scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

Iconos de lo femenino en la poesía de Mario Luzi

Luzi, Alfredo

Full text

,FRQRVGHORIHPHQLQRHQODSRHVtDGH0DULR/X]L /8=, $OIUHGR 8QLYHUVLGDGGH0DFHUDWD  (SLVWHPROyJLFDPHQWHODSRHVtDGH0DULR/X]LSUHVHQWDXQGXDOLVPRWHPiWLFRTXH VH SHUVRQDOL]DHQODILJXUDGHOHVFULEDSRUXQDSDUWHXQDGLPHQVLyQWHVWLPRQLDOGHOD VXFHVLyQGHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVDORODUJRGHQXHVWUDKLVWRULD\SRURWUDODH[LJHQFLDGHO LQGLYLGXRGHVXSHUDUORV'HHVWDIRUPDVHHQWLHQGHODSDODEUDSRpWLFDFRPRXQQ~FOHR HQLJPiWLFR TXH KD\ TXH HOHJLU SXHV FRQWLHQH HO YDORU RFXOWR GHO NHULJPD HO GHVFXEULPLHQWRGHODDOWHULGDG\GHODSRVLELOLGDG  5HVXPLHQGR HQ WRGD OD REUD GH /X]L SRGUtDQ GLVWLQJXLUVH DO PHQRV GRV SDODEUDV FODYHV FRiJXOR \ IUDJPHQWR &RiJXOR FRPR SULQFLSLR GHO YLDMH ODEHUtQWLFR KDFLDOR2WURKXHOODH[LVWHQFLDOGHOGLQDPLVPRGHUHJHQHUDFLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQTXH PDUFDHOFDPLQRGHODQDWXUDOH]D\GHODKLVWRULDFRP~QHQHODYDQFHKDFLDHO$OIDHO SXQWRILUPHGHODGLYLQLGDG\HQHVWHWHPDHVREYLDODLQIOXHQFLDGHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH 7KHLOODUGGH&KDUGLQTXHWHRUL]DEDHOFtUFXORGHODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOFUHDGRU\ORFUHDGR IUDJPHQWR SXHV SHVH DO JUDQ GHVHR GH UHFRQGXFLU D OD XQLGDG OD QRULD GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRVODYLGDHQHOFXUVRGHODKLVWRULDKXPDQDVHGHVLQWHJUD\DSDUHFHVLQ VLJQLILFDGR IUDJPHQWDGD SUHFLVDPHQWH $Vt SXHV DSDUHFH HQ OD SRpWLFD OX]LDQD HVD WHQVLyQ XWySLFD SXQWR GH SDUWLGD GH OD HVFDWRORJtD TXH +RUNKHLPHU GHQRPLQD QRVWDOJLDGHOWRWDOPHQWHRWUR\TXH%ORFKGHILQHFRPRHOHQFXHQWURFRQHO<R 1R HV PL GHVHR DGHQWUDUPHHQODSUREOHPiWLFDWHRUpWLFDUHIHUHQWHDODGHILQLFLyQGH XWRStDSXHVHQODFXOWXUDKLVWyULFDILORVyILFDOLWHUDULDGHOVLJOR;;ODWHPiWLFDXWySLFD UHSUHVHQWD XQR GH ORV QXGRV PiV FRPSOLFDGRV LQFOXVR SRU FRQYHUJLU HQ HVWH WHPD GLVWLQWDVPHWRGRORJtDVFRPRODWHRUtDGHODKLVWRULDODKHUPHQpXWLFDODVRFLRORJtDOD ILORVRItDSROtWLFDHODQiOLVLVWHPiWLFRODOLQJtVWLFDHWF 1RREVWDQWHHQXQRGHORVWH[WRVOLWHUDULRVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYRVGHODFULVLVGHOD FRQFLHQFLD PRGHUQD (O KRPEUH VLQ DWULEXWRV GH 5REHUW 0XVLO KDOODPRV XQD GHILQLFLyQGHXWRStDTXHKDVHUYLGRGHEDVHSDUDVXXVRHQODLQVWLWXFLyQOLWHUDULD0iV R PHQRVXWRStDYLHQHDVLJQLILFDUSRVLELOLGDGHOKHFKRGHTXHXQDSRVLELOLGDGQRVHD XQD UHDOLGDG VLJQLILFD WDQ VyOR TXH ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV D ODV TXH HVWi YLQFXODGD DFWXDOPHQWHQRVHORSHUPLWHQGHRWURPRGRVHUtDXQDLPSRVLELOLGDGVLODOLEHUDPRVGH VXV YtQFXORV\GHMDPRVTXHVHGHVDUUROOHKHDTXtTXHQDFHODXWRStD(QOLWHUDWXUDOD XWRSLD VH UHILHUH SRU WDQWR DO SURFHVR TXH *DGDPHU OODPD GH DFWXDOL]DFLyQ /R LPDJLQDULR XWySLFR VH FRQFUHWL]D HQ HO WH[WR D WUDYpV GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV GH OR LQPDJLQDULR YHKLFXODGDV D WUDYpV GH OD HVFULWXUD /RXLV 0DULQ HQ 8WRSLTXHV MHX[ GpVSDFHVKDSUHFLVDGRODUHODFLyQTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHQWUHSRVLFLyQXWySLFD\HVFULWXUD OLWHUDULD HQ RWUDV SDODEUDV HQWUH FRQFHSFLyQ GH RWUR PXQGR \ FRQILJXUDFLyQ HVWLOtVWLFDGHOPLVPRDOGHILQLUODIXQFLyQGHODXWRStDFRPRXQDSUiFWLFDGLVFXUVLYD DGHPiVGHSRpWLFD\SUR\HFWLYDHQODTXHVHOOHQDQORVYDFtRVTXHORVFRQFHSWRVGHOD WHRUtD VRFLDOLUiQOOHQDQGRVXFHVLYDPHQWH (QODSRpWLFDGH0DULR/X]LODLFRQRJUDItDGHORIHPHQLQRPDQWLHQHVLHPSUHXQD HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQ FRQ OD GLPHQVLyQ XWySLFD (V HO SURSLR SRHWD HO TXH VXJLHUH HVWH YtQFXOR DO DILUPDU /D IHPLQLGDG WDPELpQ IRUPD SDUWH GHO VHQWLGR PHWDIyULFDGH ODV JUDQGHV HVSHUDQ]DVGHODVXWRStDVODVJUDQGHVDVSLUDFLRQHVKDQVLGRYLVWDVHQIRUPD IHPHQLQD 0LHQWUDV TXH OR PDVFXOLQR HV PiV LQPHGLDWR HVWi PiV FHUFDQR D OD KLVWRULFLGDG GHO SHQVDPLHQWR GH OD H[LJHQFLD KXPDQD HQ OR IHPHQLQR WDPELpQ SHUPDQHFHHVWDFXVWRGLDDWHPSRUDO 1R HV XQD FDVXDOLGDG TXH HO YROXPHQGRQGH VHUHFRJH ODREUD SRpWLFDGH /X]L GHVGHKDVWD,OJLXVWRGHOODYLWDOOHYHFRPRGHGLFDWRULD$ODPHPRULDGHPL PDGUH \ WHQJDFRPRHStJUDIHXQWH[WRGH3DUFD9LOODJJLRHQHOTXHVHSURGXFHOD LGHQWLILFDFLyQHQWUHODPDGUHFXVWRGLDGHORVUHFXHUGRVIDPLOLDUHVDXWRELRJUDItD\OD 3DUFD FXVWRGLDGHOWLHPSRPLWRORJtDDWUDYpVGHXQDILJXUDIHPHQLQDTXHGLULJLpQGRVH DOSRHWDORWUDQTXLOL]DVREUHVXSDSHOGHFRQWLQXDGRUJHQHUDFLRQDO  ,R YHFFKLDGRQQDLQTXHVWDYHFFKLDFDVDFXFLRLOSDVVDWRFROSUHVHQWH LQWHVVR/DWXDLQIDQ]LDFRQTXHOODGLWXRILJOLRFKHWUDYHUVDODSLD]]D FRQOHURQGLQL  (QVXSULPHUDREUD/D %DUFDTXHVHLQLFLDFRQXQ&DQWRQRFWXUQRSHUOH UDJD]]H ILRUHQWLQH SUHYDOHFH OD LGHD GH OD 3URYLGHQFLD FRQILJXUDGD D WUDYpV GH ODV LPiJHQHV IHPHQLQDV MyYHQHV ODV PXFKDFKDV GH GHULYDFLyQ OHRSDUGLDQD \ OD FRQVHQVDFLyQLFyQLFD GHODPDGUHHQODILJXUDGHOD9LUJHQHOHPHQWRPHGLDGRUSDUD KDEODUFRQ-HVXFULVWRKLMRGH'LRV /D IUHFXHQWHUHIHUHQFLDDODWHPiWLFDUHOLJLRVDWUDQVIRUPDODGLPHQVLyQGHODPRU TXH D SDUWLUGHODFRQWHPSODFLyQGHODEHOOH]DGHODPXMHU\GHODHVSHUDGHOHQFXHQWUR VH GLODWDKDVWDDVXPLUODILJXUDGHODFDULGDG/DSHUVSHFWLYDPHWDItVLFDILOWUDWRGDIRUPD GH FRQRFLPLHQWRHQODFHUWH]DGHSRGHUDLVODUODYHUGDGHQHOPXQGR/DSLHWDVOX]LDQD LQYDGHWRGRORTXHHVWiHQHOPXQGR\TXHVHSUHVHQWDHQVXQDWXUDOH]D(Q$OODYLWD SRU HMHPSOR HO HMH GH OD FRPSRVLFLyQ HV DLVODEOH HQ HOPXQGR HQ TXHOD GLPHQVLyQ WHUUHQD OD FRPSUHVLyQ GH OD PXHUWH HQ OD YLGD KDQ VLGR UHVFDWDGDV SRU XQD WHQVLyQ DVFHQGHQWHSRUHOWHVWLPRQLRGHXQDPDWHUQLGDGHVSLULWXDOTXHDGLIHUHQFLDGHODFDUQDO SXHGH WUDQVIRUPDUHQSUHPLRFHOHVWHHOVXIULPLHQWRGHWRGRKRPEUH  $PLFLGDOODEDUFDVLYHGHLOPRQGR  H LQOXLXQDYHULWjFKHSURFHGHLQWUHSLGDXQVRVSLURSURIRQGRGDOOH IRFLDOOHVRUJHQWLOD0DGRQQDGDJOLRFFKLWUDVSDUHQWLVFHQGHDGDJLR LQFRQWURDLPRUHQWLUDFFRJOLHLOFXPXORGHOODYLWDLGRORULOHYRJOLH VHJUHWHGDDQQLVXOODIDFFLDLQXPLGLWD/HUDJD]]HDOODILQHVWUDDQQHULWD  FRQORVJXDUGRYHUVRLPRQWLQRQVDQQRGDVSHWWDUHODYYHQLUH1HOOH VWDQ]HODYRFHPDWHUQDVHQ]DRULJLQHVHQ]DSURIRQGLWjVDOWHUQDFRO VLOHQ]LRGHOODWHUUDqEHOODHWXWWRSDUQDWRGDTXHOOD$OODYLWD  /D QDWXUDOH]D\ODHVSLULWXDOLGDGVHIXQGHQSRUHMHPSORHQODLQYRFDFLyQFRQOD TXH VH LQLFLDOD 3ULPDYHUDGHJOLRUIDQL $QLPDGHLYHUGLGLVSOXYLFKHLOFLHORVRPPXRYHFRQOHUURUHGHOPDUHRYHSHQFRODQ ORQGHHOH YHOHVHQ]DFRORUHYROJLJOLRFFKLGHOOD9HUJLQHVXOFXRUHGHL IDQFLXOOLVROLVWHQGLOHVXHYHVWLFHOHVWLVXOODORURQXGLWj  3HURODLPDJHQGHOD9LUJHQHQ/X]LD~QFRQVHUYDQGRVXFHQWUDOLVPRLQVSLUDWLYR FXEUHXQSURFHVRGHLQWHULRUL]DFLyQGHVLPEROL]DFLyQJOREDOHQTXHFRQYHUJHQODLGHD GH PXMHUGHPDGUHILVLROyJLFDGHQDWXUDOH]DGHIHFXQGLGDGGHPDWUL] (QHOSRHPD1p LO WHPSR LQFOXLGRHQ3ULPL]LHGHOGHVHUWRODLPDJHQGH OD 9LUJHQWRGDYtDHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQODYLVLyQ\FRQHOSDLVDMH  ,O WXRQRPHQRQVRIRUVHqO$FFRQVRODWDRO$SSDULWDRXQDOWURWUDJOLLQ QXPHULGLFXLDOXQJRPLIXYHODWRLOVHQVR  3HUR DO FDER GH PXFKRV DxRV D SDUWLU GH 3HU LO EDWWHVLPR GHL QRVWUL IUDPPHQWL\FRQFUHWDPHQWHHQODVHFFLyQ1RWUHGDPH1RWUHGDPH 0DUtD VH FRQYLHUWHHQHOIXOFURVREUHHOTXH/X]LDSR\DVXLQWHQWRKHUPHQpXWLFRGHODUHDOLGDG HQWUHHOMXHJR\HOHQLJPD\HONHULJPDHQWUHHOGHVHRGHFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODIH /D VXJHUHQFLD GHO GRJPD GH OD ,QPDFXODGD &RQFHSFLyQ VH WUDQVIRUPD HQ XQD PRGDOLGDGTXHHVWUXFWXUDODUHIOH[LyQVREUHODJpQHVLVGHOPXQGR\VREUHODGLDOpFWLFD HQWUHYLGD\PXHUWHHQWUHQHFHVLGDG\SRVLELOLGDG/DQDWXUDOH]DFUHDGDSRVHHHQVtHO JHUPHQFUHDGRUDVtFRPRODGLYLQLGDGGH&ULVWRVHKDHQFDUQDGRHQHOYLHQWUHKXPDQR GH 0DUtD  ,OPDLSHUIHWWR LOPDLJLXQWRDOODILQH GHOVXRYHURFRPSLPHQWR FUHDWRDQFRUDFUHDQWH H RUDQHOOD]]XUURJQRORGHLPRQWL OHYLHQHXQFDRVLQFRQWUR PRQWLHQXEL OHQDVFRQRGDXQLQFHUWRJUHPER VLIRQGRQRVLVFLQGRQRGDPRQWL QXELQHJOLLQGHFLVLILDQFKL HVLDOOXQJDQRYHUVRLOEDVVRFRQLOORURSHVR PRQWLPRQWL GDOIRQGRYDOOHVLGLYDOYDQRHVLDO]DQR DOOHQXELQHOOD]]XUURPDJPD  0D HFFR q OjGLVFHQGHILQRDOHL VL SHUGH H ULDSSDUHWUDOHUXSLXQDFTXDGLURFFLDQGRâ ( RUD GRYqRUDODFTXDGLTXHOOHQXELHGLTXHLPRQWL" VL FHODHVVDVLDQQHEELDOHEDOHQDLQIURQWH GD TXHOJRQILRSXEH OH VFHQGHGHQWURODIUXJD VL VWDFFDGDXQRVFXUR EXOERXQDJHQLWXUD SL DQWLFDGRJQLWHPSR DFTXD IRUVHRURFFLD QRQDQFRUDDFTXDQpURFFLD R JLjHVVHSULPDPHQWH JLj FRQ OH ORUR QXELLPRQWL  2QDVFLWDGLWXWWHOHQDVFLWH TXDOFRVDGLPHHUDSUHVHQWH VuHGRSRLPSURYYLVDHLQGHILQLELOH JHQHUDWDIRUVHGDOODGLVWDQ]D GDVHVWHVVDHVFHXQDPROWLWXGLQH PROWLWXGLQHGDPROWLWXGLQH OHYLHQHDGGRVVRODVWULQJH ODSUHQGHLQVpODIRUPDODPRGHOOD PDHVLWDQRQVDTXHOORFKHHVVHUH VHFLzFKHIXVHPSUH QHLOXRJKLLQRPEUD GHOPRQGRRDOWURFKHULVSOHQGD GLOXFHSURSULDVROHQHOVROH  3HUTXHVWRVFHVL SHUTXHVWRPLVLODPLDYLWD QHOODYRVWUDPRUWH'XQTXH LPSHUFHWWLELOPHQWHOHULPERPEDWUDPRQWHHPRQWH  3RUHOFRQWUDULRHQODSRHVtDVXFHVLYDODLPDJHQPLWyOyJLFDGH&HUHVFRPRGLRVD HQJDxRVDGHODIHFXQGLGDGTXHJDUDQWL]DHOUHJUHVRHWHUQRDODQDWXUDOH]DHVFRPSDUDGD FRQHOHPSXMHHVFDWROyJLFRTXHLQVSLUDODWHRORJtDPDULDQD  &HUHUHPDLDYXWDSHUPDGUH R QRQDEEDVWDQ]D PXRUHFRQWLQXDPHQWHOHL VHVWHVVD FRQWLQXDPHQWHJHQHUDQGR R XQDOWUD FKHODGXSOLFD XJXDOHLQDEERQGDQ]D SDULLQSURGLJDOLWj GLIUXWWLHGLFHQHUH GLYLWD H PRUWHHTXDPHQWH (SSXUH Ê FRQOHLFKHGDVHPSUHPLFLPHQWR LQGHVLGHULRHFRQRVFHQ]D QDVFLWDGRSRQDVFLWDGHOPRQGR LQPHGLPHQHOPRQGR OHLQXRYDVHPSUHLRSHUGXWDPHQWH  (OSURSLR/X]LUHFRQRFHHQODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODFRQILJXUDFLyQPDULDQDXQSXQWR GHFRQH[LyQHQWUHHOWLHPSR\HOHWHUQR  âDOFHQWURGHOOLPPDJLQHGHOODGRQQDFqVHPSUHOHVSHULHQ]DHOLPPDJLQH GL0DULDFKHKDLQVpODSLHQH]]DGHOODQDWXUDOLWjHTXLQGLDFFRJOLHLQ VpOHVSHULHQ]DGHOODQDVFLWD4XHVWDHVSHULHQ]DSLHQDGHOODQDWXUDOLWjq XQFRQWLQXRFKHQRQWUDGLVFHFRPHIDODVWRULDQHOVXRJRUJR  $VtSXHV0DUtDFRPRLQWHUFHVRUDHQWUH'LRV\HOKRPEUHFRPRFDUQHHQGRQGH VH LQIXWXUDHOSUR\HFWRGHO3DGUHODSURPHVDGHVDOYDFLyQGHWRGDODKXPDQLGDG (Q9LDJJLRWHUUHVWUHHFHOHVWHGL6LPRQH0DUWLQLH[LVWHXQWH[WR'RUPLWLR 9LUJLQLVHQTXHOD9LUJHQDWUDYpVGHXQDUHGLVRWySLFDTXHWLHQHFRPRUHIHUHQFLDDO YLDMH EDUFDVTXLOODUXWDVDVXPHHOSDSHOGHVtPERORFHQWUDO\DEVROXWRGHOYLDMHGHOD WLHUUDDOSDUDtVRHOHPHQWRXQLWDULRHQWUHSDVDGR\IXWXURVtQWHVLVGHODVDFUDOLGDGGHOD H[SHULHQFLDKXPDQD 'H ODH[LVWHQFLDDODHVHQFLD0DUtDHVHOPRGHORGHOFDPLQRKDFLDODHWHUQLGDG (Q $YYHQWR 1RWWXUQR  ODREUD TXHPiV VHFDUDFWHUL]D SRUOD SUHVHQFLDGH OD SRpWLFD KHUPpWLFDOD XWRStDVHFRQILJXUDHQFDPELRFRPRXQGHVHRGHVHVSHUDGRGH DUPRQtDHQWUHHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRRFDPSHVWUH\ODFHQWUDOLGDGGHO\R/DDXVHQFLDWySLFR TXH UHFRUUH WRGD OD H[SHULHQFLD GH ORV SRHWDV KHUPpWLFRV HQ ,WDOLD GHULYDGR GH 0DOODUPpVH WUDQVIRUPDHQ/X]L HQODUD]yQ IXQGDGRUDGHOHVWXGLR JXLGDGRKDFLDHO LQGLYLGXRSRpWLFRTXHVLJXHODVKXHOODVGHXQDSUHVHQFLDROYLGDGDSHURTXHKDGHMDGR VX LPSURQWDHQODPHPRULDDIHFWLYDHQODYLVLyQGHORVHVSDFLRVHQODHVFXFKDGHODV SDODEUDV (O SRHWD DVXPH HO GHEHU GH VHJXLU ODV LPSHUFHSWLEOHV KXHOODV GHMDGDV SRU DTXHOORTXHIXH\TXH\DQRHVSHURTXHSUHFLVDPHQWHSRUHVDFLUFXQVWDQFLDPHUHFHVHU UHFRQGXFLGRKDFLDODOX]\DWULEXLUOHXQYDORUGHRFDVLyQSRpWLFD(VWRH[SOLFDSRUTXp $YYHQWR 1RWWXUQR SUHVHQWD HQ HO IRQGR XQD PDFURHVWUXFWXUD LQYDULDEOH GRQGH VH PH]FODQ IDQFLXOOHJLRYLQHWWHYLVRGLGRQQDFKLRPHQHOYXRWRXQDPDGUHIDQFLXOOH PRUWHGRQQHFDSLJOLDWXUHEOXDFFOLQLDOODQRWWHPDQLOHQWHIDQFLXOOHILQLWLPHYHQWLODWH IDQFLXOOH TXH KDOOD VX SXQWR GH PDQLIHVWDFLyQ WH[WXDO HQ HO SRHPD &LPLWHUR GHOOH IDQFLXOOH(OPLVWHULRVHLQVLQ~DHQHODPRUGHODVMyYHQHVGH/DEDUFD\ODVWUDQVIRUPD HQLPiJHQHVIDWDOHVSDLVDQRJLRYLQHWWHVXOODWDYLFRSRQWHVFRQRVFLXWH3DVVL6X LPSDFLHQFLD VH KD FRQVXPLGR SDUD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ DOJR LQWDQJLEOH \ HQ XQD OHMDQtD SXUtVLPD /DVLPiJHQHVGHODVPXMHUHVKDQSHUGLGRODOX]SHURKDQDGTXLULGREDMRWRQRV RVFXURV XQD PD\RU FDUJD GH PLVWHULR VH WUDQVIRUPDQ HQ JUXPRV HQLJPiWLFRV TXH HPSXMDQ D GHVYHODU HO VHQWLGR (QFRQWUDPRV HQWRQFHV ODV PDQL VHPLVSHQWH GHOOD IDQFLXOOD XQ YLVR DVVHQWH FKLRPH QHO YXRWR LO JHOR LQVRQQH GHJOL RFFKL LO EOX GLVDQLPDWR GHO WXR VJXDUGR RFFKL DWWRQLWL /X]L ORJUD D WUDYpV GH ODV SUHJXQWDV FRQHFWDUELRJUDItD\HVFULWXUDKDVWDHOOtPLWHGHODLGHQWLILFDFLyQSHUVRQDO5LFRUGLWX 0DULD %RUURPLQLHVLWDQWHDVVRODWDVXOOHVWDIIHODSLDQXUDHLVXRLYRUWLFLGRPEUD 6D[D  R GH OD LQWHULRUL]DFLyQSHUFHSWLYDVHPXVLFDqODGRQQDDPDWD1RREVWDQWH SHUPDQHFLHQGR ILHO DO URPDQWLFLVPR GH OD %DUFD /X]L HQPDUFD OD ILJXUD IHPHQLQD DGROHVFHQWH HQ VX LQVHJXULGDG VHQWLPHQWDO HQ OD YLVLyQ FODURVFXUD GH VX DOPD 8QD UHODFLyQ HVSDFLDO XQD IUDFWXUD HQ OD TXH VH RFXOWD XQD SRVLEOH OLEHUDOL]DFLyQ SXHGH ORJUDUVH FRQODVRQULVD3RLIXLOWHPSRFKHLOWXRYROWRVRUULVH$QQXQFLD]LRQH(VWR SXHGH GDUXQVHQWLGRWHPSRUDODODFRQWHFLPLHQWR3HUGHUHHULWURYDUHLOWXRVRUULVR (YHQWRGHVDSDUHFHUHQODVOtQHDVYHUWLFDOHVGHXQEDLOHRHQODSHUIHFFLyQJHRPpWULFD HUDXQRPEUDLQWDQJLELOHLQXQVRIILRGLPXVLFKHYLRODLOVXRVRUULVR7DQJR 0LHQWUDVWDQWRFRPLHQ]DDFRQILJXUDUVHHQ/X]LHOWHPDGHODVHSLIDQtDVGHHVWUXFWXUDV LFRQRJUiILFDV TXH GHVGH HO IRQGR GH OD FRQFLHQFLD VH SUR\HFWDQ HQ OD HYLGHQFLD GHO SUHVHQWHIODVKGHXQXQLYHUVRGLVWLQWRTXHDYHFHVURPSHODEDUUHUDGHODRSDFLGDGGHOR UHDO HQ XQDVXJHUHQWHLQWULJDHQWUHODGLPHQVLyQSURIpWLFD\ODWHVWLPRQLDO(QODSULPHUD SDUWHGH8QEULQGLVLSUHGRPLQDXQDWpFQLFDLFyQLFDGHWLSRFXELVWDHOFXHUSR IHPHQLQR HVWi GHVFRPSXHVWR UHIUDFWR HQ VXV HOHPHQWRV FRQ MXHJRV GH OXFHV HVSHMRV GHIRUPDGRVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHVLQWHJUDGDVDOLQFLGLUODRVFXULGDG\HOKLHOR/RVRMRVVRQ QLFKHODWL QLTXHODGRV HO FDEHOOR EOX D]XO HO SLH FXSR RVFXUR HO URVWUR XQ RYDOH GLGRORUHyYDORGHGRORURXQYLVRFKHSLDQJHXQURVWURTXHOORUD /D ILJXUDGHODPDGUHVLQOHFKHTXHGRPLQDHOULWPRSRpWLFRGH8QEULQGLVLHVHO VtPEROR TXH GH IRUPDPiVGRORURVDKDFHPHGLWDUDOOHFWRUVREUHODJXHUUDFRPRIXHU]D TXH LQGXFHDODGHVLQWHJUDFLyQWRWDOHORGLRQRSHUPLWHFRQVLGHUDUODXQLGDGSRUTXH URPSH ORVYtQFXORVVREUHORVTXHVHULJHHODPRU  'LPHQWLFDWDVSOHQGHQHOODSROYHUHGHJOLDQJROLODPDGUH LQDULGLWDODVXDYRFHFDWWROLFDSURGLJDGLVSHUDQ]HLOQHURGHOVXR VJXDUGRGLURQGLQHWUDPRUWLWDLOWHSRUHFRQWLQXRGHOVXRODWWHJLj OLYLGRUDSLWRGDOIXURUHGHOODQRWWHLOVXRFRUSRVTXDVVDWRHLQXQ ULYHUEHUROXPLQRVRULWUDWWRVLQHOORPEUD  $Vt SXHV XQD OtQHD ELHQ GHILQLGD DWUDYLHVD OD SRHVtD OX]LDQD 'HVGH HO &DQWR QRWWXUQRSHUOHUDJD]]HILRUHQWLQH SDVDQGR SRU &LPLWHURGHOOHIDQFLXOOH OOHJDKDVWD 8Q EULQGLVL FRQILUPDQGR VX SRVLFLyQ UHOLJLRVD EDVDGD HQ HO DPRU D OD YLGD PiV DSUHFLDGDFXDQWRPiVVXIULPLHQWRVFDXVDHQXQFRURFRPHKDVFULWWR/HRQH7UDYHUVR LQ XQD VROLGDULHWjRFRPXQLRQHROWUHODOLQHDFKHVHSDUDTXHVWDIDVFLDGLOXFHGHOODYLWD GDOOD]RQDGRPEUDGHODPXHUWH (QFDPELR4XDGHUQRJRWLFRWHVWLPRQLDHOGHVHRGHOHYDUVLVXGLYLYHUH SXUDPHQWH  < SDUD UHDOL]DU VX SUR\HFWR /X]L UHGHVFXEUH HO YDORU GHO DPRU FRPR VHQWLPLHQWR GH DSHUWXUD KDFLD ORV RWURV FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR LQGLVSHQVDEOH SDUD SRGHU SHQHWUDUHQODSURIXQGLGDGGHODYLGD\GHHVWDH[SHULHQFLDLQWHULRUH[WUDHUHOVHQWLGR PiV SURIXQGR GH OD H[LVWHQFLD /DV FDWRUFH SRHVtDV TXH FRPSRQHQ OD FROHFFLyQ VH GLULJHQWRGDVDXQW~IHPHQLQRTXHVHFRQYLHUWHHQHOFHQWURGHODWHQVLyQOtULFDSXQWR GH IXVLyQ GH LGHQWLGDG \ DOWHULGDG /X]L \D QR QHFHVLWD GLEXMDU YLVLYDPHQWH HO LFRQR IHPHQLQR $KRUD OD PXMHU VH KD FRQYHUWLGR VLQWpWLFDPHQWH HQ XQD SUHVHQFLD XQD DSDULFLyQ ILMD XQD SHUVRQD YLFWRULRVD XQ FXHUSR LQFRUUXSWR JOREDOPHQWH FDVL VH SHUFLEHVLJXLHQGRODWHRUtDGH*HVWDOWHQVXUHODFLyQLQGLVROXEOHFRQODQDWXUDOH]DHQ XQ MXHJR HQWUH HO SULPHUSODQR \HOIRQGR HQHOLQWHULRU GHOFXDOOD ILJXUDIHPHQLQD GHVHPSHxDODIXQFLyQGHLPDJHQFULVWDOL]DGDGHODIXVLyQHQWUHSDLVDMHHLQGLYLGXRHQWUH QDWXUDOH]D \ KXPDQLGDG 6H SURGXFH HVH QXHYR DFXHUGR GHO W~ \ GHO \RGHO TXHHO SURSLR /X]LKDEODHQ/LQIHUQRHLOOLPER DO SUHJXQWDUVH4XHOVLVWHPDFKHVLIRUPDD IRU]D GLDVVRUELUHODQDWXUDFRPHXQLPPDJLQHHXQDIRUPXODIHGHOHGHOOXQLYHUVRQRQ q SRUWDWD DO VXR SL DOWR JUDGR GL YHULWj OD SRHVLD VWHVVD QHOOD VXD GHILQL]LRQH HVVHQ]LDOH" $ SDUWLUGH3ULPL]LHGHOGHVHUWRVHYHHQODSRHVtDGH/X]LHOFUXFHGHOD UHIOH[LyQGH+HUiFOLWR\3DUPpQLGHVVREUHODUHDOLGDGFRPRFDPELRHWHUQRODYLGDHVXQ PLVWHULR \ HQ pO HO KRPEUH HVWi REOLJDGR D GHVGHQFHU KXPLOGHPHQWH HQ EXVFD GHO VLJQLILFDGRPiVSURIXQGRGHVXH[LVWHQFLD8QDYH]PiVHOYROXPHQVHDEUHFRQXQD LPDJHQGHOD9LUJHQFRPRVXEUD\DHOSURSLR/X]L  (0DULDOD0DULDGHLWDEHUQDFROL(ODSUHVHQ]DIHPPLQLOHSLHWRVD PLVHULFRUGLRVDHFRQVFLD)RUVHLRDOWHURXQSRLOVHQVRLQTXHVWH]RQH FLVRQROXRJKLGHGLFDWLDOO$SSDULWD&UHGHYRDOORUDIRVVHUROXRJKLGL DSSDUL]LRQHLQYHFHO$SSDULWDqODYHGXWDFLRqLOSDQRUDPD&RPXQTXHFL VWDEHQHDQFKHO$SSDULWDLQTXHOYHUVR  +XQGLGD HQ OD DQJRVWDHVIHUD GH3DUPpQLGHV \HQ HOIOXLU GHORV IHQyPHQRVOD LPDJHQIHPHQLQDLQFOXVRFXDQGRFRQVHUYDXQDGLPHQVLyQGHTXLPHUDTXHUHFXHUGDOD SRHVtD GH'LQR&DPSDQDVHFRQILJXUDFRPRXQGHVFXEULPLHQWRFRQFUHWRGHODDOWHULGDG FRQODTXHHOSRHWDPDQWLHQHXQDFRQYHUVDFLyQTXHQRHVPiVTXHXQHQIUHQWDPLHQWR JQRVHROyJLFRSXHVWRTXHDHVWDVILJXUDVIHPHQLQDVGHOXFHQWHUDSLQRVLWjOHVFRQItDOD HVSHUDQ]DGHVHUIDURHQODVWLQLHEODVGHODH[LVWHQFLD9pDVHSRUHMHPSOR,QYRFD]LRQH HQHOTXHFRPRHVFULEH'ROIL  EDVWHUjULFRUGDUHFKHGDTXLVLYDFRQILJXUDQGRTXHOWXGHOODWWHVD UHOLJLRVDFKHFXOPLQHUjLQ2QRUHGHOYHURHFKHTXLVLYHULILFDDQFKH IRUVHSHUOXOWLPDYROWDTXHOWUDVFRUUHUHVHPSUHSRVVLELOHGLGLYLQRHG XPDQRWHUUHVWUHHLPSUHQGLELOHGLFXL4XDGHUQRJRWLFRPDDQFKHWXWWDOD SRHVLDOX]LDQDJLRYDQLOHDYHYDQRRIIHUWRPROWHSOLFLVHJQL  6FHQGLDQFKHWXULPDQLSULJLRQLHUDQHOODVIHUDDQJRVFLRVDGL3DUPHQLGH  LPPRWDVRWWRJOLRFFKLGHOODPRLUDQHOUHFLQWRGLIHEEUHGRYHLO QDVFHUHqVSHQWRHGHOSHULUHQRQqWUDFFLDââ9LHQLLQWHUSUHWDODQLPD VFRQILWWDWUDTXHVWRHVVHUHHTXHVWRQRQHVLVWHUHYLHQLOLEHUDLO QRVWURJULGRVSD]LDPDIHULVFLWLVDQJXLQDDQFKHWX,QYRFD]LRQH  2 OpDVH OD ~OWLPDSDUWHGH&DQWRHQODTXHWDPELpQVHLQYRFD7LQYRFRSHUOD QRWWHXQDFRPXQLyQHQQRPEUHGHOVXIULPLHQWRGHOPRPHQWRDJyQLFRGHODH[LVWHQFLD HQIDWL]DGRSRUHOWUDVFXUULUGHOWLHPSR7XDGRUDWDFKHVRIIULFRPHPHGLFXLPLGj YHUWLJLQH SHQVDUH  FKH LO WHPSR TXHVWR IUHGGR  WUD JOL DVWUL H VXOOH WHPSLH H DOWUR FRQWLHQHODQDVFLWDODPDODWWLDODPRUWHODSUHVHQ]DQHOPLRFLHORHODSHUGLWD'H FXDOTXLHUIRUPDHOSURFHVRGHFRQFUHWL]DFLyQTXHGDFRQILUPDGRFRQHOKHFKRGHTXH PXFKDV SRHVtDV WLHQHQFRPRLQWHUORFXWRUHVDODVPXMHUHVFRPR1RWL]LHD*LXVHSSLQD GRSR WDQWLDQQL9LVLWDQGRFRQ(LOVXRSDHVHGRQGH(VLJQLILFD(OHQDODPXMHU\VX SXHEOR HV $VFROL 3LFHQR  1HOOD FDVD GL 1 FRPSDJQD GLQIDQ]LD 3URFHVR TXH VH FRQILUPDUi HQ 2QRUH GHO YHUR  FRQ LPiJHQHV YLQFXODGDV D OD PHPRULD GH OD PDGUH  $ PLD PDGUH GDOODVXDFDVDDVLPERORJtDVLFyQLFDVGHKXHOODFDWyOLFDFRPROD SUyIXJDTXHVDOHVXOHQWDHGDPPDLQDFHQFLQHOODULDLQILGDWHVLWUDSDORHSDOR,O FDPSRGHLSURIXJKLRDILJXUDVGHKHURtQDVFRPR0DUJKHULWD'DOPDWLTXHOXFKySRUOD LQGHSHQGHQFLDGH&KLSUHFRQWUDORVLQJOHVHV\DTXLHQOHGHGLFDHOSRHPD$1LNL=H DOOD VXD SDWULD (Q 'DO IRQGR GHOOH FDPSDJQH  OD LFRQRJUDItD IHPHQLQD VXHOH ILOWUDUVH D WUDYpV GHO GLDIUDJPD GH OD LPDJHQ IDPLOLDU \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH OD PDGUH IDOOHFLGDTXHHQYLGD\HQPXHUWHUHSUHVHQWDSDUD/X]LHOSXQWRILMRGHHVSHUDQ]D\GH VDOYDFLyQDOTXHHOSRHWDSXHGHGLULJLUVHSDUDVXSHUDUODDQJXVWLDGHOSDVRGHOWLHPSR FRQOD VHJXULGDGGHXQD HWHUQLGDGGRQGHHO FDPLQRKDFLDODYHUGDGHVJXLDGRSRUHO FRQWDFWR HVSLULWXDO FRQ ORV SURSLRV PXHUWRV (Q HO EHOOR SRHPD ,O GXUR ILODPHQWR OD GLPHQVLyQGHODPHPRULDODYRFHGLFROHLFKHFRPHVHUYDIHGHOHFKLDPDWDVLGLVSRVH DOODSDUWHQ]DâRUDFKHYLHQHGLOjGDOODIURQWLHUDGRPEUDHODFHUDODFROWUHGLIDWLFDH GDELH]LRQHDFHQW~DHVDVHQVDFLyQGHFRQWLQXLGDGHQWUHYLGD\PXHUWHSHURDOPLVPR WLHPSR VH WUDQVIRUPD HQ XQD WHQVLyQ FULVWLDQD HQ OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GH HVD FDULWDV EXVFDGD PXFKR WLHPSRHQWUHORVKRPEUHVHPSRWUDGRVHQODFRVWUDGHODLQGLIHUHQFLD\ GHOHJRtVPRâ6RORODSDURODDOOXQLVRQRGLYLYLHPRUWLODYLYHQWHFRPXQLRQH GL WHPSRHHWHUQLWjYDOHDUHFLGHUHLOGXURILODPHQWRGHOHJLD(QODSODTXHWWH1HO PDJPD  HO LFRQR IHPHQLQR D YHFHV VH FRQFUHWD \ D YHFHV VH GLVXHOYH (O \R SRpWLFR DFHSWD VX FRQGLFLyQGHVHUVRPHWLGRDOMXLFLRGHODFROHFWLYLGDGLQPyYLO\DHQ VX VHQVLELOLGDG VXEMHWLYD VLJXH OD GLQiPLFDGH XQULWXDO FRQFHELGRFRPR XQSURFHVR