Reported dietary intake and food sources of Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, E and C in the spanish population: findings from the ANIBES Study

nutrients Article Reported Dietary Intake and Food Sources of Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, E and C in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study † Josune Olza 1,2,3 , Javier Aranceta-Bartrina 3,4, Marcela González-Gross 3,5, Rosa M. Ortega 6, Lluis Serra-Majem 3,7, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras 8,9 and Ángel Gil 1,2,3,* 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; [email protected] 2Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain 3CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (J.A.-B.); marcela.gonzalez.gr[email protected] (M.G.-G.); [email protected] (L.S.-M.) 4 Department of Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain 5ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, c/Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain 6Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 7Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Faculty of Health Science, c/Doctor Pasteur s/n Trasera del Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain 8Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), 28010 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] or gvar[email protected]g.es 9Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Urb. Montepríncipe, Crta. Boadilla Km 53, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain *Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-958-246-139 † ANIBES (Anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain). Received: 16 May 2017; Accepted: 29 June 2017; Published: 6 July 2017 Abstract: Zinc, selenium, and the vitamins A, E and C, all have specific biological functions that are involved mainly in the antioxidant defence system, which has important implications for the development of chronic diseases. We aimed to assess the reported intake of those six nutrients, as well as the food that contributes to their sources of intakes. Data were obtained from the Spanish ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain”) study, n= 2009 (9–75 years old). The analyses were performed in the whole population and in the plausible energy reporters after a misreporting analysis according to the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) protocol. A validated, photo-based three-day food record was used to collect the data. Mean (max − min) reported intake for the whole population of zinc was 8.1 ± 0.1 mg/day, (2.3–27.3 mg/day), selenium 75 ± 1 µ g/day, (14–265 µ g/day), vitamin A 668 µ g RE/day (2–11,017 µ g RE/day), retinol 364 ± 18 µ g/day (0–10,881 µ g/day), carotenes 1735 ± 35 µ g/day (13–13,962 µ g/day), vitamin E 7.0 ± 0.1 mg α -TE/day (0.7–55.2 mg α -TE/day) and vitamin C 84.4 ± 1.4 mg/day (5.0–802.7 mg/day). The main source intakes for zinc were meat and meat products, for selenium cereals and grains, for vitamin E oils and fat, and for vitamin A and C vegetables. There is an elevated percentage of the Spanish ANIBES population not meeting the EFSA recommended intakes for all analysed micronutrients: zinc (83%), vitamin A (60%), vitamin E (80%), vitamin C (36%) and selenium (25%). Keywords: ANIBES study; trace elements; vitamins; misreporting; food intake Nutrients 2017,9, 697; doi:10.3390/nu9070697 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Nutrients 2017,9, 697 2 of 19 1. Introduction In the last few decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes mellitus [ 1 , 2 ]. It has been suggested that this could be the result of a nutrition transition characterised by changes in the dietary pattern towards an unbalanced and unhealthy diet [ 3 ], accompanied by an unhealthy lifestyle that includes physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour [1]. Adequate nutrition is one of the pillars of public health, and knowing the population’s nutritional situation, before designing national guidelines, it is essential to improve the nutrition of the population [ 4 ]. Zinc, selenium, and vitamins A (retinol and carotenes), E and C, have in common biological functions involved in the antioxidant defence system, which have important implications for the prevention of inflammatory chronic diseases and in particular of cardiovascular illnesses. Zinc is an essential trace element that participates in many metabolic processes as a catalytic, regulatory and structural component [ 5 ]. It is a cofactor for more than 300 enzymes and it is part of the structure of 2500 transcription factors [ 6 ]. It is also involved in the metabolic hormone regulation of growth and has key roles in gene expression regulation and the immune system. Selenium’s main biological role is associated with glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) and avoiding toxicity by selenoproteins [ 7 ]; apart from its antioxidant function, these proteins are involved in spermatogenesis, brain development, and thyroid function [ 7 ]. Vitamin A comprises retinol and the molecules that share its biological activity (retinoids), and those with provitamin A activity (carotenoids) [ 8 ]. Vitamin A participates in many biological functions such as the visual cycle, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis, maintenance of epithelial tissue, reproduction and embryogenesis, haematopoiesis, intercellular communication, antioxidant defence, and immune competence [ 9 ]. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant in the protection of unsaturated fatty acids and other easy oxidizable substances. This vitamin participates mainly in the stabilisation of biological membranes, the inhibition of platelet aggregation, the maintenance of the erythrocyte morphology and influences the activity of some enzymes [ 10 ]. Vitamin C is an antioxidant with a high reducing power. This vitamin participates as a cofactor in many biochemical reactions namely in the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines. It is also involved in the metabolism of cholesterol [11]. National diet survey, including a three-day food record, is the most common tool to evaluate the nutrient self-reported intake and the nutritional situation of the population. However, by using this kind of methodology, people tend to misreport their energy intake (EI), as it is mainly auto-reported [ 12 ]. Consequently, the reported EI does not represent the usual intake giving an estimate EI that is not physiologically plausible [ 12 ]. ANIBES (Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain) is a Spanish study that evaluates energy intake and expenditure, body composition and dietary patterns in a national representative sample. Previous articles have reported intake of energy [ 13 ], the main macronutrients [ 14 ] and several micronutrients [ 15 , 16 ]. As part of the representative Spanish ANIBES study [ 17 ], in the present article, we analysed the reported intake of zinc, selenium, and the vitamins A (retinol and carotenes), E, and C in the whole population, and in the plausible energy reporters separately (following EFSA harmonised approach to identify misreporting), and assessed the food that contributes to their sources of intake. 2. Materials and Methods The complete design, protocol, and methodology of the ANIBES study have been described in detail elsewhere [17]. 2.1. Sample The ANIBES is a cross-sectional study conducted using multistage stratified sampling. The sample for the ANIBES Study was designed based on 2012 census data published by the INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística/Spanish Bureau of Statistics) for gender, age, habitat size and region [ 17 ]. Nutrients 2017,9, 697 3 of 19 The fieldwork was performed at 128 sampling points across Spain and the study was conducted from mid-September 2013 to mid-November 2013. The final sample comprised 2009 individuals aged 9–75 years (1013 men, 50.4%; 996 women, 49.6%) [ 17 ]. For the youngest (9–12, 13–17, and 18–24 years) and oldest (65–75 years) age groups, a “booster sample” to provide at least 200 individuals per age group (error ± 6.9%) was included. Therefore, the random sample plus booster sample comprised 2285 participants. Subjects included in the study were those that were not on a prescribed diet; were following healthy lifestyle recommendations for the control or the prevention of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or hyperuricemia; individuals with food allergies or food intolerance and those diagnosed with metabolic diseases such as hyper or hypothyroidism. The subjects that were excluded from the study were those that were on a prescribed diet due to medical tests, preor post-surgery situation, diagnosed disease or any pathological or physiological situation or those with any disease or illness (e.g., cold, gastroenteritis, chicken pox, etc.) The sample quotas according to the following variables were: age groups (9–12, 13–17, 18–64, and 65–75 years); sex (men/women); geographical distribution (Northeast, East, Southwest, North-Central, Barcelona, Madrid, Balearic and Canary Islands); and locality size: 2000 to 30,000 inhabitants (rural population), 30,000 to 200,000 inhabitants (semi-urban population) and over 200,000 inhabitants (urban population). Additionally, other factors, such as unemployment rate, the percentage of foreigners, physical activity level, and educational and economic level, were also considered [17,18]. The final protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee for Clinical Research of the Region of Madrid (Spain). 2.2. Food Record and Adequacy of Reported Intake Study participants were provided with a tablet device (Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 7.0, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, South Korea). They recorded information, during two weekdays and one weekend day, before starting to eat and drink, and again after finishing. Additionally, a brief description of meals, recipes, brands, and other relevant information was registered using the tablet. Participants who declared or demonstrated that they were unable to use the tablet device were offered other options, such as using a digital camera, paper record or telephone interviews. In total 79% of the sample used a tablet, 12% a digital camera, and 9% a telephone interview. Food records were returned from the field in real time, to be coded by trained coders, supervised by dieticians. An ad hoc central server software/database was developed for this purpose to work in parallel with the coding and verification processes [ 17 ]. Food, beverage, and energy and nutrient reported intakes were calculated from food consumption records using VD-FEN 2.1 software, a Dietary Evaluation Program from the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN). The program was newly developed for the ANIBES study by the FEN and is based mainly on Spanish food composition tables [ 19 ]. Data obtained from food manufacturers and nutritional information provided on food labels were also included. A food photographic atlas was used to assist in assigning gramme weights to portion sizes. Reported intake data were compared with national [ 20 ] and European [ 21 ] daily recommendations. The disparity between reported consumption and the level needed for adequacy was calculated comparing with 80% of the Spanish dietary reference value (DRV) [ 20 ] and EFSA population reference intake (PRI) or adequate intake (AI) [21]. 2.3. Evaluation of Misreporting In the present study, EFSA protocol to assess misreporting was used [ 22 ]. The methodology has been detailed somewhere else [ 15 ]. The procedure proposed by EFSA evaluates the reported energy intake (EIrep) against the presumed energy requirements. EIrep is expressed as a multiple of the mean basal metabolic rate estimated (BMRest), and it is compared with the presumed energy expenditure of the studied population. Subsequently, the ratio EIrep:BMRest is referred to as the physical activity levels (PAL) The PAL is established for young (≤17 years) and adults (≥18 years) in three levels, low Nutrients 2017,9, 697 4 of 19 1.6 and 1.4; moderate 1.8 and 1.6; and vigorous 2.0 and 1.8, respectively. The protocol indicates that the analyses should be performed at group and individual levels. The group level determines the overall bias to the reported EI, and the individual level shows the rate of under and over reporters. To calculate the misreporting at both levels, the lower and upper cut-off values were specifically calculated for our population (Table 1). The BMRest was calculated using the Schoefield equations [ 23 ], and the physical activity was assessed during interviews with the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) [ 24 ]. Misreporting cut-offs at group and individual levels for the ANIBES study are shown in Table 1. CV-WEI (coefficient of variance in energy intake within-subject) for the ANIBES population were 36.6% for children and adolescents and 41.6% for adults, respectively; and S (factor that considers the variation in energy intake, BMR and PAL) for children and adolescents was 27.3 and for adults 29.6. Table 1. Calculated misreporting cut-off at group and individual levels for the ANIBES study. Misreporting Cut-Off Group Level Individual Level PAL Lower Upper Lower Upper Children and adolescents 1.6 1.55 1.66 0.93 2.76 1.8 1.73 1.86 1.04 3.10 2.0 1.93 2.07 1.16 3.45 Adults and elderly 1.4 1.38 1.42 0.77 2.53 1.6 1.58 1.62 0.88 2.89 1.8 1.77 2.83 1.00 3.25 PAL: Physical activity level. The PAL is established for children and adolescents; and adults and elderly in three levels, low 1.6 and 1.4; moderate 1.8 and 1.6; and vigorous 2.0 and 1.8, respectively. 2.4. Statistical Analysis Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), median, ranges, percentiles and percentages. Normality was assessed using Kolmogorov–Smirnoff normality test for the random sample (2009 participants) and random + booster sample (2285). Appropriated non-parametric statistical tests were used for those variables that did not follow the normality. The random sample was used to show the total sample data and to compare between sexes. To compare by sex in each age group, the booster sample was included to enlarge those groups less represented in the random sample. Comparisons between groups were performed using a Student’s t-test for independent samples or Mann–Whitney U test to evaluate differences by sex within the whole population and within each age group. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons or Kruskal–Wallis analysis was used to calculate differences among each age group [ 15 ]. These procedures have considered the sampling complexity during the stratification of the study design. The significance level was set at p< 0.05. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). 3. Results 3.1. Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins C, A (Retinol and Carotenes), and E Intake in the Whole Population Table 2shows the daily reported intake levels of zinc, selenium, carotenes, retinol, vitamin A, E and C. Supplementary Tables S1–S7 show the percentiles distribution of each nutrient in the whole population and separately by age groups and sexes. Nutrients 2017,9, 697 5 of 19 Table 2. Daily zinc, selenium, vitamin A, retinol, carotenes, vitamin E and vitamin C reported intake by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population. Total Children 9–12 Years Adolescents 13–17 Years Adults 18–64 Years Elderly 65–75 Years nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) ZINC (mg/day) Total 2009 8.1 ±0.1 7.7 (2.3–27.3) 213 8.3 ±0.1 a8.2 (3.7–17.3) 211 8.6 ±0.2 a8.3 (2.9–18.6) 1655 8.2 ±0.1 a7.7 (2.3–27.3) 206 7.4 ±0.2 b7.1 (3.1–20.0) Men 1013 8.8 ±0.1 * 8.4 (2.3–27.3) 126 8.6 ±0.2 * 8.2 (3.7–17.3) 137 9.2 ±0.2 * 8.7 (2.9–18.6) 798 8.9 ±0.1 * 8.6 (2.3–27.3) 99 8.1 ±0.3 * 7.5 (3.7–20.0) Women 996 7.4 ±0.1 7.2 (2.9–19.5) 87 7.8 ±0.2 7.6 (4.3–12.5) 74 7.4 ±0.3 7.5 (3.6–13.5) 857 7.5 ±0.1 7.2 (2.9–19.5) 107 6.8 ±0.2 6.8 (3.1–12.3) SELENIUM (µg/day) Total 2009 75 ±1 72 (14–265) 213 77 ±2a76 (9–180) 211 80 ±2a77 (26–164) 1655 76 ±1a72 (14–265) 206 70 ±2b65 (23–221) Men 1013 81 ±1 * 77 (20–188) 126 79 ±2 76 (9–180) 137 85 ±2 * 81 (26–164) 798 82 ±1 * 79 (20–198) 99 75 ±3 * 70 (28–221) Women 996 69 ±1 67 (14–265) 87 74 ±2 75 (24–140) 74 71 ±3 67 (30–150) 857 70 ±1 67 (134–265) 107 64 ±2 61 (23–144) VITAMIN A (µg RE/day) Total 2009 668 ±19 477 (2–11,017) 213 664 ±43 496 (79–5991) 211 570 ±33 426 (108–3434) 1655 672 ±21 479 (2–11,017) 206 658 ±61 489 (78–7796) Men 1013 691 ±29 478 (38–11,017) 126 702 ±51 531 (79–3196) 137 582 ±42 446 (109–3434) 798 697 ±34 484 (38–11,017) 99 708 ±104 475 (96–7796) Women 996 644 ±24 474 (2–7505) 87 609 ±75 427 (120–5991) 74 546 ±53 383 (108–2831) 857 650 ±26 474 (2–7505) 107 612 ±67 492 (78–6584) RETINOL (µg/day) Total 2009 364 ±18 187 (0–10,881) 213 420 ±42 a227 (18–5950) 211 343 ±29 a218 (0–2697) 1655 363 ±20 b186 (0–10,881) 206 309 ±57 c163 (3–7407) Men 1013 399 ±28 * 199 (0–10,881) 126 461 ±50 * 262 (18–2802) 137 359 ±37 237 (0–2697) 798 395 ±33 * 197 (0–10,881) 99 361 ±98 167 (3–7407) Women 996 327 ±23 176 (0–7440) 87 362 ±75 211 (46–5950) 74 312 ±45 204 (21–2392) 857 333 ±25 177 (0–7440) 107 261 ±61 160 (9–6494) CAROTENES (µg/day) Total 2009 1735 ±35 1342 (13–13,962) 213 1331 ±78 a995 (42–6222) 211 1254 ±79 a882 (45–6805) 1655 1760 ±39 b1355 (13–13,962) 206 2082 ±122 c1618 (97–11,643) Men 1013 1652 ±46 * 1231 (14–10,960) 126 1283 ±102 980 (50–5754) 137 1227 ±100 873 (79–6197) 798 1696 ±54 1313 (14–10,960) 99 2068 ±151 1705 (123–6851) Women 996 1820 ±51 1415 (13–13,962) 87 1402 ±121 1023 (42–6222) 74 1303 ±132 993 (45–6805) 857 1819 ±56 1419 (13–13,962) 107 2095 ±189 1528 (97–11,643) VITAMIN E (mg α-TE/day) Total 2009 7.0 ±0.1 6.3 (0.7–55.2) 213 7.4 ±0.3 a6.3 (0.7–27.6) 211 7.5 ±0.3 a6.4 (1.1–31.0) 1655 7.1 ±0.1 a6.5 (0.7–55.2) 206 5.9 ±0.2 b5.2 (1.7–16.6) Men 1013 7.3 ±0.1 * 6.5 (0.7–55.2) 126 7.4 ±0.4 6.1 (0.7–27.6) 137 7.6 ±0.4 6.5 (1.1–24.0) 798 7.4 ±0.2 * 6.7 (0.9–55.2) 99 6.3 ±0.3 5.8 (1.8–16.6) Women 996 6.7 ±0.1 6.1 (0.7–27.5) 87 7.5 ±0.4 6.6 (2.2–19.1) 74 7.4 ±0.6 6.3 (1.7–31.0) 857 6.8 ±0.1 6.3 (0.7–27.5) 107 5.6 ±0.3 4.9 (1.7–15.7) VITAMIN C (mg/day) Total 2009 84.4 ±1.4 71.3 (5.0–802.7) 213 66.4 ±3.2 a57.2 (6.9–258.3) 211 61.6 ±3.1 a49.3 (4.5–270.5) 1655 84.8 ±1.5 b71.8 (5.0–802.7) 206 106.6 ±4.8 c94.6 (14.5–478.8) Men 1013 83.2 ±2.0 * 68.9 (5.0–802.7) 126 65.1 ±3.7 56.6 (6.9–210.6) 137 62.6 ±4.1 48.3 (4.5–270.5) 798 85.2 ±2.3 72.0 (5.0–802.7) 99 109.4 ±7.3 96.6 (16.2–410.6) Women 996 85.6 ±1.9 72.8 (8.0–788.6) 87 68.3 ±5.5 58.5 (11.8–258.3) 74 59.9 ±4.7 50.6 (8.8–234.3) 857 84.5 ±2.0 71.8 (5.9–788.6) 107 104.1 ±6.2 91.6 (14.5–478.8) Results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and median with range (in brackets); (*) t-test or Mann–Whitney U test was used to evaluate differences by sex within the whole population and within each age group. ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests was used to calculate differences among age groups (mean values within the same row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different). p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Nutrients 2017,9, 697 6 of 19 Lower reported intake of zinc, selenium and vitamin E were observed in the elderly group compared with the other three age groups. Opposite to this, the reported intakes of carotenes and vitamin C increased with age. Likewise, intakes of zinc, selenium, retinol and vitamin E were higher in men than in women in the whole population, as well as for zinc in all age groups. Separately by age groups, the mean reported intake of selenium was higher in men than in women, in adolescents, adults and elderly groups, for retinol in children and adults and for vitamin E, only in adults. The reported intake of carotenes and vitamin C was lower in men than in women in the entire population. No differences were found for vitamin A. 3.2. Zinc, Selenium, Retinol, Carotenes, and Vitamins A, C and E Reported Intake in Plausible Energy Reporters Table 3shows the misreporting data. In the whole population, the plausible energy reporters were 543 individuals (27%) and the non-plausible energy reporters were 1466 (73%). The percentages of plausible energy reporters by age groups were: children 56%, adolescents 36%, adults 26% and elderly 22% [ 15 ]. The reported consumption of the studied nutrients was significantly higher (p< 0.05) in the plausible energy reporters than in the non-plausible energy reporters in the entire population, as well as divided by age group for all nutrients. When comparing the plausible and non-plausible energy reporters by sex, the reported intake of zinc, selenium, carotenes, and vitamins A, C and E were significantly different. 3.3. Disparity between Reported Intake and the Level Needed for Adequacy for Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins C, A (Retinol and Carotenes), and E in the Whole Population and in the Plausible Energy Reporters Table 4shows the percentage of the entire population and the plausible energy reporters that did not meet the 80% of the Spanish [ 20 ] and European [ 21 ] recommended daily intakes. As we can observe neither the whole population nor the plausible energy reporters met the daily intake recommendations for zinc, and vitamins A, E and C. Nevertheless, it is interesting to highlight that the inadequate intake of vitamin C in the elderly group was only 15% and 7% in the entire and plausible energy reports, respectively, according to the Spanish recommendations. In the case of selenium, children and adolescents showed an adequate intake, and only 11% of adults and 7% of elderly showed an inadequate intake according to Europe references. Nutrients 2017,9, 697 7 of 19 Table 3. Daily zinc, selenium, vitamin A, retinol, carotenes, vitamin E and vitamin C reported intake by plausible energy reporters, non-plausible energy reporters and age group in the ANIBES Study population. Total Children 9–12 Years Adolescents 13–17 Years Adults 18–64 Years Elderly 65–75 Years nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) ZINC (mg/day) Total 2009 8.1 ±0.1 7.7 (2.3–27.3) 213 8.3 ±0.2 8.2 (3.7–17.3) 211 8.6 ±0.2 8.3 (2.9–18.6) 1655 8.2 ±0.1 7.7 (2.3–27.3) 206 7.4 ±0.2 7.1 (3.1–20.0) Plausible energy reporters 543 9.8 ±0.1 * 9.5 (4.9–23.0) 120 9.0 ±0.2 * 9.0 (5.4–14.5) 76 10.3 ±0.3 * 9.9 (4.9–16.7) 433 10.0 ±0.1 * 9.7 (5.2–23.0) 45 9.5 ±0.4 * 9.1 (5.4–20.0) Men 232 11.0 ±0.2 §10.7 (5.4–23.0) 68 9.4 ±0.2 9.1 (6.5–14.5) 48 11.0 ±0.3 10.9 (7.2–16.7) 158 11.6 ±0.2 11.3 (5.8–23.0) 24 10.2 ±0.7 9.6 (5.4–20.0) Women 311 8.9 ±0.1 †8.6 (4.9–19.5) 52 8.6 ±0.3 8.8 (5.4–12.5) 28 9.0 ±0.4 8.7 (4.9–13.5) 275 9.0 ±0.1 8.7 (5.2–19.5) 21 8.7 ±0.4 8.4 (6.3–12.3) Non-Plausible energy reporters 1466 7.5 ±0.1 7.1 (2.3–27.3) 93 7.3 ±0.2 7.1 (3.7–17.3) 135 7.6 ±0.2 7.6 (2.9–18.6) 1222 7.5 ±0.1 7.2 (2.3–27.3) 161 6.9 ±0.2 6.74 (3.1–17.8) Men 781 8.2 ±0.1 7.8 (2.3–27.3) 58 7.6 ±0.3 7.3 (3.7–17.3) 89 8.2 ±0.2 8.0 (2.9–18.6) 640 8.2 ±0.1 7.9 (2.3–27.3) 75 7.4 ±0.3 7.1 (3.7–17.8) Women 685 6.7 ±0.1 6.6 (2.9–19.2) 35 6.7 ±0.3 6.6 (4.3–11.6) 46 6.5 ±0.2 6.2 (3.6–9.8) 582 6.7 ±0.1 6.6 (2.9–19.2) 86 6.4 ±0.2 6.4 (3.1–11.2) SELENIUM (µg/day) Total 2009 75 ±1 72 (14–265) 213 77 ±2 76 (9–180) 211 80 ±2 77 (26–164) 1655 76 ±1 72 (14–265) 206 70 ±2 65 (23–221) Plausible energy reporters 543 90 ±1 * 87 (25–265) 120 83 ±2 * 85 (39–180) 76 96 ±3 * 91 (46–164) 433 91 ±2 * 87 (25–265) 45 93 ±4 * 85 (38–221) Men 232 101 ±2§95 (31–188) 68 85 ±3 86 (39–180) 48 102 ±4 98 (64–164) 158 104 ±2 100 (31–196) 24 101 ±7 96 (49–221) Women 311 82 ±2†78 (25–265) 52 81 ±3 79 (39–140) 28 84 ±5 79 (46–150) 275 83 ±2 87 (25–265) 21 84 ±5 83 (38–144) Non-Plausible energy reporters 1466 70 ±1 67 (14–185) 93 69 ±2 64 (9–145) 135 71 ±2 68 (26–147) 1222 70 ±1 67 (14–172) 161 63 ±2 61 (23–185) Men 781 79 ±1 71 (20–185) 58 72 ±4 63 (9–145) 89 75 ±3 72 (26–147) 640 77 ±1 73 (20–172) 75 67 ±3 63 (28–185) Women 685 63 ±1 60 (14–166) 35 65 ±4 67 (24–99) 46 64 ±4 57 (30–139) 582 63 ±1 60 (14–166) 86 59 ±2 58 (23–117) VITAMIN A (µg RE/day) Total 2009 668 ±19 477 (2–11,017) 213 664 ±43 496 (79–5991) 211 570 ±33 426 (108–3434) 1655 672 ±21 479 (2–11,017) 206 658 ±61 489 (78–7796) Plausible energy reporters 543 790 ±31 * 609 (145–7796) 120 724 ±62 * 576 (79–5991) 76 685 ±59 * 567 (156–3434) 433 779 ±30 * 611 (92–5864) 45 1124 ±209 * 717 (173–7796) Men 232 860 ±56 §626 (145–7796) 68 756 ±66 589 (79–2814) 48 709 ±74 567 (156–3434) 158 866 ±63 639 (146–5864) 24 1133 ±304 712 (268–7796) Women 311 737 ±34 †600 (147–6584) 52 681 ±115 553 (143–5991) 28 644 ±100 563 (232–2831) 275 729 ±31 600 (92–3925) 21 1115 ±290 732 (173–6584) Non-Plausible energy reporters 1466 622 ±23 425 (2–11,017) 93 587 ±58 384 (86–3196) 135 504 ±38 356 (108–2784) 1222 635 ±27 431 (2–11,017) 161 527 ±47 420 (78–6887) Men 781 641 ±34 431 (38–11,017) 58 638 ±80 421 (86–3196) 89 514 ±49 375 (109–2728) 640 655 ±39 451 (38–11,017) 75 571 ±93 415 (96–6887) Women 685 601 ±31 414 (2–7505) 35 502 ±77 364 (120–2676) 46 489 ±58 348 (108–2027) 582 613 ±36 413 (2–7505) 86 489 ±35 429 (78–1735) RETINOL (µg/day) Total 2009 364 ±18 187 (0–10,881) 213 420 ±42 227 (18–5959) 211 343 ±29 218 (0–2697) 1655 363 ±20 186 (0–10,881) 206 309 ±57 163 (3–7407) Plausible energy reporters 543 423 ±29 * 258 (21–7407) 120 451 ±62 * 263 (38–5959) 76 422 ±51 * 312 (54–2697) 433 405 ±27 * 259 (21–5249) 45 597 ±212 * 248 (62–7407) Men 232 491 ±53 §285 (48–7407) 68 483±63 278 (38–2594) 48 433 ±62 340 (80–2697) 158 467 ±57 282 (48–5246) 24 633 ±306 252 (65–7407) Women 311 372 ±31 †225 (21–6494) 52 409 ±116 217 (91–5950) 28 403 ±90 227 (54–2392) 275 369 ±27 235 (21–3585) 21 555 ±298 228 (62–6494) Non-Plausible energy reporters 1466 341 ±22 166 (0–10,881) 93 381 ±56 191 (18–2802) 135 298 ±34 187 (0–2672) 1222 348 ±26 168 (0–10,881) 161 228 ±41 143 (3–6242) Men 781 372 ±33 178 (0–10,881) 58 434 ±78 214 (18–2802) 89 320 ±46 199 (0–2672) 640 378 ±38 182 (0–10881) 75 274 ±85 147 (3–6242) Women 685 307 ±30 149 (0–7440) 35 293 ±73 167 (46–2503) 46 256 ±47 169 (21–1726) 582 315 ±34 150 (0–7440) 86 189 ±20 141 (9–1055) CAROTENES (µg/day) Total 2009 1735 ±35 1342 (13–13,962) 213 1331 ±78 995 (42–6222) 211 1254 ±79 882 (45–6805) 1655 1760 ±39 1355 (13–13,962) 206 2082 ±122 1618 (97–11,643) Plausible energy reporters 543 2080 ±75 * 1644 (65–13,159) 120 1472 ±109 * 1094 (145–6222) 76 1468 ±141 * 1013 (45–5676) 433 2119 ±84 * 1685 (65–13,159) 45 3111 ±348 * 2574 (339–11,643) Men 232 2077 ±118 §1601 (101–9795) 68 1419 ±144 1053 (145–5754) 48 1561 ±199 961 (101–5676) 158 2250 ±150 1754 (124–9795) 24 2857 ±361 2443 (687–6851) Women 311 2083 ±98 †1678 (65–13,159) 52 1542 ±167 1122 (198–6222) 28 1309 ±174 1042 (45–3695) 275 2044 ±99 1649 (65–13,159) 21 3402 ±625 2659 (339–11,643) Non-Plausible energy reporters 1466 1607 ±38 1237 (13–13,962) 93 1149 ±108 831 (42–4665) 135 1133 ±94 800 (62–6805) 1222 1633 ±43 1264 (13–13,962) 161 1794 ±113 1396 (97–8292) Men 781 1525 ±48 1165 (14–10,960) 58 1122 ±143 810 (50–4665) 89 1047 ±105 777 (79–6197) 640 1559 ±54 1200 (14–10,960) 75 1815 ±153 1550 (123–6517) Women 685 1700 ±59 1339 (13–13,962) 35 1194 ±165 960 (42–4656) 46 1299 ±185 864 (62–6805) 582 1713 ±67 1342 (13–13,962) 86 1776 ±164 1316 (97–8292) VITAMIN E (mg α-TE/day) Total 2009 7.0 ±0.1 6.3 (0.7–55.2) 213 7.4 ±0.3 6.3 (0.7–27.6) 211 7.5 ±0.3 6.4 (1.1–31.0) 1655 7.1 ±0.1 6.4 (0.7–55.2) 206 5.9 ±0.2 5.25 (1.73–16.59) Plausible energy reporters 543 9.0 ±0.2 * 8.3 (1.7–27.6) 120 8.3 ±0.4 * 7.6 (2.0–27.6) 76 9.7 ±0.6 * 9.0 (1.7–31.0) 433 9.2 ±0.2 * 8.2 (2.2–27.5) 45 8.3 ±0.4 * 8.21 (3.90–15.70) Men 232 9.8 ±0.3 §9.0 (3.2–27.6) 68 8.3 ±0.5 7.2 (1.9–27.6) 48 9.8 ±0.7 9.2 (3.9–24.0) 158 10.2 ±0.3 9.4 (3.2–27.3) 24 8.5 ±0.5 8.4 (4.4–15.4) Women 311 8.5 ±0.2 †7.9 (1.7–27.6) 52 8.4 ±0.6 7.7 (2.5–19.1) 28 9.6 ±1.2 8.4 (1.7–31.0) 275 8.7 ±0.2 8.0 (2.2–27.5) 21 8.0 ±0.7 8.2 (3.9–15.7) Non-Plausible energy reporters 1466 6.3 ±0.1 5.7 (0.7–55.2) 93 6.2 ±0.3 5.5 (0.7–18.7) 135 6.3 ±0.3 5.4 (1.1–20.5) 1222 6.4 ±0.1 5.9 (0.7–55.2) 161 5.3 ±0.2 4.81 (1.73–16.59) Men 781 6.6 ±0.1 6.0 (0.7–55.2) 58 6.3 ±0.4 5.6 (0.7–18.7) 89 6.4 ±0.4 5.5 (1.1–20.5) 640 6.7 ±0.2 6.1 (0.9–55.2) 75 5.6 ±0.3 5.0 (1.8–16.6) Women 685 5.9 ±0.1 5.4 (0.7–23.3) 35 6.1 ±0.6 5.0 (2.2–18.5) 46 6.1 ±0.5 5.4 (2.3–14.3) 582 6.0 ±0.1 5.8 (0.7–23.3) 86 5.0 ±0.2 4.7 (1.7–14.6) Nutrients 2017,9, 697 8 of 19 Table 3. Cont. Total Children 9–12 Years Adolescents 13–17 Years Adults 18–64 Years Elderly 65–75 Years nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) nMean ± SEM Median (Range) VITAMIN C (mg/day) Total 2009 84.4 ±1.4 71.3 (5.0–802.7) 213 66.4 ±3.2 57.2 (6.9–258.3) 211 61.6 ±3.1 49.3 (4.5–270.5) 1655 84.8 ±1.5 71.8 (5.0–802.7) 206 106.6 ±4.8 94.6 (14.5–478.8) Plausible energy reporters 543 100.7 ±3.3 * 84.8 (11.0802.7) 120 72.5 ±4.3 * 63.0 (13.3–258.3) 76 74.8 ±5.6 * 61.1 (8.8–244.5) 433 103.0 ±3.8 * 87.2 (5.9–802.7) 45 142.0 ± 12.9 * 127.0 (28.6–478.8) Men 232 102.9 ±5.3 §87.1 (14.1–802.7) 68 74.2 ±5.4 64.7 (13.3–210.6) 48 77.7 ±7.7 57.2 (20.6–244.5) 158 112.5 ±7.1 95 (14.1–802.7) 24 144.1 ±16.1 126.7 (28.6–315.3) Women 311 99.0 ±4.2 †84.0 (11.0–788.6) 52 70.2 ±6.8 57.8 (16.8–258.3) 28 69.8 ±7.5 64.3 (8.8–181.7) 275 97.5 ±4.3 84 (5.9–788.6) 21 139.7 ±21.2 131.3 (34.9–478.8) Non-Plausible energy reporters 1466 78.4 ±1.4 66.2 (5.0–410.6) 93 58.6 ±4.6 48.7 (6.9–255.0) 135 54.2 ±3.6 41.3 (4.5–270.5) 1222 78.4 ±1.5 66.9 (5.0–408.3) 161 96.8 ±4.6 86.9 (14.5–410.6) Men 781 77.4 ±2.0 63.9 (5.0–410.6) 58 54.5 ±4.7 45.9 (6.9–172.8) 89 54.5 ±4.6 40.9 (4.5–270.5) 640 78.5 ±2.2 66 (5.0–408.3) 75 98.2 ±7.7 83.9 (16.2–410.6) Women 685 79.6 ±1.9 68.3 (8.0–289.5) 35 65.5 ±9.3 60.7 (11.8–255.0) 46 53.8 ±6.0 42.3 (9.9–234.3) 582 78.3 ±2.1 67.3 (8.0–343.4) 86 95.4 ±5.5 87 (14.5–289.5) Results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean and median with range (in brackets). * t-test or Mann-Whitney U test: significant differences between plausible and non-plausible energy reporters in the whole population, (p< 0.05); § significant differences between plausible and non-plausible energy reporters men in the whole population (p< 0.05); † significant differences between plausible and non-plausible energy reporters women in the whole population (p< 0.05); there were significant differences between plausible and non-plausible energy reporters within sexes into each age group (p< 0.05). Nutrients 2017,9, 697 9 of 19 Table 4. Percentage of the population with inadequate intake of zinc, selenium and vitamins A, for the whole population and for the plausible energy reporters by age. Total Children Adolescents Adults Elderly 9–12 Years 13–17 Years 18–64 Years 65–75 Years Spain EFSA Spain EFSA Spain EFSA Spain EFSA Spain EFSA Zinc (%) Whole population 92 83 82 31 89 65 92 86 96 92 Men 86 69 80 30 85 59 86 72 93 84 Women 97 96 85 33 95 77 97 99 99 100 Plausible energy reporters 80 65 75 15 75 38 81 73 84 78 Men 64 31 74 15 69 27 59 31 75 58 Women 93 90 77 15 86 57 93 97 95 100 Selenium (%) Whole population 15 25 2 4 4 16 16 26 22 32 Men 16 18 2 5 3 12 18 19 22 22 Women 14 32 3 3 7 24 14 33 21 41 Plausible energy reporters 4 9 0 0 0 3 4 11 4 7 Men 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 4 4 Women 5 14 0 0 0 7 5 16 5 10 Vitamin A (%) Whole population 74 60 57 36 78 64 74 61 75 60 Men 78 64 57 33 80 66 80 57 80 65 Women 69 56 57 41 73 62 69 66 70 56 Plausible energy reporters 58 39 51 23 68 46 59 42 47 24 Men 63 40 53 18 71 46 66 44 63 33 Women 54 38 48 31 64 46 56 40 29 14 Vitamin E (%) Whole population 80 80 62 66 72 76 80 79 90 91 Men 78 82 63 69 72 79 78 82 89 92 Women 82 77 60 62 70 70 82 76 92 90 Plausible energy reporters 62 59 51 57 54 61 62 58 76 76 Men 56 61 53 59 54 65 52 58 79 83 Women 67 59 48 54 54 54 67 57 71 67 Vitamin C (%) Whole population 29 56 41 37 47 67 29 58 15 42 Men 32 60 39 37 48 69 31 62 19 44 Women 27 52 45 38 46 64 27 53 11 40 Plausible energy reporters 20 42 36 29 36 55 19 45 7 20 Men 21 42 29 26 35 56 19 44 8 17 Women 20 42 44 33 36 54 19 45 5 24 Results are expressed in percentage. Recommended daily intakes for Spain [ 20 ] and Europe [ 21 ]. Adequacy was calculated comparing with 80% of the Spanish DRV and EFSA PRI or AI. 3.4. Contribution of the Food and Beverages to Zinc, Selenium, Retinol, Carotenes and Vitamins A, C and E Intakes Figures 1and 2show the contribution (%) of the food and beverage categories to daily zinc, selenium, vitamins E and C, retinol, carotenes and vitamin A intake for the entire population. Supplementary Tables S8–S14 show these data separately by age groups. 3.4.1. Zinc The main sources of zinc for the entire population were meat and meat products (28.5%; this contribution was lower in elderly, 24.7%), cereals and grains (25.5%), and milk and dairy products (15.8%). This last group provided higher percentages to the children. Fish (5.7%), vegetables (5.2%), and ready-to-eat meals (4.8%) complete the list to reach more than the 85% of the total intake of zinc. Fish and vegetables afforded a higher percentage to the older groups while ready-to-eat meals did so for, the younger groups. Nutrients 2017,9, 697 16 of 19 apart from national surveys, have an N lower than 500; in this respect, our N of plausible reporters is not negligible. 5. Conclusions The reported intake of zinc and the vitamins A and E are low in the ANIBES population. In the whole studied group, 92% and 83% for zinc, 74% and 60% for vitamin A, and 80% and 80% for vitamin E, of the population had reported intakes below 80% of the Spanish and European recommended daily intakes, respectively; even when the plausible energy reporters, whose reported intakes were higher than the whole population, were analysed separately. For vitamin C, 29% and 56% of the population had reported intakes below 80% of the Spanish and European recommended daily intakes, respectively, but, separately by age groups, 7% and 20% of the older plausible energy reporters had reported intakes below 80%, respectively. For selenium, only 15% and 25% of the population had reported intakes below 80% of the Spanish and European recommended daily intakes respectively. The main food source intakes for zinc were meat and meat products; for selenium were cereals and grains; for vitamin E oils and fat; and for vitamins A and C vegetables. A significant percentage of the Spanish ANIBES population does not meet the recommended intakes for zinc, vitamin A and vitamin E; a reasonable percentage of people does not meet the recommendations of vitamin C; and a low percentage of people does not meet the selenium recommendations. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/697/s1, Table S1: Daily zinc intake and distribution by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population, Table S2: Daily selenium intake and distribution by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population, Table S3: Daily vitamin A intake and distribution by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population, Table S4: Daily retinol intake and distribution by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population, Table S5: Daily carotenes intake and distribution by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population, Table S6: Daily vitamin E intake and distribution by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population, Table S7: Daily vitamin C intake and distribution by sex and age group in the ANIBES Study population, Table S8: Dietary sources of zinc (%) from food groups/subgroups by sex and age groups in the ANIBES Spanish population; Table S9: Dietary sources of selenium (%) from food groups/subgroups by sex and age groups in the ANIBES Spanish population, Table S10: Dietary sources of vitamin A (%) from food groups/subgroups by sex and age groups in the ANIBES Spanish population, Table S11: Dietary sources of retinol (%) from food groups/subgroups by sex and age groups in the ANIBES Spanish population, Table S12: Dietary sources of carotenes (%) from food groups/subgroups by sex and age groups in the ANIBES Spanish population, Table S13: Dietary sources of vitamin E (%) from food groups/subgroups by sex and age groups in the ANIBES Spanish population, Table S14: Dietary sources of vitamin C (%) from food groups/subgroups by sex and age groups in the ANIBES Spanish population. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Coca-Cola Iberia and IPSOS for its support and technical advice, particularly Rafael Urrialde and Javier Ruiz. Author Contributions: J.O. and A.G. analysed the data; J.O. also drafted the manuscript. J.A.-B., A.G., R.M.O., M.G.-G. and L.S.-M. are members of the Scientific Advisory Board of the ANIBES study and were responsible for careful review of the protocol, design, and methodology. These authors provided continuous scientific advice for the study and for the interpretation of results. These authors also critically reviewed the manuscript. G.V.-M., Principal Investigator of the ANIBES study, was responsible for the design, protocol, methodology, and follow-up checks of the study. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The ANIBES study was financially supported by a grant from Coca-Cola Iberia through an agreement with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN). 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