New records of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Netherlands

J. Insect Biodivers. Syst. 11 (3), 805–813 https://jibs.modares.ac.ir Tarbiat Modares University Press Research Article https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.3.805 ISSN: 2423-8112 Entomological Society of Iran Faunistic https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:1FF3D32A-FC48-43E6-9B84-1EF62300E498 Corresponding author: George Japoshvili,  [email protected] Copyright © 2025, Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons NonCommercial Attribution License (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material, under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms. New records of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Netherlands George Japoshvili Institute of Entomology, Agricultural University of Georgia, Agmashenebeli Alley #240, Tbilisi, 0131, Georgia.  [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9901-4554 Rudy Soethof Pannerdenseweg 9, 6905SE Zevenaar, Netherlands.  [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9419-0850 Received: May 06, 2025 Accepted: June 07, 2025 Published: July 22, 2025 Subject Editor: Hossein Lotfalizadeh ABSTRACT. The present study includes the material collected from various localities across the Netherlands between 1998 and 2025. During our survey, the number of encyrtid species recorded in the Netherlands increased by 23. Additionally, five genera: Aphycoides Mercet, 1921, Mayrencyrtus Hincks, 1944, Rhopus Forster, 1856, Sectiliclava Hoffer, 1957 and Trjapitzinellus Viggiani, 1967 were documented for the first time. Thus, the total number of encyrtid species known from the country is now 146. The encyrtid wasp fauna documented in this study is primarily characteristic of the Western Palaearctic and broader Palaearctic regions. The discovery of several new records further emphasizes the need for ongoing surveys to fully understand the encyrtid fauna of this region. Keywords: biocontrol, chalcids, coccids, natural enemies, parasitic wasps Citation: Japoshvili, G. & Soethof, R. (2025) New records of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Netherlands. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 11 (3), 805–813. INTRODUCTION The superfamily Chalcidoidea is one of the most diverse groups of organisms on the planet, with more than 27,000 described species, however Heraty and Woolley (2025) estimated that there might be up to 500,000 species worldwide. In Britain, parasitic Hymenoptera comprise about 25% (or perhaps significantly more) of the total insect fauna (Shaw & Hochberg, 2001). Parasitoid wasps are the most successful group of insect parasitoids, representing more than half the known diversity of Hymenoptera and probably most of the unknown diversity (Polaszek & Vilhelmsen, 2023). One of the most important biological control agents in pest management is the chalcid wasp family Encyrtidae (Noyes, 2010). Despite their significance, the family Encyrtidae in the Netherlands are not among the best-studied groups and currently comprises 123 species (Japoshvili & Soethof, 2022). Therefore, studying the encyrtid fauna is extremely important for understanding biodiversity, ecology and biological control. The aim of the present study is to present an additional list of Encyrtidae species found in the Netherlands, including newly recorded species and genera. This contribution expands our knowledge of the Dutch encyrtid fauna and its significance for biodiversity and biological control. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material was collected across the Netherlands between 1998 and 2025 using sweep netting, beating, Malaise traps, light traps, and yellow pan traps. Species identification was performed by the authors using identification keys from Noyes & Hayat (1994), Trjapitzin (1989), Hayat (2006), as well as original species descriptions. Collection localities are listed under each species, with coordinates provided in 806 Encyrtidae from the Netherlands  Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) DMS format. All material is deposited in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center Museum in Leiden (RMNH) and the Natuurmuseum Brabant in Tilburg (NMB), both in the Netherlands. Specimen photographs (in ethanol or pinned) were taken using a Sony® A7RIII camera body, Canon® 65mm MPE lens at 5× magnification and F2.8, and a Yongnuo® YN14EX ring flash. Photo stacking was performed with Helicon Focus 7. Photo adjustments and plates were done using Adobe Photoshop. Measurements were obtained from the photos and calibrated using the scale bars. New records for the Netherlands are marked with an asterisk. RESULTS Taxonomic hierarchy Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758 Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758 Family Encyrtidae Walker, 1837 Genus Anagyrus Howard, 1896 Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal & Alam, 1959* Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Leijkant, 51°32'4"N, 5°0'40"E, yellow pan trap, 10.ix.2019, Leg. T. Peeters. Anagyrus belibus (Walker, 1837) (Fig. 1A) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Rozendaal-Rozendaalse Veld, 52°2'51"N, 5°58'34"E, sweep net, 24.vi.2024, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Aphycoides Mercet, 1921* Aphycoides clavellatus (Dalman, 1820) (Fig. 1B) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Wassenaar-Dorp, 52°8'35"N, 4°23'14"E, yellow pan trap, 30.vii–1.viii.2020, Leg. P.H. Hoekstra; 1♀ (RMNH), Gelderland-Bergherbosch, 51°53'23"N, 6°12'52"E, sweep net, 27.vi.2022, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Blastothrix Mayr, 1876 Blastothrix gurselae Japoshvili & Karaca, 2004* (Fig. 1C) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Gelderland-Bergherbosch, 51°53'14"N, 6°11'48"E, sweep net, 29.viii.2023, Leg. R. Soethof. Blastothrix hissarica Sugonjaev, 1972* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Zevenaar-Rosandse Polder, 51°54'39"N, 6°4'10"E, sweep net, 22.vi.2022, Leg. R. Soethof. Blastothrix ilicicola Mercet, 1921* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Wehl-Stille Wald, 51°57'1"N, 6°11'26"E, sweep net, 25.v.2023, Leg. R. Soethof. Blastothrix longipennis Howard, 1881* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Zevenaar-Ooy, 51°54'52"N, 6°3'5"E, sweep net, 2.v.2025, Leg. R. Soethof. Blastothrix sericea (Dalman, 1820)* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Gelderland-Bergherbosch, 51°53'19"N, 6°12'19"E, sweep net, 2.ix.2022, Leg. R. Soethof.  Japoshvili & Soethof 807 Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) Figure 1. Encyrtids from the Netherlands, female, lateral habitus. A. Anagyrus belibus (Walker, 1837); B. Aphycoides clavellatus (Dalman, 1820); C. Blastothrix gurselae Japoshvili & Karaca, 2004; D. Copidosoma bolivari Mercet, 1921; E. Mayrencyrtus imandes (Walker, 1837); F. Microterys jalysus (Walker, 1837). 808 Encyrtidae from the Netherlands  Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) Genus Cerchysiella Girault, 1914 Cerchysiella laeviscuta (Thomson, 1876)* Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Tiburg-Korvel, 51°33'19"N, 5°4'22"E, yellow pan trap, 11.viii.2019, Leg. T. Peeters. Genus Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844 Copidosoma bolivari Mercet, 1921* (Fig. 1D) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Brummen-Empese en Tondense heide, 52°7'58"N, 6°5'21"E, sweep net, 15.vii.2024, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Ericydnus Haliday, 1832 Ericydnus sipylus (Walker, 1837)* Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Kaaistoep, 51°32'36"N, 5°0'55"E, Malaise trap, 8-14.ix.2005, Leg. A. van Eck; 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Leijkant, 51°32'4"N, 5°0'40"E, yellow pan trap, 10.ix.2019, Leg. T. Peeters; 1♀ (RMNH), Wehl-Meerenbroek, 51°32'4"N, 5°0'40"E, sweep net, 10.vi.2023, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Mahencyrtus Masi, 1917 Mahencyrtus comara (Walker, 1837) Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Kaaistoep, 51°32'36"N, 5°0'55"E, Malaise trap, 8-14.ix.2005, Leg. A. van Eck; 1♀ (RMNH), Doetinchem-De Zumpe, 51°57'26"N, 6°19'14"E, sweep net, 19.ix.2020, Leg. R. Soethof; 1♂ (RMNH), Ameland-Lange Duinen, 53°27'21"N, 5°39'8"E, yellow pan trap, 26-28.v.2022, Leg. P.H. Hoekstra; 1♀ (RMNH), Veluwezoom-Imbosch, 52°4'32"N, 5°58'46"E, sweep net, 3.ix.2024, Leg. R. Soethof. Mahencyrtus pulcherrimus (Hoffer, 1969)* Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Kaaistoep, 51°32'36"N, 5°0'55"E, Malaise trap, 8–14.ix.2005, Leg. A. van Eck. Genus Mayrencyrtus Hincks, 1944* Mayrencyrtus imandes (Walker, 1837) (Fig. 1E) Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Udenhout-de Brand, 51°37'56"N, 5°8'0"E, Malaise trap, 6–13.vi.2020, Leg. IWG KNNV-Tilburg. Genus Microterys Thomson, 1876 Microterys interpunctus (Dalman, 1820)* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Didam-Greffelkamp, 51°56'56"N, 6°6'12"E, sweep net, 2.vii.2022, Leg. R. Soethof. Microterys jalysus (Walker, 1837)* (Fig. 1F) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Zuid Holland-Coepelduynen, 52°12'54"N, 4°24'39"E, sweep net, 7.ix.2024, Leg. W. Langbroek. Microterys lunatus (Dalman, 1820)* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Wehl-Stille Wald, 51°57'1"N, 6°11'26"E, sweep net, 1.v.2023, Leg. R. Soethof. Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky, 1859) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Almere-Verzetswijk, 52°22'49"N, 5°14'20"E, beating Hedera helix, 2.iii.2019, Leg. P.H. Hoekstra; 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Kaaistoep, 51°32'36"N, 5°0'53"E, Malaise trap, 6– 13.viii.2020, Leg. IWG KNNV-Tilburg.  Japoshvili & Soethof 809 Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) Figure 2. Encyrtids from the Netherlands, female, lateral habitus. A. Parablastothrix plugarui Trjapitzin, 1971; B. Parablastothrix trjapitzini Logvinovskaya, 1980; C. Syrphophagus pertiades (Walker, 1837); D. Trjapitzinellus semidaliphagus Viggiani, 1967. Genus Parablastothrix Mercet, 1917 Parablastothrix plugarui Trjapitzin, 1971* (Fig. 2A) Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Kaaistoep, 51°32'33"N, 5°0'55"E, Malaise trap, 22–29.viii.1998, Leg. IWG KNNV-Tilburg. Parablastothrix trjapitzini Logvinovskaya, 1980* (Fig. 2B) Material examined. 1♀ (NMB), Tilburg-Kaaistoep West, 51°32'23"N, 5°0'34"E, light trap, 20.vii.2016, Leg. T. Peeters. Genus Rhopus Forster, 1856* Rhopus flavidus (Mercet, 1921) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Didam-Greffelkamp, 51°56'56"N, 6°6'12"E, sweep net, 22.ix.2022, Leg. R. Soethof. 810 Encyrtidae from the Netherlands  Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) Genus Sectiliclava Hoffer, 1957* Sectiliclava cleone (Walker, 1844) Material examined. 1♀, 1♂ (NMB), Tilburg-Kaaistoep, 51°32'33"N, 5°0'55"E, Malaise trap, 8–15.viii.1998, Leg. IWG KNNV-Tilburg. Genus Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900 Syrphophagus annulipes (Thomson, 1876) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Almere-Hannie Schaftpark, 52°22'52"N, 5°13'57"E, sweep net, 23.viii.2019, Leg. P.H. Hoekstra; 1♀ (RMNH), Gelderland-Bergherbosch, 51°54'25"N, 6°14'32"E, sweep net, 27.viii.2024, Leg. R. Soethof. Syrphophagus pertiades (Walker, 1837) (Fig. 2C) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Gelderland-Bergherbosch, 51°53'2"N, 6°11'20"E, sweep net, 30.ix.2022, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Trechnites Thomson, 1876 Trechnites flavipes (Mercet, 1821)* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Veluwezoom-Imbosch, 52°4'32"N, 5°58'46"E, sweep net, 3.ix.2024, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Trichomasthus Thomson, 1876 Trichomasthus albimanus Thomson, 1876* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Hoenderloo-Deelerwoud, 52°5'21"N, 5°55'50"E, reared from Eriopeltis festucae (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834) (Hemi., Coccidae), 21.ix.2024, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Trjapitzinellus Viggiani, 1967* Trjapitzinellus semidaliphagus Viggiani, 1967 (Fig. 2D) Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Gelderland-Bergherbosch, 51°53'2"N, 6°11'20"E, sweep net, 8.vii.2022, Leg. R. Soethof. Genus Tyndarichus Howard, 1910 Tyndarichus melanacis (Dalman, 1820)* Material examined. 1♀ (RMNH), Gelderland-Bergherbosch, 51°54'1"N, 6°14'26"E, sweep net, 28.ix.2023, Leg. R. Soethof. DISCUSSION Our survey documented 28 encyrtid species representing 17 genera within the Netherlands. Five genera and 23 species are new records for the Netherlands, bringing the total number of encyrtid species recorded in the country to 146, representing a significant (18.7%) expansion of the fauna. This study significantly expands our knowledge of the Encyrtidae fauna in the Netherlands, with several genera and species newly recorded for the country. Although these findings are important for documenting biodiversity and identifying potential biological control agents, the host associations of most species remain unknown. This is primarily because many specimens were collected using passive traps, which do not provide information about host-parasitoid relationships. Future research focusing on rearing and host association studies will be essential to fully understand the ecological roles and biocontrol potential of these encyrtid wasps. The encyrtid wasp fauna documented in this study is primarily characteristic of the Western Palaearctic and broader Palaearctic regions. Many species, such as Anagyrus belibus, Aphycoides clavellatus,  Japoshvili & Soethof 811 Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) and Microterys interpunctus, have wide distributions across Europe and adjacent parts of the Palaearctic, reflecting strong biogeographical links with neighbouring European countries (Trjapitzin, 1989; UCD, 2025). The presence of species like Anagyrus aligarhensis, which also occurs in the Oriental region, suggests an occasional faunal exchange between the Palaearctic and Oriental zones, possibly influenced by climate or human activity. Overall, the diversity and composition of species recorded in the Netherlands highlight the country’s position as a transitional zone within Western Europe, where elements from different biogeographical regions meet. The discovery of several new records further emphasizes the need for ongoing surveys to fully understand the encyrtid fauna of this region. AUTHOR′S CONTRIBUTION The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: G. Japoshvili: performed and confirmed identification, prepared plates and structured the manuscript; R. Soethof: collected data, made identifications and photography. The authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. FUNDING This research received no specific grant from any funding agencies. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL The specimens listed in this study are deposited at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center Museum in Leiden and the Natuurmuseum Brabant in Tilburg, both in the Netherlands, and are available from the curator, upon request. ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE This study only included arthropod material, and all required ethical guidelines for the treatment and use of animals were strictly adhered to in accordance with international, national, and institutional regulations. No human participants were involved in any studies conducted by the authors for this article. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION Not applicable. CONFLICT OF INTERESTS The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Theo Peeters, Paul Hoekstra and Wim Langbroek for lending us their specimens. REFERENCES Hayat, M. (2006) Indian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. 496 p. Heraty, J. & Wooley, J. (eds) (2025) Chalcidoidea of the World. CABI, Wallingford. 852 p. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800623545.0000 Japoshvili, G. & Soethof, R. (2022) New records of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Netherlands, with a description of new species. Zootaxa, 5155 (4), 549–563. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.4.5 Noyes, J. (2010) Encyrtidae of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 3. Subfamily Encyrtinae: Encyrtini, Echthroplexiellini, Discodini, Oobiini and Ixodiphagini, parasitoids associated with bugs (Hemiptera), insect eggs (Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera) and ticks (Acari). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 84, 1–108. Noyes, J. & Hanson, P. (1996) Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Costa Rica: the genera and species associated with jumping plant-lice (Homoptera: Psylloidea). Bulletin of Natural History Museum, London, 65 (2), 105–164. 812 Encyrtidae from the Netherlands  Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) Noyes, J. & Hayat, M. (1994) Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). CAB International, The Natural History Museum, London. 554 p. Polaszek, A. & Vilhelmsen, L. (2023) Biodiversity of hymenopteran parasitoids. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 56, 101026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2023.101026 Shaw, M. & Hochberg, M. (2001) The neglect of parasitic Hymenoptera in insect conservation strategies: The British fauna as a prime example. Journal of Insect Conservation, 5, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013393229923 Trjapitzin, V. (1989) Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Family Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of SSR, Leningrad. 489 p. [in Russian] UCD Community (2025) Universal Chalcidoidea Database Website. Available from https://ucd.chalcid.org/ [Accessed June 6, 2025]  Japoshvili & Soethof 813 Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 2025  11 (3) شراﺰﮔيﺎﻫ ﺪﺟﯾﺪ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) ز ا ﺪﻨﻠﻫ ﯽﮔرﻮﺌﮔ ﯾﻮﺷﻮﭘﺎﯾﻠﯽ 1* ، دوري فﻮﻬﺗﻮﺳ 2 1 ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ هﺮﺸﺣﺳﺎﻨﺷﯽ، هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد زروﺎﺸﮐ ي ،نﺎﺘﺴﺟﺮﮔ ﻠﻔﺗﯿ،ﺲ ﺎﺘﺴﺟﺮﮔ ن 2 ﺧﯿنﺎﺑﺎ ﻪﺴﻧدﺮﻧﺎﭘ 9، 6905SE ،رﺎﻨﻧوز ﺪ ﻨ ﻠ ﻫ * ﺖﺴﭘ ﮏﯿﻧوﺮﺘﮑﻟا هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﺒﺗﺎـﮑﻣ: [email protected]u.ge ǀ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ :ﺖﻓﺎـﯾرد 16 ﺖﺸﻬﺒﯾدرا1404 ǀ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ :شﺮﯾﺬﭘ 17 دادﺮﺧ1404 ǀ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا 31 ﺮﯿﺗ1404 ǀ :هﺪـﯿﮑﭼ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ شراﺰﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ي ﺎ ﻫ ﻊﻤﺟ ر و آ يهﺪﺷ زا ﻣﻖﻃﺎﻨ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ رد ﺪﻨﻠﻫ ﻦﯿﺑ ل ﺎ ﺳﺎﻫ ي 1998 ﺎﺗ 2024 .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ، داﺪﻌﺗ 23 ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪ ﺑ نﻮﻓ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز Encyrtidae ﺖ ﺒ ﺛهﺪﺷ رد ﺪﻨﻠﻫ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﺪﺷ. هوﻼﻋ ﺮﺑ اﯾ،ﻦ رﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ي ﺎ ﻫ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺲﻨﺟ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎ ﺷ Aphycoides Mercet, 1921 ، Mayrencyrtus Hincks, 1944 ، Rhopus Forster, 1856، Sectiliclava Hoffer, 1957 و Trjapitzinellus Viggiani, 1967 اﺮﺑ ي ﻟواﯿﻦ رﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑﯾ،ﻦ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺎﻫ ي ﺴﻧاﯿﺮﯾﺪ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷهﺪﺷ زا اﯾﻦ رﻮﺸﮐ نﻮﻨﮐا ﻪﺑ 146 ﺳر ﯿﺪ. نﻮﻓ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز Encyrtidae شراﺰﮔ هﺪﺷ در اﯾﻦ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻟﺎﭘﺌﺘﮐرﺎﯿﮏ ﺑﺮﻏﯽ و ﺮﮕﯾد ﺶﺨﺑيﺎﻫ ﮏﯿﺘﮐرﺎﺌﻟﺎﭘ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﺒﺛ شراﺰﮔ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ زا رﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ي ﺎ ﻫ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻞﺻا ﺪﯿﮐﺎﺗ دراد ﻪﮐ ي ا ﺮ ﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ نﻮﻓ يﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز Encyrtidae ﻦﯾا ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺳرﺮﺑﯽﺎﻫ ي مواﺪﻣ ز ﺎ ﯿ ﻧ ﯽ ﻣﺪﺷﺎﺑ . نﺎـﮔژاو يﺪﯿﻠﮐ: رﺎﻬﻣ زﯾﺘﺴﯽ، ،ﺎﻫﺪﯿﺴﻟﺎﮐ ﮏﺸﭙﺷ ي ﺎ ﻫ ،ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ نﺎﻨﻤﺷد ﺒﻃﯿﻌ ﯽ ، ﺎﻫرﻮﺒﻧز ي ﻞﮕﻧا .