IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING THE OVERHEAD TWO-HAND PASS IN VOLLEYBALL TO SCHOOL STUDENTS

Dekabr, 2025-Yil 347 IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING THE OVERHEAD TWO-HAND PASS IN VOLLEYBALL TO SCHOOL STUDENTS Eleusinov Salauat Berdaq Karakalpak State University Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Culture. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18049469 Abstract. This scientific thesis examines ways to improve the methodology of teaching the overhead two-hand pass in volleyball to school students. The overhead pass is one of the fundamental technical elements of volleyball, forming the basis for effective team play and tactical interaction. The study analyzes pedagogical, biomechanical, and methodological aspects of teaching this skill, identifies common mistakes among school students, and proposes an improved teaching methodology based on age characteristics, gradual skill development, and the use of modern pedagogical approaches. The proposed methodology contributes to increasing technical accuracy, coordination, and motivation of students during physical education classes and extracurricular sports activities. Keywords: volleyball, school students, overhead two-hand pass, teaching methodology, technical training, physical education. Introduction Volleyball occupies an important place in the system of physical education at general secondary schools. It contributes to the comprehensive physical development of students, improves coordination abilities, speed, agility, and teamwork skills. One of the key technical elements of volleyball is the overhead two-hand pass, which serves as the main means of organizing attacking actions and maintaining continuity of the game. However, practice shows that many school students experience difficulties in mastering this technique. These difficulties are associated with insufficient coordination, incorrect body position, poor hand placement, and lack of methodological consistency in teaching. Therefore, improving the methodology of teaching the overhead two-hand pass is a relevant task of modern physical education pedagogy. The purpose of this thesis is to scientifically substantiate and propose ways to improve the methodology of teaching the overhead two-hand pass in volleyball to school students.The objectives of the study are:  to analyze the technical structure of the overhead two-hand pass;  to identify common mistakes made by school students;  to determine pedagogical conditions for effective skill acquisition;  to develop methodological recommendations for improving the teaching process. Technical Characteristics of the Overhead Two-Hand Pass The overhead two-hand pass is performed by receiving the ball above the forehead level and directing it accurately to a teammate. The effectiveness of this technique depends on the coordinated work of the legs, torso, arms, and fingers. The main phases of the movement include: 1. Initial position – feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, body balanced, arms raised, fingers relaxed and forming a ball-shaped position. Dekabr, 2025-Yil 348 2. Ball contact phase – the ball is received softly on the fingertips, with elbows slightly bent. 3. Final phase – simultaneous extension of the legs and arms, directing the ball upward and forward. For school students, mastering these phases requires a gradual and systematic approach, taking into account age-related anatomical and physiological characteristics. Common Mistakes in Teaching School Students During the learning process, the following typical mistakes are often observed:  incorrect hand position and excessive tension of fingers;  receiving the ball with the palms instead of fingertips;  insufficient use of leg extension during the pass;  poor coordination between arms and legs;  inaccurate direction and unstable trajectory of the ball. These mistakes reduce the effectiveness of the pass and negatively affect students’ confidence and motivation. Therefore, teaching methodology should focus on preventing and correcting these errors at early stages. Improving the Teaching Methodology The improvement of the teaching methodology for the overhead two-hand pass should be based on the following pedagogical principles:  accessibility and gradual progression;  systematic repetition and consolidation;  visual demonstration and explanation;  individual approach considering students’ physical abilities. At the initial stage, simplified exercises without the ball or with light balls are recommended to develop correct hand positioning and coordination. At the next stage, paired and group exercises should be used to improve accuracy and timing. Game-based drills and competitive elements increase students’ interest and motivation. Special attention should be paid to feedback and error correction. The teacher should provide clear instructions, use demonstrations, and apply modern teaching aids such as video analysis when possible. Conclusion Iproving the methodology of teaching the overhead two-hand pass in volleyball to school students is an important factor in enhancing the effectiveness of physical education lessons. A scientifically grounded and methodically structured approach allows students to master the technique more quickly and accurately, reduces technical errors, and increases their motivation for sports activities. The proposed methodological recommendations can be effectively applied in school physical education classes and extracurricular volleyball training, contributing to the overall development of students’ physical and technical preparedness. References 1. Bompa, T., & Buzzichelli, C. (2019). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training. Human Kinetics. Dekabr, 2025-Yil 349 2. Grassegger, K., & Hamsun, M. (2020). Teaching volleyball skills in school physical education. International Journal of Physical Education, 57(2), 45–52. 3. Platonov, V. N. (2015). Theory and Methodology of Sports Training. Kyiv: Olympic Literature. 4. Reeser, J. C., & Bahr, R. (2017). Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Volleyball. Wiley-Blackwell.