Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective

AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND SYSTEMS GROUP (AERO) Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective Meeting of the Association des Victimes du Syndrome Aérotoxique (AVSA), 2019 Paris CDG Airport, France, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz Hamburg University of Applied Sciences AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 2 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Contents Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective •Introduction •Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications •Jet Engine Oil •Air Conditioning Technology •Jet Engine Technology •How much Oil Gets into the Cabin? •Maintenance – The Case of Engine/APU Oil Contamination •Engineering Design Principles for Air Conditioning from SAE •Solution: Sensors and Filters •Solution: ECS Principles •Situation in Germany •Summary •Contact •How to Quote this Document •References AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 3 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Introduction AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 4 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Definition: Aircraft Cabin Air Aircraft cabin air is the air in the cabin of an aircraft. The air in the cockpit is included in this definition. In pressurized cabins it is the air inside the pressure seals. Pressure control is such that cabin pressure is reduced down to a pressure equivalent to 8000 ft (referring to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere) as the aircraft climbs. In unpressurized aircraft cabins the air is at ambient pressure. Temperature control is done by heating or cooling as required. Venting ensures frequent exchange of cabin air with fresh air from outside. In addition, cabin air can be recirculated and filtered. When flying at high altitudes, cabin air is at similar low relative humidity as the air outside. Definition: Quality Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements. (ISO 9001) Introduction AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 5 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Definition: Contamination The process of making a material unclean or unsuited for its intended purpose, usually by the addition or attachment of undesirable foreign substances. Adapted from (Wiktionary 2018) The presence of a minor and unwanted constituent (contaminant). Related to health: A harmful intrusion of toxins or pathogens e.g. in food, water, or air. Adapted from (Wikipedia 2018a) Definition: Fume Event In a fume event, the cabin and/or cockpit of an aircraft is filled with fume. The fume originates from the bleed air and enters the cabin via the air conditioning system. Air contamination is due to fluids such as engine oil, hydraulic fluid or anti-icing fluid. A Fume Event includes a Smell Event. Note: Other reasons for fume in the cabin are possible. The term "fume event", however, is generally used as defined here. Adapted from (Wikipedia 2018b) Introduction AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 6 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Introduction Fume Event on US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui in 2010 Video on: https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s Note: •Smell events (without fumes) are much more frequent than fume events. •Health effects have been reported from smell events alone (where patients never encountered a fume event) . AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 7 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Definition: Smell Event A fume event without visible fume or smoke, but with a distinct smell usually described as "dirty socks" from the butyric acid originating from a decomposition of the esters that are the base stock of the synthetic jet engine oil. Note: Other reasons for smell in the cabin are possible. The term "smell event", however, is generally used as defined here. Definition (ECA): Smoke & Fume / Smell Event (cabin air contamination) An incident may cause only fume, only smell or both. The European Cockpit Association (ECA) explains: "In the context of the ICAO circular [ICAO Circular 344 'Guidelines on Education Training and Reporting Practices related to Fume Events'], fumes and odours are deemed to be synonymous, and the term 'fume(s)' includes both fumes and odours." (ECA 2017) Definition (IATA): Cabin Air Quality Event (CAQE) "Cabin air quality events (CAQEs) [are] particularly ... the so-called fume events" (smoke, fumes / odours). (IATA 2017) Introduction AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 8 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Proposed new Definition: Definition: Cabin Air Contamination Event (CACE) In a Cabin Air Contamination Event (CACE) the air in the cabin and/or cockpit of an aircraft is contaminated. Sensation of the contamination can be from vison (fume/smoke), olfaction (smell/odor), a combination of typical symptoms experienced by several passengers and/or or crew or by related measurements of CO, CO2, ozon or other "harmful or hazardous concentrations of gases or vapours" (CS-25.831). Typical symptoms following a CACE (ECA 2017) Intention with the new definition: Detach the definition from merely human sensation. Allow also drastic health degradation to define the event. Objective measurements would certainly be best, but are usually not available. Introduction AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 9 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Introduction Definition: Condensation Event In a condensation event, warm and humid air in the cabin mixes with cold air from the air conditioning system. This usually happens during departure, when the cabin is still filled with air from outside and starts to mix with cold air leaving via the cabin outlets. Note: Do not confuse this with a fume event! Condensation on A319 ("EGGD", http://i56.tinypic.com/2gwhoif.jpg) Condensation on AirAsia flight AK6303 with A320 from Langkawi (LGK) to Kuala Lumpur (KUL). Departure in tropical rainforest climate ("PlaneHunter", http://bit.ly/2oUJYKP) (A320 GENFAM) AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 16 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Occupational Health –Long Term Health Effects EASA CS-25: CS 25.831 Ventilation (a) Each passenger and crew compartment must be ventilated ... to enable crewmembers to perform their duties without undue discomfort or fatigue. (b) Crew and passenger compartment air must be free from harmful or hazardous concentrations of gases or vapours. In meeting this requirement, the following apply: (1) Carbon monoxide concentrations in excess of one part in 20000 parts of air [50 ppm] are considered hazardous. For test purposes, any acceptable carbon monoxide detection method may be used. (2) Carbon dioxide concentration ... "EASA is of the opinion ... only applicable for ... CO and CO2" Remark: EASA's interpretation of certification rules: The cabin is allowed to be contaminated with other substances! "The BFU is of the opinion that 'harmful concentration' should be interpreted ... to mean that health impairments (including long-term) through contaminated cabin air should be eliminated." "The BFU is of the opinion that a product [aircraft] which has received a type certificate by EASA should be designed in a way that neither crew nor passengers are harmed or become chronically ill." Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU 2014) Cabin Comfort and Cabin Air Quality – Health and Flight Safety Implications AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 17 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Interpretation of CS-25.1309 with respect to Bleed Air from Jet Engines CS-25: The aeroplane systems and associated components, must be designed so that (1) Any catastrophic failure condition (2) (ii) does not result from a single failure Attention: A single seal failure has the potential to cause a catastropic failure due to pilot incapacitation. This is in contradiction to CS-25. CS-25: The CS-25 airworthiness standards are based on ... the fail-safe design concept ... The failure probabilitiy of a system is calculated based on the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) of its components. The components are normally functional, but may fail randomly. 100% reliability of components does not exist. This is much in contrast to the situation of bleed air taken from the engine which is systematically contaminated (to some extend) with engine oil. This is not a failure (for which a probability could be calculated), but a design error (violating existing SAE design conventions). CS-25: The fail-safe design concept uses the following design principles: (i) Designed Integrity and Quality (v) Failure Warning or Indication to provide detection. (xi) Error-Tolerance that considers adverse effects of foreseeable errors during the aeroplane's design, test, manufacture, operation, and maintenance. But with bleed air from jet engines: (i) Design integrity is not given! (v) Failure Warning in case of cabin air contamination is not provided! Furthermore: (xi) Known deficiencies are not allowed. The system has to be error-tolerant to yet UNKNOWN design errors that have to be envisaged because it is a known fact in life that errors do occur (and as such they are forseeable). The system's error-tolerance is compromized, if it has to cope with already known design errors that are not rectified out of negligence relying on the systems error-tolerance. Health and Flight Safety Implications – Certification Requirements AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 18 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Jet Engine Oil AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 19 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Jet Engine Oil (Cannon 2016) This warning was changed in 2004 (Michaelis 2012) to: "This product is not expected to produce adverse health effects under normal conditions of use ... Product may decompose at elevated temperatures ... and give off irritating and/or harmful ... gases/vapours/fumes. Symptoms from acute exposure to these decomposition products in confined spaces [aircraft cabin] may include headache, nausea, eye, nose, and throat irritation." (Exxon 2016c) TCP Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) FIRST AID MEASURES, INHALATION Remove from further exposure [in a fume event?]... Use adequate respiratory protection [not available for passengers!]. If respiratory irritation, dizziness, nausea, or unconsciousness occurs, seek immediate medical assistance. If breathing has stopped, assist ventilation with a mechanical device or use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. (Exxon 2016c) Judging Jet Engine Oil Based on Warnings Given by Manufacturer AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 20 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) T = tri (3) D = di (2) M = mono (1) TOCP DOCP MOCP H3C , they are the toxic isomers. OC MC PC (Winder 2001) Tricresyl Phosphate (TCP) Jet Engine Oil TOCP: H3C AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 21 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Jet Engine Oil Actual OCP Content of the TCP --- Isomerization Ramsden 2013a: OC content in the TCP: TCP Class 1: 30% (about 1930) TCP Class 2: ? TCP Class 3: 3% (about 1958, "modern TCP") TCP Class 4: 0.3 % (since 1992, "conventional TCP") TCP Class 5: 0,03 % (since 1997, "low-toxicity TCP") ------------------------ TCP Class 6: 0 % (since 2017, "zero-OCP TCP") Remark / Introduction: Proposal for a new class definition Ramsden 2013 / Imbert 1997: Another possibility is that isomerization of the TCP takes place within the engine during operation. Megson 2016: ... temperatures of 400 °C. These temperatures have the potential to alter the composition of the original oil and create other toxic compounds. There is currently a large degree of uncertainty as to what compounds are produced and how toxic they are through inhalation in the vapour phase at high altitudes. AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 22 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) "a ... list of 127 compounds [VOC] was ... identified ... ". The hazard profile is given in Appendix 6: Jet Engine Oil EASA Study 2017: AVOIL (EASA 2017b) AVOIL – Characterisation of the toxicity of aviation turbine engine oils after pyrolysis AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 23 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Air Conditioning Technology AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 24 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Air Conditioning Technology Temperature Control (ii) A320 bleed air 50 % outflow valve 50 % recirculation recirculation fan A320 Temperature Control, Pressure Control, Ventilation Air Cooling Adapted from (A320 FCOM) hot cold warm bleed air from engine compressor AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 25 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Jet Engine Technology AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 32 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) S 1,73 m 5.7 0.6 How much Oil Gets into the Cabin? Example Calculation 17 ( ) 1 )( , ,+=    CR cab CRCRengeng sealupbearoil cab caboil haMnS xxm V m xseal = 1 % (conservative estimate!) 5 0.6 both engines, neng = 2 0.1673 AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 33 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Ʃ aromatic hydrocarbons, comparison of different studies (median); * highest values from three investigated airlines (EASA 2017a) How much Oil Gets into the Cabin? Example Calculation Compared with Measurements Calculated: In-flight measurements with conservative estimate: xseal = 1 % 17 AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 34 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Maintenance The Case of Engine/APU Oil Contamination AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 35 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Trouble Shooting and Cleaning Aircraft Trouble Shooting US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) (https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s) Maintenance Aircraft Duct Cleaning (Airbus 2017) (Airbus 2013) AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 36 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) (https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s) Maintenance Pack Cleaning (Airbus 2013) Cleaning AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 37 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) (https://youtu.be/AZqeA32Em2s) Maintenance Aircraft released back into service over night after an (oil based) fume/smell event are most probably not cleaned as instructed by Airbus, because ducts can not be removed from behind the panels in this short time. Aircraft Duct Cleaning Cleaning (Airbus 2013) AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 38 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Engineering Design Principles for Air Conditioning from SAE AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 39 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Engineering Design Principles for Air Conditioning from SAE SAE AIR 1168-7: Aerospace Pressurization System Design (first edition: 1991, A in 2011) “Compressor bleed from turbine engines is attractive because of the mechanical simplicity of the system.” However, “oil contamination ... can occur in using compressor bleed air from the main engines.” “Popular opinion regarding the risk of obtaining contaminated air from the engine may preclude its use for transport aircraft, regardless of other reasons.” SAE AIR 1116: Fluid Properties (first edition: 1992, A in 1999, B in 2013) “Until adequate toxicity data are available precautions must be observed in handling any unfamiliar fluid.” This means: It is not the task of passengers and crew to prove that engine oils and hydraulic fluids as used today are dangerous. Just on the contrary, industry has to prove that fluids and equipment are safe before they intend to use them, because standards have been agreed among engineers already long time ago, not to use bleed air on transport aircraft! AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 40 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Solution: Sensors and Filters AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 41 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Get Informed => Personal CO Detector. Get Protected in the Cabin => Breathing Mask •The Carbon Monoxide (CO) level in normal operation is much lower than the limit of 50 ppm (specified in CS 25.831). Failure cases did not occur during these measurements. •We know much CO is present in the cabin during a Fume Event. The elevated CO concentration indicates the severity of the event. Therefore, crew should carry their personal CO detector, be informed and make decisions accordingly! •If smoke is present, checklists tell pilots to put on their oxygen mask. In such a case, cabin crew should consider wearing a personal breathing mask protecting against nerve gas. EASA 2017b, p.74 Normal CO Situation Failure Case: Fume Event US Airways Flight 432 Phoenix to Maui (2010) Cabin crew protection ! Get CO Detector and Breathing Mask Solution: Sensors and Filters AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 48 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Solution: ECS Principles Cabin Pressurization Principles and Solutions – Overview Overview •First Jet Aircraft used a "blower" or "turbocompressor" (TC). The TC is the coupling of a turbine with a compressor. Bleed air from the engine compressor drives the TC turbine. The TCs compressor compresses outside air to meet the pressurization requirements of the cabin. The hot compressed air needs to be cooled. This can be done with a "vapor cycle system" (as known from the refrigerator). •Current Aircraft make use of bleed air directly.It is compressed so much that it contains enough energy to also drive the pack that cool the bleed air down to temperatures considerably less than 0°C. •The Boeing 787 uses electrical power to drive an electric motor to drive a compressor. The energy is extracted from the engine by means of shaft power driving a generator.No bleed air is used. The engine is "Bleed Free". (Michaelis 2010) Solution? Problem? Solution! AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 49 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Solution B787! Electrical (Bleed Free) Cabin Air Supply (Boeing 2007) The "Pack" of the B787's Environmental Control System (ECS) is powered by electric motors (M) to compress ambient air up to cabin pressure and to push the air through the heat exchangers (HX) for cooling. The power for the electric motors is produced by generators (SG) connected to the aircraft's engine and APU. After compression and cooling the air is delivered to the cabin. Solution: ECS Principles AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 50 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) More Electric A320? Solution: ECS Principles Liebherr 2016 AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 51 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Situation in Germany – A Subjective and Partial Selection of Events AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 52 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) •2010-12-19: Germanwings A319 near Cologne, smoke in cockpit, both pilots nearly incapacitated (http://avherald.com/h?article=434e753b/0000) •2011-09-21: Expert Hearing, German Government: Dr. Andreas Bezold (Airbus Industrie), Prof. Dr. med. Jürgen Bünger (Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung), Matthias von Randow (Bundesverband der deutschen Luftverkehrswirtschaft), Dr. Susan Michaelis (Global Cabin Air Quality Executive), Cpt. Jörg Handwerg (Vereinigung Cockpit), Tim van Beveren (Journalist) •2011-04-06: Small Request to Government: "Notifiable events and jurisdiction of federal authorities in cases of contaminated cabin air" (Drucksache 17/5155) •2011-11-08: Request in parliament: Protect aircraft crews and passengers from contaminated cabin air (Drucksache 17/7611) •2011-10-26: Request in parliament: Prevent contaminated cabin air in aircraft (Drucksache 17/7480) •2012-02-08: Committee on Transport, Construction and Urban Development: Debate about Contaminated Cabin Air in Aircraft •Almost every year: Some parliamentary action by Markus Tressel, Green Party https://dip.bundestag.de/suche?term=kontaminierte Kabinenluft •2015-07-15: Film: Unfiltered Breathed In – The Truth About Aerotoxic Syndrome (Tim von Beveren) •"Fume Event Consultation", University Hospital Göttingen, Dr. Heutelbeck (discontinued) •The Aerotoxic Logbook (ATLB) in English (EN) at http://www.ansTageslicht.de/ENATLB •Vereinigung Cockpit , VC (German pilot union) starts: Working Group "Flight Health & Environment " (Cabin Air), https://www.vcockpit.de https://web.archive.org/web/20210803150700/https://www.vcockpit.de/die-vc/flight-safety/arbeitsgruppen/flight-health-environment-fhe.html https://web.archive.org/web/20201019213113/https://fumeguide.vcockpit.de/start.html https://web.archive.org/web/20201019212955/https://fumeguide.vcockpit.de/veroeffentlichungen/andere-veroeffentlichungen.html •Initiative of victims of aerotoxic syndrome: P-CoC, https://p-coc.com •2019-03-12: Expert Hearing, German Government, see: http://CabinAir.ProfScholz.de http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12738/2319 AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 53 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Summary •There is sufficient evidence for a problem of contaminated cabin air: engines leak oil by design, oil can be traced on its way from the engine into the cabin, ... • Short term partial technical solution: Carbon filter: a) in the duct to the cabin and b) attached to the recirculation filter suitable for retrofit •Long term full technical solution: Bleed-free architecture with direct air intake and dedicated compressor feasible only for newly designed aircraft Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 54 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Contact [email protected] http://www.ProfScholz.de http://CabinAir.ProfScholz.de Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 55 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) How to quote this document: SCHOLZ, Dieter, 2019. Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective. Meeting of the Association des Victimes du Syndrome Aérotoxique (AVSA), 2019 (Paris CDG Airport, France, 27.05.2019). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18069465. See also: SCHOLZ, Dieter, 2018. Technical Solutions to the Problem of Contaminated Cabin Air. German Aerospace Congress, (Friedrichshafen, Germany, 04.-06.09.2018). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4072746. This document is also available on http://CabinAir.ProfScholz.de Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 56 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) References A320 FCOM Airbus: A320 – Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) A320 GENFAM Airbus: A320 – General Familiarization (GENFAM) Airbus 2013 Airbus: In-Service Information, Environmental Control System Decontamination, A319/A320/A321, 2013 Airbus 2017 Airbus: In-Service Information, Cabin Air Quality Troubleshooting Advice, All Aircraft, 2017 Assuntos Militares 2013 Assuntos Militares: Engine Alliance GP7000 (picture), 2013. – URL: https://goo.gl/images/gYIW31; http://www.assuntosmilitares.jor.br/2013/01/pratt-fornecera-turbinas-embraer.html Aviation Week 2016 Aviation Week: CFM56 Engine's Performance, Extended Time-on-Wing Advantage, 2016-11-29. – URL: http://aviationweek.com/optimizing-engines-through-lifecycle/did-you-know-cfm56-engines-performance-extended-timewing-advan Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air – An Aeronautical Engineering Perspective AVSA Meeting 2019 Paris CDG Airport, 27.05.2019 Dieter Scholz: Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air 27.05.2019, Slide 57 Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) References BFU 2014 Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (BFU): Study of Reported Occurrences in Conjunction with Cabin Air Quality in Transport Aircraft, 2014 (BFU 803.1-14). – URL: https://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/Safety%20Study/Studies/140507_Fume_Events.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Boeing 2007 Sinnett, Mike: 787 No-Bleed Systems: Saving Fuel and Enhancing Operational Efficiencies. In: Boeing: AERO, 2007, No. 4, Art. 2, pp. 6-11. – URL: http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_4_07/article_02_1.html Cannon 2016 Cannon, Frank: Aircraft cabin air contamination and aerotoxic syndrome – A review of the evidence. In: Collegium Basilea: Nanotechnology Perceptions, Vol. 12 (2016), pp. 73-99, https://doi.org/10.4024/N08CA16A.ntp.12.02. – Download: URL: http://skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/3594.pdf EASA 2010 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA): Supplemental Type Certificate 10030229 (B757), 2010. – URL: http://bleedfree.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/B757-air-filter-EASA-STC.pdf EASA 2017a European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA): CAQ – Preliminary Cabin Air Quality Measurement Campaign, 2017. – URL: https://www.easa.europa.eu/document-library/research-projects/easarepresea20144, Project partners: Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Lufthansa Technik AG / Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Condor Flugdienst GmbH, British Airways