An edition of the Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ by ʿĪsā b. Māssah al-Baṣrī from manuscript number 888 of the Collection of Arabic Manuscripts of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo of El Escorial in Madrid (Spain) with an English translation
Abstract
Manuscript number 888 of the Collection of Arabic manuscripts of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo of El Escorial (Spain) contains a small treatise composed by physician and pharmacologist ʿĪsā b. Māssah al-Baṣrī (9th century). This work offers a detailed description of different causal agents that originate the sexual impulse and its culmination, the coitus. The treatise enumerates and interprets the physical factors that conform man’s sexual response, which is viewed as a purely physiological process, as well as the cultural and psychological factors that shape and modulate the sexual preferences of each individual.
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FOLIA ORIENTALIA VOL. LII — 2015 Ana M. Cabo-González & Samir Jalil Rashid University of Seville An edition of the Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ by ʿĪsā b. Māssah al-Baṣrī from manuscript number 888 of the Collection of Arabic Manuscripts of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo of El Escorial in Madrid (Spain) with an English translation Abstract Manuscript number 888 of the Collection of Arabic manuscripts of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo of El Escorial (Spain) contains a small treatise composed by physician and pharmacologist ʿĪsā b. Māssah al-Baṣrī (9th century). This work offers a detailed description of different causal agents that originate the sexual impulse and its culmination, the coitus. The treatise enumerates and interprets the physical factors that conform man’s sexual response, which is viewed as a purely physiological process, as well as the cultural and psychological factors that shape and modulate the sexual preferences of each individual. Keywords Ibn Māssah al-Baṣrī, medieval Arabic medicine, medieval Arabic manuscripts, medieval Arabic pharmacology. Introduction Al-Baṣrī (see Brockelmann 1937–42: vol. I, 232; al-Ġāfiqī 1932–40: fasc. 1, 13; Leclerc 1961: vol. I, 296–97; Sezgin 1976–84: vol. III, 257–58; Ullmann 1970: 122) was an important and well-known Iraqi physician and pharmacologist who was born in Basra and lived during the 9th century. The dates of his birth and death are unknown. There is no other information about his life. The works of al-Baṣrī were quite extensive although only a small part of them has come down to us. Their titles are known thanks to notes and comments
Ana M. Cabo-González & Samir Jalil Rashid102 alluding to them in some the writings of contemporary or later physicians and pharmacologists (see Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa 1299/1882: vol. I, 184; al-Qifṭī 1903: 246). Thus, we list below the works that are attributed to al-Baṣrī: – Kitāb fī Istiʿmāl al-ḥammām. This is a book that treats all aspects of cleanliness and personal hygiene practices. It is not preserved. – Kitāb fī l-Faṣd wa-l-ḥiǧāma. This is a work dedicated to phlebotomy and cupping. This treatise has been lost. – Kitāb al-Tadbīr. This is a treatise on the diet that should be adopted to enjoy a healthy life. This work has not survived to our days. – Kitāb Quwwat al-aġḏiya. This is a work that describes the qualities and the properties of food. This work is not preserved. – Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ. This is the treatise we present below, and we have done its Arabic edition and English translation. Manuscript description of the Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ Manuscript number 888 from the Collection of Arabic Manuscripts of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo of El Escorial in Madrid (Spain) is undated and its provenance is unknown. It contains one hundred seventy paper folios which have been written with black ink in oriental medium script and are well-preserved1. The copyist is Abū l-Faraǧ ʿAbd Allāh al-Ṭayyib al-ʿIrāqī (m. 1043–4/435) (see Brockelmann 1937–42: vol. I, 482 and suppl. I, 884; Leclerc 1961: vol. I, 486). The verso folios contain catchwords. The manuscript offers some marginal annotations and lacks illustrations. This manuscript is a miscellaneous assemblage comprising fourteen works, which are most of them very brief. Some of this works are fragmentary or incomplete. Folio 2r it contains the general title of the miscellany and the name of the copyist: Sentences and fruits of medicine and philosophy. The text of the Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ, a scientific work composed in the ninth century, occurs between folios 149v and 156v. This text describes in detail the human body’s reactions to sexual intercourse by expounding both the benefits and damages that sexual practices have for people. It also offers recommendations as to what the most appropriate moment for intercourse can be. The work also supplies information about aphrodisiacs, sexually exciting situations, the reasons for homosexual relations, the difference between man and animals as regards sex, and so forth. In summary, this is a work that lists the relevance of sexual intercourse in man’s life as well as the consequences, advantages and disadvantages that the particular sexual behavior have for human beings. 1 Dimensions: 0.130 x 0.205. Written area: 0.090 X 0.160. Lines: 15.
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An edition of the Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ by ʿĪsā b. Māssah al-Baṣrī…109 English text [149v] In the name of God, Most Gracious and Most Merciful ‘Īsā b. Māssa treatise on coitus and everything concerning it The benefits of having sex are plentiful: lightening the body, purging humours, appeasing the temperament and producing offspring. By contrast, the damages brought about by the abuse of its practice are: the weakening of eyesight, the deterioration of virility, the alteration of the colour and the undermining of strength and life expectancy. The best time to have sexual intercourse is when one feels the necessity of it and the body is neither full nor empty at daybreak, after doing moderate exercises to warm up and strengthen the body. The practice of sex suits those who feel a great sexual appetite and those who are of hot and humid temperament and those are young; however, it should be avoided by the elderly, or by those with weak eyesight, who are afflicted by cold in the stomach and internal organs, or by those who have not used to, or by those with biliary diseases, facial paralysis or poor humoral complexion. Sexual intercourse is preferable in spring to summer time, and during winter, particularly at night time, whenever it is desired. [150r] Things that enhance coitus are: seasonal drinks that cleanse the body and the ingestion of hot or humid food, or both. These foods can be soups29, omelettes, launaea30, germinated seeds, poultry, rice cooked with milk, mint, watercress, chickpeas, light wine, clear and aromatized and, as a dessert, Syrian apples and very thin-skinned pomegranates. The moderate use of baths and of aphrodisiac foods and drugs is advisable. Anything contrary to this weakens intercourse. The reason why men who practice coitus and those who have died direct their eyes upwards while those who sleep direct their eyes downwards is because, in the first two cases the brain, which is the source of eyesight, is dried out while, in the third case, sleep refreshes and fills it, just as humidity relaxes the nerves and dryness contracts them. The reason why men who engage in sex very often, as well as those who are neutered and do not practice it, get their eyesight weakened is due in both cases to complete lack of energy: the former by dryness and the latter [150v] by coldness and lack of heat. 29 Soup made of broth and small pieces of meat, spinach, flour, vinegar and other condiments. 30 Zollikoferia arabica Boiss.
Ana M. Cabo-González & Samir Jalil Rashid116
An edition of the Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ by ʿĪsā b. Māssah al-Baṣrī…117
Ana M. Cabo-González & Samir Jalil Rashid118
An edition of the Kitāb al-Ǧimāʿ by ʿĪsā b. Māssah al-Baṣrī…119
Ana M. Cabo-González & Samir Jalil Rashid120