The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription

www.libridergi.org Epigrafi, Çeviri ve Eleştiri Dergisi Journal of Epigraphy, Reviews and Translations Issue XI (2025) The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription Mehmet OKTAN 0000-0003-2968-8497 Mehmet TEKOCAK 0000-0002-6923-4230 The entire contents of this journal, Libri: Journal of Epigraphy, Translation and Review is open to users and it is an ‘open access’ journal. Users are able to read the full texts, to download, to copy, print and distribute without obtaining the permission of the editor and author(s). However, all references to the articles published in the ejournal Libri are to indicate through reference the source of the citation from this journal. Libri, is a peer-reviewed journal and the articles which have had their peer reviewing process completed will be published on the web-site (journal.phaselis.org) in the year of the journal’s issue (e.g. Issue XI: January-December 2025). At the end of December 2025 the year’s issue is completed. Responsibility for the articles published in this journal remains with the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Citation Oktan M. & Tekocak M. 2025 “The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription ”. Libri XI, 211-233. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18030505 Received Date: 26.10.2025 | Acceptance Date: 14.11.2025 Online Publication Date: 23.12.2025 Article Type: Research Article Editing: Phaselis Research Project www.libridergi.org Received Date: 26.10.2025 | Acceptance Date: 14.11.2025 LIBRI XI (2025) 211-233 Online Publication Date: 23.12.2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18030505 Article Type: Research Article www.libridergi.org The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription Yeni Bir Yazıt Işığında Themis Leonideios Mehmet OKTAN* Mehmet TEKOCAK** Abstract: A newly discovered inscription from Antiokheia Paralios, commonly known as Antiochia ad Cragum, commemorates an athlete named Aur(elius) Salvianus, who won the pankration competition in the boys’ category during the first celebration of the themis Leonideios , established by Aur(elius) Leonidas. The inscription proves a crucial role in resolving uncertainties surrounding the themis , and significantly enhances the understanding of its nature and scope. It offers fresh interpretations of expressions found in other related inscriptions and it enables more precise inferences regarding the founding process of the themis and the life of its founder, Leonidas. Moreover, it establishes a clear timeline for both the founding and concluding dates of the themis . Additionally, it provides the basis for essential corrections and updates to previously published inscriptions related to the themis Leonideios . Keywords: Antiochia, Rough Cilicia, Leonidas, Themis Leonideios, Pankration, Salvianus Öz: Resmi belgelerde Antiokheia Paralios olarak geçen, ancak genel olarak Antiochia ad Cragum adıyla bilinen kentte bulunan yeni bir yazıt, Aur(elius) Leonidas tarafından kurulan themis Leonideios ’un ilk kutlamasında, çocuklar kategorisinde pankration yarışmasını kazanan Aur(elius) Salvianus adlı bir sporcuyu onurlandırmaktadır. Bu yazıt, themis Leonideios ’a ilişkin belirsizliklerin giderilmesinde kritik bir rol oynamakta; bunun kapsamına, niteliğine ve diğer ilgili yazıtlarda geçen ifadelere dair yeni ve açıklayıcı yorumlar sunmaktadır. Themis ’in kuruluş süreci ve kurucusu Leonidas’ın yaşamı hakkında daha kesin çıkarımlar yapılmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Themis ’in kuruluş ve sona erme tarihleri için açık ve güvenilir bir zaman çizelgesi oluşturulmasını sağlamaktadır. Themis Leonideios ile ilgili daha önce yayımlanmış yazıtlar üzerinde bazı zorunlu düzeltmeler ve güncellemeler yapılmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Antiochia, Dağlık Kilikia, Leonidas, Themis Leonideios, Pankration, Salvianus Introduction During the Roman Principate Period, coastal cities experienced significant economic growth. Thanks to the wealth they acquired, cities of all sizes entered intense competition with their neighbours in various areas. In the case of settlements in Southern and Southwestern Anatolia, one of the key aspects of this competition was the organisation of themides , named after their founders. Starting especially from the last quarter of the 2nd * Dr., Akdeniz University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Ancient Languages and Cultures, Antalya, Türkiye. [email protected] | 0000-0003-2968-8497 ** Prof. Dr., Selçuk University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Archaeology, Konya, Türkiye. [email protected] | 0000-0002-6923-4230 We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Michael C. Hoff, director of the Antiochia ad Cragum Excavation, for granting permission to publish the base discussed in this paper. It has been both an honor and a pleasure to collaborate with him. We also wish to express our thanks to Dr. Vera Hofmann for her valuable remarks. Mehmet OKTAN & Mehmet TEKOCAK 212 century CE onward, themides began to be organised in almost every medium-sized city located along or near the coast 1 . These competitions were a significant part of civic life and served as a way both for cities and individuals to demonstrate their wealth and influence. One notable example of this is the themis Leonideios , celebrated every four years 2 in the city of Antiochia ad Cragum, known in official records as Antiokheia Paralios (Antiochia Maritima) 3 . This competition was founded by Aur(elius) Leonidas, son of Leonidas 4 and grandson of Kendas 5 . It has been documented in both Antiochia and Lamos. In addition to honouring its founder, Leonidas, records show that three athletes in Antiochia 6 and one in Lamos 7 achieved success in this themis . The Honouring of Aur(elius) Salvianus with a Possible Statue Description: Antiokheia Paralios (Figs. 1-2), one of the prominent port cities of Rough Cilicia in the province of Cilicia, is situated in the Güneyköy Neighborhood of Gazipaşa District, Antalya Province. Toward the end of 2024, a rectangular inscribed base was unearthed during excavations conducted by the Coordinator Excavation Directorate at the site. The base was discovered northwest of the monumental gate, at the eastern entrance of the street, within the north portico, positioned between the northern stylobate and the adjacent shops, directly south of the east wall of East Shop No. 7 (Figs. 3-4). The white marble is remarkably well-preserved and remains intact. It is notable for its considerable height in proportion to its relatively narrow width (Figs. 5-6). Its design suggests that the rear side was intended to rest against a wall or similar architectural support to ensure structural stability. This assumption is 1 Pleket (2014, 368) associates the games, established in the 3rd century CE in regions such as Bithynia, Cilicia, and Pamphylia, with the regular visits of armies on their way to the eastern front. See also Mitchell 1990, 192. 2 Heberdey & Wilhelm 1896, 153 no. 259 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 35 AntK 4. For the duration of a θέμις τετραετηρική, see Mitchell 1990, 189; Strasser 2001, 120-124; Farrington 2008, 242. Rouché (1993a, 174 and 178) admits that the contest is described as having a four-year cycle, taking place every three years. 3 The city is generally known as Antiochia ad Cragum, Ἀντιόχεια ἐπὶ Kράγῳ. However, some recent official fragments from the city (Hoff & Howe 2020) support the idea that the name of the city should be Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Παραλίου, as already seen on coins, see Imhoof-Blumer 1895, 287-289; Head 1911, 717. On the name of the city, see Hoff et al. 2021, 137-140. See also, AE 2021 no. 1351-1352. Inscriptions honouring the city’s own citizens do not include the name of the city. Only in one inscription, the phrase [Ἀντιο]χέων πόλ[εως] appears, see Bean & Mitford 1965, 41 no. 44 = AE 1967 no. 522 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 41-42. AntK 20. For the usage of Antiochia Maritima , see also Scholz 1901, 41 no.75. 4 For the interpretation as Leonides, see Bean & Mitford 1965, 36 no. 41. 5 For the interpretation as Kendes or Kendos, see Bean & Mitford 1965, 36. For the name Kενδης, see also Zgusta 1964, 51. It is not known who is referred to Kendas in this inscription. However, in a funerary inscription from the city (Bean & Mitford 1970, 185 no. 205 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 42 AntK 25) one of the persons who jointly (κοινῶς) built the tomb is named Kendas, son of Tbōs. These may have been the same person. Indeed, in line 6 of the tomb inscription, the use of the form τῇ πόλι instead of τῇ πόλει as the dative case for the term ἡ πόλις, indicates that the times in which these two Kendas lived overlapped. In this case, Kendas and Nana, who generously performed the gymnasiarchy in the city, could be siblings. For the inscription of Nana, see Bean & Mitford 1965, 34 no. 37b = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 37 AntK 14b. See also Siekierka et al. 2021, 1115-1116 no. 1059. 6 Heberdey & Wilhelm 1896, 152 no. 258 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 34 AntK 2; Bean & Mitford 1965, 36 no. 41 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 35 AntK 18; Bean & Mitford 1965, 36 no. 42 = Robert 1966, 87 = Pleket 1969, 48 no. 44 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 36 AntK 11. 7 Paribeni & Romanelli 1914, 170 no. 120 = Hagel & Thomaschitz 1998, 15 Ada 10. The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription 213 Fig. 1. Map of Cilicia Tracheia and location of the Antiochia ad Cragum Fig. 2. General view of Antiochia ad Cragum Mehmet OKTAN & Mehmet TEKOCAK 214 Fig. 3. Colonnaded Street and location of the inscription Fig. 4. The location of the inscription reinforced by the entirely unworked condition of the rear surface. The lateral surfaces are likewise only roughly finished, indicating that their visual appearance was not a priority. On the upper surface of the base, one corner contains a hole accompanied by a distinct The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription 215 depression 8 . This feature likely represents the footprint of an object, most likely a statue, that once stood there. The diagonally opposite corner is broken, although the damaged area does not match the dimensions of the preserved hole. This localized breakage may point to the former presence of a similar footprint in that area. The base bears a twelve-line inscription; one line is carved on the upper moulding, and the remaining eleven lines on the main body. The inscribed surface is undamaged, and the text is fully preserved. However, the execution of the lettering lacks precision. The letters E and Σ appear in two different forms, and the last two lines are particularly carelessly rendered. Additionally, there are noticeable inconsistencies in the letter height. The single line on the upper moulding features letters measuring 2,8 cm in height, while some letters on the body reach up to 3,3 cm. As the lines progress downward, the height of the letters gradually decreases, with some measuring as little as 1,5 cm. Dimensions: H.: 102 cm (inscribed field: 51 cm); width of the pediment: 48 cm (inscribed field: 46); pediment depth: 29 cm (inscribed field: 24 cm); Lh.: 1,5-3,3 cm. Inv. No ANT24.SC.YZT.002. Fig. 5. The honouring of Aur(elius) Salvianus Fig. 6. The honouring of Aur(elius) Salvianus 8 On the top surface of the base, in the front left corner, there is a small 4 cm diameter hole with a depth of 2 cm at its center, surrounded by an oval indentation measuring 16.50 × 10.50 cm. Mehmet OKTAN & Mehmet TEKOCAK 216 τύχῃ vac. ἀγαθῇ  Aὐρ. Σαλβιανὸν Ἀδρίου Ἀντιοχέα, πατρό4 βουλον, νεικήσαντα παιδῶν πανκράτιν θέμιδος αʹ Λεωνιδείου, ἀγωνοθε8 τοῦντος δι’ αἰῶνος Λεωνίδα Λεωνίδου Kενδου, προκαθεζομένου Λεωνίδου πατρὸς τοῦ ἥρωος. εὐτύχει vac. Eὐστόχει. With good fortune! Aur(elius) Salvianus, son of Adrias, citizen of Antiochia, patroboulos, victor in the boys’ pankration at the first celebration of the themis Leonideios, (held) under the eternal agonothetes Leonidas, son of Leonidas, son of Kendas, (and) under the presidency of Leonidas, father of the hero. Good luck, Eustokhios! Among the competitions centered on physical struggle, wrestling seems to have been particularly popular in the mountainous region of Cilicia. Yet, since it likely encompassed multiple forms of combat – including boxing, wrestling, and kicking – and perhaps due to limited financial means, the only discipline attested within the scope of the themis Leonideios in Antiochia is the πανκράτιον. The fact that all five inscriptions currently known from the city and Lamos refer exclusively to the pankration casts doubt on the existence of other programs within the competition. The categories documented in this competition are παῖδες (boys) and ἄνδρες (men). Given that all available evidence from the city pertains solely to this competition, it appears unlikely that another contest was organised by a different private individual in the city. This new inscription records that Aur(elius) Salvianus 9 competed in the boys’ category during the first celebration of the competition. Previously, it was known that Salvianus had achieved victory in the same category during the second celebration 10 . With this new evidence, it is now recorded that an athlete secured consecutive victories in the boys’ category of a contest organised by a private individual 11 . This finding clearly demonstrates that no distinctions or special considerations were observed within the boys’ category of the 9 For the transcription as Salbianos, see Pilhofer 2005, 236 C 50. For Salbianus in inscriptions found in different places, see Feissel 2009, 582 no. 637; Grünbart 2023, 258 no. 40. 10 Bean & Mitford 1965, 36 no. 42 = Robert 1966, 87 = Pleket 1969, 48 no. 44 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 36 AntK 11. 11 At Termessos, an individual is credited with winning the boys’ wrestling category at both the third and fifth celebrations of a themis , see Baz 2025, 133–135 no. 1. The epigraphic evidence, however, complicates this conclusion. The victor of the third celebration is named simply Chares ( TAM III 194), whereas a newly published inscription records the winner as M. Aurelius Ploutarchianus Chares. Although these figures could, potentially, represent the same athlete, the unknown interval between the celebrations of the themis , the substantial variation in the recorded names, and the broader pattern whereby athletes are otherwise attested only in connection with a single competition together suggest that the inscriptions may, in fact, refer to victories in different contests. The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription 217 themides competitions, which were based on ἀγῶνες γυμνικοί and organised by private individuals 12 . Moreover, the intermediate category of ἀγένειοι 13 (the beardless youths), which fell between boys and men, was seldom favoured in such themides 14 . In the absence of this intermediate category, however, the division of age groups in these contests does not appear to have been strictly defined 15 . The absence of the ageneioi category in themides named after private individuals can be attributed to several reasons. This age group includes the short age range that this category covers, the uncertainty regarding which category foreign athletes, whose exact ages could not be determined, should compete in, the debates surrounding this issue, and the relatively small number of participants compared to other categories. However, despite the broader age range, the lack of distinction in the boys category and the absence of the ageneioi category reveal significant age differences, as well as unfair physical competition, among the athletes participating in themides . This is vividly exemplified by Salvianus’ participation in both the first and second celebrations of the competition. Many younger athletes, still in the process of physical development, were in the same category with older and larger athletes, who were either about to complete their physical development or had already completed it. For this reason, Salvianus must have brought exceptional pride to both his family and his hometown with the remarkable success he achieved during the inaugural celebration of it. It remains uncertain whether athletes from surrounding cities took part in the inaugural celebration. However, the inscription’s reference to Salvianus as a citizen of Antiochia 16 may be regarded 12 Initially, the competitions appear to have been primarily categorised into just παῖδες and ἄνδρες, see Remijsen 2019, 19; Bai 2024, 78. However, in later periods, even athletes competing within the category of παῖδες in many international competitions with wide participation were subdivided according to their age to ensure fair competition. For the sub-classification in the category of παῖδες, see Frisch 1988, 179-180; Couvenhes 1998, 60-61; Crowther 2009, 344-355; Remijsen 2019, 19-22; Shear 2021, 181-182; Bai 2024; Scharff 2024, 39-40. For age categories and nomenclature, see Rouché 1993b, 163; Pfeijffer 1998. 13 The category of ἀγένειοι generally covers the ages between 17 and 20, see Klee 1918, 48; Frisch 1988, 179; Bai 2024, 78. 14 This seems to be almost a common feature of the themides named after individuals. As a matter of fact, Heberdey (1923, 202) states that in the city of Termessos, where many athlete inscriptions were found, the absence of inscriptions for this category is not coincidental. Therefore, he notes that there was no tradition of organising competitions for athletes of this age group. An exception is documented in Telmessos, where a pankration athlete named M. Aurelius Hermagoras, alias Zosimos, won in this category at the themis of Prokleianeia, see TAM II, 24. 15 Therefore, the lack of a youth category leads to confusion and raises questions as to which category the athletes should be included in. Because childhood generally ends at the age of 14, see Favuzzi 1989, 282-283; Kosior 2016, 91-92. Robert (1967, 136) states that the category of παῖδες includes young boys up to the age of 17. Heberdey (1929, 42; 1934, 770), however, thinks that the age limit between παῖδες and ἄνδρες was 20, and that in the agon organised by private individuals, the competitors of ἀγένειοι age were included in the category of παῖδες. 16 There is no consistency in the decision to give or not give the ethnicon of the winning athlete in competitions. The absence of the ethnicon for the winning athlete is generally interpreted to mean that the athlete in question is a citizen of the city that organised the competition (Pfeijffer 1998, 23), and that the themis was just open to the citizens of the city, see Papakonstantinou 2019, 101. The absence of the ethnicon of athletes who succeeded in the category of ἄνδρες at the themis Leonideios confirms this conclusion. However, in this inscription, the ethnicon of Salvianus refers to his hometown. This can be interpreted as an emphasis on the Mehmet OKTAN & Mehmet TEKOCAK 218 as a strong indication of such involvement. Similarly, many cities within the same cultural sphere were situated in the vicinity of the city, and father Leonidas held citizenship in both Lamos and Antiochia. Furthermore, the victory of Marcus Aur(elius) Phirmos of Anemourion in the ἄνδρες category at Lamos provides clear evidence that the competition had already been opened to athletes from other settlements. Consequently, it can be inferred that, from the very inception of the competition, participants from neighboring communities were actively involved. The characterisation of Salvianus as πατρόβουλος indicates that his father, Adrias 17 , was one of the bouleutes of Antiochia and thus a prominent citizen of the city. The meaning of this title, which offers insight into Salvianus’ future status, may vary depending on context 18 . In the present case, however, the term reflects a concrete etymological and contextual reality: Salvianus’s father was indeed a bouleutes . Considering that benefactors in this period often avoided assuming official positions in provincial cities, the designation not only reflects an actual circumstance but may also imply a hereditary transmission 19 of such a duty from father to son. However, if this were the case, one might conclude that all male children of a bouleutes father could become bouleutes , despite the limited number of bouleutes positions available in the cities. It is therefore more plausible that the term refers specifically to the individual deemed suitable by the father to succeed him, explicitly designated for this role 20 . Salvianus should thus be understood as having been marked out from youth as his father’s successor in the city council. Whether Salvianus was considered worthy of this position because he was the only or the eldest male child in the family, or because he distinguished himself through notable achievements at an early age, remains unclear. In recognition of one such noteworthy accomplishment, the inscription also employs an acclamation for Salvianus. The verb εὐτυχέω exhibits considerable variation in meaning depending on context and formality. The imperative εὐτύχει, for instance, commonly appears at the end of letters and petitions as a greeting or expression of well-being 21 . It is also frequently used to wish good fortune, typically accompanied by a personal name or cognomen in the vocative case, as in the present inscription. Although the athlete’s name is given as Aur(elius) Salvianus, he is also young athlete’s significant achievement and as praise for his hometown. Therefore, this does not seem to be an obstacle to the participation in the themis from neighbouring cities. Likewise, at around the same time, an athlete named Aur(elius) Pasikrates, who won in pankration in the first celebration of the ἄνδρες category of a themis established in Korakesion was a native person, see Bean & Mitford 1965, 8 no. 4 = SEG 18 572 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 167 Krk 8. 17 For another Ἀδρίας bearing the nomen Aὐρ(ήλιος), documented so far only in Antikyra, see SEG 16, 348. 18 Robert 1966, 87; Schwark 1970, 74-76; Dagron & Feissel 1987, 224-225 no. 756; Kleijwegt 1991, 265-266; Tsartsidis 2016, 33 no. 67. 19 For the evaluation as a hereditary βουλευτής see Veyne 1976, 266; Kleijwegt 1991, 265-266; Quaß 1993, 389; Seve 2004, 170 s.v. πατήρ; Mantas 2006, 169; Laes & Strubbe 2014, 175. See also Dmitriev 2005, 170 and 318-319; Heller 2015, 248; AE 2021 no. 1349. 20 See also Levy 1902, 277; Robert 1966, 87; 1967, 131-132; Robert & Robert 1968, 509 no. 455 and 513 no. 463; Farrington 2008, 244 no. 21; Zuiderhoek 2009, 140; Pleket 2014b, 65; Baker & Thériault 2014, 113. 21 Mascellari (2018, 297) notes that, at the beginning of Hadrian’s reign there is a distinct turning point marked by the disappearance or rather the deliberate exclusion of the greeting εὐτύχει from petitions, similar types of administrative communications, and letters. The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription 225 typically indicates an honour. Unfortunately, verifying the inscription and the base has not been possible. However, the use of the nominative case for the name does not preclude the existence of a statue 54 . Whether a foreigner or a citizen of the city that organised the contest, commemorating the competition winner in a prominent city location appears to have been a significant source of motivation for the athlete, and indicates the great value placed on the athlete’s achievement by the city’s inhabitants. This inscription was found on the outer side of the northern section of the colonnaded street 55 , one of the city’s most impressive construction projects, and a location bustling with crowds throughout the day. Given its placement, the inscription must have originally stood in a prominent and visible position on the row of steps along the northern side of the colonnaded street. Other inscriptions associated with themis Leonideios were also located in close proximity to the colonnaded street. Similarly, in many cities, particularly in Termessos, most statue pedestals and honorific inscriptions documenting the agons were placed alongside major benefactors and highranking magistrates in the busiest and most prominent urban spaces, such as the colonnaded street, the agora, and gymnasium 56 . This practice, which promoted athletic activity, also appears to explain the proliferation of themides organised by private individuals in mediumsized cities. This new inscription presents variations in the letter forms. The second celebration of the themis , however, indicates a lack of consistency in the inscriptions from the same time period. For instance, in the inscription honouring Salvianus, who competed in the παῖδες category in the second celebration of the themis , the name of competition is given as πανκράτιν. The term πανκράτιν was also used in the honour inscription of the first celebration. In contrast, in the inscription for the athlete who succeeded in the ἄνδρες category in the second celebration of the themis , the word is correctly written as πανκράτιον. Even more notably, the formulation in the inscription from the ἄνδρες category in the second celebration of the themis differs significantly from other themis Leonideios inscriptions. In other inscriptions, the phrase δι’ αἰῶνος Λεωνίδα is followed by the names Λεωνίδου Kενδου. However, in the inscription in question, only the word ἥρωος, which refers to the son Leonidas, appears, and the word ἥρωος is repeated at the end, again referring to the son Leonidas. Although the inscriptions belonging to the second celebration of the themis should have been created almost simultaneously, the differences in formulation observed in these inscriptions present a very intriguing situation. The variations in letterforms and the different spellings of words 54 For a similar exemple from Termessos, see Baz & Öztürk 2025, 73f. 55 Heberdey & Wilhelm (1896, 153) reported the location of the inscription honouring Leonidas, the founder of the competition, “ Nahe der Hallenstrasse, vielleicht in situ ”. The inscription of the second celebration of the contest in the category of ἄνδρες is still buried in the ground and located just south of the intersection between the colonnaded street and the agora, see also Heberdey & Wilhelm 1896, 152. Other inscriptions have not yet been found. However, Bean & Mitford (1965, 36 no. 41) described the locations of the inscription honouring the athlete with the praenomina M. Aurelius as “ immediately to the south of the street, near its bend ” and the other inscription honouring Salvianus (1965, 36 no. 42), “ immediately below the street near its bend ”. Therefore, the missing inscriptions should also be situated close to those that have been discovered. In this case, this new inscription appears to be the only one located in a different place compared to the others. 56 van Nijf 2000, 191; Çelgin 2007, 36 n 26; Baz & Öztürk 2025, 75. Mehmet OKTAN & Mehmet TEKOCAK 226 among the inscriptions suggest that they might have been created by different masons. However, even if the stonemasons imposed their preferences on spelling and letterforms, and the masters carving the inscriptions differed, it is highly likely that the masters simply engraved the text provided to them. Therefore, the differences in formulation, especially between the inscriptions of the athletes honoured at the same celebration, suggest the possibility that the παῖδες and ἄνδρες categories were held at different times, and that new texts were given to the stonecutters. All inscriptions related to the themis Leonideios were found in the immediate vicinity of the colonnaded street. Therefore, the inscriptions related to the themis Leonideios also contribute to a clearer understanding of the renovation process of the colonnaded street and enable more precise inferences regarding the construction dates of significant structures located in its vicinity. The area known as the colonnaded street is quite long, measuring approximately 166 meters in length and 12.10 meters in width 57 . The exact date of the creation of this area and its initial use as a street remains uncertain. Considering that it provided spatial expansion toward the eastern part of the city, required no significant physical intervention to be opened it up for use, offered a suitable environment for residents to rest or spend leisure time, and presented an extraordinary view, it is possible that the area was opened for use either from the moment the city was founded or shortly thereafter, depending on the city’s expansion 58 . Likewise, the exact date when the columns that transformed the appearance of this area were erected remains unknown. However, traces found on the stylobate in this area, along with several base fragments discovered on the stylobate steps 59 , have been noted 60 to resemble the column bases of the temple located to the northeast of the street, which is generally dated to the late 2nd century and early 3rd century CE 61 . The findings recovered from this street so far have also been dated to the 3rd century CE 62 . In this context, the absence of the praenomen Marcus in the name of Aur. Salvianus, the victor of the first and second celebrations of the tetraeteric themis , could serve as a basis for evaluating the chronology of the column installations along the street. This evidence indicates that the erection of the columns — and thus the renovation of the street — could not have occurred after the year 205 CE. This situation also supports the proposed 3rd-century CE date for the 57 Erdemgil & Özoral 1975, 61. However, Hoff et al. (2013, 161) give the length of the street as 150 metres. See also Hoff et al. 2015, 302; Yılmaz Erkovan 2025, 56. 58 Erdemgil & Özoral (1975, 61) also identify the colonnaded street and the agora as the oldest structures of the city. 59 It remains unclear whether this conclusion was reached because not all column bases were examined, or simply because only a few base fragments were recovered. 60 However, it is noted that the columns on the colonnaded street are slightly smaller than those of the temple and rest on Attic-type bases. See Hoff et al . 2013, 161; 2015, 302. 61 Hoff et al. 2009, 6; 2013, 156; Dodd 2020, 51; Erdoğmuş et al. 2020, 2. Giobbe (2013, 137) states that the second half of the second century after Christ is also likely. 62 Excavations carried out in 2012 along the Colonnaded Street uncovered 17 coins and two weights, which have been dated to the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries CE, see Hoff et al. 2013, 163. Comparable examples of roof tiles used to cover the galleries and shops lining the street have also been dated as early as the 4th century CE, see Yılmaz Erkovan 2025, 68. The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription 227 construction of the arch 63 located at the eastern end of the street, one of the city’s prominent architectural features, and suggests that it was most likely built as part of the broader construction activities undertaken during this period. The building projects carried out at that time, along with the establishment of the themis , serve also as strong indicators of the city’s economic prosperity and demonstrate that there was no significant decline or stagnation in the urban economy during these years. The construction activities also raise the question of whether the renovation works along the street preceded the establishment of the themis , or vice versa. Of course, it is not possible to provide a definitive answer to this question. However, considering that the city’s splendor was intended to be displayed to participants or visitors, it appears more plausible that the themis was organized in conjunction with the street’s renovation, or that its establishment was planned accordingly. The posthumous honouring of Leonidas, the founder of the themis , by the boule and demos of Antiochia may further serve as evidence of the collaboration between the city administration and his family, as well as of the planning process underlying the establishment of the themis . Corrigenda et addenda This new inscription also allows for corrections to be made to some of the themis Leonideios inscriptions found in the city of Antiochia. Among the inscriptions requiring corrections, the one recorded by Bean & Mitford 64 in 1965 particularly stands out. This inscription concerns the honouring of Salvianus for his success in the παῖδες category of the second celebration of the themis . The new inscription begins with the phrase τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ, which is located at the top of the inscription block. However, in the edition transmitted by Bean & Mitford, the usage of τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ or ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ is not present 65 . Bean & Mitford described the inscription block they published with the phrase “ the top damaged ”. Salvianus is honoured in both inscriptions. Likewise, the inscription in question is identical to the new inscription, except for the number βʹ, which indicates the second celebration of the themis , and the line arrangement. Therefore, this phrase might also be expected to appear in the upper part of the inscription published by Bean & Mitford. The same possibility may apply to other related inscriptions as well. In their edition, Bean & Mitford tentatively identified the name of Aur. Salvianus’ father as either Ἀδαῖος or Ἀδέας, expressing uncertainty. Similarly, L. Robert approached the matter with scepticism 66 , though he did not propose an alternative reading. This new inscription confirms Robert’s objection and reveals that Salvianus’ father’s name must, in fact, have been different, namely Ἀδρίας. Bean & Mitford also cautiously interpreted the number of celebrations of the themis in their publication marking it as βʹ(?), indicating 63 The arch is dated to the 3rd century CE in terms of materials and workmanship, see Erdemgil & Özoral 1975, 58. 64 Bean & Mitford 1965, 36 no. 42. See also Robert 1966, 87; Pleket 1969, 48 no. 44; Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 36 AntK 11. 65 Interestingly, this expression does not appear in any other inscriptions found in the city. The only other recorded instance of the expression ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ is in a fragment of an inscription near the colonnaded street, as documented by Heberdey & Wilhelm 1896, 152. 66 Robert 1966, 87 no. 2. Mehmet OKTAN & Mehmet TEKOCAK 228 uncertainty. Given that themis Leonideios is tetraeteric, and that there would have been a considerable age difference if Salvianus had participated in the third celebration of the boys’ category, it seems unlikely that Salvianus would have competed in this category again. Therefore, the transmission by Bean & Mitford does not appear suspect. They recorded the last line of the inscription as [εὐ]τύχι 67 vac. TΟY - -. Bean & Mitford made no suggestion regarding the second word of the line. However, Robert completed the letters TΟY in the second word of the line as Tού[η] 68 , which is the vocative form of the name Tού[ης]. The imperative form must once again be followed by a cognomen , as suggested by L. Robert. There is a notable similarity between the letters Y and Χ, and both inscriptions exhibit the same formulation. Therefore, it seems more appropriate to interpret the letters TΟY in the second celebration of themis as parts of the word [Eὐσ]τόχ[ι], corresponding to the epithet found in this inscription. In the light of this, it appears more accurate to accept the revised version of the inscription as presented on the right side, below. Bean & Mitford 1965, p. 36 no 42 = Robert 1966, p. 87 = Pleket 1969, p. 48 no 44 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, p. 36 AntK 11. Revised Edition Aὐρ. Σαλβ[ια]νὸν Ἀδ[αί]- ου ? Ἀντιο[χ]έα, πατρ[ό]- βουλον, νεικήσαντα παιδῶν πανκράτιν θέμιδος βʹ ? Λεωνιδε[ί]- ου, ἀγωνοθετοῦντος διὰ αἰῶνο[ς Λ]εωνίδα Λεωνίδου Kενδου προκαθεζομένου Λεων[ί]- δου πατρὸς τοῦ ἥ[ρω]- ος [εὐ]τύχι vac. TΟY- - [τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ] Aὐρ. Σαλβ[ια]νὸν Ἀδ[ρί]- ου Ἀντιο[χ]έα πατρ[ό]- βουλον νεικήσαντα παιδῶν πανκράτιν θέμιδος βʹ Λεωνιδε[ί]- ου ἀγωνοθετοῦντος διὰ αἰῶνο[ς Λ]εωνίδα Λεωνίδου Kενδου προκαθεζομένου Λεων[ί]- δου πατρὸς τοῦ ἥ[ρω]- ος [εὐ]τύχι vac. [Eὐσ]τόχ[ι] Corrigenda 1 Heberdey & Wilhelm, in their study, completed 69 the right side of the first line of the inscription, which belongs to the ἄνδρες category of the second celebration of themis , as [Λ]εω[νίδ-. Today, the letters εω are no longer clearly visible on the surface of the stone (Fig. 67 The form of εὐτύχει soon evolved into the form [εὐ]τύχι, which appears more frequently in inscriptions, see Yangaki 2010, 249. 68 For Eύτύχι Tού[η], see Robert 1966, 87 no. 3; 1967, 111; Robert & Robert 1967, 552 no. 623. 69 Heberdey & Wilhelm 1896, 152 no. 258 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 34 AntK 2. The Themis Leonideios in the Light of a New Inscription 229 8). Thus, it is not possible to definitively determine the name. However, the name Nέων, which includes the letters εω, is also attested in the city. Furthermore, the 10th line of the inscription, which contains a questionable transcription, should read [πατρὸς τ]οῦ ἥρωος instead of [υἱοῦ (?) τ]οῦ ἥρωος, as seen in the inscription honouring the athlete who achieved success in the second celebration in the category of ἄνδρες. Corrigenda 2 Other corrections can be made for the inscription documenting success in the ἄνδρες category, where only the praenomina M(arcus) Aurelius are known. In the edition provided by Bean & Mitford 70 , there appears to be sufficient space after the praenomina M. Aure[lius] in the first line to accommodate one additional name. However, in the second line, the name Iulian[us] is also presented as one of the athlete’s names. This would imply that the athlete has four names, which, though plausible, is uncommon. A more likely interpretation is that Iulian[us] represents the name of the athlete’s father, rather than belonging to the athlete himself. Although Bean & Mitford also published the second celebration in the παῖδες category, they appear to have included additional words in this inscription. Given that the formulations of the themis Leonideios inscriptions are identical, it seems more accurate to interpret the completion provided between lines 10–13 of this inscription, [αὐτοῦ τοῦ Λε]|ωνίδου [Kενδου, τοῦ πα]|τρὸς τ[οῦ ἥρωος], as [Λε]ωνίδου πα]|τρὸς τοῦ ἥρωος. Conclusion This newly discovered inscription has not only contributed to the numerical increase in the documented presence of the themis Leonideios in the city, but has also significantly enriched our understanding of its character. By providing important details and contextual nuances, it has paved the way for more precise analyses and deeper interpretations regarding the nature and role of the themis . Furthermore, it has enabled more accurate comparisons with other themis Leonideios inscriptions, allowing key similarities and distinctions in their formulations and content to be identified. Such comparisons not only deepen our knowledge of the themis Leonideios , but also facilitate meaningful comparisons with other themides . Moreover, the corrections and additions made to previously published inscriptions, thanks to the insights gained from this discovery, further demonstrate how new findings can refine existing records and underscore the dynamic, evolving nature of epigraphic studies. 70 Bean & Mitford 1965, 36 no. 41 = Hagel & Tomaschitz 1998, 35 AntK 18. Fig. 8. The second celebration in the men’s category Mehmet OKTAN & Mehmet TEKOCAK 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY* Altın R. 2022, Roma İmparatorluk Çağı Küçük Asya’sında Özel Şahıs İsmiyle Anılan Agon’lar . Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa. Avcu F. & Uzunoğlu H. 2024, “New Inscriptions from Rough Cilicia”. 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