scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

La instrumentalización propagandística del arte: el Expresionismo Abstracto patrocinado por la CIA

Bellido-Pérez, Elena

Abstract

Las obras de arte suponen una gran oportunidad de creación de imagen para el país donde se gestaron cuando este las traslada fuera de sus fronteras, pretendiendo con ellas transmitir cierta ideología que redunde en su identidad como nación. Partiendo de esta idea, el presente texto versa sobre la instrumentalización propagandística de la pintura cuando una entidad de poder interviene en el valor expositivo de la misma. Para ello, se centrará la atención en la exportación del Expresionismo Abstracto a Europa por parte de la CIA. Con este caso se ilustra cómo una pintura sin intenciones de poder en su creación se acaba convirtiendo en arte propagandístico en su recepción, conteniendo un mensaje ideológico oculto tras su función estética

Full text

&ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD /$,167580(17$/,=$&,Ð13523$*$1'Ì67,&$'(/ $57((/(;35(6,21,602$%675$&72 3$752&,1$'2325 /$&,$ 7+(3523$*$1',67,&(;3/2,7$7,212)$57$%675$&7 (;35(66,21,606321625('%< 7+(&,$ (/(1$%(//,'23e5(= 8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD(VSDxD HEHOOLGR#XVHV  /DVREUDVGHDUWHVXSRQHQXQDJUDQRSRUWXQLGDGGHFUHDFLyQGHLPDJHQSDUD HO SDtVGRQGHVHJHVWDURQFXDQGRHVWHODVWUDVODGDIXHUDGHVXVIURQWHUDVSUHWHQGLHQGR FRQHOODVWUDQVPLWLUFLHUWDLGHRORJtDTXHUHGXQGHHQVXLGHQWLGDGFRPRQDFLyQ3DUWLHQGR GHHVWD LGHDHOSUHVHQWH WH[WRYHUVDVREUHODLQVWUXPHQWDOL]DFLyQSURSDJDQGtVWLFDGH OD SLQWXUDFXDQGRXQDHQWLGDGGHSRGHULQWHUYLHQHHQHOYDORUH[SRVLWLYRGHODPLVPD3DUD HOORVHFHQWUDUiODDWHQFLyQHQODH[SRUWDFLyQGHO([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWRD(XURSDSRU SDUWHGHOD&,$&RQHVWHFDVRVHLOXVWUDFyPRXQDSLQWXUDVLQLQWHQFLRQHVGHSRGHUHQVX FUHDFLyQVHDFDEDFRQYLUWLHQGRHQDUWHSURSDJDQGtVWLFRHQVXUHFHSFLyQFRQWHQLHQGRXQ PHQVDMHLGHROyJLFRRFXOWRWUDVVXIXQFLyQHVWpWLFD DUWHSURSDJDQGDLQVWUXPHQWDOL]DFLyQ([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWR  :RUNV RI DUW PHDQ D ELJ RSSRUWXQLW\ RI LPDJH·V FUHDWLRQ IRU WKH FRXQWU\ LQ ZKLFK WKH\ ZHUH PDGH HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ WKH FRXQWU\ VHQGV WKHP DEURDG KRSLQJ WR WUDQVPLW FHUWDLQ LGHRORJ\ ZLWK WKHP WKDW UHVXOWV LQ WKH FRXQWU\·V LGHQWLW\ DV D QDWLRQ 'HSDUWLQJIURPWKLVLGHDWKHSUHVHQWSDSHU LVDERXWWKHSURSDJDQGLVWLFH[SORLWDWLRQRI SDLQWLQJZKHQDSRZHUHQWLW\WDNHVSDUWLQWKHH[KLELWLRQYDOXHRILW,QRUGHUWRGHVFULEH LWWKHWH[WZLOOEHIRFXVHGRQWKH&,$·VH[SRUWDWLRQRI$EVWUDFW([SUHVVLRQLVPWR(XURSH :LWK WKLV FDVH LW LV VKRZQ KRZ D SDLQWLQJ ZLWKRXW SRZHU LQWHQWLRQV LQ LWV FUHDWLRQ EHFRPHV D SURSDJDQGLVWLF DUW LQ LWV UHFHSWLRQ KROGLQJ DQ LGHRORJLFDO PHVVDJH WKDW LV KLGGHQEHKLQGLWVDHVWKHWLFIXQFWLRQ  DUWSURSDJDQGDH[SORLWDWLRQ$EVWUDFW([SUHVVLRQLVP (VWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHKDUHDOL]DGRHQHOFRQWH[WRGHO*UXSRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQHQ &RPXQLFDFLyQ3ROtWLFD ,GHRORJtD\3URSDJDQGD ,'(&28QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD FyGLJR6(-   &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD ´(OLQFRQIRUPLVPR GHODUWLVWDPRGHUQR\VXDPRUSRUOD OLEHUWDGQRVHSXHGHQWROHUDUGHQWURGHODWLUDQtDPRQROtWLFD\ HODUWHPRGHUQRHVLQVHUYLEOHSDUDODSURSDJDQGDGHORV GLFWDGRUHV>«@/RVGLFWDGRUHVTXHUtDQLPSRQHUVXV FRQYLFFLRQHVDUWtVWLFDV3XGLHURQ/RKLFLHURQ \ORVUXVRVD~Q ORKDFHQµ  $OIUHG%DUU $ORODUJRGHODKLVWRULDHODUWHKDVHUYLGRFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGHOHJLWLPDFLyQGHO SRGHU 'HVGH ODV SULPHUDV FLYLOL]DFLRQHV FRPR (JLSWR R 0HVRSRWDPLD KDVWD QXHVWURV GtDVORVOtGHUHVSROtWLFRV\ UHOLJLRVRV KDQRUGHQDGRODFRQVWUXFFLyQ \FUHDFLyQGHREUDV DUWtVWLFDVTXHLQPRUWDOL]DVHQ VXSRGHU (VWDV SUiFWLFDV QRUPDOL]DGDV FRPHQ]DURQ D SRQHUVH HQ WHOD GH MXLFLR SDXODWLQDPHQWHGHVGHILQDOHVGHOVLJOR ;,;FXDQGRDOJXQRVDUWLVWDVFRPR-DFTXHV/RXLV 'DYLGR)UDQFLVFRGH*R\DTXLVLHURQ GHVOLQGDUVXWUDEDMRGHODVFOiVLFDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGH SRGHU $SDUWLUGHHQWRQFHV\FRQIRUPH ODUHLYLQGLFDFLyQGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDLGHROyJLFD GHO DUWLVWD VH IXHUD FRQVROLGDQGR FDGD YH] PiV GREOHJDUVH D LQVWUXFFLRQHV GLFWDWRULDOHV PRQiUTXLFDVR HFOHVLiVWLFDVSDUHFtDHVWDUUHVHUYDGRD´DUWLVWDVGHVHJXQGDILODµ(QHVWH FRQWH[WROR LQWHUHVDQWH GHVGH XQ SXQWRGHYLVWDSURSDJDQGtVWLFR HUD HOPDQHMRTXHODV HQWLGDGHV GH SRGHU KDFtDQ SURJUHVLYDPHQWH GH GLFKD LQGHSHQGHQFLD LGHROyJLFD $Vt DWULEXLUODHVWpWLFD\HOFRQWHQLGRGHXQDREUDDXQDHQWLGDGGHSRGHU FRPHQ]yDVHUPiV PHULWRULRTXHQXQFDSXHVKDEtDTXHLGHQWLILFDUODOLEUHFUHDFLyQGHODUWLVWDFRQXQYtQFXOR SHUVRQDO\YROXQWDULRFRQHOSRGHU $HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDVDUWtVWLFDVVHOHVXQLyHOp[LWR ODV([SRVLFLRQHV8QLYHUVDOHV TXH\DKDEtDQLUUXPSLGRFRQIXHU]DHQODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;,;(VWRVHYHQWRV WUDVODGDUiQDOVLJOR;;VX HVStULWXH[SRUWDGRUWHQGHQWHDXWLOL]DU HODUWHGHXQSDtVFRPR PDUFDGHOPLVPRFXDQGRVHH[SRQHHQHOH[WUDQMHUR(QODV([SRVLFLRQHV8QLYHUVDOHV ORVDUWLVWDVTXHSDUWLFLSDEDQSDUDGDUDFRQRFHUVXREUDIXHUDGHVXVIURQWHUDVQDFLRQDOHV %$55$OIUHG´,V0RGHUQ$UW&RPPXQLVWLF"µ 1HZ<RUN7LPHV0DJD]LQH S7UDGXFFLyQGH ODDXWRUD7G$ &/$5.7RE\ $UWH\SURSDJDQGDHQHOVLJOR;; 0DGULGS 7+206212OLYHU (DVLO\OHG$+LVWRU\RISURSDJDQGD 6XUUH\SS7G$ %$//(67(526 $55$1=(UQHVWR +LVWRULDXQLYHUVDOGHODUWH\ODFXOWXUD 9LGD\FXOWXUDHQHOVLJOR ;,; 0DGULG :$1* -LDQ ´6RIW 3RZHU 1DWLRQ %UDQGLQJ DQG WKH :RUOG ([SRµ HQ 6KDSLQJ &KLQD·V *OREDO ,PDJLQDWLRQ%UDQGLQJ1DWLRQVDWWKH:RUOG([SR 1XHYD<RUNSS &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD HVWDEDQ DFHSWDQGR VX URO GH FUHDGRUHV GH LPDJHQ SDUD HO UpJLPHQ SROtWLFR HQ HO TXH KDEtDQ GHVDUUROODGR VX WUDEDMR \D IXHUDQ VXV FUHDFLRQHV OLEUHV R IXHUDQ HQFDUJRV ([SRVLFLRQHV WDQ HPEOHPiWLFDV FRPR OD LQDXJXUDGRUD HVWR HV OD *UDQ ([SRVLFLyQ GH /RQGUHVGHROD([SRVLFLyQ8QLYHUVDOGH3DUtVGHVXSXVLHURQXQDHVWXGLDGD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD GHPRVWUDU HO SRGHU GH OD FLXGDG \ GHO SDtV H[SRVLWRU HQ WpUPLQRV HFRQyPLFRV DUWtVWLFRV \ SROtWLFRV DVt FRPR WDPELpQ OD VXSXVLHURQ SDUD ORV GLVWLQWRV SDEHOORQHV QDFLRQDOHV TXH ULYDOL]DEDQ HQ HVRV PLVPRV WpUPLQRV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR WXYR EDVWDQWHWUDVFHQGHQFLDDUTXLWHFWyQLFD\SURSDJDQGtVWLFDPHQWHODVLPEyOLFDLPDJHQGHORV SDEHOORQHV GH OD $OHPDQLD QD]L \ GH OD 8QLyQ 6RYLpWLFD HQIUHQWDGRV HQ OD ([SRVLFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH3DUtVGHDQWHVGHOHVWDOOLGR GHOD6HJXQGD*XHUUD0XQGLDO /RFLHUWRHVTXHHQFRQWH[WRVEpOLFRV\VLWXDFLRQHVGHFRQIOLFWRODH[SRUWDFLyQGH DUWHSDUDVXH[SRVLFLyQHQHOH[WUDQMHUR VHFRQYHUWtDHQXQDSRWHQWHDUPDSURSDJDQGtVWLFD TXHFRQWULEXtDGLUHFWDPHQWHDODFRQILJXUDFLyQHVWpWLFDGHODLGHRORJtDGHOSDtVGHRULJHQ &RQHVWDLGHDVREUHHOWHUUHQRHODYDQFHGH(VWDGRV8QLGRVHQWpUPLQRVDUWtVWLFRV HQOD VHJXQGD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;;MXQWR FRQ HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR HQWUH HO SDtV DPHULFDQR \ OD 8QLyQ 6RYLpWLFD HQ OD *XHUUD )UtD VXSXVLHURQ DPEDV ODV FRQGLFLRQHV LGHDOHV SDUD OD H[SRUWDFLyQ GH DUWH GHQWUR GH OR TXH PXFKRV DXWRUHV KDQ GHQRPLQDGR ´JXHUUD IUtD FXOWXUDOµ 'HQWUR GH HVWH FRQWH[WR VH WUDWDUi D FRQWLQXDFLyQ OD H[SRVLFLyQ GHO ([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWR HQ(XURSD EDMRHOSDWURFLQLRGH OD &,$TXLHQ DWULEXtDDODV SLQWXUDVHOYDORUGH´OLEHUWDGµSDUD SURPRFLRQDUODPDUFDSDtV(VWDGRV 8QLGRV (ODUWH\ODSURSDJDQGDVHSXHGHQDQDOL]DU FRPRIHQyPHQRVFRPXQLFDWLYRV(Q HVWD OtQHD GHVWDFD OD GHILQLFLyQ GH SURSDJDQGD SURSXHVWD SRU $QWRQLR 3LQHGD ´/D SURSDJDQGDHVXQIHQyPHQRFRPXQLFDWLYRGHFRQWHQLGR\ILQHVLGHROyJLFRVPHGLDQWHHO FXDO XQ (PLVRU LQGLYLGXDO R FROHFWLYR WUDQVPLWH LQWHUHVDGD \ GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH XQ 0HQVDMH SDUD FRQVHJXLU PDQWHQHU R UHIRU]DU XQD SRVLFLyQ GH SRGHU VREUH HO SHQVDPLHQWRR ODFRQGXFWDGHXQ 5HFHSWRULQGLYLGXDO RFROHFWLYRFX\RVLQWHUHVHV QR 67$$/-RQDV ´$UW'HPRFUDWLVP3URSDJDQGDµ HIOX[  */21'<62OJD /DJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDO\HOH[LOLRUHSXEOLFDQRHVSDxRO&XDGHUQRVGHO&RQJUHVRSRUOD /LEHUWDGGHOD&XOWXUD 0DGULG1,f2$QWRQLR\0217(52-RVp$QWRQLRHGV *XHUUD)UtD\ SURSDJDQGD (VWDGRV8QLGRV \VXFUX]DGDFXOWXUDOHQ(XURSD\ $PpULFD/DWLQD 0DGULG 6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$\ODJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDO 0DGULG 6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU´*DUDEDWRV\DQTXLV<DQTXL GRRGOHVµHQ /D&,$\ODJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDO  0DGULGSS &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD FRLQFLGHQQHFHVDULDPHQWHFRQORVGHO(PLVRUµ 'HO PLVPR PRGR HO DUWH D SHVDU GH VXV P~OWLSOHV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH GHILQLFLyQ GHVGHGLVWLQWRVSXQWRVGHYLVWDWDPELpQSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHXQIHQyPHQRFRPXQLFDWLYR HQVX HVHQFLD$PERVSURSDJDQGD \DUWHVRQ SURFHVRV TXH HPSOHDQ QHFHVDULDPHQWH XQR RYDULRV HPLVRUHV XQPHQVDMH \XQR RYDULRV UHFHSWRUHV (QHO FDVR GHODUWH HVH HPLVRUVHUtDHODUWLVWDHOPHQVDMHVHFRUUHVSRQGHUtDFRQVXREUD\HOUHFHSWRUFRLQFLGLUi HO S~EOLFRGHGLFKDREUD 5HVSHFWRDODLQWHQFLyQFRPXQLFDWLYDHQXQR\RWURIHQyPHQR PLHQWUDV TXH OD SURSDJDQGD WLHQH XQD ILQDOLGDG LGHROyJLFD HQ HO DUWH SUHYDOHFH XQD ILQDOLGDG HVWpWLFD &RQRFLHQGR HVWRV HOHPHQWRV VH SXHGH GHGXFLU FXiQGR XQ DUWH DGTXLHUHHODGMHWLYRGHSURSDJDQGtVWLFR &RPR DUWH SURSDJDQGtVWLFR VH SRGUtD FDOLILFDU WRGR DUWH HQ HO TXH GXUDQWH HO SURFHVRGHFUHDFLyQRUHFHSFLyQGHODREUDKDSDUWLFLSDGRXQHPLVRUGHSURSDJDQGD(O SURSDJDQGLVWDUHDOL]DHVWDLQWHUYHQFLyQDSRUWDQGRXQGHWHUPLQDGRPHQVDMHLGHROyJLFRD OD REUD GH DUWH OD FXDO SXHGH HVWDU DXVHQWH GH LGHRORJtD R ELHQ SXHGH FRQWHQHU XQD LGHRORJtD SUHH[LVWHQWH TXH DKRUD VH YHUi DOWHUDGD 1R REVWDQWH HQ HVWH WLSR GH LQWHUYHQFLyQGHOSURSDJDQGLVWDHQXQIHQyPHQRDUWtVWLFRFRPXQLFDWLYRKD\TXHWHQHUHQ FXHQWDTXHODILQDOLGDGLGHROyJLFDGHODSURSDJDQGDQXQFDOOHJDUtD DHFOLSVDU ODILQDOLGDG HVWpWLFDGHODUWH (VGHFLUODREUDUHVXOWDQWHWHQGUtDREMHWLYRVSURSDJDQGtVWLFRVRFXOWRVWUDV HVDILQDOLGDGHVWpWLFDTXHVHOHSUHVXSRQHDODREUDGHDUWH $O GHILQLU HQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGR FRQWH[WR XQD REUD GH DUWH FRPR ´DUWH SURSDJDQGtVWLFRµVHHVWDUtDDILUPDQGR TXHGLFKDREUDHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDGH LQVWUXPHQWDOL]DFLyQ SURSDJDQGtVWLFD (V GHFLU HO DXWRU GH HVWD HVWUDWHJLD HO SURSDJDQGLVWDSUHWHQGHPHGLDQWHHOPDQHMRGHXQDREUDGHDUWH DOFDQ]DUXQREMHWLYR SURSDJDQGtVWLFRHVWRHVXQREMHWLYRGHSRGHU (VWH SURFHGLPLHQWR VH HQPDUFD GHQWUR GHO FRQFHSWR GH ´PRGHODFLyQ FXOWXUDO SURSDJDQGtVWLFDµ0&3 SURSXHVWRSRU 3LQHGDFRPRXQWLSRGHSURSDJDQGDHQFXELHUWD  3,1('$$QWRQLR (OHPHQWRVSDUDXQDWHRUtDFRPXQLFDFLRQDOGHODSURSDJDQGD 6HYLOODS  %(5*(5 5HQp $UWH \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ  %DUFHORQD  '(:(< -RKQ (O DUWH FRPR H[SHULHQFLD  %DUFHORQD(&28PEHUWR 2EUDDELHUWD %DUFHORQD(&28PEHUWR /DGHILQLFLyQGHODUWH  %DUFHORQD3$12)6.<(UZLQ (OVLJQLILFDGRGHODVDUWHVYLVXDOHV 0DGULG5($'+HUEHUW (OVLJQLILFDGRGHODUWH 0DGULG  3,1('$$QWRQLR´ %UDQGHGFRQWHQW DQWHVGHO EUDQGHGFRQWHQW /DPRGHODFLyQFXOWXUDOSURSDJDQGtVWLFD &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD /D0&3GHEHFRQWDUFRQ´XQDLQWHQFLyQSURSDJDQGtVWLFDGHOLEHUDGDSHURRFXOWDXVRGH PHGLRVFXOWXUDOHVSDUDODGLVHPLQDFLyQLGHROyJLFD\VXWLOH]DDODKRUDGHSURFHGHUDGLFKD GLVHPLQDFLyQµ 3RU WRGR HOOR 3LQHGD WDPELpQ VH UHILHUH D OD H[SRUWDFLyQ GHO ([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWRD(XURSDSRUSDUWHGHOD&,$GXUDQWHOD*XHUUD)UtDFRPRXQR GH ORV PiV DFHUWDGRV HMHPSORV GH 0&3 (VWH FDVR FRQFUHWR VH WUDWDUtD GH XQD LQVWUXPHQWDOL]DFLyQSURSDJDQGtVWLFDGHODUWH DSRVWHULRUL HVGHFLUGHVSXpVGHTXHODREUD KD\DVLGRFUHDGDSRUHODUWLVWDHQEDVHDVXVSURSLRVFULWHULRVLGHROyJLFRV\HVWpWLFRV 6LQUHFXSHUDUVHD~QGHORVHVWUDJRVGHOD6HJXQGD*XHUUD0XQGLDOHQHOVLJOR;; FRPLHQ]D OD *XHUUD )UtD XQD OXFKD VLQ HQIUHQWDPLHQWR DUPDGR HQWUH HO FDSLWDOLVPR EORTXHOLGHUDGRSRU(VWDGRV8QLGRV\HOFRPXQLVPROLGHUDGRSRUOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFD (QHVWDVLWXDFLyQHOPDQHMRGHODUWH\ODFXOWXUDGHXQR\RWUREDQGRUHVXOWyXQDGHODV SLH]DV IXQGDPHQWDOHV HQ HO WDEOHUR GH MXHJR PXQGLDO &RPR LQWURGXFH -RKQ 6ZLIW ´GHPRVWUDUTXHXQVLVWHPDHVPiVUHILQDGRFXOWXUDOPHQWHPiVDUWtVWLFRPiVYLULOPiV IXHUWHRJR]DGHPHMRUHGXFDFLyQHTXLYDOHDVXSHULRULGDGPRUDO>«@7RGRVORViPELWRV GHODFXOWXUDVHPRYLOL]DURQSDUDFRPEDWLUHQOD*XHUUD)UtDµ <ORFLHUWRHVTXH(VWDGRV 8QLGRVFRQWDEDFRQXQDYHQWDMD LPSRUWDQWH SDUDHVWDJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDOHODUWHVHHVWDED WUDVODGDQGRGHFDSLWDOGHVGH3DUtVD1XHYD<RUN ´HODUWHSDULVLQRSDUHFtDDIHPLQDGRH LQDGHFXDGR HQ JHQHUDO SDUD HQIUHQWDUVH D ORV YLROHQWRV SHOLJURV TXH DJXDUGDEDQ D OD FXOWXUDRFFLGHQWDO(OYLULODUWHGH1XHYD<RUNDFXGLyDOUHVFDWHµ < OD YLULOLGDG HVWDGRXQLGHQVH SDUHFLy PDWHULDOL]DUVH HQ HO ([SUHVLRQLVPR $EVWUDFWR PRYLPLHQWR GHFODUDGR DELHUWDPHQWH DSROtWLFR HQ HO TXH GHVWDFy OD ILJXUD VROLWDULD\DOFRKyOLFDGH-DFNVRQ3ROORFN&RPRDILUPDED HODUWLVWD%XEE+RSNLQV´pOHUD HO JUDQ SLQWRU DPHULFDQR >«@ (VD SHUVRQD >«@ GHEHUtD WHQHU ODV YLUWXGHV YLULOHV GHO KRPEUH DPHULFDQR >«@ 'HEH VXUJLU GH QXHVWUR SURSLR VXHORµ $GHPiVHQVX DFWLRQ SDLQWLQJ  DXVHQWH GH ILJXUDFLyQ DOJXQD 3ROORFN GHMDED YtD OLEUH D OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH FXDOTXLHUD<DVtHQ HVWHFRQWH[WRSROtWLFR\DUWtVWLFR´ODLGHDGHTXHHO([SUHVLRQLVPR $EVWUDFWR SRGtD OOHJDU D VHU XQ YHKtFXOR GH ODV QXHYDV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV LPSHULDOHV FRPRIRUPDGHSURSDJDQGDHQFXELHUWDµ ÉPELWRV S  ,EtGHP S  6:,)7-RKQ $WODVKLVWyULFRGHOD*XHUUD)UtD 0DGULGS  *8,/%$876HUJH 'HFyPR1XHYD<RUNUREyODLGHDGHDUWHPRGHUQR 0DGULGS  &$67(//$1263ROR´([SUHVLRQLVPRDEVWUDFWR7tSLFDPHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQRµ $UFKLSLpODJR  S  +23.,16%XEEHQ6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$\ODJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDO 0DGULGSS  &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD FRPHQ]yDWRPDUFXHUSRµ 1R REVWDQWH GHQWUR GH OD SROtWLFD HVWDGRXQLGHQVH KDEtD EDVWDQWH GHVDFXHUGR UHVSHFWR DO XVR GH HVWH DUWH FRPR DUPD SURSDJDQGtVWLFD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR GHVWDFD OD SRVWXUD S~EOLFD GHOFRQJUHVLVWD*HRUJH$'RQGHURTXLHQGHIHQGtDHQTXH´HODUWH HVFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRXQDUPDGHOFRPXQLVPR\HOGRFWULQDULRFRPXQLVWDFRQVLGHUDDO DUWLVWDFRPRXQVROGDGRGHODUHYROXFLyQµ\TXHHO$EVWUDFFLRQLVPRMXQWRFRQHOUHVWRGH LVPRV HV ´GH RULJHQ H[WUDQMHUR \ HQ YHUGDG QR GHEHUtDQ WHQHU XQ OXJDU HQ HO DUWH QRUWHDPHULFDQRµ&RPRUHVSXHVWD$OIUHG%DUUSULPHUGLUHFWRUGHO0R0$SXEOLFDWUHV DxRVPiVWDUGHXQDUWtFXORHQHO 1HZ<RUN7LPHV0DJD]LQH WLWXODGR´¢(VFRPXQLVWDHO DUWHPRGHUQR"µGRQGHH[SRQHODYLQFXODFLyQ HQWUH HO DUWH UHDOLVWD \ ORVWRWDOLWDULVPRV FRQ OD FRQVHFXHQWH UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO DUWH PRGHUQR \ VX GHVDUUROOR HQ XQ UpJLPHQ GH OLEHUWDG 9HUGDGHUDPHQWHORVDUWLVWDVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHVGHILQDOHVGHORVDxRVHVWH JUXSR GHSLQWRUHVH[SUHVLRQLVWDV DEVWUDFWRVTXHVHDXWRGHQRPLQDEDQ´/RV,UDVFLEOHVµ )LJ KDEtDQ WHQLGR HQ PD\RU R PHQRU PHGLGD UHODFLyQ FRQ PRYLPLHQWRV SROtWLFRV GH L]TXLHUGD(OSURSLR-DFNVRQ3ROORFNKDEtDWUDEDMDGRFRQHOPXUDOLVWDPH[LFDQR'DYLG $OIDUR 6LTXHLURV 3HUR D SHVDU GH WRGR HOOR \ FRPR H[SOLFD 6DXQGHUV ´$OOt GRQGH 'RQGHUR YHtD HYLGHQFLD GH FRQVSLUDFLyQ FRPXQLVWD HQ HO ([SUHVLRQLVPR $EVWUDFWR OD HOLWH FXOWXUDO HVWDGRXQLGHQVH GHWHFWy XQD YLUWXG RSXHVWD SDUD HOORV H[SUHVDED XQD LGHRORJtDHVSHFtILFDPHQWHDQWLFRPXQLVWDODLGHRORJtDGHODOLEHUWDGGHODOLEUHHPSUHVD $O QR VHU ILJXUDWLYR QL SRGHU H[SUHVDUVH SROtWLFDPHQWH HUD OD YHUGDGHUD DQWtWHVLV GHO 5HDOLVPR6RFLDOLVWD(UDSUHFLVDPHQWHHOWLSRGHDUWHFRQHOTXHORVVRYLpWLFRVGLVIUXWDEDQ RGLiQGROR 3HUR HUD PiV TXH HVWR (UD DILUPDEDQ VXV DSRORJHWDV XQD DSRUWDFLyQ HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HVWDGRXQLGHQVH DODUWHPRGHUQRµ 'HELGR D OD RSRVLFLyQ LQWHUQD D OD LGHD GH OD SURPRFLyQ GHO ([SUHVLRQLVPR $EVWUDFWR HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH (VWDGR OOHJy D RUGHQDU TXH QR VH H[SXVLHVHQ DUWLVWDV HVWDGRXQLGHQVHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO FRPXQLVPR ORV HVWUDWHJDV GH OD DOWD SROtWLFD WXYLHURQTXHEXVFDUDOWHUQDWLYDV SDUD´PRVWUDUDOPXQGRTXHHVWHHUDXQDUWHDFRUGHFRQ  6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$ \ «RSFLWS  '21'(52 *HRUJH HQ &+,33 +HUVFKHO % 7HRUtDV GHO DUWH FRQWHPSRUiQHR )XHQWHV DUWtVWLFDV \ RSLQLRQHVFUtWLFDV 0DGULGS  %$55$OIUHG´,V0RGHUQ$UW&RPPXQLVWLF"µ 1HZ<RUN7LPHV0DJD]LQH %$55$OIUHG /D GHILQLFLyQ GHODUWHPRGHUQR 0DGULGSS  6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$ \ «RSFLWSS  ,EtGHP S  ,ELG S  ,ELG S &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD ODJUDQGH]D\OLEHUWDGGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVµ3RUHOORUHFXUULHURQDOD&,$+DOODPRV WDO\FRPRDILUPD6DXQGHUV´HVDVXEOLPHSDUDGRMDGHODHVWUDWHJLDDPHULFDQDHQODJXHUUD IUtD FXOWXUDO SDUD SURPRYHU OD DFHSWDFLyQ GHO DUWH SURGXFLGR HQ \ FDFDUHDGR FRPR H[SUHVLyQ GH OD GHPRFUDFLD KDEtD TXH VDOYDU HO HVFROOR GHO SURSLR SURFHVR GHPRFUiWLFRµ /D &,$ D VX YH] UHFXUULy DO 0R0$ GiQGROH FUHGLELOLGDG LQVWLWXFLRQDO D VXV HVWUDWHJLDV /D DUWLVWD (YD &RFNFURIW HQ VX DUWtFXOR GH  ´$EVWUDFW ([SUHVVLRQLVP ZHDSRQ RI WKH &ROG :DUµ QDUUD OD GLUHFWD YLQFXODFLyQ HQWUH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH SRGHU KDOODGD WUDV HO 0R0$ \ OD &,$ \ OD H[SRUWDFLyQ GHO ([SUHVLRQLVPR $EVWUDFWR FRPR FRQFHSWRGHOHVWLORGHYLGDHVWDGRXQLGHQVH3DUDOOHYDUDFDERHVWDWDUHDHO0R0$FUHy HQXQ3URJUDPD,QWHUQDFLRQDOEDMRHOTXHH[SRUWDEDREUDVH[SUHVLRQLVWDVDEVWUDFWDV DO H[WUDQMHUR HVWD DFFLyQ HUD GHQRPLQDGD SRU HO SURSLR %DUU FRPR ´SURSDJDQGD EHQHYROHQWHSDUDODLQWHOHFWXDOLGDGH[WUDQMHUDµ(OREMHWLYRGHO3URJUDPD,QWHUQDFLRQDO GHO0R0$HUDVHJ~Q&RFNFURIW ´GHMDUFODURHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQ(XURSDTXH$PpULFDQR HUDHOSiUDPR FXOWXUDOTXHORVUXVRV>«@HVWDEDQLQWHQWDQGRGHPRVWUDUTXHHUDµ 6RORFXDWURDxRVGHVSXpVGHVXFUHDFLyQHO3URJUDPD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHO0R0$ KDEtD RUJDQL]DGR WUHLQWD \ WUHV H[SRVLFLRQHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV HQWUH ODV TXH VH SXHGHQ GHVWDFDU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HQ OD %LHQDO GH 9HQHFLD \ OD H[SRVLFLyQ ´'RFHSLQWRUHV\HVFXOWRUHVDPHULFDQRVFRQWHPSRUiQHRVµLQDXJXUDGDHQ3DUtV 'H PDQHUD JHQHUDO HO DSR\R GH OD &,$ D DFWLYLGDGHV FXOWXUDOHV FRPR H[SRVLFLRQHV MRUQDGDV OLWHUDULDV R FRQFLHUWRV FRPR VRVWLHQH &RFNFURIW QR HVWDED RULHQWDGR ~QLFDPHQWH DO HVSLRQDMH VLQR TXH EXVFDED ´LQIOXHQFLDU OD FRPXQLGDG LQWHOHFWXDO H[WUDQMHUD \ SUHVHQWDU XQD IXHUWH LPDJHQ SURSDJDQGtVWLFD GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRVFRPRXQDVRFLHGDG¶OLEUH· \RSXHVWDDOUHJODPHQWDGREORTXHFRPXQLVWDµ(QHVWD OtQHD $XJXVW +HFNVFKHU DQWLJXR SUHVLGHQWH GHO 3URJUDPD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GHO 0R0$ OOHJyDDILUPDUTXHODREUDGHOPXVHRHVWDED´UHODFLRQDGDFRQODSULQFLSDOOXFKDGHODHUD OD OXFKDGH OD OLEHUWDGFRQWUD OD WLUDQtDµ 3RU HOOR ODV REUDV GH DUWLVWDV FRPR 3ROORFN VDOSLFDGDVGHOtQHDV\JRWDVVLQRUGHQDOJXQR HUDQSHUIHFWDVSDUDDOFDQ]DUWDOILQ´1RV  ,ELG S  ,ELG S  &2&.&52)7 (YD ´$EVWUDFW ([SUHVVLRQLVP ZHDSRQ RI WKH &ROG :DUµ (Q 3ROORFN DQG DIWHU 7KH FULWLFDOGHEDWH 1XHYD<RUNSS  6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$ \ «RSFLWS  &2&.&52)7(YD´$EVWUDFW([SUHVVLRQLVPZHDSRQ«µRSFLWS7G$  6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$ \ «RSFLWSS  &2&.&52)7(YD´$EVWUDFW([SUHVVLRQLVPZHDSRQ«µRSFLW SS 7G$  +(&.6&+(5 $XJXVW HQ6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$ \ «RSFLWS  &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD KDEtDPRVGDGRFXHQWDµGHFtD'RQDOG-DPHVRQPLHPEURGHOD&,$´GHTXHHUDHOWLSR GHDUWHTXHPHQRVWHQtDTXHYHUFRQHO5HDOLVPR6RFLDOLVWD\KDFtDSDUHFHUDO5HDOLVPR 6RFLDOLVWDD~QPiVDPDQHUDGR\UtJLGR\OLPLWDGRGHORTXHHQUHDOLGDGHUDµ (QGHILQLWLYDHOFDVRGHO([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWR\VXSDWURFLQLRSRUOD&,$GXUDQWHOD *XHUUD )UtD GHVWDFD SRU VX GHVFDUDGD FRQWUDGLFFLyQ HV XQ PRYLPLHQWR DSROtWLFR TXH DFDEyLQVWUXPHQWDOL]DGRSURSDJDQGtVWLFDPHQWHHQEDVHDVXSURSLDDSROLWLFLGDG(VGHFLU OD OLEHUWDG SUHVHQWH HQ HVRV OLHQ]RV HUD OD OLEHUWDG LGHROyJLFD GHO DUWLVWD TXH KDEtD FRQVHJXLGR ]DIDUVH GHO \XJR GH ODV DQWLJXDV LQVWLWXFLRQHV GH SRGHU 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV REUDVVHSUHVHQWDURQHQ(XURSDFRPRVtPERORQRGHODOLEHUWDGLGHROyJLFD\GHFUHDFLyQ GHO DUWLVWD VLQR GH OD OLEHUWDG HVWDGRXQLGHQVH (VWR HV HO DUWLVWD YROYtD D HVWDU EDMR ODV FXHUGDVGHOSRGHU /DVSURSLDVSDODEUDVTXHHOSUHVLGHQWH(LVHQKRZHUSURQXQFLyHQHO DQLYHUVDULRGHO0R0$HQGDQFODUDPXHVWUDGHHVWDFRQWUDGLFFLyQ ´6LHPSUHTXH QXHVWURV DUWLVWDV VHDQ OLEUHV SDUD FUHDU FRQ VLQFHULGDG \ FRQYLFFLyQ VH SURGXFLUi XQD VDOXGDEOHSROpPLFD\SURJUHVRGHODUWH>«@ 4XpGLIHUHQWHHVHQODWLUDQtD&XDQGRDORV DUWLVWDV VH OHV FRQYLHUWH HQ HVFODYRV \ KHUUDPLHQWDV GHO (VWDGR FXDQGR ORV DUWLVWDV VH FRQYLHUWHQ HQ SULQFLSDOHV SURSDJDQGLVWDV GH XQD FDXVD HO SURJUHVR VH GHWLHQH \ OD FUHDFLyQ\HOJHQLRVHGHVWUX\HQµ (Q HVWH GLVFXUVR HO SUHVLGHQWH HVWDED FRQGHQDQGR OD LQVWUXPHQWDOL]DFLyQ SURSDJDQGtVWLFD GHO DUWH D SULRUL  HV GHFLU ODV REUDV SRU HQFDUJR R ODV TXH VHJXtDQ ORV FULWHULRVLGHROyJLFRV\HVWpWLFRVGHOSRGHU6LQHPEDUJRpOPLVPRFRQVXVSDODEUDVFRPR SUHVLGHQWH ´VLHPSUH TXH QXHVWURV DUWLVWDV VHDQ OLEUHVµ HVWi LQVWUXPHQWDOL]DQGR D SRVWHULRUL HODUWHTXHVHHVWDEDFUHDQGRHQVXSDtV/RHVWDEDXWLOL]DQGRFRPRHMHPSOR GH OD OLEHUWDG TXH ORV DUWLVWDV YLYtDQ HQ (VWDGRV 8QLGRV &RPR VtPEROR GH OD OLEHUWDG HVWDGRXQLGHQVHRSXHVWDDOD´WLUDQtDµVRYLpWLFD 7UDVDQDOL]DUHOFDVRGHODH[SRUWDFLyQGHO([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWRVHSXHGHQ GHVWDFDUXQSDUGHFXHVWLRQHV(QSULPHUOXJDUUHVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHODGLYLVLyQLQWHUQDHQOD SROtWLFD HVWDGRXQLGHQVH GH PHGLDGRV GH VLJOR HQ FXDQWR D OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GHO DUWH PRGHUQRHQJHQHUDO\GHO([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWRHQSDUWLFXODU([LVWtDQGHWUDFWRUHVGH ORVPRYLPLHQWRVYDQJXDUGLVWDVORVFXDOHVHQPDUFDEDQWRGDVODVYDQJXDUGLDVGHQWURGHOD LGHRORJtDFRPXQLVWD6LQHPEDUJRKXERTXLHQHVVXSLHURQYHUPiVDOOi\GHFLGLHURQTXH  -$0(621'RQDOG HQ ,EtGHP S   &/$5.7RE\ $UWH\SURSDJDQGDHQHOVLJOR;; 0DGULGS  (,6(1+2:(5'ZLJKW' HQ 6$81'(56)UDQFHV6WRQRU /D&,$ «RSFLWS &ROHFFLRQLVPR0HFHQD]JR\0HUFDGR$UWtVWLFR (OHQD%HOOLGR3pUH] VXSUR\HFFLyQHQ(XURSD\$PpULFD RSRQHUDOFRPXQLVPRXQHVWLORDUWtVWLFRJHQXLQRHVWDGRXQLGHQVHHUDXQDEXHQDHVWUDWHJLD SDUDODJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDO/R~QLFRTXHWHQtDQTXHKDFHUHUDRWRUJDUOHDODVREUDVYDORUHV HVWDGRXQLGHQVHV/DREUDGHDUWHHQFXHVWLyQSRGtDVHUItVLFDPHQWHODPLVPDSHURGHVGH XQDSHUVSHFWLYDHUDFRPXQLVWD\SRUWDQWRFRQGHQDGD\GHVGHODRWUDVHSRGtDFRQYHUWLU HQXQD XQDDSRORJtDGHODOLEHUWDG HVWDGRXQLGHQVH\SRUWDQWRHUDSURPRFLRQDGD1R REVWDQWH OR PiV UHOHYDQWH GH WRGR HOOR HV TXH GHVGH OD SURSLD DXWRUtD GH OD REUD VH UHLYLQGLFDEDVXDSROLWLFLGDG 'HULYDGDGHHVDFRQVLGHUDFLyQWDPELpQVHSXHGHGHVWDFDUHOSURFHVRDWUDYpVGHO FXDO HO ([SUHVLRQLVPR $EVWUDFWR IXH SROLWL]DGR HQ XQ VHQWLGR WDQ FRQFUHWR (Q OD H[SRVLFLyQGHODVREUDVHVWDVDGTXLUtDQXQGHWHUPLQDGRVLJQLILFDGRGLVFXUVRVFDWiORJRV FUtWLFDVHOHPHQWRVFRQWH[WXDOHVHQODVVDODVGHH[SRVLFLyQ«PHGLDQWHHOPDQHMRGHHVWDV SLH]DVOD&,$FRPRSURSDJDQGLVWDSRGtDLQWHUYHQLUHQHOPHQVDMHGHODREUDGHDUWH $VtSURFXUDEDTXHHOS~EOLFRQRYLHUDHO([SUHVLRQLVPR$EVWUDFWRFRPRXQPRYLPLHQWR DSROtWLFR \SXUDPHQWHHVWpWLFRVLQRFRPRH[SUHVLyQGHODOLEHUWDGGHOEORTXHFDSLWDOLVWD 3RU~OWLPRD WUDYpVGHODLOXVWUDFLyQGHHVWHFDVRVHKDQSRGLGRLGHQWLILFDUORVGRV SURFHVRVFRPXQLFDWLYRVTXHFRQYLYHQHQHODUWHSURSDJDQGtVWLFR3RUXQODGRHODUWHHO DUWLVWDHPLVRUFUHDXQDREUDH[SUHVLRQLVWDDEVWUDFWDPHQVDMHSDUDXQS~EOLFRUHFHSWRU FRQXQDILQDOLGDGHVWpWLFD <SRURWURODGRODSURSDJDQGDOD&,$HPLVRULQWHUYLHQHHQ HO SURFHVR GH UHFHSFLyQH[SRVLFLyQ GH XQD REUD GH DUWH H[SUHVLRQLVWD DEVWUDFWD GHSRVLWDQGR VXEUHSWLFLDPHQWH HQ HOOD HO YDORU GH OD OLEHUWDG HVWDGRXQLGHQVH PHQVDMH SDUD WUDQVPLWtUVHOR DO S~EOLFR HXURSHR UHFHSWRU FRQ XQD LQWHQFLyQ GH SRGHU GHWHUPLQDGD