Populismo y hegemonía en el Estado Islámico: la construcción del Estado califal en la revista propagandística Dabiq
Abstract
El presente estudio analiza la construcción y de la representación del califato como Estado por parte del Estado Islámico. Para ello, se ha utilizado la revista Dabiq al completo. En el análisis se establecerá la forma en la que ISIS se autoproyecta hacia el exterior, incidiendo sobre todo en la ecuación nosotros-otros y nutriéndose de los imaginarios sociales y colectivos allegados a esta. En definitiva, este trabajo pretende acercarse al instrumento propagandístico de una organización que se plasma a sí misma como la salvadora de la sociedad y que, por ende, se ha diseñado y autoproclamado a través de unas instituciones sociales y unas formas de gobierno que refuerzan esa hegemonía cultural particular.
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ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society, 31(2), 155-175 155 Abstract Keywords Islamic State, caliphate, propaganda, hegemony, populism, Dabiq. 1. Introduction Adrián Tarín Sanz [email protected] Professor. School of Social Communication. Universidad Central del Ecuador, Ecuador. José Manuel Rivas Otero [email protected] Research Personnel in Training. Department of General Public Law. Universidad de Salamanca, Spain. Ana Ortega Pérez [email protected] PhD candidate. Universidad de Sevilla, Spain. Submitted September 29, 2017 Approved January 23, 2018 © 2018 Communication & Society ISSN 0214-0039 E ISSN 2386-7876 doi: 10.15581/003.31.2.155-175 www.communication-society.com 2018 – Vol. 31(2) pp. 155-175 How to cite this article: Tarín Sanz, A.; Rivas Otero, J. M. & Ortega Pérez, A. (2018). Populism and hegemony in Islamic State: The building of the caliphal State in the propagandistic Dabiq magazine. Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175. This paper is part of the activities of GT CLACSO “Tecnopolítica, Cultura Digital y Ciudadanía”.
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 156 2
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 157 2. Propaganda, construction of social imaginaries and common sense 3 4 5 6
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 158 3. Populism, antagonism y hegemony 7 8 9
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 159 4. Materials and methods 4.1. Objectives
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 160 4.2. Content analysis Table 1. Sample of data Formal Code ________________ Year 1.(2014) 2.(2015) 3.(2016) Extension Number of pages Images 0. None 1. One 2. Two 3. Three or more Design Function of the image (García Yruela, 2003) 1. Informative 2. Demonstrative 3. Symbolic 4. Illustrative 5. Entertaining 6. Several Type of image 1. Photography 2. Drawing 3. Mixed Relation image-text (Erausquin, 1995) 0. None 1. Opposition 2. Complementarity 3. Autonomy Section 0. None 1. Foreword 2. Breaking News 3. Report 4. Article 5. Wisdom 6. The Enemy´s Word 7. Feature 8. News 9. Special 10. Statement 11. Islamic State Report 12. To our sisters 13. Interview with… 14. Among the believers are men 15. From the pages of history 16. Kikmah Content Theme 1. State affirmation 2. Unique merciful state 3. Secure space 4. Land of emigration 5. Other 6. Several
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 161 4.3. Material of analysis Table 2. Selection of the sample Number of magazine Number of pages Number of analyzed pages 1 33 26 2 44 14 3 42 10 4 56 8 Audience 0. Unkown 1. Muslim women 2. Muslim men 3. Muslim children 4. Foreign Muslim 5. Enemy 6. Community 7. Several Argumentation (Perelman & OlbrechtTyteca, 1994) 1. Conviction 2. Persuasion Relation with other contents 1. Attack to enemies 2. Conquest of new territories 3. Conflict in Syria 4. Conflict in Iraq 5. Militar operations 6. Islamic doctrine 7. Several 8. Others
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 162 5 40 18 6 63 5 7 83 11 8 68 5 9 79 11 10 79 2 11 66 2 12 66 2 13 56 7 14 68 11 15 82 4 TOTAL 925 (14.7%) 5. Results 5.1. Recognition, quantification y analysis of the space of us
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 163 Table 3. Frequency of analyzed texts by year ago Year Frecuency Percentage 2014 19 48.7 2015 15 38.5 2016 5 12.8 Total 39 100.0 5.2. Identification, quantification y analysis of visual resources Table 4. Presence of images in analyzed texts Year Frecuency Percentage One 9 23.1 Two 9 23.1 Three or more 21 53.8 Total 39 100.0
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 170 Table 10. Relation of the texts with other contents Other contents Frecuency Percentage Attacks to enemies 2 5.1 Conquest of new territories 11 28.2 Conflict in Syria 1 2.6 Conflict in Iraq 3 7.7 Islamic doctrine 12 30.8 Several 7 17.9 Others 3 7.7 Total 39 100.0 18 19 20
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 171 Table 11. Audience of the analyzed texts Audience Frecuency Percentage Unknown 1 2.6 Muslim women 2 5.1 Muslim men 2 5.1 Muslim children 1 2.6 Foreign Muslim 2 5.1 Enemy 1 2.6 Community 18 46.2 Several 12 30.8 Total 39 100.0 Table 12. Types of argumentation Argumentation Frecuency Percentage Conviction 16 41.0 Persuasion 23 59.0 Total 39 100.0 6. Conclusions
ISSN 2386-7876 – © 2018 Communication & Society 31(2), 155-175 172 References 21
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