The role of transport in the smart cities

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA MSc in Tourism Transport and Environmental Economics THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT IN THE SMART CITIES Marta I. Santana Beneyto 45345148-G Supervised by: Juan Carlos Martín Hernández Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 11/06/2015 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 1 ABSTRACT Two main concerns affect developed cities: urban congestion and global warming. These two concepts walk together because more urban congestion would suppose an increment in transport needs which cause traffic congestion and, for this reason, more pollution. Hence, the aim of this work consists in develop a theoretical transport model in which, at least, these two concerns will be analyzed. The base of the model is Information and Communication Technologies (IT). Devices connected to the internet have already surpassed the number of people worldwide. Social network and all kind of devices daily generate huge amount of information. Figure 1: Human Beings VS Internet Connected Devices Source: INDRA (2015), p. 5. With technology of "Internet of Things" this information could be applied in order to create better societies, less pollutant and better organized which increase citizens quality of life. Internet is not only a global network for people to communicate. It is a platform which allows devices to communicate between them and with the rest of the world by itself. "Internet of Things" and the organization of Big Data (label given to all data collected) across a powerful platform would allow this incredible amount of data to be used in order to make things be Smart Things within the context of the Smart City. However, apart from benefits emerged from the performance of the model, it supposes some risks that also are analyzed in the current work and recommendations are proposed to minimize the possible impact. Key words: Internet of things, Big Data, Smart City, Transport, ICT 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1995 2003 2011 2020 Human Beings (millions) Internet Connected Devices (millions) MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 2 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 6 1.1 Aim of the work ............................................................................................ 6 1.2 Methodology .................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Structure ......................................................................................................... 7 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 8 2.1 Urban Transport congestion problem ........................................................... 8 2.2 Global Warming ........................................................................................... 8 2.3 Smart Cities .................................................................................................. 9 2.4 Role of transport in the Smart City: Smart Mobility ................................... 12 2.5 Collective transport modes: Santander successful case .............................. 15 3. SPAIN AND LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA CITY ............................ 17 3.1 Population trends: ageing society and urban concentration in Spain ...... 17 3.2 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ..................................................................... 19 3.3 LPA_GC Mobility ..................................................................................... 24 4. MODEL ............................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Bases .......................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Proposal ..................................................................................................... 33 5. STAKEHOLDERS AND BENEFITS .............................................................. 38 6. RISKS ASSOCIATED TO THE MODEL ....................................................... 42 7. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................. 48 8. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 50 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Human Beings VS Internet Connected devices .............................................. 1 Figure 2: Transport Global Impact ................................................................................. 8 Figure 3: Smart City Roof .............................................................................................. 11 Figure 4: General Goals of a Smart Mobility Strategy .................................................. 12 Figure 5: Eindenhoven (NL) Smart Mobility ................................................................. 14 Figure 6: Benchmarking ................................................................................................. 15 Figure 7: Spanish Population pyramid ........................................................................... 17 Figure 8: Urban and Rural Spanish Population Distribution 1900-2008 ........................ 18 Figure 9: Population Density in Spain ............................................................................. 19 Figure 10: Situation of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria City .............................................. 20 Figure 11: Spanish Smart Cities Network ....................................................................... 21 Figure 12: Private Vehicle (VS) Public Transport (PT) Expectancy .............................. 26 Figure 13: Private Vehicle (PV) VS Public Transport (PT) Emissions Expectancy ....... 26 Figure 14: 3Vs of Big Data .............................................................................................. 30 Figure 15: Smart Mobility Model ................................................................................... 34 Figure 16: Comparison between current situation VS situation with the new model 38 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 5 LISTS OF TABLES Table 1: Applied Methodology ....................................................................................... 7 Table 2: Essential Features to be considered a Medium-Size City ................................. 13 Table 3: General Criteria of Collective Transport .......................................................... 15 Table 4: Actions taken by the City Council in Smart Terms ......................................... 22 Table 5: Smart Projects in LPA_GC ............................................................................... 24 Table 6: Transport Modes Distribution within the City .................................................. 25 Table 7: Actions taken by the City Council in Smart Mobility terms ............................ 27 Table 8: Smart Mobility Projects in LPA_GC ................................................................ 29 Table 9: Summary of Most Common sensors that a city could have to improve its transport system ............................................................................................................... 31 Table 10: Risks Impact Matrix ........................................................................................ 46 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 6 1. INTRODUCTION During last decades, developed societies, among which Spanish is found, have been experienced an increment in urban areas population congestion. The main consequence remaining from this issue is that this concentration would generate system unsustainability. Unsustainability would be caused mainly because of the performance of transport sector. Transport sector is known as the conjoint of both freight and passenger transport and activities involved in the process within the context of a transport network. The more people living in cities, the more demand, and, because of this, the more freight transport in the city. In addition, passenger transport will also rise because people need to move around and out of the city. The conjoint of these two facts would affect more fields than we can imagine. It affects the energetic model, consumption, oil reserves at accessible prices, greenhouse emissions (which impacts directly to cities' air quality and to global warming in general), land and to water use among others1. Consequently, global warming trend will rise due to more pollution, not only because of the need of more vehicles for passenger transport but for the traffic congestion in cities. People and freight mobility is specifically related to communities' development and social interaction. Implications of the way transport is used are huge and without efficient transport systems cities and trade could not exist. This sector has increased its importance due to the globalization, which implies an increase in the amount of goods and passengers exchanges worldwide. So, here it is the dilemma. Transport is extremely important in our lives but, at the same time, global warming is one of the most important problems worldwide. The question is: Is it necessary to reach the limit that the world could withstand? "We simply do not have the luxury of losing another decade; it will be extremely costly reach the climatic stabilization2". 1.1. Aim of the work In this Master Thesis the goal is, first of all, analyze the Smart City concept, what is it and what does this new city paradigm implies in terms of transport, showing the necessity of a new way of transport, more sustainable and intelligent, and the idea of a new transport network more integrated. Secondly, we will try to put our focus in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria City, Spain, one of the Spanish cities included in "Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes"3, which is trying to improve in terms of city intelligence. Lastly, we will try to make a reflexion and a "reactive" proposal presenting a generalized model called Smart Mobility model based on the analysis of the current transport situation in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city and in the application of ICT4 for its performance. 1 Real Academia de Ingeniería (2009), p.1. 2 Ottmar Edenhofer; cited in Gilillis, J. (2014). 3 "Spanish network of Smart Cities". 4 "Information and Communication Technologies". MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 7 However, the model emerged from this work could be applied to any city by doing a previous analysis of the city itself instead of an analysis of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. 1.2. Methodology Table 1: Applied Methodology STEP 1: work planning - Documentary review. - Aim of the work. - Work structure. STEP 2: work preparation and elaboration - Preliminary reunions - Analysis of the current situation - Model proposal STEP 3: Analysis and results presentation - Results analysis - Conclusions and limitations Source: own preparation 1.3. Structure As a result of the previous study, project development has followed the next structure: 1. Introduction: brief explanation of the work and its importance, definition of the main objectives and applied methodology. 2. Theoretical framework: Smart City definition and problems like city congestion and what is the role of transport in it. 3. Spain and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: here population situation is treated and then, more deeply, in the case of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, it "Smart city degree" is addressed. 4. Model: in addition to the Smart Mobility model, concepts like sensors, "Internet of Things" and Big Data are described. 5. Stakeholders and benefits: benefits emerged from the performance of the model classified into each stakeholder's own benefits. 6. Risks associated to the model: risks derived from the model performance analysis and recommendations to minimize them. 7. Conclusions and limitations MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 8 Source: own preparation based on Real Academia de Ingeniería (2009), p.43 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Urban Transport congestion problem Now we have put on the table that population congestion is a real phenomenon that cities have to deal with. This will have two main effects in urban transport. On the one hand, it will increase freight demand within cities. Companies would have to satisfy needs of a greater population and, for that, they will need more vehicles, generally trucks and vans, which carry all the stuff. On the other hand, passenger transport demand will also rise, not only because there will be more vehicles but because of public transport services will need to be amplified in order to satisfy all population. Therefore, one of the main causes of transport congestion in urban areas is its rising demand trend (both freight and passenger), due to the greater population concentration in those areas. Main consequences of urban transport congestion would be delays, both in freight and passenger transport. This will cause money losses to the companies (because they will probably lose clients) and time losses for citizens. 2.2. Global Warming Transport modes are closely related to way of life. Cities depend and are conditioned, in terms of spatial urbanization and way of life of its inhabitants, by transport networks. Furthermore, transport sector plays a crucial and rising role in energy uses terms and GH (greenhouse) emissions in global strides. Figure 2: Transport Global Impact MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 15 Source: Own preparation obtained from http://www.smart-cities.eu/ 2.5. Collective transport modes: Santander successful case Santander has turned into one of the examples of Smart City worldwide in not much time. Based on its "Plan Director de Innovación", Santander is going to be in the short term an enormous platform capable to offer fitted solutions to citizens and business by capturing data, treating them and its posterior spread. That is why the example of Santander Smart mobility, more specifically Santander Smart Public Transport, is going to be used as the baseline of any great public transport design. Objectives for different modes of transport have been established in their action plan. However, in this work only the objectives related with collective transport are going to be used. Table 3: General Criteria of Collective Transport Networks integration Despite collective transport has to circulate with the private transport, efforts need to be made in order to segregate collective transport for reducing frictions between them. -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 Smart Economy Smart People Smart Governance Smart Mobility Smart Environment Smart Living Eindenhoven (NL) Santiago de Compostela (ES) Oviedo (ES) Figure 6: Benchmarking MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 16 Accessibility The network has to be accessible for everyone. Related The network has to be expanded throughout the territory enabling and easing transfers between different modes of transport. Connectivity The network has to allow the user to make the maximum number of transfers in the same mode of collective transport. Better service quality Collective transport has to try to copy the duration of any trip if it is done in private vehicle. In addition, things like commodity and information are key elements for choosing or not a collective transport mode. Source: Ayuntamiento de Santander (No date). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 17 3. SPAIN AND LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA16 3.1. Population trends: ageing society and urban concentration in Spain Ageing tendency of Spanish population during last decades has been greater than in the rest of industrialized countries. The United Nations projects that population over sixty years old will exceed 40% of total Spanish population in 2050, becoming the oldest country in the world17. It is projected that in the next 15 years Spanish population decreases in 1.1 million people due fundamentally to birth rate decrease, mortality rate increase (which will surpass the birth rate in 2015 according to the predictions), and to the difference in the migration balance. Figure 7: Spanish Population pyramid Source: INE (2014), p. 7. Spanish population has experienced a redistribution characterised by concentration in cities and rural exodus during last decades of twentieth century. Population has moved to the most actively economic regions, Madrid and Barcelona, and to coastal regions attracted by touristic activity, especially Mediterranean coast and the two Spanish archipelagos. Central Spain has been gradually uninhabited. 16 From now LPA_GC is going to be used instead of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. 17 Fernández, J.L. et al (No date). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 18 Figure 8: Urban and Rural Spanish Population Distribution 1900-2008 Source: INE (2008). Nowadays (2014), Spanish population, which amounts more than 46.5 million inhabitants18, is distributed as following: only 8 Autonomous Communities out of 18, in addition to the two Autonomous Cities, concentrate 77.3% of total population. Comunidad de Madrid and Cataluña, two of the 7 Autonomous Communities mentioned before, concentrate 29.6% of total population in the whole State. Andalusia concentrates the greater number of inhabitants in Spain, 8.390.723 in 2014 (18.04% of the whole population). 1.1 million people belongs to The Balearic Islands and 2.1 million people belongs to The Canary Islands. 18 INE (2014), p. 2. 0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00% 190 0 191 0 192 0 193 0 194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0 198 0 199 0 200 0 200 8 Rural Population 66,60 65% 60,50 57% 50,50 48% 42,30 34% 26,80 22% 23,60 21,30 Urban Population 33,40 35% 39,50 43% 49,50 52% 57,70 66% 73,20 78% 76,40 78,70 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 19 Figure 9: Population Density in Spain Source: INE (2011), p.4. In a close temporary horizon, concentration in cities trend will do nothing more than increase, while interior Spain will continue losing its population. This means that population in big cities will raise over time. 3.2. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Based on the Real Academia Española, a city is defined as a conjoint of streets and buildings controlled by a City Council, in which its numerous and dense population works, in general, in activities that have no relation with the agriculture sector. First of all we are doing a brief description of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. It has 382.283 inhabitants (ISTAC, 2014), 3801,92 inhabitants/km2 (Wikipedia, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), and the municipality sizes around 105.55km2 (Wikipedia, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, with Santa Cruz de Tenerife, plays an important role in The Canary Islands' economy. It depicts in industrial sector, trade and tourism. It allows a constant flow of goods and people through the port (La Luz port was considered in 2013 as the fourth most important port in Spain) and airport. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 20 Nowadays, many cities have evolved into Smart Cities. One Spanish city, Barcelona, has been ranked with the first position in Smart Cities Global Ranking, elaborated by Juniper Research, above cities like New York and London19. Nevertheles, Barcelona is not the only Spanish city recognised as a Smart City. According to Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes20 (RECI), 60 cities form this network. LPA_GC is one of them. The aim of this association is sharing information and experiences, with the last goal of reaching an automatic and efficient management of the infrastructures and urban services so that they can offer a better quality of life to the citizens. In the following map the cities that form this association are represented. 19 El Mundo. 20 Spanish Smart Cities Network. Figure 10: Situation of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 21 Figure 11: Spanish Smart Cities Network Source: www.redciudadesinteligentes.es/ Technology use in a city influences several aspects of it. In this work, the effects that technology has in relation with the mobility within the city, and, because of the mobility, the effects that it has in relation with the environment are going to be discussed. The IT not only are conformed as auxiliary tools for the management improvement of the city, but as essential elements of a city strategy in the medium term and in its future action line: the cities are going to have these IT in all the aspects that conform a city with the aim of reassuring its sustainability in the long term., turning into real Smart Cities. LPA_GC has defined its own Smart vision based on 4 pillars, which are their objectives21. 1. Sea tourism Medium-high Smart Degree - Attract tourists from new markets and increase the average expenditure per tourist. - Being a "quality destination" in order to be different from the rest of the island. - Promote beaches and water sports enjoyment. 2. Mobility Medium-high Smart Degree - Cost optimization and inclusion of all public transports modes. - Inclusion of all public transports modes under the same method of payment. 21 Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (no date; a), p. 13. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 22 3. Urban services Medium-low Smart Degree - Promote interoperability with other municipal services. - Urban services management computerization. - Promote municipal regulations that improve energetic efficiency. 4. E-Government Medium Smart Degree - Development of interoperable and informationshare cross-platforms for the full process of the Electronic Administration. - Services homogeneity and higher quality in the services offered to the citizens. Smart City path Taking the previous four pillars into account, LPA_GC, trough the City Council, has developed several advances in City Intelligence terms. What is more, LPA_GC has lots of projects, which are going to be named in table 5. Table 4: Actions taken by the City Council in Smart Terms Applications - LPA Avisa: Introduced in 2013, its utility is reporting incidences in street furniture of the capital that specialists receive and try to fix. Then, the citizen is informed trough the application of the fix process state. - LPA Park: Also introduced in 2013. In less than one year more than 100.000 parking operations were conducted by this application. It serves for paying the Regulated Parking Area without both movement and cash but trough the app. - LPA Accesible: It identifies both handicapped accessible and not accessible points. This is useful for the Local Authorities, in order to develop an accessible data base for improving city accessibility, and for the citizens due to the planning that they could make before going out and for reporting problems directly to the Local Authorities across the app. - LPA Visit: It contains all touristic information available of the city, with the advantage of no Wifi requirement . MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 23 Digital signature and integrated tax administration It speeds up all the citizens' procedures and allows virtual communication with Treasury and reduces waiting time. The digital signature reduces costs in terms of human resources, paperwork and times. LPA_GC Smart Destination The conjoint of IT plus tourism. LPA_GC receive the first "touristic demonstration centre" which is formed by tools kike information systems to know the tourist's behaviour, intelligent touristic offices... Furthermore, The Touristic House which has several applications to improve the informatics' channels that the tourist have. On-line certificates of residence, on-line plenum-watching and participation virtual gateway With the on-line certificate of residence there is no need to move to an office in order to obtain it (process' speed-up). The possibility of plenum-watching creates a closer relationship among the government and citizens. The participation virtual gateway, allows "popular vote" by internet for issues such as the Carnival motive. Other proceedings - Wifi scope amplification - Open Data gateway: allows some public services (Guaguas Municipales, Traffic, Accessibility...) to provide citizens with interesting and useful information but with the last foal that the technological sector could make applications and software from this information. Source: Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (no date;a), p. 18-26. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 24 Table 5: Smart Projects in LPA_GC High priority Medium Priority Low priority High complexity Services digitalization and LPA Mobility App. Innovation engines, citizens adaptation to IT. Intelligent parks and gardens. Medium complexity Citizen CRM (Customer Relationship Management) and citizens participation. Transparency gateway. Information use supervision and waste disposal service transformation. Low complexity Smart Destiny and Paperless administration. Digital commerce, energetic efficient services. Knowledge management. Source: Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (no date; a), p. 35. 3.3. LPA_GC Mobility It is essential to explain what the collective transport offer in the city is and what its current situation is. In this work, data supplied by the City Council in the document "LPA_GC Movilidad en Transformación"22 has been taken as the reference data source, because these are the most recent and reliable data. 22 Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (no date; b). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 31 "Instituto de Marketing online" classifies the variety of data in three groups: People to people (P2P): data collected by the communications among people. For example emails sent, Youtube and Facebook uploads, Tweets sent, Web Blogs and so on. People to Machine (P2M): Information collected by E-commerce, Bank Cards, computers and websites visited, Mobiles, Digital TV and more. It is called P2P because is the interaction between people and machines. People turns on the computer and buy something specific. Machine to Machine (M2M): In contrast to the above relation, in this case people do not do anything. It is a relation among machines. This is our case. Table 9 shows a summary of different devices used to collect data through this M2M process. By itself, data does not generate information. It is the treatment of data which generates useful information. It is here when technology and intelligence have to joint in order to create a Smart Solution. These sensors are the first step in every IoT process26. An impressive amount of information is gathered across them (Data Collection) for then being sent to a virtual platform, normally called Big Data platform, that organizes them (Data Processing) making possible its use to predict and manage urban fluxes for finally boost the intelligent management of the city27. Table 9: Summary of most common sensors that a city could have to improve its transport system28 Espiras This type of sensor could measure intensity, occupation, speed and classification of vehicles. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) It is a circuit of cameras all around the city which its main purpose is control different activities and events, such as football matches, strikes and so on. 26 IoT concept explained in point 2.3. 27 Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya (no date), p. 7. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 32 Example 1: In the case of SM the CCTV could be used to control the traffic flow in real time, with the possibility of knowing where congestion are and what is the best option to avoid it. Example 2: In addition, not only traffic flow congestion, but people congestion could be used to redirect the traffic to satisfy the demand in each moment (This will be treated deeper later on). LPR (License Plate Reader), antenna for capturing Bluetooth / WiFi devices and electronic readers called TAGs All these technologies allow calculate travel time among consecutive units. Antennas capture the signal of each unit if the unit has WiFi / Bluetooth connection (like a Smart Phone or Navigator). This will permit know where a unit (vehicle) is in each moment. RFID tags are little devices that looks like a sticker which are placed in an object, in this case cars, and contain antennas connected to an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) emitter or receptor. This allows communication between the object and the emitter/receptor with the advantage of, for example, crossing road tools without stopping (because your Tag is prepared to pay automatically) or entering in a garage without stopping to pay because your car is automatically recognised. LPRs help managers of the city to know, for example, car park usage, pedestrian crossing usage, number of vehicles along the road, areas of low and high congestion, frequency, location and cause of road works. Obviously, this tool (LPR) needs a CCTV system. If cameras don't exist, licenses plates could not be identified. GPS (Global Positioning System) GPS has lots of applications within a Smart City. It is used to know where the vehicles are positioned. But... what kind of vehicles? It allows knowing the position of any vehicle that has a GPS installed. Knowing this it is possible to know the route or routes that it has taken. Not only for private vehicles but for public transport such as buses or taxis. Source: Wikipedia (a;b and c). A real example of a city which uses these sensors is Barcelona. To feed their data platform they installed numerous sensors throughout the city. 116 espiras, 15 Bluethooth antennas, RFID Tags and GPS. Using these devices, Barcelona made a simulation in the area of Ensanche barcelonés, which due to its dimensions and traffic flow can be equipped to a MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 33 medium-sized Spanish city. The simulation was successful. They demonstrate that the model they used was robust and the results were reliable29. This is an old project in Barcelona (2013). Now, it is the most important Smart City in the world according to Juniper Research (2015). Being aware of this, it is clear that this example is the first step that any city which wants to excel in Smartness has to follow. 4.2.Proposal We have been explaining the basic performance of a Smart Mobility model within the Smart City, but now is the moment to apply all which have been pointed out to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Mobility. Linking the information of the current situation of transport in LPA_GC with the bases of any SM mobility model and the change from a Push model to a Pull transport model the following figure explains the performance of what could be the dynamic in LPA_GC if the city follows the logical steps. 29 El País. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 34 Figure 15: Smart Mobility model Source: own preparation. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 35 Data sources In the graph above three blue arrows show the influx of open/raw data into the platform. We have talked about data coming from sensors, (Source A), but not about data coming from internal information of Taxis and Buses. In spite of this differentiation, all data comes from Machine to Machine procedure. Taxis and Buses are the only public transport in LPA_GC. For this reason only their internal data can be added to the Big Data platform. First, let's explain how these two modes of public transport work for understanding what kind of information would be useful for the model. Source B: Taxis In the island of Gran Canaria taxi service is divided by municipalities. In other words, LPA_GC has their own taxis with permissions to do services in the city of LPA_GC. The city has 1.640 taxi licenses, which suppose one taxi per 230 neighbours. Only Madrid, Barcelona and Santa Cruz de Tenerife have more taxis per inhabitant. Therefore, LPA_GC is the fourth city in Spain in terms of taxis per inhabitant30. Taxi Radio Gran Canaria (Taragranca) is a cooperative formed by 7 municipalities, being Las Palmas de Gran Canaria one of them. This cooperative has an important technological base. A taxi can be solicited by citizens in different ways:  By the App Taragranca "TaxiClick" - Possibility of knowing where the taxi is in each moment since the order - Possibility of being able to know the type of vehicle that is going to do the service - Possibility of choosing an adapted vehicle for handicap people - Possibility of paying with credit card  By the website www.taragranca.org  By SMS  By telephone  Stopping a taxi in the street The fact of being a cooperative implies that they work internally. Information collected by taxi service will be really interesting to construct a smart mobility model. Furthermore, the huge rate of taxis per inhabitant that LPA_GC has is another reason why taxis could collect a lot of urban transport information. Information of interest  Information of the whole service that a taxi does in a day and following days.  Knowing this, for example, places where taxis do more services could be identified and points where taxis do not normally go could also be identified.  Most frequent routes done by taxi drivers.  Identification of traffic jams and accidents, because there are always taxis in streets so it is like a 24 hours service of traffic information. 30 http:// www.taragranca.org MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 36  Crowded or empty areas. All these information could be easily collected by M2M technology. A GPS could provide geographic positioning in seconds and, if the taxis fleet is provided with this kind of devices, it would not be too difficult to generate a positioning map, indicating traffic problems or retentions to the switchboard. For this reason, information collected by taxis would be a big help to the Big Data platform. Dynamic and real time information could be provided by taxis, in addition to sensors distributed throughout the city. Source C: Buses The above appliance of M2M for taxis could be the same in the case of public buses. As well as taxis, buses are circulating almost 24 hours across the city. The only difference among the information that taxis could provide to the model with the information that buses could provide is that buses have their static routes, which could only permit collecting information in the same places. When some special event is celebrated buses increase the frequency of the service, but normally through the same lanes. Taxis change their route depending on traffic state and also in special events so, in some manner, they cover a greater surface than buses. However, it would be useful to collect information from these two modes of public transport. Bus system in the island of Gran Canaria works separately if the trip is urban or if it is interurban. The company called Global is in charge of the inter-urban trips. It was created in 2000 by the fusion of Salcai (in charge of southern area) and Utinsa (in charge of the northern area). Apart from this, the company called Guaguas Municipales brings the service within the city of LPA_GC and it is a public company since 1979. Both Global and Guaguas Municipales are into the buses cooperative called Autoridad Única de Transporte de Gran Canaria, which is formed also by other little private buses companies which provide service to little towns. The great problem in Gran Canaria is that, because two different companies are in charge of the inter-urban and urban transport, and in spite of being part of the same cooperative, they use different applications to calculate routes. In other words, citizens can calculate their route within the city using the application of Guaguas Municipales but, if you want to calculate your route from the city centre to a town out of the city it would be impossible. You would need to use the application of Global to calculate your route out of the city, which means double effort and not an efficient system at all. The only thing that the two companies have done through this cooperative, which obviously does not solve the problem at all, is creating a bonus card which allows only people of certain suburbs to combine both services with the same bonus card and always within the municipality area of LPA_GC31. Nevertheless, in our work we are not going to focus in this kind of interoperability problem because it is not the idea of the work. Our focus will be urban transport, which means that we are going to analyze the current situation of Guaguas Municipales. 31 http://www.guaguas.com MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 37 It is formed by 242 vehicles, 40 lanes (37 diurnal and 3 nocturnal). In addition, there are 746 bus stops which are operative 365 days a year32. This company has its own application which allows the customer to know the buses frequency, bus stops list and nearest bus stop, different routes across the city and more. It is disposable for smart phones and in the website. In addition, in 2014 they developed their contactless bonus card which eases the payment in buses but also could allow the company to know which routes is taken by each passenger. Guaguas Municipales has also a big presence in social network, communicating all news they have. However, the service of this public urban company, which means that it is controlled by the City Council, could be improved with the application of our model if this company gives their internal data to the Big Data platform. Information of interest  Slowest and fastest routes and reasons for why is it like that.  Origin and destiny of customers by using the information provided by contactless bonus card.  Most crowded routes.  Most crowded bus stops. Big Data Platform Once the information sources have been identified, let's start explaining what the purpose of collecting the information is. Raw data, or Open Data, is transferred from these sources to the Big Data platform. Information collected by sensors is commonly known as Open Data and it has been proved that lots of possibilities for business generation around open data in specific ecosystem, Smart Cities, exist. Information collected by sensors needs to be treated. Well processed data in the cities is the key for the smart services, is like the money for the commerce. Without data the services will not be smart, they will be just services33. The process occurred in a Big Data platform following in some manner this pattern: data enters in the Big Data in form of raw data. Once the data is entering in the platform a process known as Extract, Transform and Load (ETL)34 is in charge of filtering data, removing outliers and recovering lack of data needed. Then, data goes to another data base called Data Warehouse. Here, data is both integrated and separated in order to create information that could be consulted and analysed. After this process, data is correctly organized to use it for, for example, creating new applications which ease the life of the citizens. However, not only applications are the utility of collecting and converting data. In the following paragraphs what could be done with this information and who is going to benefit from it will be explained. 32 http://www.guaguas.com/laempresa 33 Miguel García (2015), p. 4. 34 Wikipedia(d). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 38 5. STAKEHOLDERS AND BENEFITS Our model is like a new transport paradigm. The change from a Push transport model to a Pull transport model. Using data obtained by sensors and organized by the virtual platform will allow managers of the transport system to adapt transport offer to the demand in real time. What is known as a Push Model is when the strategy of a company looks toward the distribution channels. In other words, when is the company who establishes the amount of good or service that needs to be consumed. If all the product or the service that the company planned is not consumed, the company would have stock and vice versa. If all goods or services that the company planned are consumed and the demand is requiring more, the company would have stock shortages. This is how the transport system works nowadays in LPA_GC. They use Static Estimations of demand, which means considering no temporary variation in the demand trend after the moment it has been calculated and, by the way, any modifications in the service during a normal period. Figure 16: comparison between current situation VS situation with the new model Source: own preparation. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 39 The aim of a Smart Collective Transport system is to be a Pull Model. Pull Models are those in which is the distribution channel, in our case users of collective transport, what determines the level of the service or good. In this case the company will be passive until the demand asks for the service or good. This could be applied in transport networks by using Dynamic Estimation of demand. Now the service or product, in our case collective transport service, is subjected to demand requirements. If the demand is higher, the service transport will increase its frequency or capacity to absorb the demand peak and, if by the contrary the demand decrease, the service will reduce its frequency or capacity. The whole city will see repercussions of this model if it is implanted. A less congested and better organized city would emerge from traffic optimization. For this, pollution levels of the city would be less, because the traffic would be better organized and, in special, because the improvement in public urban transports management would generate a great impact in the environment due to the fact that it is a non-stop service. Thereupon, is exposed a list of benefits, separated by each stakeholder35, that this model would suppose if it is implemented36. Taxis As it has been explained at the beginning of this paragraph, the change from a Push model to a Pull one would suppose a better adaptation of the urban transports to the demand. If taxis service use the information obtained from sensors distributed throughout the city, for example cameras which detects clumps, and also from its own information as we named in point 4.2, their service could be much better than now. In other words, if each taxi stand has a camera which detects the number of people there and immediately this camera send a signal to taxis in order to cover that demand. In this way, taxis would be redirected to the point that needs to be satisfied, making clients happy with the service. This "method" could be used not only in taxis stands but in streets. When some clumps are detected in specific places cameras would also send a signal and redirect taxi traffic to the point. In this case, it would also save clients' time and energy because they would not need to use the application or calling taxi service because they would be there before clients have thought in calling one. It will suppose a benefit both for clients and for the taxi company because it would reduce costs in terms of energy needed to run their vehicles. It would also make the service more efficient and taxi drivers will count with perfect information, not as before. The ideal thing would be a taxi cooperative in the whole territory, in Gran Canaria. Doing this the service will be more efficient because the above system of taxis' redirection depending on the conditions of the traffic and clumps would be more effective if any taxi in any place could be redirected. Politic reasons make this idea an utopia37. 35 Business dictionary. "A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies". 36 This subsection has been elaborated with the help of professor Rafaél Pérez (IDETIC). 37 Teldenoticias. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 40 Buses The model would give the same benefits than in the case of taxis but with a restriction. Buses have their own lines and fixed routes. The way in which buses could improve their benefits would be by increasing or decreasing bus frequency in a specific line depending on the clumps and traffic issues. As in the case of taxis, cameras in buses stops would indicate the most crowded bus stops, in real time, and would give the information required to modify the frequency. The difference with the situation before the model is that the changes in frequencies could be done in real time, not only in special events. This would suppose an important cost reduction due mainly to the reduction in energy consumption by fitting best the offer with the demand. Secondly, information emerged from Big Dada Platform would also provide the bus company with information that it could use in order to optimize the bus network, knowing if some bus stops are normally empty, analyzing origins and destinies of passengers and describing most common routes for then optimize them and so on. Citizens This new model will allow the creation of new applications that will do nothing more than increase citizens' quality of life, making easier every daily task. The more organized data the more uses it would have. Specifically, M2M technology will suppose a great advantage for urban transport passengers due to the fact that this technology will advance their movements, and even thoughts, before they do them. This means that the service will be adapted to them. Waiting times would be reduced; routes would be more efficient and, for that reason, faster than now; the vehicle would not be so crowded but not so empty, in summary, the service would be much more adequate than nowadays. Emergency services We could include in this category ambulances and police. Thanks to M2M technology, these services would have the possibility to arrive earlier to the place of the accident or the emergency and even to know where the accident is due to the alarms sent by sensors. This is because they would have the appropriated technology, like GPS providing them with real data. Furthermore, M2M technology could also been applied to devices which control traffic, such as traffic lights, in order to allow the fastest route for these service when an incident happens. This is an interesting point and there is a lot of theory related to this topic but is not our purpose with the work, so we are not going to delve in this. Private Companies The impact of this new transport paradigm in LPA_GC will suppose a great market niche for different types of companies. Another Master Thesis could be done explaining in detail how companies could exploit traffic big data in order to improve their companies (this information would be sold to companies that ask for it by the Big Data platform). For example:  Marketing actions in the company: business can increase (or decrease) its marketing actions if they control the most crowded (or the most empty) slots in some areas. Knowing the transit pattern in their area, or even real data which advise them of MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 47 Financial Resources failure for developing the Big Data Platform. High Analyse which of the three scenarios would be better depending on the financial situation of each agent.  Scenario 1 Private Company  Scenario 2 City Council  Scenario 3 Joint Venture Financial Resources failure for the infrastructure and sensors. High Market Model rejection from the part of information sources High ___ Market Information exchange refusal Low Good faith agreements of the information uses. Technical Information collected in the Big Data platform insecurity. High Fulfil the three Big Data principles CIA:  Confidentiality  Integrity  Availability Source: own preparation. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 48 7. CONCLUSION In the current Masther Thesis a Smart Mobility model has been constructed in theoretical terms trying to accomplish all the requirements expected from any management model within the context of the Smart City; based on the use of IT, decreasing people movements and sensible to the environment. In addition, we have focused our model in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city. However, the only thing that would change if the model wants to be applied in another city are the information sources, that in this specific case are taxis and buses (due to the urban transport system of the city), but them could be any other transport mode, depending on how the transport in the selected city is organized. The aim of the work that was established at the beginning of it is fulfilled with the performance of the model: decreasing congestion while decreasing pollution. In addition, a large list of benefits different from these two is described as well. On the one hand, sharing information with the Big Data base would allow better management possibilities for all stakeholders interested on it. Traffic could be organized in a more efficient way minimizing the urban congestion problem. On the other hand, this model would suppose both savings for transport companies and reduction in pollution. Nevertheless, risks which could be emerged from the performance of the model have to be taken into account. For example, investment needed to run the model and the possible rejection on the part of stakeholders. Without any doubt, the greatest risk is information security in the Big Data platform. The likelihood of this risk is high because of the increasing number of hackers, people capable to extract sensible and confidential information from this platform. The potential effect on the model would be critical, due to the fact that without a secure data base the model would not be valid. For this reason, it would be necessary to define actions that ensure the address of the three basic principles in Big Data security terms: confidentiality, integrity and availability. Recommendations To conclude, as final recommendations, I would say that, in my opinion, after researching in this field I believe that urban congestion problem is a real and huge problem and actions to stop pollution caused by it have to be taken before it is too late. The interest in the model application is not only for environmental issues but for citizens' quality of live. A best organized city in traffic terms could permit a better life and, because of day by day more people are been concentrated in cities, this issue turns into a must. Limitations The reason why I added this clarification is because when my master tutor and I started to think in the current work we agreed in that the best idea was doing deep interviews to people in the City Council of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. To our disappointment this could not be possible. After various attempts to get an appointment we finally gave up in this idea and the work carried on without these interviews. Additionally, it would not be possible to work with real traffic data so that is why the model proposed in this work is a theoretical one. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 49 Furthermore, it could be said that model implementation could not be done immediately because of the IT base needed in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Therefore, it is possible that when the technological base is ready new IT exists, so, maybe this kind of proposal would be obsolete by the time. Future research lines Our work has been focused on passenger transport, due to the fact that a more complex model would require more time, deeper and complex investigation. However, lots of investigation lines emerged from this topic. We have found the idea of extends the benefits that this model could give to private companies, emergency services or others very interesting. 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