Estudios etnobotánicos en Chile para descubrir nuevos compuestos medicinales

TO DISCOVER NOVEL MEDICINALCOMPOUNDS. ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES IN CHILE Alfonso Guzmán, Ph.D. South herbs - Denmark Collection of plants in the Valdivian Rain Forest Home of the Huilliches Temperate climate High precipitation High frequency of endemic plants Chile MAP FLORAL KINGDOMS AND HOTSPOTS OF THE WORLD Anderson 2001 Biological hot spot, 50% endemism, 3,000 spp. to be compared with: • Cape Province Endemism% 73 8,600 spp • South Western Australia 78 8,500 • New Caledonia 89 1,580 • Eastern forest of Madagascar 80 6,000 • Northwestern Borneo 40 11,000 • California 50 4,450 • Eastern Forest of Tanzania 30 2,000 • Ivory Coast 7 2,770 RANDOM OR ETHNOBOTANICAL SCREENING METHOD ? •RANDOM in vitro assays for biological activity screening. •ETHNOBOTANICAL VS RANDOMLY COLLECTING PLANTS. •RESULTS: eg. VIRUS •ETHNOBOTANICAL: 123 times, 169 times or 630 times HIGHER THAN RANDOM: influenza, cytomegalovirus, or respiratory syncytial virus. Carlson, et al., 1997. •TO DISCOVER AND DEVELOP A NEW MEDICINAL DRUG •PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES: SPEND BETWEN 10-12 YEARS AND OVER 60 MILLION EURO. •ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES: SPEND 5 YEARS AND ABOUT 10 MILLION EURO. Plant collecting in mountain forest Former forest of Alerce (Fitzroja cupressoides) today ban of cutting Understory: Thickets of Baccharis magellanica Alfonso Guzmán, in front of timber factory Alfonso Guzmán, in front of timber factory Note the blue green Eucalyptus Diabetes Huilliche plant extract Activity of fraction C compared to insulin, measured on thymidin incorporation 8000 6000 4000 ~ _ RF$-fraktion e a.. -+- Insulin o 2000 - .. o • • 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 ng/mL Figure 1. Proportion of S. aureus isolates from bacteraemia resistant to methicillin in countries participating in EARSS, 2002 (EARSS Annual Reports. Available at http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Pages/Documents.aspx).7 No data <1% 1–5% 5–10% 10–25% 25–50% >50 Marlieke et al. 2011 Estimated cost of Antibiotic Resistance in Europe Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Total cost 44.0 and 18.1 million Euros. (63.1 and 29.7 million international dollars) Plant derived antimicrobials for resistant S. aureus infections - Reintroduction of retired antibiotics, - Potentiation of antibiotics in use and - Reduction of dose with lesser side effects (www. farma.ku.dk) . Efflux pump-inhibitor assay: Natural products against resistente bacteria and complicated wounds. In vitro & in vivo research of plant extract and isolate compound traditionally used by Huilliche indians in southern Chile. 24 species ---- against microorganism asociated with wound healing. Over 60% of these species show high activity against resistent Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericha coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae. NATURAL ANTIBIOTICS IN TEA Toxicity test 1 hr. % mortality Toxicity test 5-7 min. % mortality Species Species 10 mg/ml 5 mg/ml 2,5 mg/ml 10 mg/ml 5 mg/ml 2,5 mg/ml Toxicity: tea (g) and person (wt.) Concentration 10 g/ml Tea species Body weight 70 kg ~ 143 ml Aristotelia chilensis Drimys winterii 70 kg ~ 182 ml Scalded infection. Treatment: diverse antibiotics, fusicor, diprosalic, etc. 3 years. Treatment: plants extracts, 5 months SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY, DRUGS, ETC A 7 x 6 cm Treatment: plants extracts, 7 days. B FucicortTreatment: and antibiotics. Burning the skin, itching and allergy. 2 months : Periungual vesicular hand eczema (After Danderm.dk) Treatment: plants extracts, 5 days. It was red, the skin itched and went. Treatment: diverse antibiotics and hormon(3months) C Database Guzmán, A and Yefi, S. 2000 Viking Books. Denmark HUILLICHE MEDICINAL PLANTS. SOUTHERN CHILE Some of the 21 Huilliche medicinal plants Sara Nilian at the Saturday market Lomatia sp. also used in Denmark for decoration Maria, a shaman collegue of Sara Pacific coastal forest, now threatened Stranded seaweed -- Indian holy cliff