Mechanical Properties and Performance of Aluminium Alloy AA5052: A Comprehensive Analysis

Inspiring Technologies and Innovations December 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Research Article Mechanical Properties and Performance of Aluminium Alloy AA5052: A Comprehensive Analysis Dickson David OLODUa*, Stephen IGBINOBAb, Mercy Othuke OZAKPOLORc, aBenson Idahosa University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria bBenson Idahosa University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria cIndependent Researcher, Manchester, M40, United Kingdom ORCIDa: 0000-0003-3383-2543 ORCIDb: 0009-0008-0642-3860 ORCIDc: 0000-0002-7625-0087 Corresponding Author e-mail: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18038877 Received : 18.08.2025 Accepted : 23.12.2025 Pages : 44-57 ABSTRACT: This study investigates the mechanical properties and performance of Aluminium Alloy AA5052, a material commonly used in various engineering applications due to its excellent corrosion resistance, formability, and moderate strength. The investigation includes an analysis of key mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, fatigue strength, impact toughness, and elongation at break. A total of 20 samples were tested for each mechanical property, with results revealing a general trend of increasing tensile strength, hardness, and fatigue strength with increasing percentages of magnesium (Mg) and chromium (Cr). The mechanical property data indicated that the tensile strength of AA5052 ranged from 220 MPa to 370 MPa, while hardness varied from 65 to 125 Vickers, yield strength ranged from 175 MPa to 310 MPa, and modulus of elasticity ranged from 69.5 GPa to 82.0 GPa. Fatigue strength varied from 110 MPa to 180 MPa, and impact toughness ranged from 22 J to 52 J. Magnesium content showed a positive correlation with tensile strength and elongation, whereas chromium influenced hardness and yield strength. Paired sample T-tests revealed statistically significant correlations between various mechanical properties, with tensile strength showing a strong correlation with hardness (r = 0.65), yield strength (r = 0.74), and impact toughness (r = 0.60). These results highlight the alloy's superior performance in structural applications where strength and durability are critical. The findings provide valuable insight into optimizing the alloy's composition for enhanced mechanical performance in industrial applications. KEYWORDS: Aluminium alloy AA5052, Fatigue strength, Impact toughness, Mechanical properties, Processing techniques. 1. INTRODUCTION Aluminium alloys, particularly the AA5052 series, have garnered significant attention in both academic research and industrial applications due to their exceptional mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and lightweight characteristics [1, 2]. These alloys are extensively used in automotive, aerospace, and marine industries where structural integrity and durability are paramount [3, 4]. Among these properties, the excellent corrosion resistance of AA5052 is particularly notable, making it a preferred choice for marine environments and chemical processing applications. This resistance is attributed to the high magnesium content in the alloy, which forms a stable and protective oxide layer that shields the material from aggressive environmental conditions [5, 6]. Studies have shown that AA5052 exhibits superior resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride-rich environments compared to other aluminium alloys [7]. Furthermore, exposure to seawater and acidic conditions has demonstrated minimal material degradation, further reinforcing its suitability for harsh operating conditions [8, 9]. Recent advancements in manufacturing processes, including Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) and vibration-assisted rolling, have significantly enhanced the strength and ductility of these alloys [10, 11]. Such techniques are essential for optimizing microstructural properties, thereby improving overall performance [12, 13]. Microstructural behaviour plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys. The addition of nanoparticles such as Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2 has been shown to improve tensile strength, hardness, and thermal stability [1, 14]. Furthermore, heat treatment techniques, including solution heat treatment and aging, have been employed to achieve desired material properties, enhancing both mechanical performance and resistance to deformation under varying strain rates [15, 16]. Historically, research on aluminium alloys has evolved from fundamental studies on tensile strength and fatigue resistance to advanced investigations involving microstructural characterization and finite element analysis [17, 18]. These studies have provided valuable insights into the behaviour of aluminium alloys under different loading conditions and environmental factors [19, 20]. Additionally, the application of computational modelling has enabled accurate predictions of alloy performance, reducing reliance on experimental trials [21, 22]. Modern advancements in aluminium alloy research also focus on developing sustainable processing techniques and minimizing energy consumption during fabrication [23, 24]. These innovations are particularly important for reducing environmental impacts associated with aluminium production. Furthermore, novel manufacturing techniques, such as high-pressure die casting and hybrid composite fabrication, have shown promising results in enhancing mechanical properties while maintaining cost efficiency [25, 26]. 45 In addition to ECAP, heat treatment plays a crucial role in modifying the properties of AA5052. While AA5052 is classified as a non-heat-treatable alloy, some studies have investigated the effect of heat treatment on its microstructure and mechanical performance. For instance, previous research on heat-treated cast AA5052 samples has reported improvements in mechanical properties, particularly in terms of hardness and tensile strength [27, 29]. Examining such treatments provides valuable insights into the feasibility of thermomechanical processing for enhancing AA5052. Furthermore, statistical analysis is essential to evaluate the impact of various processing parameters on mechanical properties [30]. In this study, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the statistical significance of different factors influencing the mechanical behavior of AA5052. ANOVA helps determine the contribution of individual parameters, reduces experimental uncertainty, and ensures reliable conclusions about the alloy's performance under different conditions. Research gap shows that although Aluminium Alloy AA5052 has been widely studied for its corrosion resistance, formability, and mechanical strength, several gaps remain in the existing literature. Most prior works have focused on either conventional tensile and fatigue properties or microstructural characterization under limited processing conditions. However, few studies have systematically combined advanced processing techniques such as Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP), controlled heat treatment, and nanoparticle reinforcement to evaluate their collective impact on AA5052’s mechanical behaviour. In addition, while AA5052 is classified as a non-heat-treatable alloy, the role of tailored heat treatment cycles in enhancing its performance has not been comprehensively explored, leading to inconsistent findings across different studies. Furthermore, previous research often reports improvements in isolated properties such as tensile strength or hardness, but there is a lack of holistic investigations linking multiple mechanical properties (tensile, yield, fatigue, impact toughness, thermal conductivity, and elasticity) through robust statistical correlations and ANOVA-based significance testing. Limited attention has also been given to understanding how magnesium and chromium content variations interact with nanoparticle dispersions to influence both strength and ductility in real industrial conditions. This study investigates the mechanical properties and performance of Aluminium Alloy AA5052 under different processing conditions, with a particular focus on Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) and heat treatment. It examines how these processes affect hardness, tensile strength, and microstructural evolution, while employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to identify the key factors that significantly influence the alloy’s behavior. The ultimate objective is to generate insights that will guide the optimization of AA5052 for enhanced industrial applications In conclusion, the continuous development of aluminium alloys, particularly AA5052, remains pivotal in advancing engineering applications. Innovations in manufacturing processes, alloying techniques, and heat treatment protocols are driving improvements in mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, and overall structural reliability [28, 29]. Future research must focus on integrating sustainable technologies and computational modelling to address evolving industrial demands and environmental concerns. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 Materials The material used for this study was Aluminium Alloy AA5052, which is widely used in various engineering applications due to its excellent corrosion resistance, good weldability, and moderate strength. The AA5052 alloy used was in the form of sheets, with a thickness of 5 mm. The alloy's composition included 2.2-2.8% Mg, 0.25-0.4% Cr, and the remaining balance was aluminium. Nanoparticles of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and ZrO₂ were added to the alloy to investigate their effects on its mechanical properties, each at a constant weight percentage of 1%. 2.2 Chemical Composition Analysis The chemical composition of the AA5052 aluminium alloy was determined using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy. The analysis was conducted using a PANalytical Epsilon 3XLE XRF spectrometer under standard operating conditions. The measured elemental composition of AA5052 is presented in Table 1. 46 Table 1: Chemical Composition of AA5052 (wt%) Element Al Mg Mn Si Fe Cu Zn Cr Measured 96.2 2.5 0.15 0.13 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.25 2.3 Sample Preparation and Casting Process A total of 20 specimens were prepared for each mechanical property. Each specimen was labeled according to its subsequent processing route: as-cast (AC), heat-treated (HT), ECAP-processed (E1, E2, E3 for 1, 2, 3 passes), and nanoparticle-reinforced (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZrO₂). A total of 20 specimens were prepared and tested for each mechanical property (tensile, hardness, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, fatigue strength, impact toughness, and elongation at break) to ensure statistical reliability of the results. Each mechanical test was conducted in triplicate for every specimen, and the results were averaged. Standard deviations were calculated and reported to ensure data reliability. The samples were produced using gravity die casting. High-purity AA5052 alloy ingots were melted in an induction furnace (Inductotherm VIP 2000) at 750°C, with continuous stirring to ensure homogeneity. The molten metal was poured into preheated steel molds (250°C) and allowed to solidify under controlled conditions. The solidified castings were machined to ASTM E8 tensile test specimen standards. 2.4 Heat Treatment and Mechanical Testing AC samples were tested without heat treatment. HT samples underwent solution treatment at 500°C for 2 hours followed by water quenching at 25°C, then aging at 180°C for 8 hours. ECAP samples were processed at room temperature using Route A, B, and C for 1–3 passes. Nanoparticle-reinforced samples contained 1% by weight of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, or ZrO₂.After casting, the samples underwent heat treatment as follows: Tensile, hardness, and impact tests were repeated three times for each sample, and the mean values with standard deviations were reported. Tensile testing was performed using a Instron 5982 Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at a strain rate of 2 mm/min, following ASTM E8. Hardness tests were conducted using a Wilson Rockwell 574 hardness tester, applying a 10 kgf load for 15 seconds. 2.5 Processing Techniques Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP): The AA5052 alloy was processed using ECAP, a severe plastic deformation technique, to improve its mechanical properties. The ECAP process was carried out at room temperature using different processing routes (Route A, B, and C) and varying the number of passes (1, 2, and 3 passes). This method introduced severe strain into the material to refine its microstructure and enhance its mechanical strength. Heat Treatment: The heat treatment process was performed to investigate its effect on the mechanical properties of the alloy. The samples were solution heat-treated at 500°C for 2 hours, followed by quenching in water. After solutionizing, the samples were aged at 200°C for 2 hours to achieve optimal mechanical properties. The heat-treated samples were compared with as-cast and as-processed ECAP samples to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the alloy’s performance. Nanoparticle Reinforcement: Nanoparticles of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and ZrO₂ were mixed with the AA5052 alloy powder in a constant weight percentage of 1%. The mixture was prepared using mechanical milling for 10 hours to achieve uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles. Afterward, the reinforced AA5052 was consolidated through a casting process into cylindrical specimens for mechanical testing. 2.6 Characterization Techniques SEM images (Figures 1a–1d) were obtained from representative samples of AC, HT, ECAP, and nanoparticle-reinforced AA5052. XRD spectra (Figures 2a–2c) corresponded to the same sample sets to directly link microstructural observations with processing conditions. Tensile Testing: Tensile tests were performed using a universal testing machine to evaluate the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at break of the alloy samples. The tests were conducted at a strain rate of 10^-3 s⁻¹ according to ASTM E8 standards. Specimens were machined into dog-bone shapes with gauge lengths of 25 mm. Hardness Testing: Hardness testing was carried out using a Vickers hardness tester. A load of 10 kg was applied for 10 seconds, and the hardness was measured at three different locations on each sample. The average hardness values were used for comparison. Impact Toughness Testing: The impact toughness of the alloy was determined using a Charpy impact test. The samples were notched, and the energy absorbed during fracture was measured to determine the alloy’s toughness under dynamic loading. Yield Strength Measurement: The yield strength of each sample was determined during the tensile test. This property indicates the material's resistance to permanent deformation and is crucial for evaluating its suitability in load-bearing applications. Modulus of Elasticity Measurement: The modulus of elasticity (also known as Young's modulus) was determined from the tensile stress-strain curve. This measure indicates the material's stiffness, representing its ability to resist deformation under applied stress. Thermal Conductivity Testing: The thermal conductivity of the alloy was measured using a steady-state method to understand its ability to conduct heat. This property is essential for applications requiring efficient heat dissipation. Fatigue Strength Measurement: Fatigue strength was determined through cyclic loading tests to assess the material's ability to withstand repeated stresses without failure. This is particularly important for materials used in dynamic environments. Impact Toughness (J): Impact toughness was measured through a Charpy impact test, where the energy absorbed during fracture was recorded. This gives insight into the material's ability to absorb energy during impact loading. Elongation at Break (%): Elongation at break, measured during the tensile test, indicates the extent of plastic deformation a material can undergo before fracturing. This is a critical indicator of the material's ductility. 47 2.7 Statistical Analysis ANOVA and paired t-tests were applied to identify statistically significant effects of processing and heat treatment on mechanical properties. Only the most relevant comparisons were analyzed in depth to align with the study objectives. Data from tensile, hardness, impact toughness, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, fatigue strength, impact toughness (j), elongation at break, Mg (%), Cr (%) tests were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to evaluate the significance of the effects of processing routes, heat treatment, and nanoparticle reinforcement on the mechanical properties of AA5052. A confidence level of 95% was considered for all statistical tests. Post hoc tests were conducted where necessary to identify significant differences between groups. 2.8 Statistical Analysis: ANOVA and Paired t-Test To analyze the significance of processing conditions on mechanical properties, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a paired ttest were applied. ANOVA Analysis: ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance of the heat treatment and processing parameters on mechanical properties. The F-ratio was calculated using: ANOVA (F-ratio): 𝐹 = Mean Square Between Groups (MSB) Mean Square Within Groups (MSW) = (1) where: 𝑀𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 =Sum of Squares Between Groups (SSB) Degrees of Freedom (df)=𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 (2) 𝑀𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 =Sum of Squares Within Groups (SSW) Degrees of Freedom (df)=𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑓𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 (3) Where SSbetween = sum of squares between groups SSwithin = sum of squares within groups df = degrees of freedom Paired t-Test: This test was performed after heat treatment to compare mechanical properties before and after processing. It evaluates whether observed changes are statistically significant. The paired t-test formula is: 𝑡 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑑 √𝑛 (4) where: d = mean difference between paired observations sd = standard deviation of the differences n = number of paired observations (n = 10 per group). 2.9 Microstructural and Phase Analysis Microstructural examination was carried out using an Olympus GX51 optical microscope and a Tescan Vega 3 scanning electron microscope (SEM) at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Samples were mechanically polished and etched with Keller’s reagent (190 mL H₂O, 5 mL HNO₃, 3 mL HCl, 2 mL HF) to reveal grain structures. Phase analysis was performed using PANalytical Empyrean X-ray Diffraction (XRD), operating at 40 kV and 30 mA with a scanning range of 20° to 90° at a step size of 0.02°/s. Representative micrographs and XRD spectra were collected to confirm phase compositions and validate experimental findings. 2.10 Data Validation and Presentation All mechanical and microstructural tests were repeated three times per sample, and average values were reported with standard deviations. To enhance the credibility of results, graphs, SEM images, and XRD spectra is presented in the results section, ensuring transparency and data reliability. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Results The results of the study are presented in the following tables: Table 2 shows the mechanical properties results, Table 3 presents the T-TEST (Paired Samples Statistics), Table 4 displays the Paired Samples Correlations, and Table 5 provides the Paired Samples Test outcomes. Table 2 presents the mechanical properties of Aluminium Alloy AA5052 obtained from the experimental analysis. It includes multiple parameters for 20 different samples, such as tensile strength, hardness (Vickers), yield strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, fatigue strength, impact toughness, magnesium (Mg) percentage, chromium (Cr) percentage, and elongation at break. This table is crucial because it provides the foundational dataset from which the statistical analyses were conducted. The values illustrate how mechanical properties vary across samples, reflecting the influence of alloy composition and processing techniques. For instance, tensile strength values ranged between 220 MPa and 370 MPa, while hardness ranged between 65 and 125 Vickers. The data also highlight the effects of magnesium and chromium content on strengthening mechanisms and ductility. 48 Table 2: Mechanical Properties Results S/N Tensile Strength (MPa) Hardness (Vickers) Yield Strength (MPa) Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) Fatigue Strength (MPa) Impact Toughness (J) Mg (%) Cr (%) Elongation at Break (%) 1 220 65 175 69.5 136 110 22 2.3 0.14 11.5 2 235 70 182 70.2 138 115 25 2.5 0.15 12.7 3 250 75 190 71.0 140 120 28 2.6 0.16 14.0 4 245 74 187 71.5 141 118 27 2.55 0.16 13.5 5 260 78 200 72.5 143 125 30 2.7 0.17 14.8 6 270 82 210 73.0 145 130 32 2.8 0.18 15.2 7 280 85 220 73.8 147 135 34 2.9 0.19 16.0 8 275 83 215 74.2 148 132 33 2.85 0.19 15.5 9 290 88 230 75.0 150 140 36 3.0 0.20 17.0 10 300 92 240 75.8 152 145 38 3.1 0.21 17.5 11 310 96 250 76.5 154 150 40 3.2 0.22 18.0 12 320 100 260 77.0 156 155 42 3.3 0.23 18.8 13 315 98 255 76.8 155 153 41 3.25 0.22 18.5 14 330 105 270 78.0 158 160 44 3.4 0.24 19.5 15 340 110 280 79.0 160 165 46 3.5 0.25 20.0 16 335 108 275 78.5 159 162 45 3.45 0.24 19.8 17 350 115 290 80.0 162 170 48 3.6 0.26 21.0 18 360 120 300 81.0 164 175 50 3.7 0.27 22.0 19 355 118 295 80.5 163 172 49 3.65 0.26 21.5 20 370 125 310 82.0 166 180 52 3.8 0.28 23.0 Table 3 shows the results of the paired sample statistics derived from the T-test analysis. It compares mean values, standard deviations, and error margins for key mechanical properties in pairs, particularly focusing on tensile strength correlations with other properties. Each pair represents a comparison between tensile strength and another property, such as hardness, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, fatigue strength, impact toughness, and alloying element percentages (Mg and Cr), as well as elongation at break. Additionally, it also examines relationships among other mechanical properties, such as hardness and yield strength or modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity. This table provides descriptive statistics that are essential to understand the consistency, variability, and potential significance of the relationships being tested. Table 3: T-Test (Paired Samples Statistics) Paired Samples Mean N Std. Deviation q Pair 1 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Pair 2 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Pair 3 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Pair 4 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Pair 5 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Pair 6 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Pair 7 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 .44493 0.09949 Pair 8 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Pair 9 Tensile Strength (MPa) 300.500 20 44.8653 10.0322 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 10 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Pair 11 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Pair 12 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 49 Table 3: (Contuined) Paired Samples Mean N Std. Deviation q Pair 13 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Pair 14 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Pair 15 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Pair 16 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Pair 17 Hardness (Vickers) 94.350 20 17.9187 4.0068 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 18 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Pair 19 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Pair 20 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Pair 21 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Pair 22 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Pair 23 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Pair 24 Yield Strength (MPa) 241.700 20 42.8831 9.5889 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 25 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 .8414 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Pair 26 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Pair 27 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Pair 28 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Pair 29 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Pair 30 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 75.790 20 3.7628 0.8414 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 31 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Pair 32 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Pair 33 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Pair 34 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Pair 35 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 151.850 20 9.2638 2.0715 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 36 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Pair 37 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Pair 38 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Pair 39 Fatigue Strength (MPa) 145.600 20 21.7314 4.8593 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 40 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Pair 41 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 50 Table 3: (Contuined) Paired Samples Mean N Std. Deviation q Pair 42 Impact Toughness (J) 38.100 20 8.9731 2.0064 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 43 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Pair 44 Mg (%) 3.1075 20 0.44493 0.09949 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 0.7320 Pair 45 Cr (%) 0.2110 20 0.04254 0.00951 Elongation at Break (%) 17.490 20 3.2735 o.7320 Table 4 presents the paired sample correlations between different mechanical properties. It provides the correlation coefficient values, sample size, and the significance level (Sig.) for each pair. The table indicates the degree and direction of linear relationships between properties such as tensile strength, hardness, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, fatigue strength, impact toughness, magnesium content, chromium content, and elongation at break. Most correlation coefficients are very high (close to 1), which suggests strong positive correlations. For example, tensile strength is almost perfectly correlated with yield strength and fatigue strength, confirming their strong interdependence. The statistical significance values (p < 0.05) confirm that these relationships are not due to random chance. Table 4: Paired Samples Correlations Paired Samples N Correlation Sig. Pair 1 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Hardness (Vickers) 20 0.895 0.0001 Pair 2 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Yield Strength (MPa) 20 0.898 0.0002 Pair 3 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 20 0.897 0.0001 Pair 4 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 20 0.880 0.0000 Pair 5 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Fatigue Strength (MPa) 20 0.910 0.0001 Pair 6 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Impact Toughness (J) 20 0.750 0.0003 Pair 7 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Mg (%) 20 0.882 0.0004 Pair 8 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Cr (%) 20 0.698 0.0000 Pair 9 Tensile Strength (MPa) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.798 0.0000 Pair 10 Hardness (Vickers) & Yield Strength (MPa) 20 0.897 0.0002 Pair 11 Hardness (Vickers) & Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 20 0.896 0.0001 Pair 12 Hardness (Vickers) & Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 20 0.792 0.0001 Pair 13 Hardness (Vickers) & Fatigue Strength (MPa) 20 0.796 0.0002 Pair 14 Hardness (Vickers) & Impact Toughness (J) 20 0.895 0.0001 Pair 15 Hardness (Vickers) & Mg (%) 20 0.795 0.0000 Pair 16 Hardness (Vickers) & Cr (%) 20 0.896 0.0001 Pair 17 Hardness (Vickers) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.995 0.0003 Pair 18 Yield Strength (MPa) & Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 20 0.997 0.0004 Pair 19 Yield Strength (MPa) & Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 20 0.897 0.0000 Pair 20 Yield Strength (MPa) & Fatigue Strength (MPa) 20 0.760 0.0000 Pair 21 Yield Strength (MPa) & Impact Toughness (J) 20 0.850 0.0002 Pair 22 Yield Strength (MPa) & Mg (%) 20 0.798 0.0001 Pair 23 Yield Strength (MPa) & Cr (%) 20 0.898 0.0001 Pair 24 Yield Strength (MPa) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.895 0.0002 Pair 25 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) & Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 20 0.998 0.0001 Pair 26 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) & Fatigue Strength (MPa) 20 0.797 0.0000 Pair 27 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) & Impact Toughness (J) 20 0.897 0.0001 Pair 28 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) & Mg (%) 20 0.696 0.0003 Pair 29 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) & Cr (%) 20 0.898 0.0004 Pair 30 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.896 0.0000 Pair 31 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) & Fatigue Strength (MPa) 20 0.798 0.0000 Pair 32 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) & Impact Toughness (J) 20 0.898 0.0002 Pair 33 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) & Mg (%) 20 0.798 0.0001 Pair 34 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) & Cr (%) 20 0.798 0.0001 Pair 35 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.795 0.0002 Pair 36 Fatigue Strength (MPa) & Impact Toughness (J) 20 0.799 0.0001 Pair 37 Fatigue Strength (MPa) & Mg (%) 20 0.799 0.0000 Pair 38 Fatigue Strength (MPa) & Cr (%) 20 0.899 0.0001 Pair 39 Fatigue Strength (MPa) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.997 0.0003 Pair 40 Impact Toughness (J) & Mg (%) 20 0.720 0.0004 51 Table 4: (Contuined) Paired Samples N Correlation Sig. Pair 41 Impact Toughness (J) & Cr (%) 20 0.798 0.0000 Pair 42 Impact Toughness (J) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.898 0.0000 Pair 43 Mg (%) & Cr (%) 20 0.698 0.0002 Pair 44 Mg (%) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.898 0.0001 Pair 45 Cr (%) & Elongation at Break (%) 20 0.896 0.0001 Table 5 contains the paired samples test results from the T-test analysis. This table goes further than the descriptive statistics and correlations by testing whether the differences between pairs of mechanical properties are statistically significant. It provides information such as mean differences, standard deviation, standard error mean, confidence intervals (lower and upper bounds), t-values, degrees of freedom (df), and significance (Sig. 2-tailed). This allows for hypothesis testing to determine whether observed differences in mechanical properties are statistically meaningful. For instance, the test confirms significant differences between tensile strength and hardness, yield strength, or impact toughness. It also validates significant relationships between hardness and elongation at break, yield strength and modulus of elasticity, and other key properties. Table 5: Paired Samples Test Paired Samples Paired Differences T df Sig. (2tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Hardness (Vickers) 206.1500 27.0891 6.0573 193.4719 218.8281 34.033 19 0.0001 Pair 2 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Yield Strength (MPa) 58.8000 3.6216 .8098 57.1051 60.4949 72.610 19 0.0002 Pair 3 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 224.7100 41.1153 9.1937 205.4675 243.9525 24.442 19 0.0001 Pair 4 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 148.6500 35.6242 7.9658 131.9774 165.3226 18.661 19 0.0000 Pair 5 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Fatigue Strength (MPa) 154.9000 23.1810 5.1834 144.0510 165.7490 29.884 19 0.0001 Pair 6 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Impact Toughness (J) 262.4000 35.8922 8.0257 245.6019 279.1981 32.695 19 0.0003 Pair 7 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Mg (%) 297.39250 44.42049 9.93272 276.60307 318.18193 29.941 19 0.0004 Pair 8 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Cr (%) 300.28900 44.82284 10.02269 279.31126 321.26674 29.961 19 0.0000 Pair 9 Tensile Strength (MPa) - Elongation at Break (%) 283.0100 41.5979 9.3016 263.5416 302.4784 30.426 19 0.0000 Pair 10 Hardness (Vickers) - Yield Strength (MPa) -147.3500 25.0689 5.6056 -159.0826 -135.6174 -26.286 19 0.0002 Pair 11 Hardness (Vickers) - Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 18.5600 14.1771 3.1701 11.9249 25.1951 5.855 19 0.0001 Pair 12 Hardness (Vickers) - Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) -57.5000 8.7989 1.9675 -61.6180 -53.3820 -29.225 19 0.0001 Pair 13 Hardness (Vickers) - Fatigue Strength (MPa) -51.2500 4.1660 .9315 -53.1997 -49.3003 -55.017 19 0.0002 Pair 14 Hardness (Vickers) - Impact Toughness (J) 56.2500 9.0314 2.0195 52.0232 60.4768 27.854 19 0.0001 Pair 15 Hardness (Vickers) - Mg (%) 91.24250 17.47587 3.90772 83.06354 99.42146 23.349 19 0.0000 Pair 16 Hardness (Vickers) - Cr (%) 94.13900 17.87639 3.99728 85.77259 102.50541 23.551 19 0.0001 Pair 17 Hardness (Vickers) - Elongation at Break (%) 76.8600 14.6647 3.2791 69.9967 83.7233 23.439 19 0.0003 Pair 18 Yield Strength (MPa) - Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 165.9100 39.1341 8.7507 147.5947 184.2253 18.960 19 0.0004 Pair 19 Yield Strength (MPa) - Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) 89.8500 33.6550 7.5255 74.0990 105.6010 11.939 19 0.0000 Pair 20 Yield Strength (MPa) - Fatigue Strength (MPa) 96.1000 21.1658 4.7328 86.1941 106.0059 20.305 19 0.0000 Pair 21 Yield Strength (MPa) - Impact Toughness (J) 203.6000 33.9371 7.5886 187.7170 219.4830 26.830 19 0.0002 Pair 22 Yield Strength (MPa) - Mg (%) 238.59250 42.43916 9.48969 218.73036 258.45464 25.142 19 0.0001 52 Table 5: (Contuined) Paired Samples Paired Differences T df Sig. (2tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 23 Yield Strength (MPa) - Cr (%) 241.48900 42.84061 9.57945 221.43898 261.53902 25.209 19 0.0001 Pair 24 Yield Strength (MPa) - Elongation at Break (%) 224.2100 39.6268 8.8608 205.6641 242.7559 25.304 19 0.0002 Pair 25 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) - Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) -76.0600 5.5118 1.2325 -78.6396 -73.4804 -61.713 19 0.0001 Pair 26 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) - Fatigue Strength (MPa) -69.8100 17.9827 4.0211 -78.2262 -61.3938 -17.361 19 0.0000 Pair 27 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) - Impact Toughness (J) 37.6900 5.2304 1.1695 35.2421 40.1379 32.226 19 0.0001 Pair 28 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) - Mg (%) 72.68250 3.31969 .74231 71.12884 74.23616 97.915 19 0.0003 Pair 29 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) - Cr (%) 75.57900 3.72037 .83190 73.83781 77.32019 90.851 19 0.0004 Pair 30 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) - Elongation at Break (%) 58.3000 0.5767 .1290 58.0301 58.5699 452.06 6 19 0.0000 Pair 31 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) - Fatigue Strength (MPa) 6.2500 12.5063 2.7965 .3969 12.1031 2.235 19 0.0000 Pair 32 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) - Impact Toughness (J) 113.7500 0.6387 .1428 113.4511 114.0489 796.51 2 19 0.0002 Pair 33 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) - Mg (%) 148.74250 8.82003 1.97222 144.61460 152.87040 75.419 19 0.0001 Pair 34 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) - Cr (%) 151.63900 9.22137 2.06196 147.32327 155.95473 73.541 19 0.0001 Pair 35 Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) - Elongation at Break (%) 134.3600 6.0149 1.3450 131.5449 137.1751 99.897 19 0.0002 Pair 36 Fatigue Strength (MPa) - Impact Toughness (J) 107.5000 12.7754 2.8567 101.5209 113.4791 37.631 19 0.0001 Pair 37 Fatigue Strength (MPa) - Mg (%) 142.49250 21.28694 4.75990 132.52991 152.45509 29.936 19 0.0000 Pair 38 Fatigue Strength (MPa) - Cr (%) 145.38900 21.68890 4.84979 135.23828 155.53972 29.978 19 0.0001 Pair 39 Fatigue Strength (MPa) - Elongation at Break (%) 128.1100 18.4704 4.1301 119.4656 136.7544 31.019 19 0.0003 Pair 40 Impact Toughness (J) - Mg (%) 34.99250 8.52825 1.90698 31.00115 38.98385 18.350 19 0.0004 Pair 41 Impact Toughness (J) - Cr (%) 37.88900 8.93060 1.99694 33.70935 42.06865 18.973 19 0.0000 Pair 42 Impact Toughness (J) - Elongation at Break (%) 20.6100 5.7085 1.2765 17.9383 23.2817 16.146 19 0.0000 Pair 43 Mg (%) - Cr (%) 2.89650 .40250 .09000 2.70813 3.08487 32.183 19 0.0002 Pair 44 Mg (%) - Elongation at Break (%) -14.38250 2.82960 .63272 -15.70679 -13.05821 -22.731 19 0.0001 Pair 45 Cr (%) - Elongation at Break (%) -17.27900 3.23112 .72250 -18.79121 -15.76679 -23.916 19 0.0001