Physical activity among Portuguese university students and its relation to knowledge and perceived barriers

A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 25 Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s La ac i idad ísica en e los uni e si a ios po ugueses y su elación con el conocimien o y las ba e as pe cibidas Regina F. Al es 1 , José P ecioso 1, Elisa do Becoña 2 1 CIEC – Resea ch Cen e Child S udies, Ins i u e o Educa ion – Uni e si y o Minho, B aga, Po ugal. 2 Depa men o Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, San iago de Compos ela, Spain. Con ac o: [email p o ec ed] C onog ama edi o ial: A ículo ecibido: 26/08/2020 Acep ado: 13/10/2020 Publicado: 01/01/2021 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 Funding sou ces This wo k is unded by Na ional Funds h ough FCT - Founda ion o Science and Technology, I.P., unde he p ojec SFRH / BD / 120758/2016. Con lic s o in e es The au ho s decla e ha he e is no con lic o in e es . E hical conside a ion app o al code This s udy was app o ed by he E hics Commi ee o Resea ch in Social and Human Sciences (CEICSH), o he Uni e si y o Minho E hics Council, unde he p o ocol CEICSH 009/2019. A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 26 Abs ac Uni e si y s uden s, ega dless o he coun y, ha e a e y high p e alence o physical inac i i y and heal h habi s acqui ed du ing his pe iod end o emain h oughou li e, including hose ela ed o physical exe cise. The pu pose o his s udy was o analyse he ela ionship be ween knowledge abou he ecommenda ions on he p ac ice o physical ac i i y (PA), he pe cei ed ba ie s owa ds PA and he p ac ice o PA by highe educa ion s uden s. This c oss-sec ional s udy used a sel - epo ed ques ionnai e wi h a s a i ied sample o uni e si y s uden s (n = 840) om a uni e si y in Po ugal. An o dinal logis ic eg ession model was calcula ed o de e mine he p edic i e a iables o he p ac ice o PA. The esul s showed ha 35.7% o he s uden s su eyed we e seden a y, he le el o knowledge abou PA was low, co ec ly answe ing 2.79 (SD = .090) ques ions in a o al o 6, and lack o ime was he mos e iden pe cei ed ba ie . The cons uc ed model p edic ed ha ha ing mo e ba ie s o PA (β = -.750, p = .000) and being emale dec eased he likelihood o p ac ising PA (β = .578, p = .000). The inc ease o PA le els o uni e si y s uden s is a social necessi y and, in his con ex , highe educa ion ins i u ions should unde ake a key ole in p omo ing s uden heal h, by implemen ing ac ions o educe hei s uden s’ inac i i y, de eloping he ansmission o in o ma ion abou he heal h bene i s ela ed o he p ac ice o PA. Key Wo ds Physical exe cise; knowledge; pe cei ed ba ie s; ecommenda ions; uni e si y s uden s. Resumen Los es udian es uni e si a ios, independien emen e del país, ienen una p e alencia muy al a de inac i idad ísica y los hábi os de salud adqui idos du an e es e pe íodo ienden a pe manece a lo la go de la ida, incluidos los elacionados con el eje cicio ísico. El p opósi o de es e es udio ue analiza la elación en e el conocimien o sob e las ecomendaciones sob e la p ác ica de AF, las ba e as pe cibidas hacia AF y la p ác ica de AF po es udian es de educación supe io . Es e es udio ans e sal u ilizó un cues iona io au o in o mado con una mues a es a i icada de es udian es uni e si a ios (n = 840) de una uni e sidad de Po ugal. Se calculó un modelo de eg esión logís ica o dinal pa a de e mina las a iables p edic i as pa a la p ác ica de AF. Los esul ados mos a on que el 35,7% de los es udian es encues ados e an seden a ios, el ni el de conocimien o sob e AF e a bajo, espondiendo co ec amen e 2,79 (DE = .090) p egun as en un o al de 6, y la al a de iempo e a la ba e a pe cibida más e iden e. El modelo cons uido p edijo que ene más ba e as a la AF (β = -.750, p = .000) y se muje disminuyó la p obabilidad de p ac ica AF (β = .578, p = .000). El aumen o de los ni eles de AF de los es udian es uni e si a ios es una necesidad social y, en es e con ex o, las ins i uciones de educación supe io deben asumi un papel cla e en la p omoción de la salud de los es udian es, median e la implemen ación de acciones pa a educi la inac i idad de sus es udian es, desa ollando la ansmisión de in o mación sob e los bene icios pa a la salud. elacionados con la p ác ica de la AF. A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 27 Palab as cla e Eje cicio ísico; conocimien os; ba e as pe cibidas; ecomendaciones; es udian es uni e si a ios. In oduc ion The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion iden i ied physical inac i i y as he ou h majo isk ac o o global mo ali y (WHO, 2010) and o he au ho s as he g ea es public heal h p oblem o he 21 s Cen u y (T os , Blai , & Khan, 2014). In con as , he p ac ice o physical ac i i y (PA) is conside ed a posi i e heal h measu e. Scien i ic esea ch has shown ha he egula p ac ice o PA con ibu es o physical heal h (Füzéki, Enge o , & Banze , 2017; Lea e al., 2017; Pandey e al., 2017), as well as o he educ ion o mo ali y and ca dio ascula and ch onic diseases (Ekelund e al., 2016; Lea e al., 2017). In he same way, i con ibu es o psychological and emo ional well-being (Ál a ez Ri e a, Cue as Fe e a, La a Po , & González He nández, 2015; Joseph, Royse, Beni ez, & Pekmezi, 2014; Wu, Tao, Zhang, Zhang, & Tao, 2015). Fo example, Wu e al. (2015) ound ha he daily p ac ice o PA con ibu ed o he educ ion o dep ession, anxie y and sleep p oblems. In ecen yea s, se e al public heal h guidelines o he PA o he adul popula ion we e published, di e ing in he amoun , in ensi y and equency o PA (Haskell e al., 2007). The mos ecen ecommends a leas 150 minu es o mode a e PA pe week o 75 minu es o igo ous PA pe week, allowing he combina ion o hese wo in ensi ies and in episodes o a leas 10 minu es (WHO, 2010). Despi e he widesp ead ecommenda ions and heal h bene i s, in mos de eloped coun ies he e is a high p opo ion o adul s who do no mee hese ecommenda ions o PA and show a low le el o PA (Gu hold, S e ens, Riley, & Bull, 2018), pa icula ly in Po ugal (Ba is a e al., 2012). The le el o PA dec eases om childhood o adolescence, as well as om adolescence o adul hood. Uni e si y s uden s, ega dless o he coun y, ha e a e y high p e alence o physical inac i i y ha is bigge (A ias-Palencia e al., 2015; Haase, S ep oe, Sallis, & Wa dle, 2004; Kea ing, Guan, Piñe o, & B idges, 2005; Mo eno-A ebola, Fe nández-Re elles, Lina es-Man ique, & Espejo-Ga cés, 2018; Pengpid e al., 2015) han A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 28 ha o o he s age g oups (Gu hold e al., 2018). This e idence becomes ele an when s a ing ha he ansi ion o adul hood, ma ching i wi h s a ing highe educa ion, is a c i ical and he mos ulne able li e pe iod. Heal h habi s acqui ed du ing his pe iod end o emain h oughou li e, including hose ela ed o physical exe cise (Cu y, Jenkins, & Wea he o d, 2015; Filla, Hays, Gonzales, & Hakkak, 2013; Rod iguez Rod iguez, San ibañez Mi anda, Mon upin Rozas, Chá ez Ramí ez, & Solis U a, 2016). Se e al ac o s con ibu e o he dec ease o absence o PA, which is why i is in e es ing o assess how p edisposing ac o s include knowledge and a i udes owa ds PA (Ennis, 2010; Kea ing e al., 2009; WHO, 2012). Gi en he abo e, his a icle aims o analyse he ela ionship be ween knowledge on he ecommenda ions o he p ac ice o PA, he pe cei ed ba ie s owa ds PA and he p ac ice o PA by s uden s in highe educa ion. Ma e ial & me hods Popula ion and sample Fo he 2018/2019 academic yea , 5447 s uden s we e egis e ed in he 1 s and 3 d yea o in eg a ed bachelo s and mas e s deg ees. Cou ses ela ed o heal h sciences, unde g adua e o pos g adua e mas e s and hose ha did no ha e classes in he 1 s o 3 d yea s we e excluded om he sample. The minimum sample size needed o his s udy was 592 s uden s (ma gin o e o  = 5%, con idence le el = 99%, and esponse dis ibu ion = 50%). Fo his pu pose, s a i ied p obabilis ic sampling o uni e si y s uden s was pe o med acco ding o he yea o s udy and he scien i ic a ea. The di e en unde g adua e and mas e ’s deg ees we e di ided in o scien i ic a eas (as de ined by he Founda ion o Science and Technology): Human and Social Sciences, Law and Economic Sciences, Exac and Na u al Sciences and Enginee ing Sciences. In his c oss-sec ional s udy wi h a ep esen a i e sample o uni e si y s uden s (n = 840) in one uni e si y in Po ugal, da a we e collec ed using a alida ed sel - epo ed ques ionnai e wi hou biochemical con i ma ion. The sample consis s o 464 s uden s in hei i s yea o s udy (55.2%) and 376 s uden s in hei las yea o s udy (44.8%). In wha ela es he scien i ic a ea, 302 (36.0%) s uden s om Enginee ing Sciences, 270 (32.1%) s uden s A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 29 om Human and Social Sciences, 136 (16.2%) s uden s om Exac and Na u al Sciences and 132 (15.7%) s uden s in he a ea o Law and Economic Sciences. Mos o he s uden s su eyed we e emale (55.4%, n = 465), did no in a lo e ela ionship (58.3%, n = 486), we e displaced om hei usual esidence (64.9%, n = 537), we e ull- ime s uden s (88.8%, n = 739) and had a BMI co esponding o a no mal weigh (73.1%, n = 599). The a e age age o he sample was 20.78 (SD = 4.221), anging om 18 o 54, and only 3% o he s uden s a e 30 yea s old o olde . Ins umen s Cu en ly, he e a e se e al scien i ic ins umen s o moni o he p e alence o PA among young adul s. The e o e, he de elopmen o he ins umen s p esen in his in es iga ion was ca ied ou in h ee s ages: scale cons uc ion (1 s s age); con en alidi y (2 nd s age); psychome ic alidi y (3 d s age), acco ding o he p ocedu es de ined by Bowling (1998). Fo he scale cons uc ion (1 s s age), a sys ema ic e iew o he li e a u e was made o iden i y he ques ions and i ems commonly used o assess knowledge, a i udes and p ac ices o PA in highe educa ion (Al es, 2019). Based on his e iew, an analy ical ma ix was c ea ed o each o he dimensions o be analysed, and hose wi h he same seman ic simila i ies we e elimina ed. Fo he con en alidi y (2 nd s age) 10 PhD esea che s om se e al Po uguese uni e si ies wi h ecognised wo k in he a ea o Heal h Educa ion in Highe Educa ion we e in i ed, and he eedback ecei ed om 5 o hem was conside ed as well as all he p oposed seman ic changes. Simila ly, he ins umen was applied o 12 uni e si y s uden s, using he me hod “ hinking aloud” (Bowling, 1998; Keszei, No ak, & S eine , 2010) o iden i y i ems ha migh be con using, o exclude less ele an o edundan i ems, and o e i y ha p e- coded esponse op ions we e su icien . A e he sugges ed ed a ing, he p elimina y e sion o he ques ionnai e su ey was p esen ed o a sample o 32 s uden s, no included in he inal sample. The ques ionnai e included sociodemog aphic a iables (sex, age, scien i ic a ea o s udy, academic yea , weigh and heigh ( o calcula e BMI), being in a lo e ela ionship, A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 30 p o essional si ua ion e cu en esidence) and speci ic ques ions o measu e he ollowing a iables: - P e alence o PA: he Godin Leisu e-Time Exe cise Ques ionnai e (Godin & Shepha d, 1997) was used and one ques ion abou seden a y li es yle (“On a no mal day, how many hou s do you spend sea ed?”); - PA knowledge: a 6-i em scale wi h op ions o he answe - T ue, False, Don’ Know (e.g., “The p ac ice o an in ense physical ac i i y is necessa y o achie e heal h bene i s.”) - Pe cei ed ba ie s owa ds PA: a 5-i em scale on a 5-poin Like scale (1 – I s ongly disag ee, 5 – I o ally ag ee) conce ning lack o ene gy, lack o mo i a ion, lack o esou ces, lack o suppo and lack o ime. P ocedu e and S a is ical analysis The applica ion o he ins umen was ca ied ou in class oom con ex and pape -and- pencil o ma o all s uden s in he sample, a e gi ing in o med consen . All e hical esea ch p ocedu es wi h humans we e ul illed, and he E hics Commi ee o Resea ch in Social and Human Sciences, o he Uni e si y o Minho E hics Council, unde he p o ocol CEICSH 009/2019 app o ed he esea ch. Da a we e analysed using he IBM SPSS S a is ics o Windows, e sion 26.0 (IBM Co p., A monk, NY, USA). Fo s a is ical analysis, equencies and con ingency ables we e analysed, Pea son’s co ela ion was ca ied ou , Chi-squa e es , independen - es , and one- way a iance (ANOVA) and Hochbe g’s GT2 mul iple compa ison p ocedu es. O dinal logis ic eg ession model wi h logi ’s unc ion was de eloped, only including a iables wi h a signi ican bi a ia e associa ion wi h PA, PA knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. The nominal indica o o ‘seden a y’ was assigned as he e e ence ca ego y, and all co a ia es we e en e ed in o he model simul aneously. Va iables ha we e ound no o con ibu e o he p edic ion o he dependen a iable we e excluded om he inal model. A signi icance le el o 0.05 was conside ed. Ac i i y coun s we e con e ed o me abolic equi alen s (METS) by mul iplying episodes o igo ous ac i i y by 9, mode a e ac i i y by 6, and mild ac i i y by 3. To al ac i i y sco es we e calcula ed by adding he MET calcula ions o each PA in ensi y le el A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 31 and we e classi ied in h ee ypes: Insu icien ly Ac i e/Seden a y; Mode a ely Ac i e and Ac i e. Fo he knowledge scale, he numbe o co ec esponses was added o gi e an o e all knowledge sco e, and he mean was calcula ed. This means ha he highe he scale alue, he highe he le el o knowledge. The pe cei ed ba ie s scale was subjec o C onbach’s alpha analysis o analyse i s eliabili y (Bowling, 1998), and a good eliabili y index was ob ained (α = .742). In addi ion, in e -i em co ela ions anging om .644 o .269. To ead he esul s o his scale, he highe he a e age o he scale, he mo e will he ba ie s be owa ds PA. Resul s The esul s show ha 35.7% (n = 298) o he s uden s su eyed a e seden a y, 17.5% (n = 146) mode a ely ac i e and 46.8% we e classi ied as ac i e. I was also ound ha , on a e age, on a ypical day, uni e si y s uden s spend 7.44 ± 2,656 hou s sea ed. The e we e no di e ences be ween he p ac ice o PA and he numbe o hou s ha he s uden s decla ed o spend sea ed (F (2, 798) = 1.617, p = .199). Table 1 shows ha among all he sociodemog aphic a iables analysed he p ac ice o physical exe cise was only associa ed wi h he sex o he esponden s (χ 2 (2) = 22.554, p = .000). This indica es ha emale s uden s a e mo e seden a y and less ac i e compa ed o male s uden s. Table nº 1 – F equencies and Chi Squa e es o sociodemog aphic a iables and weekly leisu e- ime ac i i y Weekly leisu e - ime Ac i i y Chi Squa e es Seden a y Mode a ely Ac i e Ac i e n % n % n % χ 2 p Yea o s udy 1 s yea 156 52.3 82 56.2 221 56.7 1.364 .506 3 d yea 142 47. 7 64 43.8 169 43.3 Scien i ic a ea Enginee ing Sciences 93 31.2 50 34.2 159 40.8 7.572 .271 Exac and Na u al Sciences 49 16.4 23 15.8 62 15.9 Law and Economic Sciences 51 17.1 24 16.4 56 14.4 Human and Social Sciences 105 35.2 49 33.6 113 29. 0 Sex Male 106 35.6 60 41.1 208 53.3 22.554 .000 Female 192 64.4 86 58.9 182 46.7 Age < 20 111 37.2 63 43.2 176 45.1 4.409 .110 A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 32 >= 20 187 62.8 83 56.8 214 54.9 Lo e ela ionship Yes 126 42.4 56 38.6 163 42.3 .694 .707 No 171 57.6 89 61.4 22 2 57.7 Cu en esidence Displaced 110 37.5 45 31.3 133 34.5 1.756 .416 No displaced 183 62.5 99 68.8 252 65.5 P o essional si ua ion Full ime s uden 261 88.2 130 90.3 344 88.9 .433 .805 Wo ke / S uden 35 11.8 14 9.7 43 11.1 BMI Low weigh 22 7.6 14 9.9 21 5.5 5.175 .270 No mal weigh 212 73.1 95 66.9 289 75.7 O e weigh 56 19.3 33 23.2 72 18.8 Rega ding he seden a y beha iou decla ed by he s uden s, i was ound ha , on a e age, uni e si y s uden s spend 7.44 ± 2.656 hou s sea ed, acco ding o hei p o essional si ua ion ( (795) = 3.693, p = .000) and scien i ic a ea (F (3, 799) = 12.380, p = .000). Thus, ull- ime and enginee ing s uden s we e he ones who decla e o spend daily he mos hou s sea ed, compa ed wi h wo king s uden s and s uden s o o he scien i ic a eas, espec i ely. The le el o knowledge abou PA was low, p esen ing, on a e age, 2.79 ± 0.090 co ec answe s, in a o al o 6 possible co ec answe s. Table 2 shows s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween knowledge abou PA and he scien i ic a ea (F (3,827) = 3.060, p = .028), indica ing ha s uden s in he Exac and Na u al Sciences a ea ha e mo e knowledge compa ed o s uden s o he Human and Social Sciences a ea. Table nª 2 – Mean, one-way ANOVA and - es o sociodemog aphic a iables and PA knowledge PA K nowledge Mean (SD) ANOVA Z p Scien i ic a ea Enginee ing Sciences 2. 77 (.950) 3.060 .028 Exac and Na u al Sciences 2. 91 (.740) Law and Economic Sciences 2. 78 (.868) Human and Social Sciences 2. 63 (.907) BMI Low weigh 2.78 (.773) .040 .961 No mal weigh 2.75 (.901) O e weigh 2.74 (.872) Weekly leisu e- ime ac i i y Insu icien ly Ac i e/Seden a y 2.69 (.950) 1.814 .164 Mode a ely Ac i e 2.86 (.777) Ac i e 2.75 (.892) - s uden p Yea o s udy 1 s yea 2.72 (.871) -.947 .344 3 d yea 2.78 (.925) A ículo O iginal. Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Vol. 7, n.º 1; p. 25-42, ene o 2021. A Co uña. España ISSN 2386-8333 Pa a ci a es e a ículo u ilice la siguien e e e encia: Al es, R.; P ecioso, J.; Becoña, E. (2021) Physical ac i i y among Po uguese uni e si y s uden s and i s ela ion o knowledge and pe cei ed ba ie s. Spo is Sci J, 7 (1), 25-42 h ps://doi.o g/10.17979/spo is.2021.7.1.6924 h p:// e is as.udc.es/ 33 Sex Male 2.73 (.940) -.357 .721 Female 2.75 (.859) Age < 20 2.75 (.856) .101 .919 >= 20 2.74 (.924) Lo e ela ionship Yes 2.73 (.839) -517 .605 No 2.77 (.922) Cu en esidence Displaced 2.76 (.901) .442 .659 No displaced 2.74 (.888) P o essional si ua ion Full ime s uden 2.75 (.908) .093 .926 Wo ke / S uden 2.74 (.739) The scale o pe cei ed ba ie s o he p ac ice o PA ob ained an a e age o 2.26 ± 0.037, in a ange be ween 1 and 5, wi h he highes alue co esponding o mo e ba ie s. The pe cei ed ba ie s we e o de ed as ollows, depending on he deg ee o ag eemen : lack o ime (M = 2.78, SD = 1.353); lack o mo i a ion (M = 2.45, SD = 1.230); lack o esou ces (M = 2.17, SD = 1.226); lack o ene gy (M = 2.06, SD = 1.092); lack o suppo (M = 1.86, SD = 1.041). Th ough he bi a ia e analysis, shown in able 3, he e we e s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween pe cei ed ba ie s and he scien i ic a ea (F (3,827) = 2.863, p = .036), BMI (F (2,807) = 3.318, p = .037), he p ac ice o physical exe cise (F (2,822) = 48.811, p = .000), sex ( (829) = -3.069, p = .002) and cu en esidence ( (817) = 2.358, p = .019). Thus, i is possible o conclude ha s uden s o he Enginee ing Sciences a ea e ealed ewe ba ie s o he p ac ice o PA compa ed o s uden s o he o Exac and Na u al Sciences a ea; inac i e s uden s we e hose who e ealed mo e ba ie s compa ed o s uden s who p ac ice PA (mode a ely and ac i ely), wi h mode a ely ac i e s uden s showing mo e ba ie s compa ed o ac i e s uden s; emale s uden s and ull- ime s uden s p esen ed a highe sco e in he pe cei ed ba ie s scale compa ed o male s uden s and wo king s uden s, espec i ely. Rega ding BMI, Hochbe g’s GT2 was no signi ican . 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