The Temple of Millions of Years of the Pharaoh Thutmose III (Luxor) An Update on the Research
Abstract
This paper presents the most up to date discussion on the architecture of the temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III, which has been investigated by the Spanish-Egyptian joint project since 2008. The fi rst archaeological works took place at the site at the end of the nineteenth century and during the fi rst decades of the twentieth century. Twelve seasons of the resumed research have brought, e.g. some completely new data concerning buildings related to the temple (i.e. the administrative building outside the southern enclosure wall, workshops north of the upper courtyard, and a house of the Ramesside priest called Khonsu at the northeast of the second courtyard), and allowed for the reconstruction of the course of the enclosure wall of the complex, as well as for some architectural restoration works. This paper also off ers an overview through some of the most important fi nds collected so far during our research (e.g. fragments of reliefs, stelae and statues, inscribed and decorated lintels, foundation deposit, stoppers, ostraca, graffi ti, andfragments of papyri) and presents the fi rst results of their analysis: how these materials allow us to better understand the history and administration of the temple as well as what data they provide concerning the priests and the rituals which took place there.
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Études et Travaux XXXIII (2020), 179–220 DOI: 10.12775/EtudTrav.33.011 The Temple of Millions of Years of the Pharaoh Thutmose III (Luxor) An Update on the Research M S Á, J M B Abstract: This paper presents the most up to date discussion on the architecture of the temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III, which has been investigated by the Spanish-Egyptian joint project since 2008. The rst archaeological works took place at the site at the end of the nineteenth century and during the rst decades of the twentieth century. Twelve seasons of the resumed research have brought, e.g. some completely new data concerning buildings related to the temple (i.e. the administrative building outside the southern enclosure wall, workshops north of the upper courtyard, and a house of the Ramesside priest called Khonsu at the northeast of the second courtyard), and allowed for the reconstruction of the course of the enclosure wall of the complex, as well as for some architectural restoration works. This paper also oers an overview through some of the most important nds collected so far during our research (e.g. fragments of reliefs, stelae and statues, inscribed and decorated lintels, foundation deposit, stoppers, ostraca, grati, and fragments of papyri) and presents the rst results of their analysis: how these materials allow us to better understand the history and administration of the temple as well as what data they provide concerning the priests and the rituals which took place there. Keywords: New Kingdom Egypt, temple, Thutmose III, West Bank, Thebes Myriam Seco Álvarez, University of Seville, Seville; msalvar[email protected]; 0000-0002-5469-1666 Javier Martínez Babón, Egyptian Museum of Barcelona, Barcelona; [email protected] The Henket-ankh temple (ḥwt Ḥnkt-ʿnḫ-Mn-ḫpr-Rʿ,‘the temple which endows (Menkheperre)| with life’) is located in a wealthy enclave of ancient western Thebes, between the hills of the Asasif and Khokha, where the cultivation area met the desert. It was built over a necropolis dated to the Middle Kingdom. The temple and the necropolis were cut into the bedrock, as can be clearly observed in the southwestern part of the site. In this area, part of the enclosure wall is carved from the bedrock, over which the mudbricks were laid.
180 M S Á, J M B The construction technique was adapted, therefore, to the existing terrain: the founders of the monument shaped the bedrock before they added architectural structures in stone or in mudbrick (Figs 1–2). The architects designed this temple on three dierent levels, extending between the pylon located to the east and the chapels built in the west.1The second to the third levels were connected by a ramp. Unfortunately, little can be said of the connection between the rst and second levels since a modern road crosses the rst courtyard of the temple, which makes archaeological work here impossible. The dierence in elevation between the ground level and the lowermost part of the temple, i.e. the area of the entrance pylon, and the sanctuary located in the uppermost terrace, is about 7.3m. PREVIOUS WORKS The temple was included by Richard Lepsius in his map of Thebes in 1844,2while three dierent teams worked there throughout the late nineteenth and rst half of the twentieth century. In 1888 and 1889, Georges Daressy excavated architectural remains bonded to 1Very similar to what we nd in the Hatshepsut’s temple at Deir el-Bahari; see: Naville 1895; see also: Wysocki 1992: 233–254, Pls 42–47; 1986: 213–228. 2LDI, Pl. 73. 1. Aerial photo of the temple made in 2018 (Phot. J. Pablo Moreira © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
T T M Y P T III (L) 181 2. General plan of the temple (Surveyor: J. Tre García; drawing: E. Úbeda © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
182 M S Á, J M B the northern enclosure wall.3In 1905, Arthur Weigall, who was the chief inspector of the Antiquities Service, worked at various sections of the temple, locating new structures, two foundation deposits and a tomb from the Middle Kingdom.4His report was focused on the importance of movable nds, which included fragments of statues and stelae with names of important royal personalities of the rst half of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Herbert Ricke carried out four campaigns over three years (1934, 1936 and 1937) at this monument.5His main objective was to establish a sequence of the construction phases of the temple. For many years, his publication has been the most prominent reference to the Temple of Millions ofYears of Thutmose III.After Ricke, research at the site was suspended for several decades. The windblown sand once again covered the ruins of the temple and the complex was split into two parts by a road leading to the Valley of the Kings. What had been one of the most sacred temples of ancient Thebes quickly fell into neglect.6 SYNTHESIS ON THE CONSTRUCTION PHASES According to Ricke, the temple was constructed in three phases, with all of them dating to the reign of Thutmose III. However, it must be noted that activity of later rulers is also well documented at the site, as will be pointed out below. In the rst phase distinguished by Ricke, which took place during the period of co-regency of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, part of the bedrock, especially in the southwestern area, was lowered to facilitate the construction of the enclosure wall. Moreover, the area was divided into two levels connected by a ramp: a court and a terrace. At the same time the mudbrick enclosure wall was constructed, which was up to 5m thick at the base, gradually narrowing upwards, and was at least 10m high. The oldest enclosure wall encircles an area measuring 106m from east to west and around 87.5m from north to south. Traces of plastering axed to the mudbricks is preserved on various parts of this wall.7 The second phase is dated to the rst years of the sole rule of Thutmose III, and perhaps around the time of his sed-festival.8This included the enlargement of the temple to the east and the construction of a large mudbrick pylon. The north and south enclosure walls were extended 53.25 meters towards the pylon, thus encircling the lowermost terrace. The third phase took place at the end of the pharaoh’s reign, probably around the years 49 or 50. It is documented by the opening of an entrance in the southern half of the east enclosure wall of the second courtyard.9The entrance led to a new ramp, which allowed access to the area of a sanctuary dedicated to Hathor. 3Daressy 1926: 13–16. 4Weigall 1906: 121–141; 1907: 286; see also: Legrain 1906. 5Ricke 1938. 6See: Maruéjol 2007: 239–242; see also: Legrain 1906: 186–187. They point out how the temple was considered one of the great monuments of the land and was serviced by a special priesthood. 7See: Navarro et al. 2014: 27–38. 8For the discussion on this pharaoh’s sed-festival(s) see, e.g.: Chapon 2018a: 138, nn. 66–68. 9Ricke 1938: 24.
T T M Y P T III (L) 183 To the three main construction phases, one should add some later activities: walls built of mudbricks stamped by Amenhotep IV, and a house of Khonsu, the rst priest of this temple in the time of Ramesses II. Mudbricks stamped with this pharaoh’s throne name have also been found in the area. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE T The entrance pylon of the temple was built, as mentioned above, of mudbricks (Fig. 3). Its southern wing is extremely damaged due to the erosion and modern construction on top of it. Three corners of the northern wing were identied during excavations, which allows us to reconstruct each wing as 26.75m long and 9m wide.10 On the outside face of the north wing, there is a part of the base of a stand for a agpole. In the entrance some large blocks of sandstone that were part of the pavement can still be seen. An alignment of sandstone blocks was also located to the east of the entrance, on both its sides (Fig. 4). At the outer ends of these alignments, the stones were irregularly cut. Many limestone fragments,11 decorated with good quality reliefs and inscriptions, with bold carving on ne grain limestone, were also found scattered by the pylon door area. In front of the pylon, two large pits, 3.5m in diameter and sunken into the bedrock, were discovered. Both were excavated to a depth of 4.5m, where the water table was reached. These pits were lled with the fertile soil of the Nile and were probably used as large tree planters,12 although neither tree roots nor any remains corroborating this hypothesis were recorded. Being positioned symmetrically in front of the entrance, these trees probably had a decorative function as well as a symbolic one. T The rst courtyard and the pylon date to the second phase of the temple construction. This is evidenced by the fact that the two mudbrick walls delimiting the rst courtyard were added to and not bonded to the original eastern enclosure wall. At the northwest of the courtyard, there was a mudbrick structure with three rooms, probably storerooms, one of which showed evidence of a vaulted ceiling (Fig. 5). 10 See: Seco Álvarez et al. 2012–2013: 330–331. See also Hölscher 1934: Pl. 33 who describes the pylon of the Temple of Horemheb as of a very similar dimensions to that of Thutmose III. Both were already compared in: Ricke 1938: 19. Ricke tried to reconstruct the dimensions of the pylon, although at that time it was impossible due to problems with the peasants in the area; see: Ricke 1938: 19. 11 The type of used limestone has not been identied yet since work on these blocks started only during the 2019 archaeological eld season and will be continued in the next one. 12 They were very eroded because of the old oods of the Nile. For examples of tree planters, see: Arnold 1979: 144–145; Jacquet 1994: 21–22, Pls 38, 42.
184 M S Á, J M B 4. Some large sandstone blocks from the pylon entrance (Phot. I. Noureddine © Thutmosis III Temple Project). 3. Pylon of the Thutmose III temple, view from the East (Phot. M. Seco Álvarez © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
T T M Y P T III (L) 185 of 5. Plan of the second courtyard (Surveyor: J. Tre García; drawing: E. Úbeda © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
186 M S Á, J M B In front of the central entrance to the second courtyard, some limestone blocks of the original pavement were found in situ. The pavement was founded above a mudbrick platform, which was built of unstamped mudbricks measuring 42 x 27 x 9cm (Fig. 6). During the third construction phase, as established already by Ricke, a door was made in the southern section of the original eastern enclosure wall. Remains of a portico with two rows of sandstone pillars were detected along the western limits of courtyard: two bases corresponding to the outer row, and four bases of the inner row were observed in situ. In the north and east, there are traces of mudbrick walls that most likely surrounded this part of the portico. Next to the outer face of the original enclosure wall two kilns of slaked lime were found.13 Both kilns, one found to the south and the other to the north, were detected below the level of the temple oor. They are thus contemporaneous to the construction phase of the temple. In this area the original pavement has not been preserved and for that reason we were able to reach these deeper levels. 13 See: Navarro et al. 2014: 33–35. 6. Preserved in situ part of the original pavement made of limestone blocks and the mudbrick bedding in the area of the rst courtyard (Phot. I. Noureddine © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
T T M Y P T III (L) 187 T In the centre of the second courtyard, the ramp was built to allow access to a higher level (Fig. 5). In the northern part, and very close to the base, there is a preserved alignment of two large sandstone blocks with trimmed ends that probably belonged to the lining of the ramp. Similar but better preserved lining was observed in the ramp leading to the Hathor sanctuary, situated further to the south (see below). To the east of the aforementioned blocks, there is an elongated cut in the bedrock, most probably a foundation trench for further blocks that were, unfortunately, removed at an undetermined moment in the past. In this area, parts of two statues were found (inv. nos 9478, 15442), which will be described below. In the course of the restoration works the mudbrick core of the ramp has been reconstructed. The ramp was 22.5m long and 3.5m wide and its angle of incline was 7.5º, with a drop of 3.1m. To the north of the ramp three large sandstone blocks are preserved in situ in an alignment parallel to the façade of the terrace.At the north end of this alignment, there is a block of limestone, smaller than the previous ones. Symmetrically on both sides of a ramp eight tree planters were found (Fig. 7). They were in a better state of preservation than those found by the front of the pylon,14 which was due to their localisation on a higher terrace and above the water table. One of them, located south of the ramp, was excavated down to a depth of 8.4m. This has a diameter of 3.3m in the upper part and narrows towards the bottom. Additionally, it is remarkable that the remains of tree roots15 and some dry leaves were found inside some tree pits. In the same area there is some evidence of a mud oor, which would have covered part of the tree planters (Fig. 5). On the north side of the entrance to the courtyard, and next to the inner face of its eastern enclosure wall, which originally was an outer wall of the complex, a foundation deposit was located (see also below). It was found within the trench prepared for the mudbrick enclosure wall by the lowest course (Fig. 5). Not far to the north of this deposit, bonded to the enclosure wall, there is a small structure formed by a single row of mudbricks. Two rooms are distinguishable. The entrance is between a curved wall on one side, and a mudbrick platform attached to the enclosure wall on the other. This structure was found below the oor level of the temple, and higher 14 For the trees distributed around the courtyard, see the Temple of Amenhotep son of Hapu: Robichon, Varille 1936: 27–29, Pls V, XX, XXI; see also: Lipińska 1977: 60–61, 98. For trees in the Lower Courtyard of the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari, see: Arnold 1975: 1014, 1019 [6], Fig. 1 [11]; 1979: Pl. 44; Winlock 1932: Fig. 1. 15 The remains of tree roots present dierent shapes, but their anatomy is consistent with the characteristic of the genre Mimosups sp, according to the analysis of R. Piqué.
194 M S Á, J M B in situ in situ in situ 12. Plan of the upper terrace (Surveyor: J. Tre García; drawing: E. Úbeda © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
T T M Y P T III (L) 195 To the west of the portico, there is a sandstone column base, near which are some slabs of the original sandstone pavement in place. Due the lack of architectural remains, it is not certain whether this column was part of the peristyle or of a double portico. Ricke proposes several hypotheses in this matter (Fig. 13).25 The preserved slabs create an alignment, oriented east-west. About 14m north of these slabs, there are remains of a wall of large limestone blocks, which is oriented north-south, and parallel to the portico. In this wall, there is evidence of a doorway that led to some rooms to the west, of which an entrance to 25 Ricke 1938: 10, Pl. 6. 13. Possible hypothetical reconstructions of the temple, as proposed by Herbert Ricke: B (top) and C (bottom) (Ricke 1938: Pl. 6).
196 M S Á, J M B the north and a column base to the west are preserved. This column base probably belongs to one of the rooms of the hypostyle hall (Fig. 12). Traces of pavement formed by large sandstone slabs are visible in various parts of this area. Some of those slabs, adjacent to the western enclosure wall, are crucial for the temple layout reconstruction. On two of them, the mark that indicated the axis of the temple can be identied (Fig. 14). Detailed analysis of these slabs also allows us to reconstruct the position of chapels, which are, unfortunately, not preserved. In Ricke’s opinion, there were ve chapels and a solar court in this part of the temple (Fig. 13). The central one would correspond to Amun-Re’s Bark Hall. Large blocks of limestone with iconography and inscriptions related to this god could come from this chapel.26 Most of them, along with many others in sandstone, were located in a shack, built by Weigall, inside the temple and next to the western enclosure wall. This shack was also used by Ricke to store his nds. Over time, these materials were forgotten and covered by sand and they were found by the Spanish team during 2008 eld season. Additionally, other blocks were scattered over the western part of the temple. Ricke indicated that in the northern corner of the terrace there was a courtyard dedicated to the solar cult, very similar to that preserved in the temple at Deir 26 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2015c: 525–536. 14. Area of the main sanctuary, upper terrace (Phot. M. Seco Álvarez © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
T T M Y P T III (L) 197 el-Bahari.27 He noted the remains of an altar, already mentioned by Weigall,28 of which there is currently no evidence. A chapel dedicated to the funeral cult of Thutmose III must have been located to the south of the Amun-Re’s Bark Hall. Here large sandstone blocks were recorded of the form suggesting that they originally formed the vault characteristic for chapels of the funeral cult. The blocks were decorated with representations of goddesses of the hours of day and night, as well as with inscriptions in yellow on blue background. Analysis of the section through the western pavement of the funerary chapel indicates where the great false door stele of Thutmose III, which was moved in Roman times to Medinet Habu, would have originally been.29 The false door is decorated with the remains of the feet of the personi- cations of the Twelfth Hour of the Day (south) and the First Hour of the Night (north). The southernmost chapel could have housed the cult of the ancestors of Thutmose III, similar as in the Temple of Millions of Years of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.30 To the south of the aforementioned complex of ve sanctuaries and the solar court, a large section of pavement is preserved. The negatives of the walls are visible on slabs, probably corresponding to a complex of three chapels with the entrances located to the north (Fig. 12). According to Ricke, one could enter them through a long corridor, which was accessed by the portico, located in the southern corner of the second courtyard. Unfortunately, the evidence is too scant to conrm this hypothesis. In Ricke’s opinion, the aforementioned changes in the area of the second courtyard related to the third construction phase, i.e. the opening of an entrance in the southern part of the eastern enclosure wall and the raising of a southern ramp, were connected with the construction of a sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Hathor. Ricke’s interpretation was based on the southern position of the sanctuary, similar to the placement of the Hathor chapel in Hatshepsut’s temple and on the discovery of a Hathoric capital that was published and illustrated.31 This hypothesis is also corroborated by the attestation of a priest named Re,32 who held the rank of First Prophet of Hathor in the middle of the Henket-ankh (ḥm-nṯr tpy n Ḥwt-Ḥrḥrt-ỉbḤnkt-ʿnḫ) in an inscription from his tomb (TT 72).33 According to Ricke, the entrance to this sanctuary was composed of a portico formed by pillars with Hathoric capitals.34 Currently, the state of preservation of this area does not allow us to reconstruct its detailed plan, although Ricke suggested the existence of at least one niche here.35 Nonetheless, 27 Ricke 1938: 12; Karkowski 2003. 28 Weigall 1906: 123. 29 Ricke 1938: Pl. 8. 30 Ricke 1938: 10–11, 30–32; Chapon 2018b: 57; see also: Naville 1901; 1906; Iwaszczuk 2016a: 112–116; 2016b: 202–221. 31 Ricke 1938: 28–30, Pl. 3; for a more detailed study, see: Chapon 2020, especially p. 52, n. 69. 32 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2015b: 129–135. 33 PM I.12, 142–143. 34 Ricke 1938: 21, 25, Pl. 3c. For further interpretations in this respect, see: Chapon 2020. 35 See: Ricke 1938: Pl. 3d; fragment of block published by Ricke as coming from here.
198 M S Á, J M B a series of cuts in the bedrock probably mark where the chapel was situated, although it is no longer preserved. In the southern corner of the upper terrace, stairs attached to the enclosure wall were recorded, which gave access to the top of the wall (Fig. 12). Excavations carried out down to the bedrock in the area, but outside the enclosure wall, allowed the mission to discover where they originally led. A mudbrick building, 20m long and 13m wide, was found there. It consisted of a hall that allowed access to a main room with thick walls and a vaulted ceiling, now collapsed, surrounded on the south and north by a series of rooms. The threshold of the entrance door to the hall consisted of a long and thick piece of wood. Although the vaulted ceiling suggests a storage function, numerous ostraca found in this area allow us to propose that it was an administrative building. In the northern sector of the upper terrace, between the northern stone wall of the temple and the northern mudbrick enclosure wall, a series of quite uniform mudbrick buildings was found. These could be remains of artisan workshops, according to some preliminary analysis.36 While this area is still under archaeological excavations, it can already be noted that it encompasses numerous rooms built with simple walls, some in an irregular zigzaglike manner, with mudbrick and clay oors (Fig. 15). It should also be noted that many of these rooms were directly attached to the enclosure wall. Stratigraphy allowed the team to determine at least three phases of activity in this area. Arst phase was most likely related to the early history of the temple. It seems that activities related to clay were carried out then in this area, since a large amount of this material was found there. In the second phase there was clearly a need to create a larger working space. The previous oors were changed and lled in with limestone, sandstone and sometimes ceramic chips. This phase is related to increased activity in the temple and the demand for a larger number of rooms for an increased amount of work. Finally, the third phase is characterised by the construction of a larger number of smaller rooms. In this area mostly pottery was found, some ostraca and papyri fragments, but also a large quantity of animal coprolites. This may indicate that cattle was kept in this area. Likewise, small plastered structures, some with ash spot and small ovens, suggest that food was also prepared here.37 The area of the northern enclosure wall was remodelled in a later phase. In the spot aligned with the portico of the temple, an entrance was opened (Fig. 12). A short mudbrick ramp was located there. Traces of a sandstone threshold and limestone jambs have also been 36 This area was excavated by Daressy in 1886, and he had made a rst plan of this sector; see: Daressy 1926: 14–15 (n. 3) and 16 (plan). It was also excavated by Weigall in 1906; see plan in: Weigall 1907: 286. Nevertheless, Ricke did not utilise these plans when preparing his hypothetical reconstruction of the temple. 37 This area is currently under excavation and the results of this investigations will be published in the future.
T T M Y P T III (L) 199 preserved. Unfortunately, the chronology of this remodelling cannot be determined, although it was observed that at some point this door was walled up again and the inner chamber of the gate was used as a storage room, as demonstrated by the presence of a mudbrick oor and two ceramic containers. Discarded pottery, stoppers, broken stelae and small papyri fragments from the temple were thrown outside the northern enclosure wall, when the temple was in use, so that a dump grew there to a size of approximately 750m², reaching almost 3m deep in some parts.38 However, the topmost layers of the dump contain some material discarded during earlier excavations at the site. FINDS The twelve excavation campaigns that have been carried out to date have made it possible to recover numerous objects related to the temple. The following sections will, however, only present some of the most signicant nds. Other, not discussed below, categories include large amounts of pottery, complete vessels among others, numerous fragments of 38 See: Bader, Seco Álvarez 2016: 157–262. Between 2008 and 2014 the pottery was studied by B. Bader and from 2014 by M. Naguib Reda and M. El-Shafai. 15. Workshop area in the northern part of the upper terrace (Phot. I. Delague © Thutmosis III Temple Project).
200 M S Á, J M B terracotta votive gurines, tools of dierent materials and small nds of dierent function, scarabs among other things.39 S During the rst eld season in 2008, a large deposit of sandstone and limestone fragments attached to the western enclosure wall of the temple was found. These were objects stored here by Weigall, and the same space was later used by Ricke for his nds. The deposit contained hundreds of large limestone blocks with reliefs and inscriptions and thousands of very small fragments. It is signicant that most of them relate to the gures of the pharaoh and the god Amun-Re, as well as to this god’s bark and oering tables. This observation allowed the members of the mission to conclude that these blocks were likely part of the walls of the chapel of this deity.40 They clearly illustrate the persecution against Amun during Akhenaten’s reign: the gure of the god, attributes and name were thoroughly erased (Fig. 16).41 Moreover, about 9,000 sandstone fragments of dierent sizes have been found in other parts of the temple.42 Most of them are in a poor state of preservation, but some have extraordinary polychrome decoration. They provide important information on the decorative design of the walls of the temple. Along with evidence of a religious nature, such as priests performing rituals, oering bearers or oering lists with the pharaoh and some divinities as the protagonists, especially Amun-Re, interesting fragments of reliefs relate to the Pharaoh’s sed-festival and ished-tree (inv. nos 726, 893, 930, 965, 999, 1049, 1232, and 1758).43 Other sandstone fragments from the vault were decorated with the Ritual of the Hours, which was rst attested in the Temple of Millions of Years of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.44 The text is divided into twenty-four hours, twelve for the Day and twelve for the Night. It was accompanied by an image of the personication of each hour standing in front of Thutmose III. Many of these fragments were previously published by Ricke, who noted that they were originally part of the vaulted room just to the south of the temple sanctuary.45 Some fragments preserve inscriptions and representations related to military campaigns and triumphs over foreign territories, military parades and navigation scenes. For example, part of a chariot and the hind legs of horses can be seen on a relief that preserves good polychrome (inv. no. 9471); the incomplete image of a rider, which would be one of the 39 See: Franco González 2019. 40 Since 2019, K. Grin is working on this material. 41 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2015c: 525–536. 42 See: Martínez Babón 2015: 248–263; Chapon 2018b. 43 Chapon 2016: 47–56; 2018a: 123–143. 44 See: Grin 2017: 97–134, which contains an overview of all the known sources (at the time of writing) related to the subject, including Deir el-Bahari and the discussed Thutmose III temple. 45 Ricke 1938: 11–13, Pls 1–2. In 2019, K. Grin started work on an article dealing with the fragments related to Ritual of the Hours coming from the temple.
T T M Y P T III (L) 201 a b 16. Limestone blocks with relief decoration: a. inv. no. 5109; b. inv. no. 5893 (Drawing: E. Kamimura © Thutmosis III Temple Project). 0 20cm oldest Egyptian representations of a man mounting a horse (inv. no. 678); an Asiatic fortress painted in red, of a characteristic form of a migdol (inv. no. 1455) or the lower part of a rowing boat and the heads of two horses in the same relief that could be related to some kind of amphibious operation (Fig. 17). In this context, we should keep in mind that the Annals of this pharaoh, which are known from Karnak, are devoid of iconographic elements. Unfortunately, the inscriptions from the Henket-ankh are very badly preserved. One of most interesting fragments mentions an elephant hunt in the Syrian land of Niya (inv. no. 3251).46 It should also be noted that some sandstone fragments preserve the names of dierent members of the royal family, such as Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Hatshepsut and Amenhotep II,47 as well as the queens Mutnefer or Merytre Hatshepsut.48 46 Martínez Babón 2015: 253–254; Chapon 2018b: 303. 47 Martínez Babón 2015: 258–260; Chapon 2018b: 134–146; Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2019: 131–139, Pl. XVII. 48 Chapon 2018a: 123–143.
202 M S Á, J M B L K Of particular importance are the two lintels from the house of the high priest named Khonsu (Fig. 10). The rst one, made of limestone (42cm high, 134.5cm wide and 15cm deep) is decorated with the two cartouches of Thutmose III in its central part (Fig. 18). They were placed vertically, over the nbw-sign and crowned by the pt-sign. These cartouches contain the following names: Djehuty-mes and Men-kheper-re-setep-en-re.49 On both sides of the cartouches, there are two practically identical gures of a priest Khonsu raising his arms in a gesture of worship. The priest is represented with a shaved head, attire that is characteristic of the Ramesside era,50 and sandals.51 Between the cartouches and the gures of Khonsu, there are two similar inscription, written in two columns (from left to right): ḥm-nṯr tpy n(Mn-ḫpr-Rʿ)| Ḫnsw mȝʿ-ḫrw ms Tȝ-wsrt, ‘First god’s servant of (Menkheperre)|, Khonsu, justied, born of Tausret’. The central part of the second, sandstone, lintel (40cm high, 136.5cm wide and 14cm deep) bears the same cartouches of Thutmose III, placed vertically over the nbw-sign and crowned by a solar disc (Fig. 19). The gesture of the priest and the inscription are similar 49 This form of the throne name is preserved in sources dated after year 20 of the reign of Thutmose III: Laboury 1998: 64, nos 334 and 68. 50 Zoli 1992: 95; Vogelsang-Eastwood 1992: 17–18. 51 Zoli 1992: 217; Gamal-Eldine 1981. 17. Exemplary sandstone fragment with relief decoration, inv. no. 9112 (Phot.A.Amin ©Thutmosis III Temple Project). 0 10cm
T T M Y P T III (L) 203 to the previous one, but with some dierences. On the right side, two columns of text (from left to right): ḥm-nṯr tpy n (Mn-ḫpr-Rʿ)| Ṯȝy mȝʿ-ḫrw ms Tȝ-wsrt, ‘First god’s servant of (Menkheperre)|, Tjay, justied, born of Tausret’. On the left side, two columns of text (from right to left): ḥm-nṯrtpyn(Mn-ḫpr-Rʿ)| Ḫnsw mȝʿ-ḫrw ms Tȝ-w[s]rt mȝʿ(t)-ḫrw, ‘First god’s servant of (Menkheperre)|, Khonsu, justied, born of Tausret, justied’. Khonsu was a priest who lived during the time of Ramesses II and was buried in TT 31, located behind the temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III.52 The name ‘Tjay’ is his nickname. These lintels, currently displayed at the Luxor Museum, are clear evidence that the Temple of Thutmose III was still active during the reign of Ramesses II. 52 PM I.12, 47–49; Davies 1948: 11–26. Khonsu is listed also in: Al-Ayedi 2006: 356, no. 1197. 18. Limestone lintel of Khonsu; inv. nos 9498B and 9498A, from left to right (Phot. M. González Bustos © Thutmosis III Temple Project). 19. Sandstone lintel of Khonsu; inv. nos 15064C, 15064A and 15064B, from left to right (Phot. M. González Bustos © Thutmosis III Temple Project). 0 20cm 0 20cm
210 M S Á, J M B 26. Foundation deposit from the area of entrance to the second courtyard: a. inv. no. 9385; b. inv. no. 9386; c. inv. no. 9387; d. inv. no. 9388; e. inv. no. 9389; f. inv. no. 9390; g. without inv. no. (Phot. A. Guío © Thutmosis III Temple Project). a c e b d f g 0 10cm
T T M Y P T III (L) 211 Mixed in with these administrative fragments, which essentially formed part of the daybook or journal of the temple, are some small fragments of other categories of manuscripts. The largest number of non-administrative fragments come from a papyrus roll with a religious text, written in cursive hieroglyphs in columns and a vignette with a standing ‘stick gure’ of a man. There are some fragments of an illustrated roll, dierent from the two described above, with drawings of snakes cut with knives in red ink, often with Hieratic captions (also in red). One mentions msw bdšt, ‘children of the Weary One (or The Rebel?)’, enemies of the sun-god, and another mentions Apophis. Among the ostraca there are both limestone and ceramic examples, but the latter are a clear majority. These are administrative texts (lists of rations, of stone masons, and of wab-priests, letters or messages), as well as literary compositions, including several with dates in red ink at the end, a feature that has been associated with scribal training. Less ambiguous in that sense are copies of the text known as Kemit, which is well known as forming part of scribal education and appears in both good and bad handwriting. An interesting example is the limestone ostracon (inv. no. 15670) with lists of the names of wab-priests (phyles) serving in the mortuary temple. In the middle is a heading reading ‘second phyle’. There are lines dividing the separate groups of priests from each other. This ostracon contains the personal names of some of the priests serving in the temple during the Eighteenth Dynasty. There are also some grati, most of which were made on sandstone and come from the temple proper. On these, the ink grati are invariably laid out so as to not overlap with the raised relief – in other words, they respect the original decoration of the temple. A few names are preserved in their entirety, for example: the wab-priest Kay (inv. no. 3257), Wennefer (inv. no. 3247), and the scribe Seth (inv. no. 13605). Another mentions the name of Thutmose III, presumably as part of the name of the temple (inv. no. 3246), and others record the gods, such as ‘Amun-Re, king of the gods’. S Some seal impressions on clay have been found at the site. The majority are in a very poor state of preservation, but they have historical value since these seal impressions record the names of several pharaohs. The throne name of Thutmose III is the most common one (e.g. inv. nos 15489 or 21332). One impression contains the throne name of Amenhotep II (inv. no. 15631), and others the throne names of Thutmose III and Amenhotep III together (inv. nos 15229 and 15850).71 Most of the discussed objects bear inscriptions, although many of these are in a very poor state due the great fragility of the pieces. Allusions to wine oerings are plentiful, and occasionally, of honey. The onomastics are particularly interesting. Various names 71 Franco González 2019: 274, 276, 278.
212 M S Á, J M B of kings and queens cover a good part of the New Kingdom. They show that the gure of Thutmose III was revered throughout many later generations in his own temple of Millions of Years or that the temple was still functioning and received standard assignment from the central authority.72 The rst pharaoh attested as delivering oerings is Thutmose IV. A fragment preserves his entire throne name, even though, sadly, the complete inscription was not preserved: Mn-ḫpr(w)-RʿmḤwt-[Ỉ]mn(?) [///], ‘(Menkheperure)|, in the temple of Amun […](?)’ (inv. no. 15596).73 Other incomplete pieces could be attributed to this monarch, but with caution. Only the shape of the kheperu-signs in the lower part of the cartouche are preserved, and this circumstance generates doubt as to the throne name of Thutmose IV, particularly since it could also be attributed to Amenhotep II. One allows us to read [///]ḫprw Ḥwt-Ỉmn ʿ[///], ‘kheperu [///], the temple of Amun’(inv. no. 9569) and the other [///]ḫprw ʿnḫ ḏd wȝs nb, ‘[///] kheperu [///], all life, duration and sovereignty’ (inv. no. 15568).74 Amenhotep III and his wife Tiye also rendered homage to the image of Thutmose III through oerings. The throne name Nebmaatre can clearly be distinguished on one fragment, even though most of the remaining part of the inscription has been lost (inv. no. 15097). Other fragments allow for the identication of the name Nebmaatre Meryamun, although it appears incomplete (Fig. 27).75 As to the queen, an incomplete inscription can be read with some diculty. However, the words ḥmt-nswt wr(t)Tyi(?), ‘the great king’s wife Tiye’ are preserved (inv. no. 15273).76 On a piece of a clay vessel in a very poor state of preservation, the hieroglyphs [///] n(?) ỉtn, ‘of(?) Aten’ appear in a cartouche. This was found in the workshop area in the northwestern corner of the temple (inv. no. 20857).77 It cannot be ruled out that this inscription should be related with Akhenaten. This pharaoh’s activity in the temple is attested by the aforementioned defacement that was carried out against the gures ofAmun in the inscriptions and reliefs,78 and stamped mudbricks in a wall located in the north-eastern sector of the excavation site.79 The next pharaoh whose throne name is found in this category of nds is Tutankhamun (inv. no. 20795). A stopper contains the inscription: ỉrp n pr (Nb-ḫprw-Rʿ)| grg Ỉmn Wȝst [///], ‘Wine of the House of (Nebkheperure)|, the Foundation of Amun of Thebes’.80 72 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón, Moreno Cifuentes 2016: 101–115; Martínez Babón, Seco Álvarez, Moreno Cifuentes 2019: 169–188. 73 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 111. 74 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 108, 111. 75 This variant of the name can be found in: Gauthier 1912: 307, n. 3; 310, n. 1; 319. For a list of dierent variants of name with Nebmaatre, see: Von Beckerath 1984: 86. The discussed one is, however, not attested there. 76 This variant of the name can be found in: Gauthier 1912: 331–333, 355–356; Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 109. 77 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 115. 78 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2015c: 525–536. 79 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2015a: 383. 80 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 115.
T T M Y P T III (L) 213 There are also some clues, that despite the signicant political deterioration, this type of oerings was delivered also in the time of Horemheb, the last pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. His throne name, though incomplete, can be identied on two fragments (inv. nos 15610 and 20780).81 Additionally, the rst kings of the Nineteenth Dynasty left tokens of respect for the gure of Thutmose III. Various stoppers were found that bear labels with the words Mn-pḥty-Rʿ ỉrp, ‘Menpehtyre wine’ (inv. nos 20784 and 20790).82 Despite his brief reign, Ramesses I wanted to leave an oering to the memory of the conqueror pharaoh. It appears that the stoppers with the throne name of this pharaoh are so far the only ones that have traces of an inscription on their bases. Unfortunately, they are very deteriorated, although, for example on inv. no. 20791 we can distinguish the nfr-sign and a cobra over the nb-sign. Although incomplete, one inscription bears the throne name of Seti I: Ḥwt-Ỉmn m pr ([Mn-]mȝʿt-Rʿ)| ỉrp nfr(?), ‘good wine of the temple of Amun in the House of ([Men] maatre)|(?)’ (inv. no. 20781).83 We cannot forget that this monarch, like Thutmose III, had a signicant military role and conducted campaigns against the enemies of Egypt in the Near East. The last important gure, from a chronological point of view, whose name is attested on stoppers is that of queen Nefertari. There are two fragments preserved: one, which is in 81 It is interesting to nd the name written with two scarabs, since the name of this pharaoh was generally written with a single scarab. 82 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 114. 83 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 113. 27. Impressions with the name Nebmaatre Meryamun, inv. nos 15048 and 15664, from left to right (Phot. J.C. Lara Bellón © Thutmosis III Temple Project). 0 10cm
214 M S Á, J M B a bad state of preservation, and contains the words: [ḥmt]-nswt wrt (Nfrt-ỉry)| ʿnḫ.tỉ, ‘the great king’s [wife] Nefertari, who lives’ (inv. no. 15478),84 while on the other (inv. no. 15477) we can distinguish the end of the name of the queen with the corresponding formula: [ḥmt-nswt wrt Nfrt-]iry(?) ʿnḫ.ti, ‘[the great king’s wife Nefert]ari(?) who lives’(Fig. 28).85 M The excavation and restoration works conducted by the mission have allowed for the recovery of numerous stamped mudbricks that signicantly expand the list published by Ricke.86 Apart from a series of types related to the throne name of Thutmose III or 84 Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 110. 85 See: Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón 2016: 110; Seco Álvarez, Martínez Babón, Moreno Cifuentes 2016: 106. 86 Ricke 1938: 33–36. 28. Stoppers with name of Nefertari, king’s wife, inv. nos 15478 and 15477 (Drawing: P. Calassou © Thutmosis III Temple Project). 0 10cm
T T M Y P T III (L) 215 the name of the temple, the names of other pharaohs could be identied among them. Thus, it is worth mentioning types that include the throne names of Thutmose I and Hatshepsut (together), Thutmose I, Hatshepsut,Amenhotep IV and Ramesses II. This material is being studied in order to better understand the construction phases of the previously discussed architectural structures. Moreover, on numerous mudbricks more than twenty dierent marks were recorded, which most likely correspond to the teams of workers that built the temple. In this context, an ostracon found on the site (inv. no. 15131) with three columns of hieratic text, largely complete except for a ake missing on the left edge (Fig. 29), should be highlighted. It presents three recipes for mudbricks, all with varying amounts of clay, straw, sand and something called nms-soil. Water is not mentioned but would obviously have been used to bind the mixture together.87 CONCLUSIONS After twelve eld seasons of research at the Temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III, among the most important results of research one should mention the completion of excavations and the reconstruction of the mudbrick enclosure wall. Moreover, part of the pylon and the central ramp have been restored. Investigation allowed the mission to expose some so far unknown complexes: administrative building outside the southern enclosure wall, 87 See F. Hagen forthcoming publication entitled ‘Ostraca from the temple of Millions of Years of Tuthmose III’. 29. Limestone ostracon with hieratic text giving recipe for mudbricks, inv. no. 15131 (Phot. I. García Martínez © Thutmosis III Temple Project). 010cm
216 M S Á, J M B foundations of workshops to the North of the upper courtyard, and remains of the house of the Ramesside priest called Khonsu to the northeast of the second courtyard as well as foundation deposit at the entrance to this courtyard. The excavation of the large dump located outside the northern enclosure wall of the temple has provided an enormous quantity of vessels, stelae fragments, ostraca and stoppers, which has provided remarkable information about the temple daily life. Important data was also provided by an analysis of the moveable nds. Stamps and marks found on mudbricks allowed us to better understand the construction phases of the temple. Fragments of reliefs and architectural decoration, including 9257 sandstone and 2705 limestone fragments, provided religious and historical data on the decorative program of complex. 298 stelae and their fragments preserve epigraphic and iconographic information on religious and historical gures who had some relationship with the temple. Most of the hundreds of statue fragments still awaits study. Ostraca, parts of papyrus and various objects of daily life help to understand rituals and other activities that were carried out in the temenos.Abundant pottery from dierent eras and contexts allowed us to establish the chronological and economical background of the temple, while stoppers and earthenware containers that preserve inscriptions indicate that many pharaohs and important gures of the Royal House were interested in leaving oerings of wine and honey for the memory of one of the most important pharaohs in the history of Egypt. There are still sectors of the temple to be excavated, which will likely contribute to a better understanding of a temple that was built in the time of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III and which was active until the reign of Ramesses II as far as the materials investigated indicate. Acknowledgements The project was initiated in 2008, as an active collaboration between the Ministry ofAntiquities, the Academy of Fine Arts Santa Isabel de Hungría of Sevilla and the University of Seville. After months of formal negotiations with the Egyptian authorities, in which the participation of the Spanish Embassy in Cairo was helpful, we obtained permits to excavate and restore the Henket-ankh. Currently the project is sponsored by the Botín Foundation, Santander Universidades, the Cajasol Foundation and the Gaselec Foundation. We would like to express our gratitude to the Ministry of Antiquities for allowing us to work at the site and to the above mentioned institutions for funding of the project. References Al-Ayedi, A.R. 2006: Index of Egyptian Administrative, Religious and Military Titles of the New Kingdom, Ismailia Arnold, Di. 1975: Deir el-Bahari, [in:] LÄ I, 1017–1025 Arnold, Di. 1979: The Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir el-Bahari, PMMA 21, New York Bader, B., Seco Álvarez, M. 2016: Results of ve years of pottery analysis in the Temple of Millions of Years of Thutmosis III in Western Thebes (2011–2015), ÄgLev XXVI, 157–262
T T M Y P T III (L) 217 Beckerath, J. von 1984: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 20, München Chapon, L. 2016: Une possible représentation de l’arbre jšd dans le temple de Millions d’Années de Thoutmosis III à Thèbes-Ouest, BIFAO 116, 47–56 Chapon, L. 2018a: Some Reliefs Representing the King in the Heb Sed Robe Discovered in the Henket-Ankh,EtudTrav XXXI, 123–143 Chapon, L. 2018b: Le Temple de Millions d’Années de Thoutmosis III. Étude du programme iconographique sur grès, unpublished PhD thesis, Granada University, Granada Chapon, L. 2020: The Decoration of the Columns and Pillars from the Henket-ankh of Thutmose III (Western Thebes), EtudTrav XXXIII, 33–72 Daressy, G. 1926: Le voyage d’inspection de M. Grébaut en 1889, ASAE XXVI, 1–22 Davies, N. de G. 1948: Seven Private Tombs at Kurnah, Mond Excavations at Thebes II, London Dziobek, E. 1998: Denkmäler des Vezirs User-Amun, SAGA 18, Heidelberg Franco González, M. 2018: The damnatio against Amun-Ra in ve private stelae discovered in the Temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III in the West Bank, AulOr 36/1, 63–73 Franco González, M. 2019: Material evidence from the Temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III: Study and interpretation of Votive and Daily Use Objects, unpublished PhD thesis, Granada University, Granada Gamal-Eldine, M. 1981: Dress in Ancient Egypt, Cairo Gamarra Campuzano, A. 2015: Conservation of the mudbrick structures in the Temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III, [in:] Seco Álvarez, M., Jódar Miñarro,A. (Eds), The Temples of Millions of Years in Thebes, Granada, 273–291 Gauthier, H. 1912: Le livre des rois d’Égypte II. De la XIIIedynastie à la n de la XVIIIe dynastie, MIFAO XVIII, Le Caire Grin, K. 2017: Toward a better understanding of the Ritual of the Hours of the Night (Stundenritual), [in:] Pischikova, E. (Ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif necropolis: new discoveries and research 2012-14, Cairo-New York, 97–134 Gutmann, T., Richter, N. 2014: Eine falkenköpge Seele aus dem Grabungsmagazin des Ramesseum, Memnonia XXV, 53–61 Hayes, W.C. 1933: A Statue of the Herald Yamu-nedjeh in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and Some Biographical Notes on its Owner, ASAE XXXIII, 6–16 Hölscher, U. 1934: The Excavation of Medinet Habu I: General Plans and Views, OIP 21, Chicago Iwaszczuk, J. 2016a: Sacred landscape of Thebes during the reign of Hatshepsut. Royal construction projects. Volume 1. Topography of the West Bank, Travaux de l’Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences 2, Varsovie Iwaszczuk, J. 2016b: Sacred landscape of Thebes during the reign of Hatshepsut. Royal construction projects. Volume 2. Topographical bibliography of the West Bank, Travaux de l’Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences 3, Varsovie
218 M S Á, J M B Jacquet, J. 1994: Karnak-Nord VII. Le Trésor de Thoutmosis Ier. Installations antérieures ou postérieures au monument, FIFAO XXXVI/1, Le Caire Karakhanyan, A., Avagyan, A. 2010: The temple of Amenhotep III at Kom el-Hettan: evidence of a strong earthquake between 1200 and 900 B.C., [in:] Lebanc, C., Zaki, G. (Eds), Les temples de millions d’années et le pouvoir royal à Thèbes au Nouvel Empire : sciences et nouvelles technologies appliquées à l’archéologie, Colloque international, Bibliothèque publique Moubarak, Louqsor, 3–5 janvier 2010, Memnonia,Cahier supplémentaire 2, Le Caire, 265–270 Karakhanyan, A., Avagyan, A., Gevorgyan, M., Sourouzian, H., López Roa, C. 2014: Evidence of a strong earthquake in the period between 1200 and 900 BC identied in the temple of Amenhotep III and in other temples of the ancient Thebes, [in:] Capriotti Vittozzi, G. (Ed.), Egyptian curses 1: Proceedings of the Egyptological Day held at the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome 3rd December 2012 in the International Conference “Reading catastrophes: methodological approaches and historical interpretation. Earthquakes, oods, famines, epidemics between Egypt and Palestine. 3rd – 1st millennium BC. Rome, 3rd – 4th December 2012, CNR- Sapienza University of Rome”, Archaeological Heritage & Multidisciplinary Egyptological Studies 1, Rome, 43–62 Karakhanyan,A.,Avagyan,A., Stadelmann, R. 2014: Geological and archaeoseismological investigations at the Colossi of Memnon from 2009 to 2012, ASAE 87, 61–90 Karkowski, J. 2003: The Temple of Hatshepsut. The Solar Complex, Deir el-Bahari VI, Varsovie Laboury, D. 1998: La statuaire de Thoutmosis III : essai d’interprétation d’un portrait royal dans son contexte historique, AegLeod 5, Liège Legrain, G. 1906: Notes d’inspection XXXVII sur le temple Manakhpirri-Henq-ankh, ASAE VII, 183–187 Lipińska, J. 1977: The Temple of Tuthmosis III. Architecture, Deir el-Bahari II, Varsovie Lurson, B. 2004: Les Sekhmet retrouvées au Ramesseum, Memnonia XV, 103–122 Lurson, B. 2007: Note complémentaire sur la statuaire d’Amenhotep III retrouvée au Ramesseum, Memnonia XVII, 91–93 Lurson,B.2017:Histoired’unemétamorphose: letempledeTouydeRamsèsIIà PtoléméeIX, [in:] Lurson, B. (Ed.), De la mère du roi à l’épouse du dieu : première synthèse des résultats des fouilles du temple de Touy et de la tombe de Karomama / Von der Königsmutter zur Gottesgemahlin: erste Synthese der Ausgrabungsergebnisse des Tempels vos Tuja und des Grabes von Karomama, Connaissance de l’Egypte Ancienne 18, Bruxelles, 159–187 Martínez Babón, J. 2012: Fragmentos de relieves de carácter militar en el templo funerario de Tutmosis III, [in:] De Araújo, L.M., Das Candeias Sales, J. (Eds), IV Congreso Ibérico de Egiptología, Novos trabalhos de Egiptologia Ibériaca II, Lisboa, 669–677 Martínez Babón, J. 2015: Epigraphic and iconographic aspects of the Temple of Millions of Years of Thutmose III, [in:] Seco Álvarez, M., Jódar Miñarro, A. (Eds), The temples of millions of years in Thebes, Granada, 245–272
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