: UNESCO. Karamushka, L. M. (2019). Psychological aspects of patriotic education in children. Kyiv: NPU named after M. Drahomanov. Kuzmenko, O. V. (2021). Methods of patriotic education of preschool children. Poltava: PNPU. Leshchenko, H. O. (2019). Pedagogical continuity as a condition for holistic personality development. Pedagogical Almanac, 42(3), 65–70. On Complete General Secondary Education. (2020). Law of Ukraine No. 463–IX. Kyiv: Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. On Education. (2017). Law of Ukraine No. 2145–VIII. Kyiv: Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. On Preschool Education. (2001). Law of Ukraine No. 2628–III. Kyiv: Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. State Standard of Primary. (2018). Education. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Kyiv: CMU. Strategy of National and Patriotic Education for 2020–2025 (Decree No. 286/2019). (2019). President of Ukraine. Kyiv. Savchenko, O. Ya. (2000). Continuity and perspective in the work of the first two levels of education. Preschool Education, 11, 4–5. Sukhomlynskyi, V. O. (1977). I give my heart to children. Kyiv: Radianska Shkola. Yaremenko, L. P. (2022). Formation of civic identity of primary school pupils. Ternopil: Navchalna Knyha – Bohdan. 71 Appendix Figure 1 . Relationship between content lines of national and patriotic education in preschool and primary school 78 Myroslava P. Kukhta [a][9] Algorithmic Governance, Trust, and the Transformation of Social Structures in the Digital Age [7] Abstract: This article presents a sociological analysis of the transformation of trust and managerial authority in the context of algorithmic governance. The object of the study is the algorithmized decision-making environment, and the subject is the social mechanisms of responsibility delegation and changes in legitimation in the digital age. The study aims to identify the structural consequences of implementing algorithms in areas that previously relied on personalized evaluation, as well as to empirically model such consequences using psychometric data. The study employs an interdisciplinary methodology, incorporating Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory, Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic power, Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory, and machine learning tools, particularly Random Forest and SHAP analysis. The empirical illustration is based on an original synthetic dataset constructed using real psychometric scales. The findings reveal that algorithmic models not only organize data but also generate new structures of social influence through a logic of opaque decisions perceived as objective. SHAP analysis demonstrates that the importance of individual features in system predictions varies by context, offering prospects for critically interpreting the social functions of algorithms. The results can be applied in the analysis of trust in digital services and automated decision-making in healthcare, education, and security. Keywords: algorithmic governance, social structures, digital trust, SHAP analysis, delegation, artificial intelligence, structural power, machine learning. Introduction Over the past decade, algorithmic governance has been increasingly integrated into social practices of evaluation, resource allocation, and decision-making. In the context of digitalization, managerial functions that were once carried out through formalized bureaucratic structures or personal authority are now more frequently delegated to technical systems that employ artificial intelligence and machine learning. This shift necessitates a sociological rethinking of new mechanisms of trust, legitimation, and responsibility within a distributed agentic environment, where a “decision” emerges as a computational outcome rather than as a result of procedural legitimation. The object of this study is the algorithmized decision-making environment within social systems. Its subject is the social transformations triggered by the delegation of managerial authority to digital systems and the evolving structures of trust in sources of power, including the socalled “objectivity” of digital interfaces. Special attention is paid to mechanisms that foster institutional trust in algorithms and their decisions, particularly in contexts where there is limited understanding of the internal logic underlying these models. a Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Sociology and Law, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”. Kyiv, Ukraine. 79 The study aims to analytically delineate the sociological implications of the algorithmization of governance from the standpoint of contemporary social theory and to demonstrate empirical approaches to visualizing the logic of machine-based decision-making using psychometric data. The specific objectives include: − analyzing how algorithms represent social characteristics in evaluation systems; − identifying structural shifts in the processes of decision delegation; − illustrating the potential of SHAP analysis as a means of sociological interpretation of the internal logic of digital models. Methods The methodological framework of this study combines classical sociological theory with modern computational techniques to explore the mechanisms of algorithmic governance and the transformation of social structures in the digital age. The study integrates general scientific and specific empirical methods that together ensure both theoretical depth and analytical precision. At the general theoretical level, the study employs a systemic and structural-functional approach derived from Niklas Luhmann’s theory of communication systems and Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory. These frameworks allow the researcher to conceptualise algorithms not merely as technological artefacts but as self-referential communicative units within the broader system of social interactions. Luhmann’s model of autopoietic systems provides the foundation for analysing algorithmic governance as a recursive process of communication and reproduction of meaning, where decisions are legitimized through functionality rather than interpersonal consensus. In parallel, Giddens’ concept of structuration enables the interpretation of algorithmic systems as structures that both constrain and enable human agency, reflecting dynamic reciprocity between social action and digital architecture. The sociological method of theoretical modelling is used to trace the transformation of trust from interpersonal to systemic forms. Within this framework, algorithmic systems are viewed as new agents of institutional trust, which derive legitimacy from their technical authority and perceived neutrality rather than from moral or institutional validation. Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic power is employed to interpret the emergence of algorithmic authority as a form of symbolic domination embedded in digital infrastructures. The comparative-historical method underpins the analysis of the evolution of managerial rationality—from bureaucratic systems of decision-making (Weber, 1998) to the algorithmic logic of contemporary governance. This method facilitates an understanding of how accountability and legitimacy have shifted from human actors to technical systems and how these transformations reshape the very fabric of social order. At the empirical level, the study applies quantitative computational methods, combining the generation and analysis of a synthetic dataset with tools of machine learning. The dataset, modelled after open-access psychometric surveys, includes features such as the GAD-7, PHQ4, and BRS scales, along with demographic variables (age, gender, education, chronic illness, access to therapy). These data simulate social conditions where psychological indicators interact with socio-economic variables. Using the Python libraries scikit-learn and SHAP, several 80 classification models were built, including Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine (Raschka & Mirjalili, 2019). Among the specific analytical methods, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis plays a key interpretative role. This method quantifies the contribution of each variable to the model’s prediction, thus allowing the reconstruction of decision logic and enabling sociological interpretation of algorithmic outcomes. The feature importance plots and waterfall visualisations are used to identify how demographic and psychometric indicators affect the model’s classification of anxiety levels. SHAP values serve as a methodological bridge between technical interpretability and sociological insight, allowing the researcher to detect latent biases and structures of digital power. In addition, the study applies content analysis of theoretical and empirical sources to contextualize the results within broader debates on digital trust, transparency, and legitimacy. The methodological synthesis of sociological theory and machine learning creates a dual analytical lens: while sociological theory provides interpretive depth, computational modelling supplies empirical evidence for how algorithms function as social agents. Thus, the methodological approach is interdisciplinary and multi-layered, combining the explanatory potential of classical social theories with modern empirical tools of data science. This synergy allows for a holistic understanding of algorithmic governance as both a technical and social phenomenon—one that redefines power, responsibility, and trust in the digital age. Literature Review Contemporary scholarship on algorithmic governance situates digital systems within a broader sociological framework of trust, authority, and control. The theoretical foundations of this study are deeply rooted in the classical works of Max Weber (1998), who conceptualised rational-legal authority as a cornerstone of modern governance. In the digital age, however, bureaucratic rationality has been transformed into algorithmic rationality, where legitimacy derives from technical accuracy rather than procedural transparency. Building upon Niklas Luhmann’s (2011) systems theory, scholars increasingly interpret algorithms as self-referential systems of communication that generate decisions independently of human intention. Trust in such systems becomes “systemic trust”, detached from interpersonal relations and grounded instead in the perceived objectivity of technological processes. This shift toward depersonalised confidence aligns with the broader sociological discourse on automation and its implications for legitimacy. The notion of symbolic domination developed by Pierre Bourdieu (2021) provides a further conceptual lens for analysing how digital architectures reproduce social hierarchies under the guise of neutrality. Within algorithmic environments, symbolic power manifests through design choices, data selection, and classification systems that structure access to resources and opportunities. Consequently, algorithmic governance becomes a new mode of institutionalised domination, where social inequality is embedded within the code itself. The emergence of actor-network theory (Latour, 2005) fundamentally reshaped the understanding of agency in technological systems. According to Latour, both human and nonhuman entities can act as participants in social networks, producing effects and exercising power. Subsequent scholars such as Sayes (2014) have expanded this argument, suggesting that 81 algorithms are not mere tools but active agents that co-create social reality. This approach allows sociologists to interpret the algorithm as a social actor within a distributed network of responsibility. From an applied perspective, Kellogg, Valentine, and Christin (2020) describe algorithms as new terrains of control within organisations, where managerial authority is increasingly exercised through technical infrastructures. Their research reveals how algorithmic systems reshape professional hierarchies and introduce new forms of surveillance and evaluation. Similarly, Wirtz, Weyerer, and Geyer (2019) analyse the integration of artificial intelligence into the public sector, emphasising both its efficiency potential and its ethical challenges, including opacity, accountability gaps, and systemic bias. Technological adoption studies such as Cao, Duan, Edwards, and Dwivedi (2021) demonstrate that managerial attitudes toward AI are shaped by perceptions of trust and controllability. These attitudes influence the extent to which organisations delegate decisionmaking to machines. The tension between efficiency and ethical responsibility is further addressed by Perga (2025), who analyses European and Ukrainian approaches to ethical regulation in AI-based governance, highlighting the need for transparency and human oversight. Interdisciplinary contributions from psychology and data science also inform the methodological dimension of this study. Soldner et al. (2019) introduce supervised machine learning techniques as empirical tools for psychological research, providing a framework for analysing human behavior through computational models. The practical implementation of such models, as discussed by Raschka and Mirjalili (2019), underscores the growing convergence of sociological inquiry and artificial intelligence methodologies. In sociological literature, Jarrahi (2018) explores the symbiotic relationship between humans and AI in organisational decision-making, proposing a model of human–AI cooperation rather than substitution. This concept supports the argument that algorithmic governance functions not as a replacement for human judgement but as an extension of it— one that reconfigures accountability and redefines institutional legitimacy. Finally, Ukrainian research on digital psychoprophylaxis (Kukhta & Yenin, 2025) illustrates how algorithmic systems penetrate professional domains, transforming expert practices and risk assessment procedures. These findings corroborate the broader argument that algorithmic governance is both a technical innovation and a sociocultural phenomenon that restructures trust and authority. Overall, the reviewed literature reveals a common pattern: algorithms simultaneously rationalise and obscure decision-making, producing what Latour (2005) termed the “black box” effect. This duality—transparency in function but opacity in logic—forms the sociological core of algorithmic governance. The convergence of classical social theory with computational methodologies offers a promising avenue for understanding how digital systems not only process data but also reshape the foundations of modern social order. Results The methodological foundation of this work is rooted in interdisciplinary approaches that combine Niklas Luhmann’s theory of communication systems, Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic domination, and Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration. On the empirical level, 82 the study utilizes an original synthetic dataset structured from open-access mental health surveys, processed through machine learning models (Random Forest, Logistic Regression, SVM) and explanatory analysis methods (SHAP values). Visualizations of feature importance and waterfall plot examples form the basis for a critical analysis of the social functions of digital prediction. The source base of the research includes literature from digital sociology, critical algorithm studies, as well as technical sources from the fields of explainable AI and algorithmic modeling (Kellogg et al., 2020; Wirtz et al., 2019; Latour, 2005; Cao et al., 2021). Configurations of Digital Power in the Algorithmized Environment Under conditions of digital transformation, classical models of power relations undergo significant shifts. Whereas in modern societies power was primarily exercised through formal institutions and normative regulation, today it is increasingly mediated by technological interfaces acting as tools of “impersonal” governance. Algorithmic governance—a term encompassing the use of automated systems for decision-making, monitoring, or sorting individuals—represents a new form of power distribution in which technical tools acquire the status of social actors. This shift is documented in the works of K. Kellogg, M. Valentine, and A. Christin (2020), B. Wirtz, J. Weyerer, and C. Geyer (2019), and conceptualized within the framework of actor-network theory (Latour, 2005) as an expansion of agency beyond the human. Digital platforms increasingly function not merely as neutral intermediaries, but as normative agents that establish rules of access, ranking, evaluation, and decision-making. For instance, in domains such as social services, credit scoring, employment, or psychological diagnostics, interfaces determine access to resources based on criteria that the user neither controls nor often understand. The legitimation of such forms of power relies not on procedural transparency or the possibility of appeal, but on the perceived neutrality of code. Consequently, trust in a digital decision is based on technical authority rather than social accountability. This generates new forms of structural asymmetry that are difficult to detect with classical sociological tools. From a theoretical standpoint, we can interpret the algorithm as a specific form of “black box” (Kellogg et al, 2020), which accumulates prior social decisions but outputs them in a form stripped of visible history. Such systems can be analyzed through the lens of Niklas Luhmann’s (2011) autopoietic communication structures, where the algorithm operates as a closed loop reproducing its own codes of admission. Additionally, drawing on structural sociology enables us to interpret digital practices of ranking and access as forms of normative control exercised not through direct prohibition, but via the digital logic of inclusion and evaluation (Bourdieu, 2021). Thus, algorithmic governance creates a new structure of social order in which power ceases to be personalized and instead becomes a function of technical architecture. This transformation demands a conceptual rethinking of key notions such as responsibility, trust, legitimacy, and social control under conditions of digitally distributed decision-making. The Algorithm as a Social Agent and Carrier of Structural Power In the digital age, the algorithm can no longer be regarded merely as a technical tool—it emerges as a full-fledged social agent capable of exerting influence, shaping expectations, and transforming the structures of social interaction. Sociology, long centered on human action, is 83 now faced with the need to expand its analytical boundaries to include agents that increasingly influence social processes. The concept of agency in actor-network theory (Latour, 2005) and within the framework of non-human agency (Sayes, 2014) offers a new perspective: an algorithm that ranks, evaluates, filters, or recommends does not merely influence behavior—it structurally reshapes the logic of the social field. At the same time, the algorithm is not an autonomous subject in the traditional sense. Its agency is always co-produced with the social context—from system design to training and deployment. For example, within an experimental prototype developed in Python using the scikit-learn and SHAP libraries (Raschka & Mirjalili, 2019), we executed a full cycle of model building, training, and explanation using a Random Forest algorithm. A manually constructed synthetic dataset based on real psychometric scales was used. The target variable was anxiety level (low, moderate, high), and features included total scores from GAD-7, PHQ-4, BRS scales, along with gender, age, education, chronic illness, and therapy access information. A SHAP waterfall plot (Figure 1) generated for a typical high-anxiety respondent revealed that high GAD-7 scores and a negative response to the question about psychological support were the major contributors to the prediction. In this way, the algorithm, trained on structured data, indirectly reproduces the logic of social stigmatization—identifying “at-risk” individuals based on lack of access to support. Furthermore, the global SHAP summary plot showed that features related to demographic factors (age, gender, education), while having lower average importance, significantly shifted the model’s output in certain local scenarios. This reveals a hidden reproduction of structural biases, which can have serious implications in decision-making systems—especially in public governance, healthcare, and education. Thus, SHAP analysis functions not only as a technical tool for interpreting models, but as a sociological indicator of digital structures of influence. Its application enables a critical understanding of the new forms of power delegated to algorithms and reveals the mechanisms through which trust or skepticism toward automated decisions is shaped. In this approach, technology does not negate the social—it becomes its vector. One of the key transformations in algorithmic governance is the shift from personalized to automated models of decision legitimation. In classical models of organizational management, a decision required hierarchical approval, personal accountability, and adherence to institutional frameworks (Weber, 1998). In the digital age, an increasing number of functions are delegated to algorithms operating on probabilistic models that are not accountable to any individual agent. This process entails a transformation in mechanisms of trust—from interpersonal and institutional to what Luhmann (2011) termed “system trust” in technology. Algorithms such as Random Forest or XGBoost, widely used in digital services—from credit scoring to candidate selection—generate decisions without explanations but are perceived as “neutral” and devoid of human bias. This creates an illusion of objectivity and amplifies trust in their outputs, even in the absence of understanding of how the models’ function. This is the sociological paradox of algorithmic governance: the less comprehensible an algorithm is, the more trustworthy it is considered—echoing the “black box” principle in technological systems (Latour, 2005). 84 The Mechanism of Delegating Responsibility to the Algorithm The delegation of responsibility to algorithms also operates as a tool for removing ethical and legal accountability. In the field of psychological diagnostics, used here as the empirical case, this manifests in a shift in the logic of professional expertise. Whereas previously, a psychologist or counselor made decisions regarding further steps, in an automated system the decision is determined by code, which functions as a structure devoid of subjectivity and ethical accountability (Kellogg et al. 2020; Wirtz et al., 2019). Ukrainian studies have also emphasized the need to develop ethical constraints and accountability mechanisms in cases where critical functions are delegated to artificial intelligence systems (Perga, 2025). A new structure of legitimation is also emerging, wherein a system’s output is considered “justified” simply because it is algorithmically generated. This creates an additional risk—the formalization of distrust as bias or emotionality. In other words, if a user doubts the outcome, the doubt is framed as a personal issue rather than a shortcoming of the model. Thus, algorithmic governance not only changes the procedures of decision-making—it restructures the framework of social agreement, displacing rational-communicative models of legitimation in favor of technocentric ones. In these, trust in the system is based not on communication, but on functional confidence in its capacity to replicate decisions (Luhmann, 2011). Such an approach demands a reinterpretation of the concepts of responsibility, transparency, and ethical action under conditions where decisions are delegated to systems that are not social subjects in the classical sense. Discussion In today’s social context, where algorithms increasingly participate in decision-making, there arises a need for not only technical but also sociological reflection on these processes. The model of responsibility delegation—from ethical expertise to digital automatism—raises several questions for the social sciences. First, how can accountability be ensured in a context devoid of subjectivity? If a system, rather than a human, makes a decision, can responsibility be attributed to the developers, administrators, or the organization as a whole? How is trust formalized in a context of algorithmic opacity and the lack of explainability? Another critical issue is the blurring of boundaries between diagnosis, governance, and behavioral normalization. In the case of psychometric testing, if the system not only records a state but also classifies, recommends, and anticipates actions, then this constitutes an intervention that creates a new social norm. Here, the algorithm appears not merely as a tool, but as a structural unit influencing social reality. Accordingly, at the intersection of sociology, computer science, and applied psychology, there arises a pressing need for interdisciplinary analysis. This opens new avenues for exploring algorithmic governance not only as a technical process but as a social phenomenon that reshapes our understanding of control, subjectivity, and legitimacy. Conclusion The study has demonstrated that algorithmic governance is no longer a narrowly technical domain but increasingly acts as a catalyst for the transformation of foundational social 85 structures—particularly decision-making procedures, mechanisms of legitimation, and forms of trust. Analyzing the implementation of such approaches through the example of psychometric models in digital environments revealed a shift in the roles of institutions and professionals when classification, prediction, and interpretation are delegated to machine algorithms. In the first section, we focused on theoretical approaches to understanding algorithmic governance in the context of social trust. It was shown that the concepts of M. Weber, N. Luhmann, B. Latour, and P. Bourdieu can be effectively adapted to the analysis of contemporary practices shaped by opaque digital decisions that displace communicative interaction and models of personalized legitimation in favor of automated evaluation procedures. The second part of the article presented empirical data, including a SHAP analysis of a Random Forest classification model designed for psychometric assessment of anxiety levels. The model processed inputs from the GAD-7, PHQ-4, and BRS scales, among others. The use of waterfall plots and technical validation metrics (F1-score = 0.81, AUC = 0.89) highlighted that model interpretability and trust are not necessarily correlated with technical complexity— for social users, transparency and clarity of reasoning matter more. In the third section, we analyzed the consequences of such delegation—the disappearance of a decision-making subject, the shift from professional responsibility to systemic loyalty to the model, and the emergence of a new form of legitimation based not on institutional authority but on the performative capacity of the algorithm to deliver stable and “neutral” outcomes. Overall, we have argued that algorithmic governance is not merely a subject of regulation but a driver of structural change within social systems. It presents sociology with new challenges: analyzing non-subjective forms of power, novel mechanisms of responsibility delegation, configurations of trust and norms, and reevaluating classical notions of decision legitimation in a complex digital environment. References: Bourdieu, P. (2021). Forms of capital: General sociology (Vol. 3). Lectures at the Collège de France 1983–84. Polity. Cao, G., Duan, Y., Edwards, J., & Dwivedi, Y. (2021). Understanding managers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions towards using artificial intelligence for organizational decision-making. Technovation, 106(5), 102312. Jarrahi, M. H. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human–AI symbiosis in organizational decision making. Business Horizons, 61(4), 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.007 Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at work: The new contested terrain of control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410. Kukhta, M. 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Soldner, F., Rosenbusch, H., Evans, A. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2019). Supervised machine learning methods in psychology: A practical introduction with annotated R code. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/s72vu Weber, M. (1998). Sociology: General historical analyses. Politics (O. Pohorylyi, Trans.). Osnovy. Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence and the public sector — Applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103 Appendix Figure 1. SHAP Plot for Individual Prediction Showing Feature Contribution to Model Outcome 87 Dmitro L. Hasilin [a][10], Ihor M. Zhuravel [b][11] Studying the Resilience of Steganography Algorithms to Detection by Neural Networks [8] Abstract: This study analyzes the resilience of steganography algorithms used in the spatial domain against detection using steganalysis deep learning models. We evaluate the impact of geometric transformations on the robustness against detection. The study investigates the effect of image transformations on the embedded message integrity and, more importantly, on the detectability of the algorithms by different models. Proven CNN models, as EfficientNet and SRNet with a Convolutional Block Attention Module, were used to compare detectability after different transformations. As expected, the embedded messages were significantly corrupted, while the models were still able to identify their presence. Introducing noise before embedding reduced detectability and increased robustness of steganographic algorithms. Alongside common LSB and modern S-UNIWARD, evaluating a spatial color space embedding algorithm, previously unknown to the model, significantly decreased accuracy. Due to the complex impact of the Color Space algorithm on uniform areas and smooth color transitions, we observe a higher number of false positives after fine-tuning models. Nevertheless, accuracy and generalization were increased to expected levels consistent with another modern research. The results underscore the need to focus on developing models that can withstand real-world image alterations, as well as improve detection capabilities to keep up with unseen stenographic methods. In practice, this will help practitioners select detection models best suited for operational environments and support future advancements in detection model development and design. Keywords: steganography, steganalysis, color space, deep learning models. Abbreviations: 𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅 is Bit Error Rate, 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅 is Byte Error Rate, 𝐿𝐿𝐺𝐺𝑃𝑃 is Least Significant Bit, 𝑈𝑈𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝑁𝑁 is Convolutional Block Attention Module, 𝑈𝑈𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶 are Convolutional Neural Networks, 𝐺𝐺 − 𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺𝑈𝑈𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 is Spatial Universal Wavelet Relative Distortion, 𝐺𝐺𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 is Syndrome Trellis Code. Introduction The rising frequency of digital data exchange highlights the demand for reliable steganalysis methods to mitigate potential threats. High data volumes further increase the risk of unsolicited data ingestion. To enhance the security of data pipelines against attacks, there is a necessity to explore the resilience of embedding algorithms not only against attacks but also against detection. This work continues and extends our earlier research (Hasilin & Zhuravel, 2025) about the level of resilience to transformations. While trying to add a new dimension to comparison by analyzing robustness to detection. The range of CNN models under consideration was a Ph.D. Student, Department of Information Technology Security, National University “Lviv Polytechnic”. Lviv, Ukraine. b Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Senior Researcher, Department Head, Department of Information Technology Security, National University “Lviv Polytechnic”. 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Haponova [a][12] Rationalization of Reinforced Concrete Structural-Anisotropic Shells Design Parameters [9] Abstract: In the article, the formulation and implementation of the task to rationalize the structural parameters of reinforced concrete structurally anisotropic shells is presented. The criterion for such an objective is the energy principle, according to which it is considered that out of the entire set of possible system parameter values with a constant volume of material, the number of external and internal ties, the potential deformation energy after the reconstruction reaches the lower limit at a rational combination of the geometric parameter values. The coatings of buildings and structures perceive significant loads, which cause a high level of the stress-strain state of the system. That is why it is advisable to consider such types of coatings that could perceive, evenly distribute and transfer the load to the supports. Structurally anisotropic reinforced concrete shells of different Gaussian curvature are proved to be the most suitable for this purpose. The search for rational shell designs that perceive the specified types of loads is a rather urgent, but logically unfinished problem. Keywords: structurally anisotropic shell, potential deformation energy, self-supporting skeleton, cavityforming liners, stress-strain state. Abbreviations: 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁 is finite element method, 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 is potential deformation energy, 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 is potential deformation energy density, 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 is stress-strain state. Introduction The design and implementation of enclosed micro-architectural forms represent a salient and pressing concern within contemporary environmental design. This discourse specifically addresses the development of ground-level modular protective shelters engineered to serve as critical infrastructure for the mitigation of blast wave and shrapnel-induced trauma. Such structures are conceived for strategic integration within public nexus points, encompassing transportation termini, designated recreational areas, urban civic spaces, and other open-air gathering locations across diverse residential and commercial landscapes. Previously scientific studies of the influence between explosion parameters and enclosing structures were conducted (Ansys simulation software…, n.d.; Babaev et al, 2016; Bugaevskij, 2015; Cormie et al., 2009; DBN…, 2023; Haponova et al. 2018). Demonstrating the idea of modeling the stress-strain state of complex objects, it is impossible not to quote Perelmuter: “The work of the supporting structure is largely determined by the shoulder of the internal pair. In a sphere, it is equal to the distance between the belts, in an arch to the distance from the lock to the tightening, in a dome approximately to the distance between the top and the support ring. And what is the shoulder of the internal pair in a shell of double curvature on a rectangular plan? a Candidate of Engineering Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Department Head, Department of Computer Graphics, Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University. Kharkiv, Ukraine. 97 The answer to this question requires an understanding of the structure’s operation “as a whole”, which is in many ways the opposite of the practiced detailed SSA. Such analysis is aimed at studying the details (finding stress peaks, places with maximum deflections, etc.).” (Perelmuter, 2013) The finite element method is based on the discretization of the object itself, which is represented in the form of individual finite elements (Haponova et. al. 2015). At the same time, the introduction of direct methods into the practice of design was facilitated, on the one hand, by the ways of interpreting the very concept of “rational solution”, and on the other hand, by the widespread use of the FEM. The concept of “rational design” was somewhat specified and transformed with the help of interesting ideas and research by Vasylkov and Shmukler (Haponova & Hrebenchuk, 2017). The works of Mandelbrot are devoted to modeling geometric parameters considering fractal theory (Horodeckij et al., 2003). Anisotropy is distinguished by the following parameters: 1) elastic properties; 2) elastic limits, yield strength, other properties determined in the area of small plastic deformations; 3) characteristics of significant plastic deformation (strength limit in the presence of a neck, uniform plasticity, etc.); 4) characteristics associated with destruction (characteristics of fracture resistance under various types of loading, ultimate plasticity, etc.). There is a certain distinction between anisotropy of characteristics determined under static loads, anisotropy of long-term strength and creep, anisotropy of impact toughness, crack resistance, hardness and microhardness, etc. By structural feature, anisotropy can be homogeneous and heterogeneous, caused by oriented residual microstresses or associated with the features of the dislocation structure. Many metallic materials are quasi-isotropic in the elastic and plastic areas, as well as during fracture by shear, but anisotropic in resistance to tearing. In sheet materials, a distinction is made between “planar” and “normal” plastic anisotropy. The first is determined by the dependence of the characteristics on the direction in the plane of the sheet, the second is determined by the difference between the properties in the plane of the sheet and the direction perpendicular to it (through the thickness). By geometric nature, a distinction is made between rectilinear and curvilinear anisotropy. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development and implementation of an energy-based methodological framework for rationalizing the design parameters of reinforced concrete structurally anisotropic shells with complex geometry. For the first time, the author formulated a numerical optimisation model that establishes dependencies between the PDE and the geometric parameters of both external and internal structure elements under the condition of a constant material volume. The research introduces a vector of control parameters combining external (lifting boom height, curvature radius, span, load) and internal (rib pitch, rib and skin thickness, cross-section height) variables, enabling the identification of rational configurations that minimise PDE. A distinctive innovation is the integration of the FEM with parametric modelling tools (LIRA SAPR, Autodesk Revit, Dynamo) for automated generation, computation, and optimisation of shell geometry. This approach allows simultaneous evaluation of the structure’s SSS and modal characteristics, verifying energy efficiency through natural frequency analysis. 98 Furthermore, the study proposes a technological solution using in-situ concreting with cavityforming liners to create self-supporting anisotropic frameworks, reducing weight and improving structural resilience. Thus, the novelty of the work consists in combining energy-rational design criteria, computational modelling, and construction technology into a unified system for optimising reinforced concrete anisotropic shells intended for both civil and protective infrastructure. The subject of the study is the process of rationalisation and optimisation of design parameters of reinforced concrete structurally anisotropic shells—including their geometric configuration, material anisotropy, and deformation energy characteristics—under static and dynamic loading conditions, based on the application of the energy principle and finite element modelling. The object of the study is reinforced concrete constructively anisotropic structure. The study aims to rationalize the design parameters of reinforced concrete constructively anisotropic structures. To achieve the purpose, the following objectives were defined: − obtaining dependencies between the PDE and the geometric parameters of constructively anisotropic structures; − improving the technology of erecting a cylindrical shell; − cutting out a cavity-forming liner for a self-supporting frame; − a numerical experiment of a constructively anisotropic structure’s behavior when exposed to a uniformly distributed snow load of 1600 Pa/m2 and a concentrated load of 1t/m2. Study tools are LIRA software complex, Autodesk software products, etc. Methods The study employs a multi-level methodological framework combining theoretical, numerical, and experimental approaches to rationalise the design parameters of reinforced concrete structurally anisotropic shells. At the theoretical level, the research is grounded in the energy principle of structural mechanics, assuming that within a system of constant material volume and fixed boundary conditions, the PDE attains a minimum at an optimal set of geometric parameters (Shmukler, 2017). This principle guides the analytical formulation of the problem, represented as a dependency function between the deformation energy and external or internal control parameters—such as shell height (𝐻𝐻), curvature radius (𝑅𝑅), rib spacing (𝑙𝑙), skin thickness (𝛿𝛿), and rib thickness (𝛥𝛥). The mathematical and computational stage relies primarily on the finite element method (FEM) to model the SSS of anisotropic shells. Discretization of the structural domain into finite elements was conducted using the LIRA SAPR software package, which allowed the simulation of deformation fields under both uniform (snow) and concentrated loads. The mesh size and element type were calibrated according to convergence tests to ensure numerical stability. Complementary modelling was performed in Autodesk Revit and Dynamo environments, where visual programming scripts were written to parametrically vary geometric inputs and automatically regenerate shell models. 99 To validate the energy criterion, the study introduced a parametric control vector containing external (𝐻𝐻, 𝑃𝑃, 𝑅𝑅, 𝐿𝐿, 𝑞𝑞) and internal (𝑙𝑙, 𝛿𝛿, 𝛥𝛥, ℎ) parameters. By stepwise variation of the lifting boom height (𝐻𝐻) and rib pitch (𝑙𝑙) under a constant material volume, multiple computational experiments were executed. Each variant produced a unique PDE value, and the resulting unimodal dependency curve was used to determine the rational parameter combination where the PDE reached its lower limit. The engineering-technological methods included the in-situ concreting technique, where cavityforming liners made of polystyrene were applied to create internal voids in the shell, forming a self-supporting skeleton. This approach ensured the integrity of anisotropic ribs while reducing structural weight. The resulting concrete class was C25/30, meeting current European standards for protective infrastructure. Additionally, the analytical and experimental validation involved comparison of natural frequency spectra for shells with different geometric configurations. Modal analysis confirmed that the rational configuration (𝐻𝐻 ≈ 3.8 m) corresponded to the lowest PDE and highest structural stiffness, thus ensuring the resonance safety of the system. Finally, the data interpretation stage involved integrating numerical outputs into graphical and tabular forms. The deformation and potential energy fields were visualised as colourmapped contour plots, providing insight into the uniformity of stress distribution across the shell surface. These results substantiate the theoretical premise that structural rationalisation leads to improved energy efficiency and mechanical resilience. Literature Review The theoretical foundation of rationalizing reinforced concrete structural-anisotropic shells has evolved through decades of research in structural mechanics and computational modelling. The central idea rests on the energy principle, which postulates that a rational configuration of geometric parameters minimises the PDE for a structure of constant material volume and boundary conditions (Shmukler, 2017). This principle serves as a critical tool in optimising geometrically complex shell systems where the SSS must remain stable under variable static and dynamic loads (Perelmuter & Slivker, 2011). Early analytical models of stress–strain behaviour in curved and spherical roof shells (Babaev et al., 2016) revealed that structural performance largely depends on the “internal pair shoulder”, i.e., the distance between load-bearing belts and support points, which dictates deformation energy distribution. Later studies refined this understanding using FEM discretization, allowing accurate simulation of anisotropic materials with heterogeneous stiffness (Horodeckij et al., 2003). The integration of FEM with parametric design software such as LIRA SAPR and Autodesk Revit enabled automatic generation and evaluation of shell geometry (Kalmykov et al., 2017a). Fractal geometry (Mandelbrot, 2002) further contributed to the understanding of multi-scale surface anisotropy, providing mathematical tools to simulate non-uniform stiffness patterns in curved elements. This approach supports the structural concept of “constructive anisotropy”, where directional material properties enhance energy dissipation and load redistribution. Haponova and Hrebenchuk (2018) expanded on this by developing information-modelling frameworks that link PDE analysis to geometric parameters, making it possible to rationalise shell design digitally. 100 Experimental studies have confirmed that reinforced concrete anisotropic shells demonstrate superior mechanical stability under combined static and dynamic effects when geometric parameters—such as curvature radius, rib pitch, and shell thickness—are selected according to energy criteria (Haponova & Hrebenchuk, 2017; Kalmykov et al., 2017b). Further numerical analyses, including studies by Romashkina et al. (2024), showed that dynamic load simulations based on blast-wave propagation validate the robustness of rationalised designs in protective engineering contexts. International standards (Structures to Resist…, 2008; DBN…, 2023) emphasise the necessity of protective structures capable of absorbing and dispersing energy from accidental or deliberate explosions. The adaptation of these requirements to civil architecture highlights the interdisciplinary importance of anisotropic shell systems as both structural and protective solutions. Consequently, the integration of computational tools, experimental validation, and energy-based optimisation establishes the methodological basis for rational design of reinforced concrete structurally anisotropic shells (Perelmuter, 2013; Shmukler, 1977). Results Directions for Rationalization of Reinforced Concrete Constructively Anisotropic Structures’ Parameters Modeling of the stressed-deformed state, geometricity of parameters taking into account the energy principles of anisotropic shells, considered in the number of prominent research papers (Haponova, & Hrebenchuk, 2018; Kalmykov et al., 2017a; Kalmykov et al., 2017b; Mandelbrot, 2002; Perelmuter, 2013; Perelmuter & Slivker, 2011; Romashkina et al., 2024; Shmukler, 1977; Shmukler, 2017; Structures to Resist…, 2008; The Design of Structures…, n.d.). Whereas in the current study a fundamentally new type of structure has been investigated, which has a given external and calculated internal geometry; the process of a structurally anisotropic shell deformation under various types of external and internal influences has been mathematically modeled. Shmukler in his work (2017) noted that “for the regulation of systems with a constant volume of material, the number of external and internal connections (external parameters) under the action of a static external load (self-weight) the PDE after restructuring reaches the lower limit at a rational combination of the values of geometric parameters”: 𝑂𝑂=𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝛼𝛼𝑂𝑂(𝛼𝛼𝑘𝑘), 𝑘𝑘=1,2,...∞ (1) where 𝑂𝑂 is stands for PDE; 𝑘𝑘 is comparison option number 𝛼𝛼 ∈ 𝑁𝑁; 𝑁𝑁 is set of permissible values of external geometric parameters. The implementation of the approach entails the construction of a relationship between the magnitude of the system’s deformation energy and one or a group of geometric parameters. The formulation of such a problem in numerical form is possible when using computational software complexes, however, the operation entails the construction of a significant number of models, which to some extent complicates the process. Thus, the formulation and implementation of rationalizing the structural parameters of reinforced concrete cylindrical shells is presented. The criterion for this problem is the energy 101 principle, according to which it is considered that out of the entire set of possible values of the search parameters of the system with a constant volume of material, the number of external and internal connections, the PDE after the restructuring reaches the lower limit at a rational combination of the values of the geometric parameters of the described system. The vector of control parameters of this system is introduced into consideration: {𝑥𝑥}𝑇𝑇={𝐻𝐻,𝑃𝑃,𝑂𝑂,𝑅𝑅,𝐿𝐿,𝑙𝑙,𝑞𝑞,𝛿𝛿,∆,ℎ} (2) where 𝐻𝐻 stands for lifting boom; 𝑃𝑃 is shell length; 𝑂𝑂 is volume of material; 𝑅𝑅 is curvature radius; 𝐿𝐿 is shell span; 𝑙𝑙 is rib pitch; 𝑞𝑞 is external load; 𝛿𝛿 is thickness of the skins; 𝛥𝛥 is thickness of the ribs; ℎ is shell cross-section height. In this case, the parameters 𝐻𝐻, 𝑃𝑃, 𝑅𝑅, 𝐿𝐿, 𝑞𝑞 are positioned as external, and the parameters 𝑙𝑙, 𝛿𝛿, 𝛥𝛥, ℎ as internal. The step of the inner ribs of the shell l is taken as variable parameters. The remaining attributes of the calculation model are set by analogy, with the exception of the thickness of the skin 𝛿𝛿, which in this case is taken equal to 50 mm, and the lifting boom 𝐻𝐻, taken as 3.8 m. The constancy of the material volume in this case was ensured by selecting the appropriate value of the thickness of the ribs 𝛥𝛥. Thus, the proposed approach opens up the possibility of determining rational parameters of reinforced concrete structurally anisotropic elements with complex external and internal geometry. The above analysis is expanded by studying the distribution of the strain energy density (internal parameter). In this case, the criterion will be the dependence: 𝑒𝑒 → 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡, (3) where 𝑒𝑒 is the PDED. The alignment of the PDE field (LIRA software package) is implemented by giving the cavity-forming insert a complex shape. In this case, the grid of ribs is not orthogonal. The potential energy density field of the ribs in a cylindrical shell with a span of 9000 mm is shown in Figures 1–4 (Appendix). Improving the Structural Characteristics of Constructively Anisotropic Structures The work implements numerical methods for solving the problem using the example of a cylindrical shell with internal cavities of a rectangular shape in plan (Figure 5). An analysis of studying the external parameters of a cylindrical reinforced concrete anisotropic shell with internal cavities formed by polystyrene foam inserts (Figure 6) has been performed. As a tool for solving the problem, a combination of Autodesk software products was used. The fundamental issue here is a script written in a visual programming environment, which 102 allows you to automatically form the geometry of the shell by setting all the necessary parameters from the number {𝑥𝑥}. The proposed procedure allows you to automatically build a connection between the PDE of the system and any geometric parameter that describes it. As an illustration, examples of searching for external and internal rational parameters of the shell are considered. When analyzing external parameters, the lifting boom is taken as a variable 𝐻𝐻 ∈ (𝐻𝐻 [0; 𝐿𝐿/2]), other parameters describing the geometry of the system are taken as follows: 𝑃𝑃 = 9000 mm; 𝐿𝐿 = 18000 mm; ℎ = 300 mm, 𝛥𝛥 = 100 mm; 𝑙𝑙 = 1000 mm. The load was taken as the self-weight, the support was designed as hinged fixed along two longitudinal ribs, the material was concrete C25/30. Stepwise change of the parameter 𝐻𝐻 (lifting boom) allowed it to determine its relationship with the value of the system PDE, while in all cases the volume of the shell material was unchanged. Stability was ensured by selecting the appropriate value of the shell thickness 𝛿𝛿. The calculation results are given in Table 1 (Appendix). Based on the obtained data, a graph of the dependence of the PDE on the lifting boom 𝐻𝐻 was constructed, which represents a unimodal function. It was determined that for the tasks of conditions at 𝐻𝐻 ≈ 3,8 m the PDE reaches the lower limit. The obtained results are verified by analyzing the natural frequencies of the system for all values of 𝐻𝐻 and estimating the maximum load-bearing shell capacity (𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚). The 7 out of 10 tons of natural oscillations take on a maximum value at a value of 𝐻𝐻 close to rational. In case of achieving equivalent stresses of the system (𝜎𝜎𝑒𝑒) the strength limit of the material is determined—𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 for the optimal value 𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖 values, 1 m more or less than the rational (4,8 and 2,8 m respectively): at 𝐻𝐻 = 3,8 m and 𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 38,45 kN/m2; at 𝐻𝐻 = 4,8 m and 𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 35,15 kN/m2; at 𝐻𝐻 = 2,8 m and 𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 30,26 kN/m2. The natural frequencies of structurally anisotropic shells are shown below in Figures 7–10 (Appendix). Discussion The study addresses an increasingly urgent challenge in structural engineering and civil protection—developing lightweight yet resilient reinforced concrete shells optimised through energy-based criteria. The significance of this study lies in its synthesis of classical mechanics, computational modelling, and protective design principles to achieve rational geometrical configurations for structurally anisotropic systems. The findings confirm the hypothesis that structural rationalisation based on the minimisation of PDE produces configurations with enhanced stiffness and stability under both static and dynamic loads. The discovered rational parameters (e.g., 𝐻𝐻 ≈ 3.8 m, 𝑙𝑙 ≈ 1000 mm) correspond to conditions where PDE attains its minimum and the natural frequencies reach their optimal values, thereby improving both energy performance and vibration safety. However, the research also revealed several methodological challenges. The high computational complexity of modelling anisotropic shells with variable geometry necessitates extensive simulation runs and fine mesh refinement, which may increase processing time and require advanced software integration. Furthermore, the assumption of homogenous material 103 behaviour within anisotropic systems introduces limitations when scaled to real-world structures, where micro-heterogeneity and construction tolerances affect performance. Another identified issue concerns the practical realisation of cavity-forming liners. While polystyrene inserts effectively reduce weight and ensure geometric stability, their long-term durability under cyclic loading and environmental influence warrants further investigation. Future research should thus focus on developing alternative eco-friendly liner materials and improving the recyclability of such components. The study opens several promising research directions. First, extending the FEM-based framework to include nonlinear dynamic analyses could provide more accurate simulations of blastwave impacts and seismic responses. Second, integrating machine-learning algorithms for parameter optimisation may significantly reduce computational effort. Finally, collaboration with industrial partners could facilitate pilot construction of modular anisotropic shelters for civil defence and urban safety applications. Overall, this work contributes to advancing energy-based design methodologies for complex shell systems and underscores their critical role in creating adaptive protective structures in the context of modern geopolitical and environmental challenges. Conclusion The energy criterion for rationalization of external structural parameters of reinforced concrete structurally anisotropic shells was applied. According to the results of the study, it was determined that for the considered specific conditions at 𝐻𝐻 ≈ 3.8 m the potential energy of deformation reaches the lower limit. The obtained results were verified by analyzing the frequencies of natural oscillations of the system for all values of the lifting boom (𝐻𝐻) and the maximum bearing capacity (𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) of the shell was estimated. The relationship of rational parameters in the structurally anisotropic shell between the PDE of the system for external and internal rational parameters was determined: at a rib pitch close to 𝑙𝑙 ≈ 1000 mm the PDE reaches the lower limit. And there is currently a substantial demand for these. In response to the current geopolitical landscape, specifically the unprovoked military aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, there is an urgent and critical need for enhanced protective infrastructure. This imperative has driven significant improvements in the technologies underpinning small-scale architectural forms, leading to the creation of compact, ground-based modular shelters. These structures are engineered to provide civilians with vital protection against the traumatic effects of blast waves and shrapnel. Their strategic integration into high-traffic public environments— including public transportation points, recreational parks, urban plazas, and various open communal spaces within both population centers and industrial territories—represents a timely and essential intervention for safeguarding the populace of our country and its cities. References: Ansys simulation software enables organizations to confidently predict how their products will operate in the real world. (n.d.). Ansys, Inc. www.ansys.com 110 to note that all these developments are not merely formal but serve as practical add-ons to Autodesk software products (AutoCAD, Inventor, Fusion), which students actively use in the educational process. Other works (Chernikov et al., 2021; Chernikov et al., 2023) describe the automation processes in Autodesk Inventor and the depiction of views on drawings according to the standards. Based on the analysis of the publications, it can be concluded that the process of integrating modern standards for preparing design documentation into the educational process is a highly relevant task, and that work in this area has only just begun. This is especially important for educational institutions subordinated to state authorities, since at the state level the implementation of new international standards has already taken place, and compliance with them will soon become a key requirement. Results Main Documents Commonly Used for Creating Electrical Schematics: • GOST 2.102–68 USDD/ESKD. Types and Completeness of Design Documents; • GOST 2.701–84 USDD/ESKD. Schematics. Types and Categories. General Requirements for Execution; • GOST 2.702:2013 Unified System for Design Documentation. Rules for the Execution of Electrical Schematics (GOST 2.702–2011, IDT); • GOST 2.710–81 Letter-Numeric Designations in Electrical Schematics; • GOST 2.721–74 USDD/ESKD. Graphical Symbols in Schematics. General-Purpose Designations. This list is not exhaustive and can be extended, but it provides a general idea of the key aspects. Considering that some of the listed standards have already lost validity in Ukraine and others will soon become obsolete, a reasonable question arises: which standards should be used? Services such as Budstandart do not provide direct recommendations on which standards to transition to, most likely because there are no direct equivalents in terms of document content. Given the process of European integration, it becomes clear which international standards should be implemented and applied. One such example is the recent adoption of European approaches to defining power-quality parameters, in particular, the transition to a nominal voltage of 230/400 V (European voltage and new standards…, n.d.). Issues related to standardisation in the field of electrical, electronic and related technologies are managed by the IEC, of which Ukraine has been a member since 1993 (International Electrotechnical Commission, n.d.). Therefore, it is advisable to use IEC standards for developing electrical schematics. The types, categories, and codes of design documentation familiar to us—e.g., CA (circuit diagram), LA (parts list), LCC (connection list), CC (connection diagram, wiring or installation schematic), MA (electrical installation drawing), or TST (test programme and methodology)— as proposed in GOST 2.102–68 and GOST 2.701–84, should now be classified and designated using SSU EN 61355–1:2022 Classification and Designation of Documents for Plants, Systems and Equipment. Part 1: Rules and Classification Tables (EN 61355–1:2008, IDT; IEC 61355–1:2008, IDT). 111 The essence of this standard is to define a structured document-classification system based on content and form of presentation. Its goal is to ensure unified document identification throughout the entire life cycle of technical objects. The main provisions are as follows: • defines the concept of a “document kind” as a type characterised by the content of information and its form of presentation; • introduces DCC enabling systematic document organisation; • covers both technical and non-technical documents, including drawings, schematics, specifications, instructions, protocols, reports, etc.; • applies to the preparation, exchange, management, and archiving of documentation among project participants. • The DCC code consists of three letters with specific logical meaning: • the first letter indicates the document group and its general type (e.g., schematic, list, installation, instruction); • the second specifies the main sub-category within the group (e.g., principal schematic, wiring schematic, installation schematic); • the third (optional) provides additional classification, detailing, or specific purpose (e.g., detailed, functional, test). According to IEC 61355–1, new types and categories of certain designations are presented in comparative Table 1 (Appendix). Thus, the transition from obsolete USDD/ESKD standards (GOST 2.102–68, GOST 2.701–84) to the international standard SSU EN 61355–1:2022 (IEC 61355–1) enables the structuring of design-documentation classification under unified rules. The use of DCC codes provides unified document identification regardless of industry, promotes digital data integration, simplifies information exchange between departments, and enhances compatibility with modern CAD/CAE systems. The SSU GOST 2.702:2013 standard regulating the rules for electrical-schematic preparation can be replaced by SSU EN 61082–1:2022 Preparation of Documents Used in Electrotechnology. Part 1: Rules (EN 61082–1:2015, IDT; IEC 61082–1:2014, IDT). Both documents pursue similar goals—regulating the drafting of electrotechnical documentation, particularly schematics—but they are not fully equivalent, and direct substitution requires adaptation. The main differences primarily involve the use of corresponding standards that affect the overall layout. It is worth noting that IEC 61082–1 has a more flexible adaptation system— from sheet-format sizes to element notation and placement—facilitates address-based schematic creation, and represents a digitally oriented standard ensuring scalability and international compatibility, especially in digital environments. Hence, replacing SSU GOST 2.702:2013 with SSU EN 61082–1:2022 is a step toward a modern, digitally oriented system for preparing electrotechnical documentation. IEC 61082–1 provides flexibility in schematic design, supports international interoperability, and meets the requirements of computer-aided design, whereas the outdated GOST standard retains limitations inherent to paper formats and obsolete methodologies. 112 The GOST 2.710–81 standard, which governs alphanumeric designations in electrical schematics, should be replaced by SSU EN IEC 81346–1:2022 Industrial Systems, Installations, Equipment and Industrial Products—Structuring Principles and Reference Designations. Part 1: Basic Rules (EN IEC 81346–1:2022, IDT; IEC 81346–1:2022, IDT) and SSU EN 81346–2:2022 Industrial Systems, Installations, Equipment and Industrial Products—Structuring Principles and Reference Designations. Part 2: Classification of Objects and Codes for Classes (EN 81346–2:2019, IDT; IEC 81346–2:2019, IDT). When examining the first part of the standard using simple schematic examples, at first glance, the structure of compound alphanumeric designations appears nearly identical. However, in more complex, structured schematics, the USDD/ESKD standard fails to define a clear identification structure, coding format, or inter-level relationships, resulting in enterprisespecific interpretations. In contrast, IEC 81346–1 follows a functional-structural approach at all levels, offering a clear methodology and syntax for combining levels within a unified code, transforming them into a universal, digitally readable identification model. This allows integration of schematics, structures, databases, and documents into a single system. The second part of the standard, dealing with the classification of objects and class codes, presents more differences. The primary distinction lies in the classification of designations: in USDD/ESKD, these are element-type groups where letters form part of the symbolic designation (e.g., K—contactor, SB—button, FU—fuse). In IEC 81346–2, these are classes and subclasses where the first letter is a class code defining the element’s function within a system (K—switching device, Q—circuit breaker, F—protective device), and the second letter specifies type or principle of operation within the base class (KM—power contactor, QF—load circuit breaker, FU—fuse). A third letter or digit may be added for deeper detailing, allowing classification of specific device families or serial numbering within a product. Certain designations, such as C (capacitor), R (resistor), L (inductance coil), M (motor), and several others, coincide, while others differ slightly. Such similarity and grouping are logical since GOST 2.710–81 was originally based on IEC recommendations of the 1960s–70s. Over time, the IEC standard evolved substantially with scientific and technological progress, while GOST 2.710–81 remained a closed system. Occasionally, electrical schematics feature other non-IEC designations, e.g., CB (circuit breaker) or TB (terminal block), which are English-language functional abbreviations borrowed from North American standards. According to IEC, their respective designations are QF and XT. Thus, replacing GOST 2.710–81 with SSU EN IEC 81346–1:2022 and SSU EN 81346– 2:2022 ensures a shift from the outdated alphanumeric-designation system to a modern functional-structural object-identification model. IEC 81346 standards establish clear coding rules reflecting functional, locational, and product interrelations, enabling detailed class and subclass specification and ensuring unification, scalability, and digital compatibility with international design systems. Regarding the graphical symbols in electrical schematics—standardised by GOST 2.721– 74 USDD/ESKD Graphical Symbols in Schematics. General-Purpose Symbols and related standards (number range 721–769 of USDD/ESKD) covering graphical symbols for groups of electrical 113 devices from motors, switching and protection equipment to semiconductors and communication devices—it is advisable to use IEC 60617:2018 Graphical Symbols for Diagrams (IEC 60617:2012 DB, IDT). This standard is one of the fundamental documents for electrotechnical design, defining a unified system of graphical symbols used in electrical, electronic, automation, and telecommunication diagrams. It includes 10 main groups covering all types of electrical elements—from basic symbols to telecommunication systems. The standard currently contains about 1,900 symbols (compared to about 600 in USDD/ESKD) and is continuously updated. Each symbol has its Sxxxxx code, description, reference to IEC 81346 (class of element), and an SVG graphic file. The standard is available in the electronic database IEC 60617 DB (Graphical Symbols for Diagrams, n.d.). The main groups of the standard are presented in Table 2 (Appendix), each subdivided by device type and subgroup. Hence, the transition from GOST 2.721–74 to SSU IEC 60617:2018 ensures the use of a globally unified system of graphical symbols encompassing all types of electrical, electronic, and telecommunication elements. IEC 60617 contains over 1,900 current symbols, supports digital formats, and aligns with IEC 81346, making it a foundation for modern schematic design within CAD/CAE environments and ensuring international documentation compatibility. It is also worth noting that the aforementioned standards are implemented in engineering platforms such as EPLAN, AutoCAD Electrical, SEE Electrical, and SolidWorks Electrical. Therefore, using these programmes enables the creation of electrical schematics in compliance with the international IEC standard and other regional regulations. Discussion The integration of international IEC standards into the system of preparing electrical engineering documentation is not only a demand of the time but also a key prerequisite for enhancing the competitiveness of national production. An analysis of the presented documents shows that the transition from the USDD/ESKD (GOST) system to the IEC 61082, IEC 61355, IEC 81346, and IEC 60617 series of standards does not imply a mechanical replacement of drafting rules, but rather a transformation in the very philosophy of technical documentation development. From the perspective of the educational process, such integration requires a revision of curricula. Students should not merely learn drawing rules but should master systems thinking, where a schematic is not a static illustration but an integral part of a product’s information model. Ultimately, the transition to IEC standards not only modernises design documentation but also paves the way for the complete digitalisation of design processes, unification of data exchange between enterprises, and international interoperability. However, the process requires methodological support, official translation and adaptation of terminology, as well as the training of specialists capable of working simultaneously within the IEC, ISO, and USDD/ESKD environments. 114 Conclusion The analysis of the evolution of design documentation standards has shown that the USDD system, represented by GOST 2.701, 2.702, 2.710 and others, no longer meets the requirements of digital and international engineering. The international IEC standards—specifically series IEC 61082, IEC 61355, IEC 81346 and IEC 60617—offer a modern, structurally and functionally coherent system for describing technical objects. This system is oriented toward digital design, automation, and product lifecycle management, where: • IEC 61082–1 provides digitally oriented rules for the preparation of electrical diagrams, enables scaling and automated generation of addressing systems, which makes it adaptable to modern CAD/CAE platforms; • IEC 61355–1 introduces a DCC system that allows for the integration of design, technological, and operational documentation into a single information base; • IEC 81346–1 and IEC 81346–2 define the principles of object identification and classification according to functional, positional, and product-related aspects, forming the basis for a universal object model suitable for machine processing; • IEC 60617 provides a globally unified system of graphical symbols for diagrams that covers modern elements of electronics, automation, and telecommunications, with dynamic updates via the IEC 60617 DB database. The transition to international IEC standards requires a comprehensive approach— adapting terminology, developing methodological recommendations for educational institutions, updating engineering curricula, and implementing engineering platforms compatible with IEC standards. Thus, the implementation of IEC standards in national education and production practices represents a strategically important step toward creating a unified information engineering ecosystem that meets contemporary international requirements, supports the principles of digital manufacturing, and opens opportunities for Ukraine’s integration into the global technical space. References: Budstandart Document Service. (n.d.). Online service for working with normative documents. (In Ukr.). [Сервіс документів БУДСТАНДАРТ : Online сервіс для роботи з нормативними документами.]. https://online.budstandart.com/ua/catalog Chernikov, O. V. (2024). Implementation of new standards for the design documentation in the educational process and production. Applied Geometry and Engineering Graphics, 106, 241–251. (In Ukr.). [Черніков, О. В. Впровадження нових стандартів оформлення конструкторської документації в навчальний процес та виробництво.]. https://doi.org/10.32347/0131579x.2024.106.241-251 Chernikov, O. V., Kaliuzhna, N. Ye., & Lamdaïni, A. (2021). Features of process automation for modelling in the Autodesk Inventor package. Applied Issues of Mathematical Modelling, 4(2.1), 261– 268. (In Ukr.). [Черніков, О. В., Калюжна, Н. Є., Ламдаіні, А. Особливості автоматизації процесів моделювання в пакеті Autodesk Inventor.]. https://doi.org/10.32782/KNTU26180340/2021.4.2.1.28 Chernikov, O. V., Nazarko, O. O., & Usenko, I. S. (2023). Development and implementation of an application library for the Autodesk Inventor package. Applied Geometry and Engineering Graphics, 104, 190–200. (In Ukr.). [Черніков, О. В., Назарько, О. О., Усенко, І. С. Розробка та 115 впровадження бібліотеки додатків до пакету Autodesk Inventor.]. https://doi.org/10.32347/0131-579x.2023.104.190-200 European voltage and new standards: What will change in the Distribution System Code. (n.d.). Government of Ukraine. [Європейська напруга і нові стандарти: що зміниться у Кодексі систем розподілу. (н.д.). Сайт Уряду України.] https://www.nerc.gov.ua/news/yevropejska-napruga-inovi-standarti-shcho-zminitsya-u-kodeksi-sistem-rozpodilu Hlushko, Yu. Yu. (2019). Drawing: Textbook (Ukrainian–Swiss Project). Kyiv: GURT Resource Centre. (In Ukr.). [Глушко, Ю. Ю. Креслення: навчальний посібник (українсько-швейцарський проєкт).] International Electrotechnical Commission. (n.d.). IEC. https://iec.ch/homepage International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 60617 — Graphical Symbols for Diagrams. (n.d.). IEC. https://std.iec.ch/iec60617 Kovbashyn, V. I., & Pik, A. I. (Comp.). (2023). Engineering graphics. Ternopil: Textbooks and Manuals. (In Ukr.). [Ковбашин, В. І., Пік, А. І. Інженерна графіка.] On the package adoption of European normative documents CEN/CENELEC as national normative documents by the confirmation method (with amendments and additions). Order No. 285 dated December 28, 2022. SE “UkrNDNC”. (2022). (In Ukr.). [Про пакетне прийняття європейських нормативних документів CEN/CENELEC як національних нормативних документів методом підтвердження (із змінами та доповненнями): наказ від 28.12.2022 р. № 285.]. https://online.budstandart.com/ua/catalog/doc-page.html?id_doc=99606 Vanin, V. V., Bliok, A. V., & Hnitetska, H. O. (2018). Design documentation preparation: Textbook (2nd ed.). Kyiv: Karavela. (In Ukr.). [Ванін, В.В., Бліок, А.В., Гнітецька, Г.О. Оформлення конструкторської документації : навч. посіб.] Appendix Table 1. Comparison of document designations according to the standard USDD/ESKD and IEC 61355-1 Designation according to USDD/ESKD Designation according to IEC 61355-1 Code Name in Ukrainian Name in English DCC Code Е3 Схема електрична принципова Circuit diagram CA Е4 Схема електрична з’єднань Connection diagram CC ПЕ3 Перелік елементів Parts list LA ТБЗ3 Таблиця з’єднань Connection list LCC ПМ Програма і методика перевірки Test specification / procedure TST МЕ Електромонтажний кресленик Mounting / installation drawing MA Table 2. List of the main groups of element designations according to the standard IEC 60617:2012 Group Code Name Ukrainian Translation Examples of Symbols 01 Basic and general symbols Основні та загальні графічні символи Lines, points, intersections, grounding, polarity, arrows, etc. 02 Conductors and connecting devices Провідники та з’єднувальні елементи Conductors, terminals, connectors, jack plugs 03 Semiconductors and electron tubes Semiconductors and electron tubes Diodes, transistors, thyristors, tubes 04 Passive components Пасивні елементи Resistors, capacitors, coils, filters 05 Production and conversion of electrical energy Генерування та перетворення електроенергії Sources, generators, batteries, converters 06 Switching and protective devices Комутаційні та захисні пристрої Switches, relays, contactors, fuses, circuit breakers 116 07 Measuring instruments, lamps and signalling devices Вимірювальні прилади, лампи, сигнальні пристрої Ammeters, voltmeters, indicators, lighting 08 Transmission, conversion and control of signals Передавання, перетворення та керування сигналами Amplifiers, logic elements, signal filters 09 Telecommunication, transmission and processing systems Телекомунікаційні та обчислювальні системи Telephony, network circuits, microprocessors 10 Miscellaneous symbols Різні (спеціальні) символи Symbols without category or with combined functions 117 Pavlo F. Budanov [a][14] Digital Twin as the Basis of the Automated Monitoring System for the Technological Process of a Power Unit at a Power Plant [11] Abstract: The relevance of the research topic is determined by several important factors that are key to the modern energy sector: real-time monitoring of technological parameters of a power unit, which is critical for maintaining the reliable and uninterrupted operation of a power plant; ensuring energy security management to prevent accidents, failures, and unforeseen emergency situations for the power unit; reducing operational costs, which allows increasing the economic efficiency of power plant operations in the context of rising energy resource prices. The relevance of the research topic is defined by the need to implement digital technologies to improve the efficiency, safety, and economic viability of power unit operations at power plants. The digital twin is an integrated tool for automated monitoring and management of technological processes in a power unit, which can be integrated with various control systems, sensor data, information systems, and cyber-physical systems, creating a unified digital ecosystem for power unit management. This ensures a high level of automation, reducing human error and enhancing the efficiency of power unit operations. The object of the study is the processes of automated monitoring and management of technological processes in a power unit using a digital twin. It is shown that the digital twin of a power unit is a virtual model that reproduces the physical state and behavior of a real power unit in real-time. It combines mathematical models, control algorithms, data from sensors, and automated control systems to ensure an accurate reflection of all key energy production processes. The main functions of the digital twin are highlighted: real-time monitoring of technological parameters; optimization of technological equipment operation modes and energy consumption; diagnosis of deviations and forecasting of emergency situations; decision support at the level of automated process control systems and management systems; integration with cyber-physical systems to ensure the connection between technical and economic indicators. Keywords: digital twin, power unit, technological process, principles and functions of the digital twin. Introduction Modern nuclear and thermal power plants operate under complex conditions that require a high level of control and management of technological processes. Traditional methods of monitoring, control, and diagnostics of power units, based on manual data collection and processing, do not always allow for the timely detection of deviations, prediction of emergency situations, and optimisation of equipment operating modes. The increasing load on energy systems, high demands for efficiency and operational safety, as well as the need for integration with the economic and production indicators of power enterprises, create an acute problem of ensuring comprehensive, automated, and predictive monitoring of power plant units. The study problem lies in developing an integrated approach that enables real-time tracking of technological processes within a power unit, identification of potential risks, and maintenance of optimal operating conditions of the equipment without overloading operators or being limited by traditional automated process control systems. The main challenge consists in combining large volumes of sensor data, historical records, and control algorithms into a single a Candidate of Technical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Kharkiv, Ukraine. 118 digital model capable not only of representing the current state but also of forecasting the development of technological processes. The proposed solution is based on the concept of a digital twin of a power plant unit. The object of the study is the processes of automated monitoring and control of technological processes in a power plant unit using a digital twin. The study aims to develop a concept and methodology for employing a digital twin as the foundation of a system for automated monitoring, control, and diagnostics of a power unit’s technological process. This system should ensure a highly accurate representation of the physical state of equipment, predict emergency situations, and optimise operating regimes. To achieve this purpose, the following study objectives have been defined: • analysis of the current state of the digital twin concept in relation to technological processes of energy enterprises; • development of a structure for the digital twin of a power unit, including physical process models, mathematical control models, informational and analytical blocks, as well as an integration layer for interaction with digital systems; • determination of the functional capabilities of the digital twin of a power plant unit; • utilisation of the digital twin for an interactive simulator designed for operational personnel training. The implementation of these tasks ensures a comprehensive approach to improving the reliability, safety, and economic efficiency of power unit operation, forming the basis for the further development of predictive analytics and intelligent control systems in energy enterprises. Literature Review Today, both domestic and international scientific publications feature studies addressing the practical use of digital twins to improve existing automated control systems for technological processes at energy enterprises. In the study of Polishchuk and Stolbov (2024), the feasibility of applying digital twins in combination with machine learning algorithms to enhance the efficiency of biofuel combustion processes in boiler installations was demonstrated experimentally and analytically. The use of digital simulation enables flexible optimisation of combustion parameters in real time, contributing to resource savings and emission reductions. The practical value of the study lies in demonstrating the potential for adaptive control; however, the results are tied to a specific technical base, and the limited data sample constrains their representativeness. Dombrovska (2023) conducted an in-depth review of the economic aspects of digitalisation in renewable energy. The research traces the relationship between innovative technologies and the economic efficiency of the sector, highlighting the need for new business models. The strength of this work lies in the systematic presentation, yet the absence of concrete economic calculations and quantitative examples reduces its practical relevance. In the scientific paper of Merzhynskyi et al. (2025), global trends in the digitalisation of the energy sector are analysed in detail. Special emphasis is placed on the scalability of solutions based on big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence systems. The study is significant for understanding the prospects for transnational integration of digital solutions in energy. 119 However, the material is descriptive and does not sufficiently address regulatory and personnel barriers, which significantly constrain the practical implementation of the proposed approaches. The authors of study (Orobchuk et al., 2025) conducted a comparative analysis of modern digital twin platforms, identifying their advantages and disadvantages in terms of scalability, compatibility, and standardisation. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of criteria for assessing software solutions, which may be useful for developers and enterprises. Nevertheless, rapid progress in digital technology leads to the swift obsolescence of the obtained results. The study of Nazarenko et al. (2024) presents a methodology for using digital substations in the educational process through real-time simulators. The importance of the research is defined by the implementation of practice-oriented technologies in the training of future engineers. The positive aspect lies in demonstrating the integration of digital technologies into the learning process; however, the issues of scalability and financial accessibility of the equipment remain unresolved. The work of Holotsukova and Lamonov (2024) illustrates practical aspects of implementing digital twins, supported by examples of real engineering solutions. A substantial advantage is the focus on applied recommendations for production and management. At the same time, the authors did not sufficiently address issues of cybersecurity, data flow management, and network resilience, which are crucial in large-scale systems. The study of Klimenko (2025) explores the role of digital platforms in ensuring sustainable development, particularly in the formation of local energy markets. The authors adopted an interdisciplinary approach, combining technical and socio-economic analyses. However, there are almost no examples of full-scale implementation of these technologies in industrial practice, which limits the study’s practical value. The paper of Shchehlov and Morozova (2022) examines the challenges and opportunities of integrating digital enterprises and digital twins. An important contribution is the identification of barriers—technological, organisational, and financial—that hinder implementation. Yet the proposed solutions are largely theoretical and require validation through practical case studies. The publication of Shapurov (2023b) systematises methods for creating digital twins for fault-tolerant systems. The author presented a classification of approaches and developed a basic framework for analysis. Clear systematisation is a major achievement of the study, but the optimisation aspects for resource-constrained devices are only superficially described, which complicates practical application. Storoshchuk et al. (2025) summarise the use of digital twins in industry and logistics. A significant advantage is the analysis of existing standards, forming a foundation for technological unification. However, the recommendations are general in nature and do not consider sectoral specifics, which limits their applied value. The study of Shapurov (2023a) analyses the application of Industry 4.0 technologies in change management at energy enterprises. The authors emphasise the practical orientation of the proposed approaches. However, the research lacks long-term data to assess the sustainability of organisational transformations. The publication of Myskovets et al. (2025) confirms the findings of previous studies, particularly Storoshchuk et al. (2025), reiterating the importance of standards in industry. The novelty of the research is minimal, reducing its scientific significance. The paper of Alam and El Saddik (2017) presents an example of developing digital twins of production stations and testing the logic of programmable logic controllers. Its value lies in 126 reduce the number of unplanned shutdowns, and optimise spare parts costs. Wear forecasting helps schedule repairs for the most convenient periods, thereby reducing economic losses caused by downtime. 3. Reduced Risk of Emergency Situations The digital twin allows for the timely detection of potentially hazardous deviations and the prediction of pre-emergency conditions. Integration with online monitoring systems enables rapid response to critical changes in equipment operation. Furthermore, simulation of emergency scenarios helps test the effectiveness of existing safety protocols and prepare personnel for emergency situations. This reduces the likelihood of accidents and minimises their consequences if they occur. 4. Economic Justification of Investment in Modernisation The digital twin provides a unique opportunity to assess the effectiveness of new technologies or modernisation projects before their implementation in the physical environment (for example, testing various options for boiler equipment reconstruction, automation system upgrades, or the introduction of new materials). This makes it possible to minimise investment risks, justify expenditures, and select optimal techno-economic solutions. In a competitive market environment, such an advantage becomes a key factor in strategic development. 5. Formation of the Enterprise’s Information Potential as a Resource for Strategic Management. The use of a digital twin contributes to the accumulation and structuring of large volumes of data concerning the operation of the power plant unit. This data array becomes the enterprise’s information potential, which can be utilised for strategic planning, management decision-making, economic efficiency assessment, and forecasting of future needs. Such an approach enables the enterprise to maintain digital coherence and act proactively rather than reactively. Thus, the digital twin of a power plant unit represents an engineering model of energy production processes and a strategic instrument that establishes a new level of enterprise management. Its implementation simultaneously enhances technical reliability, ensures energy security, reduces costs, and substantiates long-term investment decisions. Through the digital twin, power enterprises transition from the traditional “problem-reaction” approach to a predictive management system that aligns with contemporary demands for digitalisation, environmental responsibility, and sustainable energy development. The digital twin serves as a crucial tool integrating advanced technologies into energy processes. Both its scientific and practical applications open new digital resources for the energy sector, improving reliability, safety, and economic efficiency of power unit operation. Future prospects include further efficiency gains, cost reductions, and the creation of adaptive and intelligent management systems for optimising power enterprise performance. References: Alam, K. M., & El Saddik, A. (2017). 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Вплив використання сучасних технологій на ефективність діяльності машинобудівних підприємств країни.]. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2025-72-7 129 Appendix Figure 1. block diagram of the Digital Twin architecture of a power plant unit 130 Figure 2. Scheme of Information connection between the functions of a Digital Twin and the functions of an interactive operational personnel simulator Figure 3. Digital Twin interface (simulator) for operator training (In Ukr.) 131 Table 1. Functionality of the Digital Twin of the power unit of the power plant No. Functional Feature Implementations Expected Effect 1 Monitoring and diagnostics • continuous monitoring of boiler temperature and pressure; • comparison of the vibration characteristics of the rotor with the reference model; • automatic notification of exceeding critical parameters. • reducing hardware downtime; • timely detection of malfunctions; • improving the reliability of work. 2 Predicting the state of equipment • analysis of the operation history of pumps and pipelines; • using machine learning algorithms to determine the remaining turbine life; • making forecasts regarding the timing of node replacement. • switching to maintenance based on the actual state; • optimisation of repair costs; • increasing the equipment readiness coefficient. 3 Optimisation of operating modes • modelling the operation of a power unit under various loads; • determination of optimal fuel consumption for a given mode; • scenario analysis of emergency and repair stops. • reduce fuel consumption; • improving economic efficiency; • flexibility of work in the context of changes in the energy market. 4 Staff training • creation of digital simulators for automated workplace operators of automated process control systems; • simulation of emergency situations in a virtual environment; • modelling of normal and non-standard operating modes. • professional development of personnel; • reducing the risk of human error; • faster response to emergency situations. 5 Improving security • modelling of pre-Emergency States and consequences; • checking the effectiveness of emergency response plans; • testing of new management methods without risk to the equipment. • reducing the likelihood of accidents; • reducing environmental and economic risks; • formation of a culture of preventive safety. 132 Vitaliy V. Shutyuk [a][15], Olha V. Dushchak [b][16] Rational Use of Tomato Processing Waste in the Development of Sauces with Enhanced Biological Value [12] Abstract: The article analyses the current state and prospects for the production of new types of sauces based on tomato products, as a promising raw material for industrial processing, considering their high content of biologically active compounds and the possibility of cultivating tomatoes in all regions of Ukraine. Previous studies have demonstrated the nutritional value of tomato processing waste, namely seeds and pomace. As a result of the analysis of literary and experimental data, it was found that tomato seeds contain a wide range of biologically active substances that may be suitable for use in food technology. The article proposes the use of secondary products of tomato processing for the production of food semi-finished products. The subject of the study was tomato sauces enriched with the semi-finished product “Tomato Seed Paste”. The object of the study was structural–mechanical and organoleptic properties of tomato sauces developed with the addition of “Tomato Seed Paste”. The study aimed to determine the influence of the developed semi-finished product “Tomato Seed Paste” on the quality indicators of tomato sauces when developing a comprehensive tomato processing technology. Samples of tomato sauces with the addition of the developed semi-finished product “Tomato Seed Paste” were selected as the objects of further study. The study confirmed the feasibility of industrial processing of tomato seeds. The structural and mechanical properties of tomato sauces with the addition of a semifinished product based on tomato seeds were analyzed. It was also found that the addition of tomato seed paste in quantities of 8% increases the initial viscosity by 1.7 times and the yield stress by 2.75 times. Increasing the amount of added tomato seed paste to 11% significantly alters the structural and mechanical properties of the final product: its viscosity increases by 2.46 times — from 147 Pa·s to 363 Pa·s. Keywords: tomato products, tomato seeds, preservation, sauces, rheology, food technologies. Introduction The full-scale war in Ukraine has significantly affected the market for canned vegetables and fruits, particularly their production and supply. Military actions and shelling have led to the destruction of agro-industrial facilities, reduction in crop yields, and disruptions in supply chains. At the same time, the hostilities have forced many farms and food enterprises to change their production strategies, focusing on local markets and reducing their dependence on imported products. During the war, the consumption of canned vegetables and fruits increased due to the instability of fresh food supplies, as well as constant power outages, which made it difficult to store fresh products for long periods. Canned foods became an important source of nutrients for the population. At the same time, rising prices for raw materials and production costs led to an increase in the prices of canned products, which significantly affected household budgets (Semenda & Korman, 2024). a Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor, Department of Canning Technology, National University of Food Technologies. Kyiv, Ukraine. b Candidate of Engineering Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Department of Canning Technology, National University of Food Technologies. Kyiv, Ukraine. 133 The full-scale war also had a substantial impact on the import and export of canned vegetables and fruits. Military actions and bans on supplies from countries supporting the war led to a decrease in import volumes. At the same time, exports were also affected due to disruptions in logistical supply chains and reduced demand on the international market. The current realities have created numerous challenges for the canned fruit and vegetable market in Ukraine, but they have also opened up new opportunities for the development of local production and innovation. The increased demand for local products and changes in production strategies have enabled many domestic enterprises to adapt to the new conditions and maintain their positions in the market (Vitriak et al., 2025). Unfortunately, many agricultural enterprises and farms have ceased to exist fully or partially due to the occupation of a significant portion of territory by Russian forces. The enterprises whose areas were liberated from the Russians were looted or destroyed, while those that remain under occupation are considered temporarily inaccessible. Currently, there is significant support for the processing industry in Ukraine: the government and foreign investors provide financial assistance to farmers, producers, and those engaged in processing plant-based raw materials. This creates favorable conditions for developing new types of canned products and for using non-traditional raw materials. In recent years, the food industry has maintained a steady trend toward increasing the production of various types of tomato products, particularly sauces and seasonings. The aroma of sauces and their often-spicy taste stimulate appetite and, consequently, improve food digestibility. This effect of sauces is due to the presence of spices, seasonings, and other additives. Using different sauces with the same dish gives it a new flavor (Begliţa et al., 2023). Interest in sauce products is driven by their high consumer properties, good digestibility, and the ability to regulate the chemical composition, nutritional and biological value, and caloric content of the main dish (Benderska et al., 2021). The subject of the study was tomato sauces enriched with the semi-finished product “Tomato Seed Paste”. The object of the study was structural–mechanical and organoleptic properties of tomato sauces developed with the addition of “Tomato Seed Paste”. The study aimed to determine the effect of the developed semi-finished product “Tomato Seed Paste” on the quality indicators of tomato sauces during the development of an integrated tomato-processing technology. Study tasks, according to the purpose, were: − develop a technological process for producing the semi-finished product “Tomato Seed Paste” from tomato processing waste; − investigate the influence of different dosages of tomato seed paste on the rheological and structural–mechanical properties of tomato sauces; − assess the impact of tomato seed paste on the organoleptic characteristics and overall quality of the finished sauces; − determine the optimal concentration of tomato seed paste that ensures improved biological value without compromising the traditional texture and sensory profile of tomato sauces. 134 Methods and Materials The research employed a complex methodological approach combining experimental, analytical, and statistical methods traditionally used in food technology to investigate the rheological, structural–mechanical, and organoleptic properties of tomato sauces. The study was conducted at the Department of Canning Technology, National University of Food Technologies (Kyiv, Ukraine), where the semi-finished product “Tomato Seed Paste” was developed and its effects on the properties of tomato sauces were comprehensively evaluated. The experimental method formed the foundation of this study. Tomato sauces were prepared from tomatoes at technical and biological maturity stages using standard canning technology (Benderska, 2019; Benderska & Bessarab, 2018). The developed “Tomato Seed Paste” was obtained by drying and grinding tomato seeds, which were separated during the primary processing of tomatoes. The paste was then added to the sauce formulations in varying proportions—3%, 5%, 8%, and 11%—while the control sample contained no additive. This approach ensured systematic variation of the experimental factor and provided the basis for evaluating its influence on product characteristics. The rheological method was applied to measure viscosity and flow characteristics, using a Reotest-2 rotational viscometer in accordance with DSTU 8017:2015 “Canned Products. Structured Fruit and Vegetable Sauces. Technical Specifications.” The method involves measuring the torque generated by the fluid sample between coaxial cylinders at different rotation speeds (Mironeasa & Codină, 2019; Flaiş & Oroian, 2025). Each 100 cm³ sample was equilibrated at room temperature for 20–30 minutes before measurement. The results, expressed in Pascal seconds (Pa·s), allowed identification of non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic behaviour typical for tomato sauces (Bosona & Gebresenbet, 2018). Rheological curves were used to calculate the apparent viscosity and flow index, revealing the influence of tomato seed paste concentration on structural stability. The sensory analysis method was applied to evaluate the organoleptic parameters—colour, aroma, taste, and consistency—of the experimental sauces. A trained panel of ten experts conducted profile analysis in accordance with ISO 8586:2012 guidelines. Each attribute was rated on a 5-point scale. The criteria for colour uniformity, naturalness, and intensity followed the methodology described by Benderska et al. (2021), while aroma and taste were assessed according to purity and balance of seasoning. The sensory results were statistically processed to determine the optimal additive concentration that preserved desirable consumer qualities. Complementary physicochemical methods were used to determine the dry matter content, pH, and titratable acidity of the sauces following standard procedures (Silva et al., 2023). Moisture and dry matter were determined gravimetrically by oven drying at 105°C until constant weight, while acidity was measured by titration with 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution. The pH value was measured using a digital pH meter at 20°C. These parameters were used to correlate the influence of tomato seed paste addition with changes in the physicochemical stability and waterholding capacity of the sauces (Kumar et al., 2021). The microscopic method was used to study the microstructure of tomato sauces enriched with seed paste. Samples were examined under a laboratory light microscope at 200× magnification. The micrographs revealed the distribution and size of dispersed particles, demonstrating that increasing seed paste content enhances the density of the structural network. 135 This observation supports the rheological findings and confirms the water-binding role of the fibrous and protein components of the seed paste (Begliţa et al., 2023). The statistical method was applied to ensure the reliability of experimental results. All measurements were performed in triplicate, and the mean values with standard deviations were calculated. Statistical significance of differences between samples was evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a confidence level of 𝑝𝑝< 0.05. Correlation analysis was also performed to establish relationships between tomato seed paste concentration and rheological parameters such as viscosity, yield stress, and flow behaviour index (Firrman et al., 2024). To provide a holistic understanding of the functional properties of tomato seed paste, the research incorporated data from previous chemical composition analyses (Benderska et al., 2018), confirming its richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, and pectic substances. These findings guided the hypothesis that the seed paste could serve as a natural thickening and stabilizing agent. The experimental data obtained in this work were interpreted within the framework of food rheology and colloidal chemistry, allowing a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of plant-derived additives on sauce structure and quality. The chosen combination of rheological, physicochemical, and sensory analysis methods ensures reproducibility and comparability of results with international studies on valorization of tomato by-products. The integration of these methods allows establishing scientifically grounded recommendations for optimizing the dosage of tomato seed paste in industrial sauce formulations, promoting sustainable waste utilization and improving the biological value of the product (Solaberrieta et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2023). Literature Review The literature review reveals a strong scientific and practical interest in the valorization of tomato processing by-products as sources of biologically active substances and valuable technological components. The study of Begliţa, Ungureanu-Iuga, and Mironeasa (2023) established the physicochemical and functional characteristics of tomato pomace powder in suspensions, demonstrating its potential as a structuring and nutritional ingredient in food formulations. Similarly, Bosona and Gebresenbet (2018) performed a life-cycle analysis of organic tomato production in Sweden, emphasizing the environmental benefits of utilizing tomato waste for new food products and reducing overall losses. Benderska, Bessarab, and Shutyuk (2018) analysed the fatty acid composition of tomato seeds, confirming their richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids and proposing their application in food technologies. Complementary studies by Benderska and Bessarab (2018) explored the technological aspects of secondary tomato raw material utilization, focusing on developing costeffective methods for incorporating seed and pomace fractions into processed foods. In a subsequent dissertation, Benderska (2019) advanced the technological framework for producing tomato sauces with the addition of seed paste, establishing the scientific basis for the current study. Her later research (Benderska, 2021) outlined the prospects for comprehensive tomato processing and underlined the importance of minimizing waste and maximizing biological value. Further contributions were made by Benderska et al. (2021), who examined the biological value of tomato by-products, proving that the combination of pulp and seed components increases protein, fiber, and antioxidant contents. These findings align with global trends in 142 Appendix Table 1. Initial and final viscosity and flow properties of sauces with the addition of tomato seed paste Sample of Sauce Viscosity, Pa·s Flow, Pa initial final initial final Control 147.84 0.63 15.11 91.43 3% 181.88 1.30 30.32 189.5 5% 204.62 1.41 34.11 204.66 8% 250.09 1.50 41.69 219.06 11% 363.77 1.55 60.64 226.64 Figure 1. Dependence of shear stress and shear rate on the effective viscosity of tomato sauces 143 Liudmyla G. Bachynska [a][17] The Influence of Socio-Humanitarian Sciences on Education and Creativity in the Field of Formation of the Architectural and Urban Environment [13] Abstract: At the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st centuries, socio-humanitarian knowledge is significantly expanding, branching out according to social needs and helping to solve problems in architecture and urban planning. Socio-humanitarian knowledge such as political science, ideology, economics, sociology, psychology and others in the cognitive-historical process explain the specifics of the formation of a city plan, the presence of the necessary types of public buildings depending on the era, the directions of form formation and stylistics of architectural objects. The object of study is the architectural and urban planning environment. The subject of the study is the influence of socio-humanitarian knowledge on architecture and urban planning. The study aims to clarify the mechanism of influence of sociohumanitarian knowledge on architectural and urban planning objects and space. The methods used in the study are empirical observations of the development of architecture and urban planning in different political and economic conditions, the cause-and-effect relationship between socio-humanitarian knowledge and architectural and urban planning heritage. The author concludes that justification of the influence of political regimes and economic activity on the formation of society, its consciousness and on architectural and urban planning activity in different eras. Keywords: socio-humanitarian sciences, architectural and urban planning activity, society, political regimes, economic activity, cultural and state ideology. Introduction Architecture as a science of creating an artificial environment for humans and their lives must meet their needs in any era, at any time. The person himself changes over time, develops, acquires skills, abilities and knowledge, thanks to scientific and technological progress, he improves the tools of labor and his own environment, using technological methods for the construction of buildings and structures. A person as such in the socio-historical process goes through various stages of his existence—periods of state formation, socio-economic and sociopolitical life, he tries to understand what he himself and the world around him are, and with the help of this knowledge to improve the environment. Given this, architecture cannot be just a branch of engineering that creates architectural and urban space for the needs of consumers— humans, society, and the state—here and today, serving customers. For a specialist architect who works for a person and satisfies his needs in organizing the environment, it is extremely necessary to understand what a person is, how his consciousness changes along with historical progress, how this consciousness is reflected in the cultural activity of the person himself and society, what are the dynamics of relations between an individual and society, a citizen and the state, what is at least the nearest perspective in social processes, which will entail changes in the requirements of the population for the formation of architectural and urban space. So, knowledge of social and human sciences about man, society, the state and its politics, etc. and their influence on the formation of the consciousness of people—specialists and a Associate Professor, Candidate of Architecture, Professor, Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Architecture, Department of Fundamentals of Architecture and Architectural Design, Faculty of Architecture, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture. Kyiv, Ukraine. 144 consumers of architectural and urban space—will determine the directions of the architect’s creativity, and without them there can be no deep, full-fledged awareness of social needs. Human life, thanks to scientific and technological progress, is constantly becoming more complicated, there is a need for additional knowledge to understand constantly updated social processes, the possibilities of using this knowledge in practice. Because of this, the number of new sciences that are born on the basis of already existing ones is increasing, they are deepening in content, responding to the latest social needs, and connections between different branches of science are emerging. The spread of the complex of socio-humanitarian disciplines in the cognitive-historical process can be explained by the increase in the areas of professional activity needed by society, the need to consider each of the areas more deeply, while having an idea of a certain industry or related industries. On the one hand, science is growing quantitatively, on the other hand, there is a danger of the spread of narrow specialization, which can be eliminated only by the method of a holistic approach to the perception of social processes. Taranenko (2012) notes: “Combining with power, it (science) really begins to influence the choice of certain paths of social development. This new function of science is sometimes characterized as its transformation into a social force… Science, as a worthy object of study, has now found itself under the cross-over attention of philosophy, history, sociology, economics, psychology, scientific studies, etc. In the process of its development, not only is new knowledge accumulated, but previously formed ideas about the world are also being rebuilt.” So, all socio-humanitarian sciences that are somehow connected with the formation of the architectural and urban environment should form the basis for the training of architects, and thereby raise specialists in this field from the level of an architect-engineer to a specialist who must not only take into account the influence of social processes on the creation of architectural objects, but also sees the role of architecture as a work of art in the life of the people, understands its influence on public consciousness and their own responsibility for the directions they have chosen. Architecture has recently been increasingly considered a branch of engineering. For example, in some European countries, the curricula for Masters of Architecture do not include any humanities subjects at all, and sometimes in the programs of foreign international conferences, architecture is seen as a component of the engineering field or only in combination with computer technologies. Contacts with European countries, Ukraine’s adoption of the Bologna system of university education since the early 2000s, which leads to the typification of the educational process of various universities and the knowledge gained, unfortunately, is aimed at a gradual reduction and the danger of a complete rejection of humanitarian disciplines. The efforts of Ukrainian educational institutions to restructure curricula in accordance with European standards have led to the classification of such disciplines as psychology in architecture and sociology, which are extremely necessary for architectural education, as elective. Although both disciplines help to solve important problems, for example, from the viewpoint of the psychology of visual perception of space, architectural form, color scheme, psychology of human behavior in the space of a certain organization, the arrangement of a sense of social community or, conversely, the needs of isolation, visual and functional convenience, ways of organizing psychological mood using objects and space, and solving many other problems of 145 the life of society with the assistance of these sciences. Does it make sense to abandon such important knowledge for an architect for the sake of shortening the curriculum? Architecture consists of two main parts—artistic and engineering (Figure 1). It is a contribution of humanity to the spiritual and material culture of peoples. As an artistic component, architecture, thanks to such means as architectural form, stylistics, synthesis of arts, is a carrier of certain ideas and social or state ideology. As a work of art, it affects the emotional and sensory side of the human psyche, forming a positive or negative assessment of the state of the environment. Being a work of art, architecture forces a person to constantly be, live, and act in this environment (in this space—a work of art), which affects the consciousness of a person, shapes it. So, an architect is obliged to realize that he, as an artist, as a creator, as a person who fulfills a certain order from a consumer (a person, society or state), must be responsible for his creativity and the manifestations of its influence on a person. A kind of basis for the development of the artistic component of architecture is the understanding of the political and economic system, on which the existence of a social system under democratic conditions of government or state ideology in countries with a totalitarian regime depends, which is manifested in various artistic methods of reflection. So, is it appropriate to remove from the curricula of training architects’ humanitarian disciplines that will explain to students the essence of these disciplines and their influence on public consciousness, which will provide an understanding of the responsibility of a specialist architect to society? The second component of architecture is a complex of various engineering sciences that help to implement architectural projects, must take into account the latest achievements in construction technologies, building materials and structures, ensuring the reliability and strength of the structural framework of the structure, for which knowledge of geology is necessary, especially in difficult soil conditions. Geology, which studies the earth’s shell, its subsoil, soils and their composition and thereby helps construction, also belongs to the humanities. The object of the study considered in this article is the architectural and urban environment. The subject of the study is the influence of socio-humanitarian knowledge on the formation of architectural objects. The scientific study aims to clarify the complex of socio-humanitarian knowledge that influences the formation of architectural and urban planning objects in any historical period, to show the mechanism of their influence, and to classify socio-humanitarian disciplines from the viewpoint of their interaction with the theoretical and practical activities of the architect. The objectives of the study are: − get acquainted with the socio-humanitarian sciences and establish among them the knowledge that will help the architect determine the ways of creating architectural and urban planning objects appropriate to the time and various conditions; to find out what issues in the creative process they are related to, to demonstrate the connection between political and economic activity, social consciousness and directions of cultural activity in architecture; − show with the help of a diagram the influence of ideology on the formation of the nomenclature of public buildings of the urban planning ensemble as the main object of the city center, on the form, silhouette and style in the architecture of public buildings, the planning of the urban planning ensemble, etc.; 146 − provide examples of the latest transformations in the use of socio-humanitarian knowledge in architecture (using the work of Timokhin and Shebek (2025) as an example). Methods The methodological framework of the study combines general scientific and specialised approaches aimed at revealing the multifaceted interaction between socio-humanitarian knowledge and the architectural and urban environment. The research relies primarily on empirical observation, comparative analysis, and the identification of cause-and-effect relationships between social processes and the evolution of architectural creativity. At the general level, the study employs the principles of historicism, systemic analysis, and dialectical reasoning, which allow interpreting architectural phenomena within the broader context of human social and cultural development. The principle of historicism ensures the reconstruction of the evolution of architectural forms, urban structures, and aesthetic paradigms in direct dependence on the political, ideological, and economic circumstances of each epoch. Dialectical reasoning, in turn, makes it possible to trace the interdependence of material and spiritual factors in the formation of architectural and urban environments—from the utilitarian needs of society to their artistic and ideological expression. Systemic analysis, as developed within modern socio-humanitarian methodology (Tulenkov & Bekh, 2025), provides the theoretical instrument for understanding architecture as a complex dynamic system that integrates artistic, engineering, social, and psychological components. This method allows identifying the structural unity of urban systems, architectural forms, and settlement networks based on the principle of hierarchy and interaction of subsystems—from housing interiors to regional urban planning. At the specialised level, the study applies comparative-historical and socio-cultural methods. The comparative-historical approach makes it possible to identify analogies between urban planning models of different civilisations and political systems, revealing the dependence of city morphology on the dominant ideology and social order. Through the analysis of urban ensembles of states with centralized governance versus democratic systems, the researcher establishes typological differences in planning logic, the symbolism of architectural forms, and functional diversity. The socio-cultural method provides insight into the reflection of political regimes, economic activity, and collective consciousness within architecture and town planning. It focuses on the interrelation between social ideology and the artistic image of architectural objects. By considering architecture as both an art form and a social phenomenon, this approach explains how buildings and spatial compositions convey ideological meanings and shape public consciousness. The interdisciplinary synthesis of socio-humanitarian disciplines plays a central role in the methodological design. Political science, sociology, psychology, law, and cultural studies were integrated to explain the mechanisms of influence of human sciences on architectural creativity. Political psychology and sociology elucidate the processes of forming public opinion regarding architectural space, while legal sciences regulate the practical realisation of urban development concepts. The study also relies on insights from philosophy and aesthetics to justify the spiritual dimension of architectural creation, emphasising architecture as a medium of humanistic values. 147 In addition, empirical observation of architectural practice and historical evidence provided the factual base for the research. Direct examination of architectural objects, typological classification of urban ensembles, and review of documentary sources allowed the author to determine the dynamic relationship between socio-political transformations and architectural stylistics. The use of system-structural and system-functional analysis contributed to understanding the mechanism of transformation of architectural space in response to social changes, technological progress, and the evolution of human needs. Thus, the methodological framework integrates analytical, comparative, empirical, and systemic procedures that ensure a holistic perception of architecture as a manifestation of sociohumanitarian knowledge. The study’s methodological synthesis allows revealing architecture not merely as an engineering discipline but as an integral cultural phenomenon, whose evolution reflects the spiritual, political, and psychological development of society itself. Literature Review The theoretical foundation of this research is rooted in the interdisciplinary synthesis of socio-humanitarian and architectural studies. Earlier works emphasised the dependence of architecture on economic and political structures, yet modern scholarship expands this connection to include ideology, psychology, and cultural consciousness as key determinants of architectural creativity. Classical theories of urban formation, such as those presented by Hrushka (1963) in Development of Town Planning, demonstrated that architectural and urban forms are historically conditioned by material production, economic activity, and the political organisation of society. Hrushka’s Marxist dialectical framework laid the groundwork for later studies linking socioeconomic development to spatial morphology. Complementary to this, Hrushevsky (1991) traced the evolution of Ukrainian urban and cultural identity, showing how historical statehood and national consciousness shaped settlement patterns and architectural symbolism. The integration of philosophical and cultural approaches to architecture is represented by Bibler (2018), who explored culture as a “dialogue of cultures”, underscoring the mutual influence between humanistic thought and material creation. This concept resonates with modern interpretations of architecture as a communicative system reflecting social dialogue. Socio-psychological dimensions were deepened through the works of Rubinstein (1999) and Gubko (2004), whose studies of human consciousness and the psychology of the Ukrainian nation provide the foundation for understanding the perception of architectural space and its emotional impact on individuals. These insights explain how aesthetic and compositional choices in design affect human well-being and collective identity. Otreshko (2013) extended the discussion by analysing ideology as an integral part of state formation, linking political thought, moral values, and artistic expression. His conclusion that ideology acts as a “cementing spiritual foundation” of society supports the present study’s argument that architecture functions as a visualisation of political and cultural ideology. Empirical and theoretical perspectives on urban development are further supported by Bunin and Savarenskaya (1979), whose multi-volume History of Town Planning Art catalogued stylistic and structural transformations across epochs. Their typological classification of 148 architectural forms under various governance systems provides an essential basis for comparative analysis in this paper. The socio-humanitarian expansion of architectural research is also evident in the works of Taranenko (2012), who emphasised the “human dimension” of modern socio-humanitarian knowledge. His concept of science as a social force directly aligns with the author’s attempt to integrate humanistic disciplines into architectural education and professional practice. Similarly, Batryn (2024) discussed the diversification of socio-humanitarian sciences as a response to the global complexity of human activity, a process that also affects architectural methodology. A significant methodological milestone is represented by Tulenkov and Bekh (2025), whose elaboration of system analysis provides a universal framework for interdisciplinary research. Applied to architecture, this approach allows for understanding the systemic unity between artistic form, function, and social purpose. It underpins the study’s attempt to link the microand macro-levels of spatial organisation—from interior design to the settlement network. The recent monograph by Timokhin and Shebek (2025), Constellation of Architectural and Urban Heritage of Ukraine, illustrates the current scientific paradigm in architectural research. By employing integrative methods combining history, geography, synergetics, cultural studies, and even fractal geometry, the authors demonstrate the potential of cross-disciplinary analysis in architectural theory. Their research validates the idea that architecture must actively incorporate knowledge from both scientific and non-scientific domains to understand and harmonise human environments. Finally, Plokhii (2022) contributes to the broader cultural context by interpreting Ukrainian history as a continuous negotiation between geography, identity, and cultural resilience. His insights are crucial for explaining the specific socio-cultural determinants that influence Ukrainian architectural creativity today. Together, these sources constitute a coherent body of literature that frames architecture as a socio-humanitarian phenomenon. They collectively confirm that the evolution of architectural and urban environments is inseparable from the dynamics of political regimes, collective consciousness, and cultural ideology. The reviewed works provide both theoretical justification and empirical evidence for the author’s thesis that architecture embodies the unity of humanistic knowledge and material creation—a synthesis that must remain central in architectural education and practice. Results Empirical research in the study of the history of architecture and the history of urban planning culture shows us the diversity of urban planning, the specificity of types of public buildings, the variability of stylistic trends, etc. Moreover, between the trends in the architectural and urban planning practice of countries with common political regimes and common methods of management, one can see the unity of the principles of forming urban space and the similarity of architectural forms, and this allows us to conclude that it is necessary to look for the reasons for such similarities in social processes. At the beginning of the author’s research in this direction, the work of the Slovak academician Hrushka Development of Urban Planning (1963) served as a reference point in the world of scientific literature on the topic of considering sociohumanitarian scientific knowledge and architectural and urban planning practice as a single 149 holistic complex that explains and justifies the content of human, country and people’s life in general and especially in the field of architecture and urban planning. Hrushka wrote: “Every branch of science… should be based on knowledge of the development of the main interrelations and dependencies of science on nature and economic conditions… This means that all phenomena should be considered not in isolation, but in connection with the historical conditions that cause and shape any phenomenon…” (1963, p. 13) And further: “The emergence, changes and development of society, its ideas, theories, political views, the form of states and their structure, the settlement and form of settlements, cities, the organization of nature, flow from the conditions of the material life of developing society.” (Hrushka, 1963, p. 14) This capital work was first published in 1959, the second Russian-language edition took place in 1963, it is clear that at that time the author in his scientific searches was based on the theory of Marxism-Leninism, and this determined the focus on dialectics and the socioeconomic activity of humanity as the main basic factor, as the reason that conditioned its development and activity in other areas. According to the study of the development of the architectural and urban planning industry in the historical process, Hrushka determined the factors influencing this industry from the point of view of their priority regardless of the socioeconomic formation, starting from the primitive communal system. Economic activity forms economic relations between people in the production process. Recognition of economic activity as basic led to the division of society by types of employment of the population, professional characteristics that society needs at a certain time. Thus, a society with a certain structure characteristic of the era is created. Already when the first states appeared in the history of mankind, a significant influence on the development of urban planning was exerted by political regimes planning the development of the economy. Nature in human life also plays an important role. Socio-economic activity takes place in certain natural and climatic conditions. Man, master’s nature, adapts to living conditions and adapts it to his needs, in ancient times he receives building materials from nature, from which he creates primary settlements and builds cities. As a reflection of economic activity and convenient natural conditions for living, there was a population increase. Hrushka’s research was very different from the theoretical works of the mid-twentieth century in the field of architecture, which mostly considered architecture only as such, ignoring the person himself, his psychology, the peculiarities of his social status and the needs of life. A person in the theory of architecture existed only as a subject with certain physical parameters that had to be taken into account in ergonomics. So, under the influence of the work of E. Hrushka, the author of the article had the idea to analyze the socio-humanitarian sciences and their connection with the theory and practice of the architectural and urban planning industry. Work in this direction opened up the opportunity to see social life in general in the historical process and the architectural environment as an extremely important part of this life, in which it takes place, which forms it and provides opportunities to obtain a level of comfort that meets human needs and create conditions for successful activity. The results of these studies are presented in more than two dozen articles, two of which are given in this publication as an example (Bachynska, 2016; Bachynska, 2017). Substantiation of the connection between the sociohumanitarian sciences and the architectural and urban planning industry allowed us to set the goal of establishing the mechanism of influence of humanitarian knowledge on the creation of 150 the environment. And first it was necessary to continue the consideration of the factors that influenced the formation of urban planning culture. With the development of society, the driving force for further progress and improvement of the architectural and urban space is human activity and the historical events caused by it (conquest of territories or coexistence, exchange of experience). Historical science, especially our domestic one, provides us with facts of considering the history of Ukraine on the basis of its statehood (Hrushevsky, 1991), and not as a class struggle, the creation of a cultural and social space on its territory, which was facilitated by the movement of peoples along the borders of our country and “led to the formation of a unique set of cultural features that formed the foundations of modern Ukrainian selfconsciousness.” (Plokhii, 2022, p. 24) Also, the further development of the architectural and urban space was ensured by the promotion of scientific and technological progress, the political and social ideology prevalent in the state, a different social consciousness and corresponding cultural activity, the degree of religiosity, etc. It can be argued that all processes occurring in the modern world, in one way or another, influence the formation of the urban and non-urban environment created by humans. During the times of the primitive communal system, primitive human actions for obtaining food in the form of gathering fruits and roots, fishing, hunting, and over time the first attempts at agriculture and animal husbandry can be attributed to the germs of economic activity. As a result of joint work, relations and the division of responsibilities between members of the genus arose, which were the first slightest signs of the birth of economic relations and the future society. The improvement of the tools of agriculture led to the accumulation of an additional product, which allowed to feed those who began to perform other functions. The appearance of elders, guards, and artisans in the Neolithic village is an important sign of further social development, in which types of activity determined belonging to certain professions, and economic relations between people and professional division demonstrate to us a close connection between the first and the second, where society by professional status will be determined by the economy. The need for a perfect organization of social life leads to the birth of the state and its leadership (Bibler, 2018, p. 190). The history of mankind during the period of agrarian and even transition to industrial society has left us with evidence of the then existing principle of settlement of citizens in the city plan depending on social and property status, that is, the principle of the structure of society was clearly reflected in the planning of the city. This is what became the source of the search for connections between socio-humanitarian knowledge and urban planning and architecture! Further empirical research, comparing urban planning in states with a centralized system of government and individual manifestations of democratization, regardless of socio-economic formation, showed incredible differences in urban planning. Thus, the first type of states was characterized by an extraordinary orderliness of planning, even starting from the outline of the plan, most often the city was square in plan, with square or rectangular blocks, there was always an orientation of the city plan to the cardinal points, settlement was differentiated according to the social or property status of the inhabitants, there was a mandatory axial symmetry in the formation of the city center or urban ensemble, which necessarily occupied the territory of the geometric center, cities had one main function, the main buildings in the cities were either palaces or temple complexes. Some countries with centralized power were also characterized by 151 canonical planning schemes, the presence of treatises in which the principles of local government organization and urban planning were simultaneously considered in unity, and modules were used in the construction that helped to implement its typification (Bunin & Savarenskaya, 1979). Of course, under such conditions, the ideology of the ruling elite was reflected in the main object, such as the urban ensemble (Figure 3). The second type of state with elements of social democratization lacked all of the above, despite the fact that order existed, for example, in Ancient Greece, cities of the classical period had a quarter system with development according to the “golden ratio” along with a free outline of cities, the principles of development of city centers were characteristic: “perception of buildings at an angle” and “picturesque filling of the viewer’s horizon”, public buildings were intended mainly for residents—libraries, theaters, stadiums, meeting rooms, etc. In our state of the times of RusUkraine, there was an orientation in the organization of both the city center and any estate onto the so-called “red” (beautiful) porch. Cities of this direction of power were multifunctional, unique in planning. All similar actions to decorate the city center were distinguished by diversity. Thus, the history of urban planning clearly notes the dependence on the political regime urban planning and the formation of buildings, the influence of ideology on architecture and the synthesis of arts, necessary to enhance the effect of the “appeal” of architecture and artistic means to a person, to the viewer who is in the space of the city. Modern socio-humanitarian sciences, which, in connection with social processes and achievements of the present, are growing due to the multitude of tasks that require urgent solutions. Since the middle of the twentieth century, systemic research in various scientific fields has begun to spread, including the person himself, treated by science as a biopsychosocial system that is constantly in contact with the environment, natural and mental environment. Since a person is a system, his needs are systemic, and of course, he demanded consistency in the organization of space for his life. Knowledge of universal science Systemic research, which allows for scientific research in any field, regarding any objects and phenomena, has helped to understand various architectural and urban planning objects, establish the unity of the laws of their construction, regardless of the theoretical distribution of these objects in individual fields, and understand, using the system-structural and system-functional types of systems analysis, the essence of the formation of architectural space, its dependence on temporal changes and the renewal of functions and the corresponding changes in the structure of architectural objects that have occurred recently and lead to multifunctionality and a complex-universal figurative solution to replace the typological purity and clearly defined imagery in the architecture of the last century. Figure 2 (Appendix) shows one of the examples obtained through system analysis. This is a single object series that covers interior design, residential apartments and houses, urban planning, regional planning and the system of settlements. All components of this system called Housing, which belonged to different areas in the design and solution of professional problems and required specialists of different specializations, were created on the basis of a single spatialcommunication structure, where each component increases spatially, territorially, based on the growth of the collective of residents or representatives of the population using it, the change, increase and complication of life tasks and needs. Recently, more and more socio-humanitarian disciplines are beginning to be developed in terms of content to meet the needs of individual specialties for a deeper and broader