New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX

www.libridergi.org Epigrafi, Çeviri ve Eleştiri Dergisi Journal of Epigraphy, Reviews and Translations Issue XI (2025) New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK 0000-0002-4366-1277 The entire contents of this journal, Libri: Journal of Epigraphy, Translation and Review is open to users and it is an ‘open access’ journal. Users are able to read the full texts, to download, to copy, print and distribute without obtaining the permission of the editor and author(s). However, all references to the articles published in the ejournal Libri are to indicate through reference the source of the citation from this journal. Libri, is a peer-reviewed journal and the articles which have had their peer reviewing process completed will be published on the web-site (journal.phaselis.org) in the year of the journal’s issue (e.g. Issue XI: January-December 2025). At the end of December 2025 the year’s issue is completed. Responsibility for the articles published in this journal remains with the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Citation Öztürk H. S. 2025, “New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX”. Libri XI, 295-314. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18040033 Received Date: 29.11.2025 | Acceptance Date: 20.12.2025 Online Publication Date: 24.12.2025 Article Type: Research Article Editing: Phaselis Research Project www.libridergi.org Received Date: 29.11.2025 | Acceptance Date: 20.12.2025 LIBRI XI (2025) 295-314 Online Publication Date: 24.12.2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18040033 Article Type: Research Article www.libridergi.org New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX Nikaia’dan Yeni ve Gözden Geçirilmiş Mezar Yazıtları XX Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK * Abstract: This article presents a compilation of nine unpublished funerary inscriptions discovered in the territory of Nikaia. The first four inscriptions were discovered in the modern-day villages of Akçakoca and Hayrettin, located in the Pamukova District of Sakarya Province. These villages lie within the territory of the ancient settlement of Terbos. The remaining inscriptions were found in the eastern and southern parts of the territory of Nikaia. Notably, one of these latter inscriptions revealed the Cassius family’s connections to the rural hinterland. The inscriptions contain the following: 1) Tomb of Aurelius(?) Demas, 2) Tomb of Khrestos and his wife Maxima, 3) Tomb of an unknown person, 4) Tomb of an unknown person, 5) Tomb of Aristainetos(?), 6) Tomb of Claudia Perigenis, 7) Tomb of Hieronis, 8) Tomb of Longina, 9) Tomb of a man and his wife. In addition to the newly discovered inscriptions, two previously published inscriptions have been corrected ( corrigendum ): 10) Tomb of Eia and her husband Agathokles, 11) Tomb of Hermione and her husband Timotheos. The inscriptions are dated to the Roman Imperial period. Keywords: Nicaea, Terbos, Cassii, Claudius/Claudia, Anthroponym , Epitaph Öz: Makalede Nikaia antik kentinin teritoryumunda keşfedilen dokuz yeni mezar yazıtı tanıtılmaktadır. İlk dört yazıt, Sakarya ilinin Pamukova ilçesinde bulunan Akçakoca ve Hayrettin köylerinde keşfedilmiştir. Modern Türk köyleri, antikçağ'da Terbos yerleşiminin bir parçasıydı. Geri kalan yazıtlar ise Nikaia egemenlik alanının doğu ve güneyinde bulunmuştur. Bu yazıtlardan biri sayesinde Cassius ailesinin kırsal ile olan bağı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Yazıtların içerikleri şöyledir: 1) Aurelius(?) Demas’ın mezarı, 2) Khrestos ve eşi Maxima’nın mezarı, 3) Bilinmeyen bir kişinin mezarı, 4) Bilinmeyen bir kişinin mezarı, 5) Aristainetos’un(?) mezarı, 6) Claudia Perigenis’in mezarı, 7) Hieronis’in mezarı, 8) Longina’nın mezarı, 9) Bir adam ve eşinin mezarı. Yeni yazıtların yanı sıra, yayımlanmış iki yazıta düzeltme ( corrigendum ) yapılmıştır: 10) Eia ve eşi Agathokles’in mezarı, 11) Hermione ve eşi Timotheos’un mezarı. Yazıtlar Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne tarihlenmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Nikaia, Terbos, Cassii, Claudius/Claudia, Anthroponymos , Mezar Yazıtı * Prof. Dr., Marmara University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of History, Istanbul, Türkiye. [email protected] | 0000-0002-4366-1277 I wish to offer my thanks to the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums - Department of Excavations and Surveys and its staff for granting the license to work in the provinces of Sakarya and Bilecik (Project no.: YA01541101); Marmara University BAPKO for providing financial support for this project between 2011 and 2015 years (Project no. SOS-A-070617-0393) and AKMED; Ministry of Culture Representative Miray Can Kırkoçoğlu (Ayasofya Museum); Mayor of Osmaneli District Münir Şahin (formerly); Mayor of Söğüt District Ferhat Durgut; Mayor of Pazaryeri Zekiye Tekin; Mayor of Yenipazar District İlhan Özden, Yenipazar Municipality Technical Affairs staff member Hicran Kılıçarslan and team members Classical Studies specialist and epigraphist Ezgi Demirhan Öztürk (PhD Candidate, Koç University), archaeologist Adem Gündüz, Necip Ümit Oral (PhD Student, Marmara University) for their help with the map and Ulaş Yalvaç (Instructor, Sabancı University) for his help in improving the language and style of this paper. Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK 296 An epigraphic-historical and geographical survey was initiated by us in 2010 in the eastern and southeastern parts of the ancient city of Nikaia (Map 2). This article includes new inscriptions discovered during the survey conducted by us in the provinces of Sakarya and Bilecik between 2010 and 2025. During the surveys, our aim was not only to find new inscriptions but also to re-examine those that had already been published. Thus, it becomes clear whether the inscriptions have survived to the present day or have been transferred to a museum or another location. Notably, it has been determined that some of the inscriptions discovered by Sencer Şahin during his surveys in the provinces of Sakarya and Bilecik in the 1970s have been lost or partially relocated. Although it is difficult to provide an exact percentage of the inscriptions that have been lost or relocated, it can be stated that their number is considerable. Besides, this article includes two inscriptions that have already been published, examined, and corrected. Map 1. Terbos and its territory Map 2. Nikaia and its territory, including Terbos New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX 297 The inscriptions in this article are examined under three sections. The main reason for this is that a group of inscriptions was found in approximately the same area. This group is presented in the section titled “I) New Inscriptions from Terbos.” These inscriptions were discovered in the present-day villages of Akçakoca and Hayrettin, located in the Pamukova district of Sakarya Province. These two modern Turkish villages must have once been located around the ancient settlement of Terbos. The entire group consists of funerary inscriptions and dates to the Roman Imperial period. The section titled “New Inscriptions from Eastern and Southern Nikaia” presents newly discovered inscriptions from various villages in the provinces of Sakarya and Bilecik. These inscriptions are presented in alphabetical order. All of them are funerary inscriptions, dating to the Roman Imperial period. The last one is presented under the section titled “III) Appendix”. This section includes two published funerary inscriptions; corrections are indicated in bold. These inscriptions also date to the Roman Imperial period. I) New Inscriptions from Terbos Akçakaya neighborhood, located approximately 12.7 km west of the Pamukova district center in Sakarya Province, and overlooking the Sakarya Valley, is a settlement situated on Büyük Sivri Tepe (Maps 1 and 2). The area where the settlement lies was known as Terbos (Tέρβος) during the Roman Imperial period 1 . The existence of this ancient settlement was first recognized through an inscription 2 published by S. Şahin, following the discovery of a monumental tomb at a place called “Dikilitaş” on the road to Akçakaya. In addition, remains of Roman Imperial period tombs have been identified in the areas of Gediktepe, Doruktarla, and Yanıkdoruğu, which also belong to the village of Akçakaya. Inscriptions numbered 2-4 were discovered from the Hayrettin village, located approximately 6 km south-southeast of Akçaköy. Therefore, these four inscriptions may also be connected with Terbos. Moreover, the villages of İsabalı and Bacıköy, also located within the Pamukova district, may be considered part of Terbos. 1. Tomb of Aurelius(?) Demas (Figs. 1a-c) Limestone funerary altar with a profiled top and mouldings. Each upper corner bears an acroterion, with a rosette positioned between them. At the top, there is a carved-out area for libations. The side faces are flattened, and several cracks and breaks are visible. The area containing the inscription has been partially damaged. Findspot: Sakarya Province, Pamukova district, Akçakaya village, Dikilitaş Mevkii. Measurements: H: 1.40 m; W: 67 cm; T: 52 cm; LH: ca. 1.7-2.8 cm. Inv. no.: 207 [2014 year]. 1 On the ancient settlement, see Yıldırım 2004, 50-51; TIB 13 s.v. Terbos; Öztürk & Acar 2020, 393-399 (= IAM 4, 2021, 022-023). 2 I.Mus. İznik 1312. Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK 298 Registration: E. Demirhan Öztürk. Photo: Author. Date: After 212 CE. Fig. 1b Fig. 1a Fig. 1c Aὐρηλία Λονγεῖνα κατεσκεύασεν τὸ [- - -] [- - -].ΛIΩ vacat? Δ- 4 ημᾷ τῷ υἱῷ ζήσαντι ἔτη v ιηʹ. vacat Aurelia Longina built this tomb for Aurelius(?) Demas, her son, who lived to be eighteen years old. L. 1: Λονγεῖνα = Λογγῖνα. The Latin female name Longina has been previously recorded five times from Nikaia; see LGPN VA s.v. Λογγίνα 3 . For examples of the use of -ει instead 3 For further references on this name, see Dönmez Öztürk 2012, 73 no. 11 (= SEG LXII 971 = AE 2012 [2015] 1432 = Marek & Adak, Forschungen , 33); Marek & Adak, Forschungen , 5. See also here no. 8. New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX 299 of -ι, see Gignac, Grammar , p. 190; 249. L. 2-3: τὸ [- - -].ΛIΩ vacat? Δ. As can be seen in the photograph, the surface of the stone is heavily damaged. The beginning of the third line is particularly problematic, as no letter traces are visible there. Further along Further along in the line, some letter forms are visible, but their reading remain unclear. Therefore, any reading here can only be tentative. Following the verb in the second line, one would expect the word μνημεῖον, which is quite common in funerary inscriptions from Nikaia. This should be followed by a personal name, at which point the main difficulty arises. Based on the available space, the few legible letter traces, and the fact that the owner of the tomb belonged to the gens Aurelia, we tentatively propose the name Aurelius. However, this suggestion is made with considerable caution. In this case, we propose the following restoration for the second and third line: τὸ [μνη|μεῖον Aὐρ]ηλίῳ(?). L. 3-4: Δημᾶς. The name Demas is attested only once previously in Nikaia, see LGPN VB s.v . The name Demas is quite common in Asia Minor, particularly in Phrygia and Ionia, see LGPN VA; VC s.v. 2. Tomb of Khrestos and his wife Maxima (Figs. 2a-c) Marble funerary altar with profiled top and bottom mouldings. Each upper corner of the altar bears an acroterion, with a rosette positioned between them. The side faces are flattened. At the base of the altar, there is a mortise hole. Findspot: Sakarya Province, Pamukova District, Hayrettin Village, in the cemetery of the village. Coordinates: 40° 29’ 675" N; 030° 05’ 465" E. Measurements: H: 1.78 m; W: 76 cm; T: 91 cm; LH: 2.1-4.2 cm. Inv. no.: 402 [2018 year]. Registration: E. Demirhan Öztürk. Photo: A. Gündüz. Date: 2nd-3rd century CE. Fig. 2a Fig. 2b Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK 300 Fig. 2c Χρῆστος Σωσικράτους ζῶν καὶ φρονῶν κατεσκεύασε[ν] ἑαυτῷ τε καὶ γυναικὶ Mαξίμα 4 τὸ μνῆμα ἐκ τῶ[ν ἰ]δίω[ν] vacat vvv ἀνεξοδίαστον. vacat Khrestos, son of Sosikrates, while living and in his right mind, erected this tomb at his own expense for himself and his wife, Maxima. (This funerary monument) cannot be sold. L. 1: Σωσικράτης. The name Sosikrates has been documented a total of six times: four instances from Nikaia and two from Rome. The individuals known as Sosikrates from Rome are a father and his son, the latter being a physician 4 . L. 3: Mάξιμα: The Latin female name Maxima has been attested three times in Nikaia 5 : This name has been attested in the center of Nikaia, in Geyve, adjacent to the Pamukova district, and in Osmaneli, which is also nearby. These lead to the conclusion that the name Maxima was at least relatively common in this area. L. 5: ἀνεξοδίαστον: This expression frequently occurs in funerary inscriptions from Nikaia. Robert, Hellenica I, 60-63; for examples from Nikaia, see I.Mus. İznik 1231-1233; 1243; 1250; 1265; 1284; 1331; 1337; 1350; 1391-1392; 1446; 1452-1457; 1503; 1581; 1596. See also here nos 3-4. 3. Tomb of an Unknown Person (Figs. 3a-c) Limestone funerary altar with profiled top and bottom mouldings. Each upper corner bears an acroterion. The side faces are flattened, while the rear face is left rough. The upper left corner is damaged, and a mortise hole is present at the top. 4 For detailed information about Sosikrates the physician in Rome, see Nutton 2004, 260; Nissen 2006, 37; Demirhan Öztürk 2022, 194-195 (= IAM 6, 2023, 114). 5 Sakarya Province, Geyve District: Öztürk & Kılıç Aslan 2012, 106 no. 9 (= SEG LXII 1012 = AE 2012 [2015] 1424); Bursa Province, İznik District: Öztürk 2013, 296-297 no. 4 (= SEG LXIII 1144 = AE 2013 [2016] 1459); Bilecik Province, Osmaneli District: Öztürk 2022, 140 no. 89. New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX 301 Findspot: Sakarya Province, Pamukova District, Hayrettin Village, in the cemetery of the village. Measurements: H: 1.36 m; W: 68 cm; T: 67 cm; LH: ca. 2-3 cm. Inv. no.: 403 [2018 year]. Registration: Author. Photo: A. Gündüz. Date: 2nd-3rd century CE. vacat ἀνεξοδίαστον vacat (This funerary monument) cannot be sold. Fig. 3c As can be seen here, only the term ἀνεξοδίαστον has been preserved. The fact that only this term appears on the altar raises the question of the location of the remainder of the inscription, which may have been incised on another altar or on a sarcophagus, as attested by comparable examples (cf. inscription no. 9). 4. Tomb of an Unknown Person (Fig. 4) The lower part of a marble funerary monument with a profiled base. There are deep cracks in the center of the marble block. Findspot: Sakarya Province, Pamukova District, Hayrettin Village, in front of the house of Süleyman Akın. Measurements: H: 83 cm; W: 1.05 m; D: 91 cm; LH: ca. 8 cm. Inv. no.: 405 [2018 year]. Registration: Author. Photo: A. Gündüz. Date: 2nd-3rd century CE. Fig. 3a Fig. 3b Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK 302 - - - - - - - - - (This tomb) ἀνεξοδίαστον. cannot be sold. As can also be seen here, only the term ἀνεξοδίαστον has been preserved. The fact that only this term appears on the stone raises the question of the location of the remainder of the inscription. This part of the inscription was probably on the stone above. II) New Inscriptions from the East and South of Nikaia 5. Tomb of Aristainetos (Figs. 5a-c) Upper part of a marble tomb monument with three fasciae . The lateral faces are flattened, and a mortise hole is located at the bottom. Findspot: Bilecik Province, Central District, Kınık Village. Measurements: H: 30 cm; W: 1.16 m; D: 73 cm; LH: 4.5-5.4 cm. Inv. no.: 384 [2017 year]. Registration: Author. Photo: A. Gündüz. Date: 2nd-3rd century CE. Fig. 5a Fig. 5b Fig. 4 New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX 309 [- - -]σλσης ζῶν ἑαυτῷ [τὸ μνημεῖον] σὺν τῇ ἐπικειμένῃ σκάφῃ ζήσας [- - -] καὶ τῇ γλυκυτάτῃ μου συνβίῳ Λ/ 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . ἐπί τῷ μετὰ τὸ . [- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -] … while still alive, built this tomb, together with the sarcophagus placed upon it, for himself, … who lived for ... years, and for my beloved wife. After (our?) burial … L. 1: [- - -]σλσης. Either the genitive form of the father’s name or the nominative of the tomb owner’s name is to be expected at this point. Since the beginning of the inscription is broken and several letters are illegible, the restoration remains uncertain. L. 2: σὺν τῇ ἐπικειμένῃ σκάφῃ. The term σκάφη denoting “sarcophagus” 20 is well attested in funerary inscriptions from Bithynia, with numerous examples from Nikaia 21 , Prusa 22 , and Apollonia ad Rhyndacum 23 in Mysia. L. 4-5: ἐπί τῷ μετὰ τὸ κ[ατατεθῆναι ἡμᾶς ἀμφοτέρους? - - -]. A similar example is known from Katran Village of Yenipazar District of Bilecik Province 24 . In funerary inscriptions, the preposition μετά is used with the accusative to mean “after” 25 . The gravestone was reused as spolia in the foundation of a Roman-period bridge (see figs. 12a-b). One pier of this Roman bridge stands in the area of Küçükyenice Village, while the other is situated along the road leading to Zopran Village 26 . A branch of the secondary route, which diverges from the Roman/Pilgrim Road after Thateso 27 , crosses over this bridge. Through this bridge, the route provides access to Agrillion (modern Bilecik) and Dorylaion (modern Eskişehir). III) Appendix This section provides a detailed account of corrigenda relevant to previously published inscriptions. 10. Tomb of Eia and Her Husband Agathokles ( corrigendum ) (Figs. 10a-d) Marble funerary altar with mouldings. The rear face is left rough. Findspot: Sakarya Province, Taraklı District, Akçapınar Village. The altar was reused as spolia in the courtyard entrance wall of the village mosque. Measurements: H: 96 cm; W: 51 cm; T: 51 cm; LH: 35-44 cm. 20 For detailed information about the subject, Kubińska, Mon. funéraires, p. 51-52. Cf. I.Mus. İznik 86. 21 I.Mus. İznik 86, 117, 122-124, 127-133, 516, 1231, 1233; Yaman & Özhan 2022, 224 (= IAM 6, 2023 no. 113). 22 I.Prusa 71, 72, 102. 23 I.Kyzikos 129. 24 I.Mus. İznik 1250: ll. 7-8: ἐπί τῷ μετ[ὰ τὸ] κατατεθῆνα[ι κτλ. 25 LSJ s.v. “μετά”. For parallels from Bithynia, see TAM IV/1, 239, 243, 246, 252; I.Mus. İznik 96, 120, 193, 282, 1234, 1250; I.Klaudiupolis 39; I.Kios 96. 26 For detailed information about the Roman bridge, see I.Mus. İznik 10.1, p. 57; TIB 13 s.v. “Zopran oder Zobran Köyü bzw. Çiftliği”, and Öztürk 2023, 35. 27 On the roads, bridges, settlements in the territory of Nikaia see I.Mus. İznik 10.1, “Einleitung - Giriş”; Oral 2022. For detailed information about the roads, bridges, settlements in modern Osmaneli and Gölpazır Districts belonging to Nikaia, see Öztürk 2022, 20-29; 2023, 30-38. Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK 310 Inv. no.: 34. Registration: S. Şahin; author [2010 year]. Photo: Author. Edition: I.Mus. İznik 1458. Date: 2nd-3rd century CE. Fig. 10a Fig. 10b Fig. 10c Fig. 10d [Ἔ]τους v αʹ· vvv Ἀγαθοκλῆς v Διοδώρου μ- 4 ου Eιᾳ γαμετῇ, τὸν δὲ ἀνέθηκε πόσει. L. 3-4: Διοδώρου | Θύεια γαμετὴ [ I.Mus. İznik ] (In the first year of the Emperor’s reign), (I) Agathokles, son of Diodoros, (built this tomb) for my wife, Eia and (She) also built this (tomb) for (her) husband. L. 1: Ἒτους: In the inscriptions of Nikaia, the regnal years of emperors served as the primary system of dating. The term “year” is regularly employed in Nikaia inscriptions (cf. I.Mus. İznik 10.2, 39-42). On the subject, see Robert, Hellenica , 318-319, and I.Mus. İznik 10.1, 85-91. According to Haensch and Weiß, the imperial dating system took September 23, the New and Revised Funerary Inscriptions from Nikaia XX 311 birthday of Augustus, as its starting point 28 . L. 2: Ἀγαθοκλῆς. The name Agathokles is attested five times in Nikaia, including this inscription. See LGPN VA s.v. 29 . L. 3: Διόδωρος. The name Diodoros is attested a second time in Nikaia, including this inscription. The other inscription was discovered in the village of Duman, in the Taraklı district. The village of Duman is located approximately 3 km north of the village of Akçapınar. The name Diodoros appears twice in this inscription, as a grandfather-grandson name 30 . Considering the proximity of the villages of Duman and Akçapınar, it may be suggested that the name Diodoros was in use within a specific local context. L. 4: Eια: The name Eia (or Ia), of epichoric origin, is attested quite frequently in Nikaia. See LGPN VA s.v. Eἴα 31 . πόσις: According to LSJ , this word means “husband” or “spouse,” that is, it can refer to either a male or a female partner. Since both γαμετῇ and τὸν δέ are used in the inscription, it must have been employed here to denote a “husband”. This word appears once again in a funerary inscription from Nikaia. See I.Mus. İznik 223 (= SEG XXX 1434). Ll. 4-5: According to Şahin, the lines form a pentameter. 11. Tomb of Hermione and Her husband Timotheos ( corrigendum ) (Figs. 11a-d) Limestone funerary altar with mouldings at the top and bottom and acroteria at the corners. The upper moulding and the base are broken; the back and side faces have been flattened. Findspot: Sakarya Province, Taraklı District, Tuzla Village, Emrullah quarter, Türbe Mevkii. Measurements: H: 1.48 m; W: 55 cm; T: 56 cm; LH: 3-3.5 cm. Inv. no.: 27. Registration: S. Şahin; author [2010 year]. Photo: Author. Edition: Oktan 2007, 60-61, no. 1 (= SEG LVII 1278). Date: 2nd-3rd century CE. 28 Haensch - Weiß 2007, 202-203. 29 For further references on this name, see Çokbankir 2010, 336-337 no. 12 (= SEG LX 1349 = AE 2010 [2013] 1519). 30 Öztürk 2020, 281-282 no. 2 (English version) (= IAM 4, 2021, 017). 31 For further references on this name, Öztürk 2011, 149-150 no. 3 (= SEG LXI 1049); 151-152 no. 6 (= SEG LXI 1052); Dönmez Öztürk, 2012, 76 no. 16 (= SEG LXII 976); Öztürk & Kılıç Arslan 2012, 102-103 no. 3 (= SEG LXII 1006 = AE 2012 [2015] 1422); Öztürk & Pilevneli 2012, 192 no. 5 (= SEG LXII 1023 = AE 2012 [2015] 1440 = Öztürk 2023, 96-97 no. 71); Öztürk & Dönmez Öztürk 2015, 249 no. 7 (= SEG LXV 1182); Marek & Adak, Forschungen , 8; 28; Adak 2017, 64-65 no. 20 (= SEG LXVII 942 = IAM 1, 2019, 24); Öztürk & Acar 2020, 396397, no 1 (= IAM 4, 2021, 022); Akyürek Şahin & Uzunoğlu 2022b, 98-99, no 26 (= IAM 6, 2023, 079); Öztürk 2023, 54-55 no. 15; 92 no. 66 (= Akyürek Şahin & Uzunoğlu 2022a, 135-136 no. 37 = IAM 6, 2023, 079); 147 no. 146 (= Akyürek Şahin & Uzunoğlu 2022b, 85 no. 10 = IAM 6, 2023, 060); 153 no. 155; 158-159 no. 167 (= Akyürek Şahin & Uzunoğlu 2022a, 132-133 no. 34 = IAM 6, 2023, 109); 197 no. 223. See also Zgusta, Personennamen § 319-1; Dana 2014, 193-195, s.v. Iα, [Iας], Eια, Eιας (f.) (bithy). For recent publications documenting the occurrences of this name in Bithynia, see also Dana 2024, s.v. Iα (f.) (bith.). Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK 312 Fig. 11a Fig. 11c Fig. 11b Fig. 11d Ἔτους ςʹ· Ἑρμıόνη Tειμοθέῳ τῷ ἑ4 αυτῆς ἀνδρ[ὶ] τὸ μνημεῖο[ν] κατεσκεύασεν ζήσαντι ἔτη 8 λεʹ v καὶ ἑαυτῆι. L. 8: λθʹ καὶ ἑαυτῇ [Oktan] (In the sixth year of the Emperor’s reign), Hermione built this tomb for her husband, Timotheos, who had lived for thirty-five years, and for herself . L. 2: ῾Eρμιόνη. The name Hermione has been attested five times in Nikaia, including in this inscription. See LGPN VA s.v. 32 . L. 2-3: Tειμόθεος = Tιμόθεος. As a result, new examples of the gentilicia Claudius and Cassius have been identified. One of these inscriptions appears to indicate a connection between the Cassius family and the rural hinterland of Nikaia. 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