Assessment of the initial state of two reserves, Micro áreas Ecoturísticas Litorales (MAEL), in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands

Assessmen o he ini ial s a e o wo ese es, Mic o á eas Eco u ís icas Li o ales (MAEL), in G an Cana ia, Cana y Islands Tesis de Más e p esen ada po Ja ie R. Vidal López Di igida po Fe nando Tuya y A u o Boy a Tu o izada po An onio Juan González Ramos Tu o Di ec o es Tesinando Las Palmas de G an Cana ia, julio de 2014 3 CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..4-6 2. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………6-8 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS…………………………………………………8-12 3.1 S udy a ea and sampling design……………………………………………..8 3.2 Selec ion o ish species, ophic and unc ional g oups………………………………………………………………………………………….10 3.3 Da a analysis…………………………………………………………………………..12 4. RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………13-23 4.1 Comme cially- a ge ed species……………………………………………...13 4.2 Taxonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y………………………….20 4.3 Co ela ion be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y.................................................................................................................22 5. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………..24-26 5.1 O e all esul s…………………………………..................................................24 5.2 Cab ón-Risco Ve de……………………………………………………………….24 5.3 Can e as-Con i al…………………………………............................................25 5.4 Link be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y……………………………………………………………………………………….26 6. ACKNOWLEDGES……………………………………………………………………26 7. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..27-32 8. APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………33 4 1. Abs ac The es ablishmen o ' Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales ' (MAELs) is a new s a egy o ma ine conse a ion and managemen , based on a bo om-up go e nance s a egy. In his s udy, we assessed he ini ial s a e ('s a e 0') o wo MAELs a G an Cana ia Island (Cana y Islands): 'El Cab ón' and 'Las Can e as', loca ed in he eas and in no h-eas coas o G an Cana ia Island, espec i ely. Speci ically, we e alua ed di e ences in he abundance and biomass o a ge ish species be ween inside (MAELI) and ou side (MAELO) hese wo p oposed ese es; i e comme cially- a ge ed ish species we e selec ed: he pa o ish, Spa isoma c e ense , he whi e sea-b eam, Diplodus sa gus cadena i , he common wo-banded sea-b eam, Diplodus ulga is , he island g oupe , Myc e ope ca usca , and salema, Sa pa salpa . Fish assemblages we e sampled a 7 imes wi hin each managemen ca ego y in du ing summe and au umn o 2013. Uni a ia e es s p o ided an o e all mode a e ‘ ese e e ec ’ o he ini ial s a e o bo h MAELs. Myc e ope ca usca and Diplodus ulga is showed g ea e abundances and biomasses, espec i ely, wi hin he ‘El Cab ón’ MAELI compa ed o he adjacen MAELO. Spa isoma c e ense , Diplodus sa gus cadena i , Diplodus ulga is and Sa pa salpa showed g ea e abundances and biomasses wi hin he 'Las Can e as' MAELI compa ed o he adjacen MAELO. Fu he mo e, we es ed whe he axonomic di e si y ( h ough calcula ion o he Shannon di e si y index o he en i e ish assemblage) may be a su oga e o he ophic and unc ional di e si y o he ish assemblage o adequa ely suppo he capaci y o MAMPs o p ese e ma ine biodi e si y. Ou da a sugges ed a nea link be ween hem. Keywo ds: Mic o á eas ma inas p o egidas, MAMPs, unc ional di e si y, axonomic di e si y, ophic di e si y, a ge species and ese e e ec . Resumen ' Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales ' (MAELs) es una nue a es a egia de ges ión y conse ación ma ina, basada en la es uc u a de decisión bo om-up. En es e es udio, e aluamos el es ado inicial ('es ado 0') de dos MAELs en G an Cana ia (Islas Cana ias). 'El Cab ón' y 'Las Can e as', localizadas en es e y no es e de la isla de G an Cana ia, espec i amen e. Especí icamen e, e aluamos di e encias en abundancia y biomasa de especies de peces obje i o-come ciales, den o (MAELI) y ue a (MAELO) de las dos ese as p opues as; Las cinco especies come ciales es udiadas ue on: Spa isoma c e ense, Diplodus sa guscadena i, Diplodus ulga is, Myc e ope ca usca y Sa pa salpa. Las poblaciones de peces 5 ue on mues eadas du an e 7 iempos comp endidos en e e ano y o oño de 2013. Tes s uni a ian es mos a on un mode ado 'e ec o ese a' du an e el es ado inicial de las dos MAELS. Myc e ope ca usca y Diplodus ulga is mos a on mayo es abundancias y biomasas, espec i amen e, den o ‘El Cab ón’ MAELI compa adas con la zona adyacen e MAELO. Spa isoma c e ense , Diplodus sa gus cadena i , Diplodus ulga is y Sa pa salpa mos a on mayo es abundancias y biomasas den o de 'Las Can e as' MAELI compa ado con la zona adyacen e MAELO . Además, es amos si la di e sidad axonómica (median e el cálculo del índice de di e sidad de Shannon pa a la población de peces) puede es a elacionada con la di e sidad ó ica y uncional de la población de peces pa a e alua la capacidad de p ese a la biodi e sidad ma ina de las MAMPs. Encon amos en nues os da os una unión en e ellas. Palab as cla e: Mic o á eas ma inas p o egidas, MAMPs, di e sidad uncional, di e sidad axonómica, di e sidad ó ica, especies obje i o y e ec o ese a. 6 2. In oduc ion The Uni ed Na ions (UN) o Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion's (FAO) es ima e ha 75% o he wo ld's ishe ies a e ac ually o e exploi ed (Ray Hilbo n e al., 2005). In pa icula , shallow-wa e ishe y esou ces a e being subjec ed o s ong an h opogenic p essu es, including o e exploi a ion in he las decades (Lauck e al., 1998; Cas illa., 2000). In ac , he main sou ce o e osion o ma ine ecosys em biodi e si y is o e ishing (Jackson e al., 2001), bu he e a e o he s sou ces o biodi e si y loss such as pollu ion (Eu opean agency, 2006), in asion by alien species (Gollasch., 2006) and ca as ophes induced by global wa ming (Ha ley e al., 2006). A solu ion o p ese e coas al esou ces consis s in he es ablishmen o Ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs). Two main objec i es ha e been iden i ied when add essing he pu poses o MPAs: ensu ing sus ainable use o economic esou ces, and p o ec ing biodi e si y – aluable species, habi a s and landscapes (Salm e al. 2000): In u n, he numbe o MPA has been inc easing in he las decades, o p ese e and manage coas al esou ces and hei habi a s, and so coas al ecosys ems and hei biodi e si y (F asche i e al., 2011). The e icacy o MPAs has been widely discussed (Ha melin-Vi ien e al., 1995; Guide i e al., 2005; Micheli e al ., 2005), wha depends on a ange o di e en ac o s (Ba e e al., 2007), as he size o no- ake and adjacen bu e ing a eas (Claude 2008; 2010), he ime since p o ec ion (Micheli e al., 2004), connec i i y wi h adjacen zones (Vega Fe nandez e al., 2008) and, o cou se, he e ec i e le el o en o cemen and compliance by local adminis a ions and use s (Claude , 2010). A new s a egy o ma ine conse a ion and managemen p omo e he es ablishmen o Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales (MAELs), which a e based on a bo om-up go e nance philosophy. In his case, local communi ies boos he es ablishmen and decla a ion o p o ec ed a eas ia local adminis a ions, a he han elying on legal au ho i ies wi h compe ence in ishe ies and conse a ion managemen The o e all goal o MAELs is o con ibu e o he conse a ion o he biological di e si y and p oduc i i y o he oceans, including ecosys em p ocesses, bu p omo ing sus ainable uses such as eco- ou ism, adi ional ishing, scien i ic esea ch and so o imp o e local economy. T adi ionally, managemen o coas al ecosys ems ha e ollowed a ( op-down app oach), whe e go e nmen al bodies decide on speci ic egula ions. F equen ly, MPA go e ning bodies ha e no aken ull esponsibili ies in hei a emp s a managemen ; in u n, manage s ail o ecognize and encompass 7 s akeholde opinions in hei a emp s a ealizing a success ul MPA (Himes, 2007). A di e en s a egy, p omo es s akeholde pa icipa ion, ia a bo om-up s a egy, whe e local communi ies, use s and local-adminis a ions collabo a e since he ea lies s age o c ea ion o hese ese es. I has been widely ecognized ha public pa icipa ion and local communi y in ol emen is an essen ial ac o con ibu ing o he success o MPAs (Fiske, 1992; Wol enden, 1994). Fo example, changes in policies conce ning how exploi a ion o ma ine esou ces in he Philippines should be implemen ed ha e shi ed om a cen alized bu eauc acy o co-managemen among local communi ies, local adminis a ion, and he na ional go e nmen (Alcala e al., 2006). Galicia (NW Spain) has pionee ed co-managemen ini ia i es p oposing he c ea ion o a ma ine ese e, designed and de eloped by he ishe s in pa ne ship wi h biologis s and social scien is s, en i onmen alis s and membe s o he au onomous Go e nmen o Galicia (Pe ez, 2013). Typically, ese es es ablished ia bo om-up go e nance app oaches a e o educed size. The posi i e e ec s o small-sized ese es, i.e. wi h a simila size o he MAELs, ha e been demons a ed in many cases (Les e e al., 2009; A onso e al., 2011; Ho e al., 2013), we show he posi i e he e ec s o small- sized ese es a ound he wo ld (Appendix 1). Mo eo e , a small size do acili a e co-managemen be ween s akeholde s (e.g. ishe s, use s, di e s, adminis a ion), a o ing a sus ainable managemen . A goal o any ma ine ese e is o e alua e he expec ed bene i s, ei he om an ecological poin o iew, o also h ough social and economic me ics. In he li e a u e, he e a e many di e en popula ion pa ame e s as bioindica o s o assess such expec ed ‘ ese e e ec ’. Many biological s udies ha e ocused on one o se e al a ge species and, in many ci cums ances, epo ed inc eased abundances and la ge sizes inside MPAs (e.g. Ba e e al., 2006; Tuya e al., 2006; B i o e al., 1997, 1998, 2001). Howe e , conse a ion o pa icula species is ques ioned, because i depends on species-speci ic li e ai s (Villamo e al., 2012). Mo eo e , unde s anding species’ ole in na u e is limi ed; less 1% ha e been s udied (Wilson, 2000), a species can be conside ed o be unc ionally edundan when he communi y con ains unc ionally-analogous species, so ha i s disappea ance om he communi y en ails no measu able loss o unc ionali y (Dua e, 2000). Rela ionships be ween species, hei biodi e si y and ecosys em unc ion a e impo an o p edic ing he ecological and economic impac o human 8 in e en ions (A mswo h e al., 2007). Indices based only on he axonomic iden i y p o ide an incomple e iew o biodi e si y (Villege e al., 2010). A ecen consensus poin ou he impo ance o pa icula axa a he han species ichness o explain ecosys em p ocesses in aqua ic communi ies (O’Conno e al., 2008). A s ep u he in biodi e si y assessmen needs o conside he ole o each species in ecosys ems o species esponses o en i onmen al condi ions. This can be somehow app oached h ough he es ima ion o ophic and unc ional di e si y o bio ic communi ies in conjunc ion wi h axonomic di e si y s udies (Mc Gill e al., 2006). The eby, axonomic s udies ha adi ionally ha e ocused on he iden i y o species may be complemen ed wi h ophic and unc ional di e si y app oaches o adequa ely suppo he capaci y o MAELs o p ese e ma ine biodi e si y. In his s udy, ou goal was o assess he ini ial s a e ('s a e 0') o wo MAELs a G an Cana ia Island, by compa ing se e al desc ip o s inside and ou side hese wo p oposed ese es. This included he abundances and o al biomasses o se e al a ge species (uni a ia e esponses), as well as es ima o s o he axonomic di e si y ( h ough Shannon di e si y index) and ophic and unc ional di e si y (mul i a ia e esponses). We ul ima ely aimed o un a el whe he axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y we e co ela ed wi hin he s udy sys ems. 3. Ma e ial and me hods 3.1 S udy a ea and sampling design This s udy ocused on wo ecen ly p oposed Mic o á eas eco u ís icas li o ales (MAELs) a G an Cana ia Island. The i s , 'El Cab ón', is loca ed in he eas side o G an Cana ia Island. The second, 'Las Can e as', is loca ed in no h-eas side o he island (Fig 1). Bo h zones a e biogeog aphically and clima ically simila . A bo h loca ions, wo adjacen a eas we e s udied, one wi hin he p oposed MAEL: no ake zone (MAELI), whe e he exploi a ion o ben hic and deme sal esou ces will be p ohibi ed, he ea e so-called 'Cab ón' and 'Can e as', espec i ely, and wo adjacen a eas ou side hese p o ec ed a eas (MAELO), he ea e so-called 'Risco Ve de' and 'Con i al', espec i ely, whe e ishing ac i i ies a e allowed. Da a collec ion we e unde aken du ing Summe -Au umn o 2013 (Table 1), a 7 andom imes. F om an en i onmen al poin o iew, bo h a eas a each loca ion 9 we e simila in e ms o dep h, ype o bo om, wa e clima e and oceanog aphy. A Cab ón and Risco Ve de, sampling was pe o med be ween 10 and 18 m dep h, on ocky bo oms o simila s uc u al complexi y, o minimize he possible e ec o he habi a (so-called 'habi a e ec ', sensu Ga cía-Cha on and Pé ez-Ruza a., 1999). A ‘Can e as’ and ‘Con i al’, sampling ook place be ween 3-5 m dep h, on ocky bo oms o simila s uc u al complexi y. Table 1. Sampled locali ies and imes o compa e ish assemblages be ween MAELI and MAELO a G an Cana ia Island. Locali y (UTM) Cab ón Risco Ve de Can e as Con i al Da e 27º52’N 15º23’W 27º51’N 15º23’W 28º08’N 15º26’W 28º09’N 15º26W T1 26/07/2013 8/06/2013 T2 10/08/2013 22/07/2013 T3 12/09/2013 30/07/2013 T4 22/09/2013 7/08/2013 T5 30/09/2013 12/08/2013 T6 7/10/2013 2/09/2013 T7 15/10/2013 12/10/2013 16 Las Can e as Vs Con i al Abundance Biomass Diplodus sa gus cadena i d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 77.709 22.650 0.001 1 3068.685 33.378 0.001 Time 6 4.115 3.312 0.009 6 112.901 1.896 0.104 LoxTi 6 3.430 2.761 0.022 6 91.936 1.544 0.184 Res 42 1.242 42 59.520 To al 55 55 Diplodus ulga is d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 2.448 9.483 0.025 1 208.878 6.504 0.038 Time 6 0.176 0.549 0.780 6 35.177 0.837 0.564 LoxTi 6 0.258 0.805 0.564 6 32.117 0.764 0.642 Res 42 0.321 42 42.021 To al 55 55 Spa isoma c e ense d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 14.488 14.479 0.005 1 5.084 5.085 0.046 Time 6 0.890 0.713 0.638 6 2852.681 1.011 0.433 LoxTi 6 1.000 0.801 0.573 6 4444.058 1.575 0.171 Res 42 1.249 42 2820.191 To al 55 55 Sa pa salpa d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 72.470 24.679 0.004 1 24461.08 8.993 0.025 Time 6 3.552 0.766 0.606 6 3523.73 1.171 0.344 LoxTi 6 2.936 0.633 0.707 6 2720.00 0.904 0.510 Res 42 4.636 42 3008.84 To al 55 55 17 Figu e 3. (A, B) Abundance and (C, D) o al biomass (± SE) o he whi e sea- b eam, Diplodus sa gus cadena i , a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a each sampling ime. 18 Figu e 4. (A, C) Abundance and (B, D) o al biomass (± SE) o he common wo- banded sea-b eam , Diplodus ulga is , a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a each sampling ime. 19 Figu e 5. (A) Abundance and (B) o al biomass (±SE) o he island g oupe , Myc e ope ca usca, a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a each sampling ime. Figu e 6. (A) Abundance and (B) o al biomass (±SE) o he Salema, Salpa salpa a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a each sampling ime. 20 Figu e 7. (A, B) Abundance and (C, D) o al biomass (± SE) o he pa o ish, Spa isoma c e ense , a a eas wi hin MAELI (black ba s) o MAELO (g ay ba s) a each sampling ime. 4.2 Taxonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y Wi h ega d o axonomic di e si y, no signi ican di e ences we e de ec ed be ween p o ec ed (MAELI) and non-p o ec ed (MAELO) a eas a ‘Cab ón-Risco Ve de’ (Table 5, Fig. 8-A). Howe e , axonomic di e si y a ied signi ican ly be ween p o ec ed and non-p o ec ed a ea (p= 0.036, Table 4, Fig. 8-A) a ‘Can e as’. Di e ences in ophic di e si y be ween p o ec ed (MAELI) and non-p o ec ed (MAELO) a eas we e no ound (Table 4, Fig. 8-B). In u n, analysis o ophic 21 composi ion did no show signi ican di e ences (Appendix 2). In ‘Can e as- Con i al’, we ound ha unc ional di e si y was signi ican ly g ea e (Table 5, Fig 8-C) in he MAELI han he MAELO, bu he unc ional composi ion did no a y (Appendix 2). Figu e 8. Taxonomic di e si y (A), ophic di e si y (B), and unc ional di e si y (C) on he wo MAMPs s udied. Cab ón Las Can e as Taxonomic Di e si y 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Cab ón Can e as T ophic di e si y 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Cab ón Las Can e as Func ional di e si y 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 A B C 22 Table 5. Resul s o 2-way ANOVAs es ing o di e ences be ween a eas and imes, o he axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y a each loca ion. P- alues < 0.05 a e conside ed signi ican . Cab ón Vs Risco Ve de Can e as Vs Con i al Taxonomic Di e si y d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 0.007 1.138 0.326 1 0.166 9.289 0.026 Time 6 0.009 3.570 0.007 6 0.025 1.761 0.141 LoxTi 6 0.006 2.501 0.041 6 0.018 1.242 0.303 Res. 42 0.003 42 0.014 To al 55 55 T ophic Di e si y d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 0.0000 0.002 0.969 1 0.016 1.251 0.305 Time 6 0.0011 0.510 0.797 6 0.011 1.533 0.187 LoxTi 6 0.0023 1.097 0.384 6 0.013 1.863 0.119 Res. 42 0.0021 42 0.007 To al 55 55 Func ional Di e si y d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 0.015 1.132 0.330 1 0.160 31.57 0.002 Time 6 0.010 1.637 0.165 6 0.014 2.13 0.077 LoxTi 6 0.013 2.116 0.081 6 0.005 0.78 0.594 Res. 42 0.006 42 0.007 To al 55 55 4.3 Co ela ion be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y Taxonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y we e posi i ely co ela ed (Fig. 9). 23 Func ional Di e si y 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 Taxonomic Di e si y 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 y=0.442+0.295x;Rsq = 0.489,p=0.005 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 y= -0.403 +2.207x;Rsq = 0.666,p=0.001 T ophic Di e si y 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 Taxonomic Di e si y 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 y=-0.120+1.381x;Rsq =0.585 ,p= 0.001 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 y=-0.120+1.381x;Rsq =0.585 ,p= 0.001 Func ional Di e si y 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 T ophic Di e si y 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 y=0.442+0.295x;Rsq = 0.489,p=0.005 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 y=0.337+0.382x;Rsq =0.243 ,p= 0.073 Figu e 9. Rela ionship be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y. Linea eg ession models es ed he signi icance o his ela ion sepa a ely o ‘El Cab ón’ (A, C, D) and ‘Las Can e as’ (B, D and F). 24 5. Discussion 5.1 O e all esul s Ou s udy aimed o es o di e ences in he abundances and biomasses o a ge species be ween a eas ha will be soon be implemen ed as ma ine p o ec ed a eas and adjacen , un-p o ec ed, a eas ha may ac as con ols; his is an a emp o quan i y he ini ial s a e ('s a e 0') o ge baseline da a o assess he so-called ' ese e e ec ' in he u u e. Such ' ese e e ec ' using a ange o species ha e been demons a ed by a ange o s udies ha showed ha he abundances and o al biomasses o ce ain species di e ed be ween p o ec ed and un-p o ec ed a eas (Ba e e al., 2006; Tuya e al., 2006; B i o e al. 1999, 1998, 2001, 2006, among o he s). To adequa ely assess he e ec i eness o MPAs, be o e-a e con ol–impac (BACIP) app oaches a e highly necessa y (Edga and Ba e 1997; Edga e al., 2004). In his sense, ou s udy e alua ed he ' ese e e ec ' immedia ely be o e he implemen a ion o he s a o he en o cemen . Wi hou a doub , ou da a will help ou o implemen a p ope BACIP p o ocols in he u u e. Fu he mo e, we analyzed communi y-le el di e ences be ween 'p o ec ed' (a 's a e 0') and adjacen a eas. We used ou da a o calcula e species ( axonomic), ophic and unc ional di e si y, educing ou mul i a ia e da a in o single di e si y alues. Some au ho s ha e demons a ed ha di e si y a e o en highe inside han ou side p o ec ed a eas (Ba e e al., 2007; Claude e al., 2006) and e en ophic and unc ional di e si y can esponse o p o ec ion mo e apidly han species ( axonomic) di e si y (Villamo e al., 2012). Recen syn heses and empi ical s udies ha e highligh ed ha unc ional ai s p edic he e ec s o global changes on ecosys em se ices be e han species di e si y pe se (Cado e e al., 2011) and many ecosys em p ocesses and se ices depend mo e on unc ional di e si y han species di e si y (Nys om., 2006). Impo an ly, ou s udy has demons a ed ha , a he s udy loca ions in G an Cana ia Island, he e is a clea connec ion be ween he 3 ways biodi e si y o nea sho e ishes was quan i ied, i.e. a he axonomic, ophic and unc ional le els. 5.2 Cab ón-Risco Ve de Myc e ope ca usca , a op p eda o inhabi ing shallow ocky ee s o he Maca onesia, was unique among he ou s udied species in he sense ha we ound la ge abundances and o al biomasses inside ela i e han ou side he p o ec ed a eas (a ime 0, o cou se). In he Cana y Islands, Tuya e al. (2006) ound he g ea es mean abundances and o al biomasses o his species a El 25 Hie o Island ( ca . mean abundances o 1.5-2 ind 100 m2), pa icula ly inside he 'Ma de Las Calmas' MPA. We ound simila abundance alues o his species, e en a he s a e 0 o implemen a ion. This esul is indica i e o he good s a us o his ish a his a ea, as his species is slow-g owing, la ge-sized, wi h low popula ion u no e a es (Zabala e al., 1997; La Mesa e al., 2002; Bodilies e al., 2003) and is hea ily a ge ed by bo h p o essional and ec ea ional ishe men in he Cana ias (Bas e al., 1995; Falcon e al., 1996; Tuya e al., 2006). A simila ou come has been desc ibed in he Medi e anean Sea, whe e he e ec s o p o ec ion om ishing nea he coas ha e lead o inc emen s in he abundance and biomass o ano he Se anid, he dusky g oupe , Epinephelus ma gina us (Zabala e al., 1997; La Mesa e al., 2002). The sea-b eam, Diplodus ulga is , is a species a ge ed by bo h ec ea ional and comme cial ishe ies in he Medi e anean (Coll e al., 2004; Llo e e al., 2004) and he A lan ic (Velga e al., 2010). This ish showed a highe biomass inside han ou side he p o ec ed a ea. Small p o ec ed a eas, such as MAEL can he e o e o e an al e na i e o he sus ainable de elopmen o his and simila species (Alós e al., 2011). 5.3 Can e as-Con i al The a ge species: Spa isoma c e ense , Diplodus sa gus , Diplodus ulga is and Sa pa salpa , showed la ge abundances and o al biomasses be ween he u u e p o ec ed a ea and he neighbo ing un-p o ec ed a ea. This may be a ibu ed o eased con ol o ishing ac i i ies; by law, ishing is p ohibi ed inside beaches, wha is also acili a ed by he la ge numbe o use s ha somehow make di icul ex ac ion o esou ces wi hin he beach. As a esul , his a ea can be a g ea si e o conse e and egene a e ish popula ion. Spa isoma c e ense , Diplodus ulga is and Diplodus sa gus a e highly p ized in bo h local ec ea ional and comme cial ishe ies ac oss he Maca onesian egion, and especially h oughou he Cana ian A chipelago (Bo one e al., 1991; Bas e al., 1995). The la ge abundances and o al biomasses eco ded o Salpa salpa migh be he esul o a la ge ishing p essu e ou side he p o ec ed a ea. 5.4 Link be ween axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y Es ima ion o unc ional di e si y is ele an o assess he heal h s a e o coas al esou ces, whe e he e is inc easing in e es in cla i ying he ole o na u al and human impac s. In his s udy, we only ound highe unc ional di e si y in ‘Las Can e as’ han in he adjacen un-p o ec ed a ea. I we ake in o conside a ion ha inc emen s in axonomic, ophic and unc ional di e si y a e expec ed a e he implemen a ion o conse a ion measu es, his da a poin s owa ds a mode a e ese e e ec a he ime 0. 32  Llo e , J., Za agoza, N., Caballe o D., Fon T., Casade all M., Rie a V., 2008. 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Spawning beha io o he Medi e anean dusky g oupe Ephinephelus ma gina us (Lowe, 1834) (Pisces, Se anidae) in he Medes Islands Ma ine Rese e (NW Medi e anean, Spain). Scien iaMa ina 61, 65–77. 1 8. Appendix Appendix 1.The posi i e e ec s o small-sized ese es a ound he wo ld. Polunin & Robe s (1993) Aga dy (1993) Robe s & Hawkins (1997) Rese e Saba Ma ine Pa k Ambe g is Caye Rese a Bios e a Sian Ka'an (Quin ana Roo) Pa que Ma ino Isla Saba G an Ba e a de A eci es Anse Chas ane Coun y Ne he lands An illes Belize Méjico An illas Nee landesas Aus alia S . Lucía Size (ha) 20 20 320000 2.6 Age 4 4 7 2 Indica o s: ecologic/ ishing To al densi y o ishes + + n.a. n.a. n.a. + To al biomass o ishes + + n.a. n.a. n.a. + Densi y o p eda o s ishes + + n.a. n.a. n.a. + Biomass o p eda o s ishes + + n.a. n.a. n.a. + Species di e si y n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Species size a e age + + n.a. n.a. n.a. + P eda o s size a e age + + n.a. n.a. n.a. + Densi y o comme cial a ge ishes n.a. n.a. n.a. Indica o s:socio-economic Tou is uses n.a. n.a. + + + n.a. Di e s n.a. n.a. n.a. + + + Fishing local bene i s + + n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Economic local bene i s n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. En i omen local bene i s n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 Russ e al. (2004) Pa nell e al. (2005) Meli a A. Samoilys e al. 2007 Ha melin -Vi en e al. (2008) Apo Island La Jolla Handumon Pandano n Asina n Bilang- bilangan Ba asa n Banyuls Cabo de Palos Cab e a Ca y-le- Roue Medes Taba c a Filipinas Cali o niam, US Bohol, Filipinas F ancia España F ancia Españ a 22.5 216 50 20 66 10.5 21 650 1898 8680 85 418 1400 >18 12 3 7 8 8 >10 n.a. - + + + + + n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. + + + + + + n.a. 0 + + + + + n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. + n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. + + + + n.a. 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 Claude e al. (2008) La Res inga La G aciosa Cabo de Palos Taba ca San An onio Columb e es Medes Islands Ce be e- Banyuls Cap Cou onne Ca y- le- Roue Bouches de Boni acio Siis Mal di Ven e España F ancia I alia 180 1225 270 120 110 1883 93 65 210 85 1200 529 14 13 13 22 15 18 25 34 14 26 17 15 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. + + + + + + + + + + + + n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 Appendix 2. Resul s o wo way ANOVAs es ing o di e ences be ween locali ies, imes, o he species, ophic and unc ional composi ion each ma ine ese e. *Signi ican di e ence a P <0.05. Cab ón Vs Risco Ve de Can e as Vs Con i al Taxonomic composi ion d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 0.976 4.309 0.087 1 1.116 3.981 0.098 Time 6 0.287 2.543 0.032 6 0.275 1.488 0.199 LoxTi 6 0.227 2.006 0.091 6 0.280 1.518 0.195 Res. 42 0.113 42 0.185 To al 55 55 T ophic composi ion d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 0.004 0.226 0.624 1 0.187 1.295 0.305 Time 6 0.032 1.317 0.281 6 0.045 0.514 0.799 LoxTi 6 0.016 0.658 0.677 6 0.145 1.648 0.168 Res. 42 0.024 42 0.089 To al 55 55 Func ional composi ion d MS F P d MS F P Locali y 1 0.009 0.048 0.835 1 0.378 1.671 0.246 Time 6 0.147 1.731 0.139 6 0.057 0.573 0.750 LoxTi 6 0.188 2.219 0.062 6 0.226 2.284 0.051 Res. 42 0.084 42 0.099 To al 55 55 5