Short-term psychological impact of the confinement due to COVID-19: the role of personality and emotional regulation

Universidade do Minho Escola de Psicologia Ana Daniela Duarte Costa Short-term psychological impact of the confinement due to COVID-19: the role of personality and emotional regulation setembro de 2020 UMinho | 2020 Ana Daniela Costa Short-term psychological impact of the confinment due to COVID-19: the role of personality and emotional regulation Ana Daniela Duarte Costa Short-term psychological impact of the confinement due to COVID-19: the role of personality and emotional regulation Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Sandra Carvalho e co-orientação do Professor Doutor Henrique Sequeira Universidade do Minho Escola de Psicologia setembro de 2020 ii DIREITOS DE AUTOR E CONDIÇÕES DE UTILIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO POR TERCEIROS Este é um trabalho académico que pode ser utilizado por terceiros desde que respeitadas as regras e boas práticas internacionalmente aceites, no que concerne aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. Assim, o presente trabalho pode ser utilizado nos termos previstos na licença abaixo indicada. Caso o utilizador necessite de permissão para poder fazer um uso do trabalho em condições não previstas no licenciamento indicado, deverá contactar o autor, através do RepositóriUM da Universidade do Minho. Licença concedida aos utilizadores deste trabalho Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações CC BY-NC-ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ University of Minho, 4th of September of 2020 iii Mãe, Pai, Mary, Francisco, Alexandra, Ana, Pinta, Rita, Edu, Pato, Carla, Cris, Filipa, Magda, Sara, Rute, Daniela, Bia, família (padrinho), this wasn’t possible without you. UMinho (colleagues, teachers and my wise supervisors) it was a pleasure to trace my path here! iv STATEMENT OF INTEGRITY I hereby declare having conducted this academic work with integrity. I confirm that I have not used plagiarism or any form of undue use of information or falsification of results along the process leading to its elaboration. I further declare that I have fully acknowledged the Code of Ethical Conduct of the University of Minho. University of Minho, 4th of September of 2020 v Impacto psicológico a curto-prazo do confinamento devido à COVID-19: o papel da personalidade e regulação emocional Resumo Portugal vive, desde março, assolado com o aparecimento dos primeiros casos de COVID-19 e com o consequente confinamento social imposto até ao mês de maio. A pandemia e as respetivas medidas de proteção, acarretam um impacto económico, social e psicológico enorme. Este último tem sido reportado em diversos estudos, nos quais se verificou que as caraterísticas de personalidade e competências de regulação emocional dos indivíduos, poderão influenciar a resposta psicológica ao confinamento pela COVID-19. Neste sentido, este estudo visa avaliar o impacto da pandemia na saúde mental da população portuguesa ao longo do tempo, e verificar a relação entre as caraterísticas disposicionais dos sujeitos e a emergência de consequências nefastas a nível psicológico nos diferentes momentos desta. Cento e vinte e nove participantes residentes em Portugal, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 77 anos participaram na investigação. O impacto psicológico foi avaliado ao longo de três momentos com base nos sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e stress (EADS-21): durante o estado de emergência nacional (33 dias após o seu início); no primeiro dia de desconfinamento; e um mês após o fim do confinamento. Os resultados demonstram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas na sintomatologia avaliada pela EADS-21 ao longo do tempo, traduzidas num decréscimo da primeira avaliação para o seguimento de um mês. Adicionalmente, níveis elevados de neuroticismo e de dificuldades de regulação emocional surgem associadas a um maior impacto ao nível psicológico e, contrariamente, o uso de reavaliação cognitiva parece estar associado a uma atenuação desse mesmo. É importante salientar também a influência que a extroversão e conscienciosidade parecem exercer indiretamente sobre a saúde mental (i.e., através da adesão a comportamentos de saúde publica). Desta forma, este estudo evidencia a capacidade de adaptação dos participantes à pandemia e contribui para a confirmação do papel da personalidade e da regulação emocional na resposta a esta. Palavras-chave: confinamento, COVID-19, saúde mental, personalidade, regulação emocional vi Short-term psychological impact of the confinement due to COVID-19: the role of personality and emotional regulation Abstract Since March, Portugal has been devastated by the appearance of the first cases of COVID-19 and the consequent social confinement imposed until the month of May. The pandemic and its protective measures entail a huge economic, social and psychological burden. The latter has been reported in several studies, in which there was evidence that the personality traits and emotional regulation skills of the subjects may influence the psychological response to the confinement by COVID-19. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of the Portuguese population over time, and to examine the relationship between the dispositional characteristics of the subjects and the emergence of harmful psychological consequences in its different moments. One hundred and twentynine residents of Portugal, aged between 18 and 77, participated in the research. The psychological impact was assessed over three moments based on the symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21): during the national state of emergency (33 days after its onset); in the first day of deconfinement; and one month after the end of lockdown. The results show statistically significant differences in the symptoms evaluated by DASS-21 over time, translated into a decrease from the first evaluation to the one-month follow-up. Additionally, high levels of neuroticism and emotional regulation difficulties are associated with a greater psychological impact and, conversely, the use of cognitive reappraisal seems to be associated with an attenuation of it. It is also important to emphasize that extroversion and conscientiousness seem to indirectly influence mental health (i.e., through adherence to public health behaviours). Thus, this study highlights the capacity of participants to adapt to the pandemic and contributes to the confirmation of the role of personality and emotional regulation in the response to COVID-19. Keywords : confinement, COVID-19, mental health, personality, emotional regulation vii Table of contents Short-term psychological impact of the confinement due to COVID-19: the role of personality and emotional regulation ........................................................................................................................... 8 Psychosocial Impact of past and present public health crises .......................................................... 8 The effect of personality traits and emotional regulation strategies ................................................. 10 Aims and Hypothesis .................................................................................................................... 12 Method............................................................................................................................................. 13 General description ....................................................................................................................... 13 Participants .................................................................................................................................. 16 Instruments .................................................................................................................................. 17 Procedure ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Data analysis ................................................................................................................................ 20 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Anxiety, depression, and stress across time ................................................................................... 20 Personality and emotional regulation skills..................................................................................... 22 Psychological symptoms, personality traits and emotional regulation skills ..................................... 24 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Anxiety, depression and stress across time .................................................................................... 28 Influence of personality traits and emotional regulation skills ......................................................... 29 Limitations and future directions ................................................................................................... 30 References ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Index of Figures Figure 1. Schematic representation of “The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical, mental, social health and the feeling of personal security: a longitudinal study”........................................................ 15 Figure 2. Symptomatology levels differences according to moments of evaluation. ............................. 22 Index of Tables Table 1. Sociodemographic variables distribution .............................................................................. 16 Table 2. Severity of the psychological symptoms throughout time ...................................................... 21 Table 3. Personality and emotional regulation characteristics of the participants ................................ 23 Table 4. Pearson correlations between psychological outcomes, personality and emotional regulation skills................................................................................................................................................. 26 SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 14 Figure 1 presents a schematic representation of the study, highlighting in bold and with an asterisk the moments explored for the purposes of this master thesis. SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 15 Figure 1. Schematic representation of “The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical, mental, social health and the feeling of personal security: a longitudinal study”. The moments (C1, C30 and PC1) and questionnaires in bold and with an * were selected to report in this dissertation. Only DASS-21 was considered as a repetitive measure. SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 16 Participants A total of one hundred and twenty-nine Portuguese participants, living in Portugal at the time of COVID-19 outbreak, and aged between 18 and 77 years old ( M = 29.84, SD = 14.49) participated in the present study. The sample was mostly constituted by female participants (69.8%), living in the north of the country (83.7%), region represented by the cities of Braga, Bragança, Oporto, Viana do Castelo and Vila Real. The mean number of family members was 3.37 ( SD = 1.22) and the mean number of descendants and ascendants directly dependent on the respondents was 0.47 ( SD = 0.89) and 0.35 ( SD = 0.89), respectively. Moreover, 71.3% of the participants were single and half of them (54.3%) still had their studies as a full-time occupation. Indeed, the present sample was highly educated, having only 7.7% with a degree inferior to secondary school. Due to COVID-19, 86 participants (66.7%) were studying or performing their jobs from home. To conclude, the generality of the sample (80.6%) was perfectly healthy, without any history of medical or psychiatric diseases. Further information regarding the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants is available on Table 1. Table 1. Sociodemographic variables distribution n % Sex Female 90 69.8 Male 39 30.2 Residency North 108 83.7 Centre (Aveiro, Castelo Branco, Leiria, Lisbon, Santarém) 17 13.2 South (Setubal) 2 1.6 Islands (Azores and Madeira) 2 1.6 Marital status Single 92 71.3 Married 26 20.2 Consensual Union 1 0.8 Divorced 9 7.0 Widowed 1 0.8 SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 17 Academic degree Inferior to 9th grade 7 5.4 9th grade 3 2.3 Secondary School (12th grade) 57 44.2 Bachelor’s degree 41 31.8 Pre-Bologna bachelor’s degree 4 3.1 Master 16 12.4 PhD 1 0.8 Occupation Student 70 54.3 Working student 5 3.9 Employed 46 35.7 Unemployed 4 3.1 Retired 4 3.1 Work Modality Presential work/classes 16 12.4 Tele work/classes 86 66.7 Suspended/unemployed 27 21.0 Medical History Without history 104 80.6 Psychiatric illnesses 10 7.8 Neurologic illnesses 2 1.6 Other medical condition 13 10.1 N 129 100 Instruments This section will describe in detail only the instruments used for the purposes of this dissertation. The initial evaluation (C1) happened 33 days after the imposition of the national state of emergency in Portugal and comprised the following five questionnaires. Sociodemographic questionnaire (experimental version of Carvalho, 2020). A 15item questionnaire of direct or multiple-choice answers, that has as primary goal the demographical, medical and academic or professional characterisation of the participants. It takes only three minutes to SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 18 fill in and includes questions about age, gender, nationality, marital status, number of dependents, educational degree, professional activity and changes in work regime during the mandatory confinement. NEO-FFI (Portuguese version of Magalhães et al., 2014). The shorter version of the NEOPI-R takes 15 minutes to complete and has 60 items rated in a five-point Likert scale, ranging from zero (completely disagree) to four (completely agree). This scale aims to characterise the cognitions, behaviours and emotions of the participants regarding five personality dimensions: openness to experience (Cronbach’s alpha, α = 0.71), conscientiousness (α = 0.81), extroversion (α = 0.75), agreeableness (α = 0.72) and neuroticism (α = 0.81). Higher scores represent a greater presence of the given facet in a person’s personality and lower scores indicate the opposite. Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Portuguese version of Coutinho, Ribeiro, Ferreirinha, & Dias, 2010). The 36-items scale assesses in a five-point Likert scale the main difficulties exhibited in terms of emotional regulation (each subscale with α > 0.75) The facet of difficulties in Clarity evidences a state of confusion and lack of understanding of the current feelings and their meaning (e.g. “I have no idea how I am feeling”), whereas the difficulties in Awareness captures the attentional resources and interest allocated in the understanding the emotional states (e.g. “I pay attention to how I feel”). The Non-acceptance subscale accounts for the difficulties in reacting positively to the current feelings, therefore exhibiting anger, guilt or embarrassment (e.g. “When I'm upset, I feel guilty for feeling that way”). The dimension of Goals describes the inability to abstain from the emotional state and accomplish other tasks (e.g. “When I'm upset, I have difficulty focusing on other things”), while the Impulses entail the overwhelming experience of the emotions and lack of control over the own behaviour (e.g. “When I’m upset, I become out of control”). To conclude, difficulties in Strategies represent a total resignation and incapacity to see and act in order to obtain a better outcome of the present emotional situation (e.g. “When I'm upset, I believe that wallowing in it is all I can do”). The overall score of DERS (α = 0.92) can be calculated through the sum of all the items and it represents the general difficulties exhibited in emotional regulation, being higher scores representative of worst adjustment. Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Portuguese version of Vaz, Martins, & Martins, 2008). The ERQ is a self-report measure and comprises 10 items that reflect the tendency of the participants to employ two emotional regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal (e.g. “I control my emotions by changing the way I think about the situation I’m in”) and emotional suppression (e.g. “I control my emotions by not expressing them”). The first subscale has six items with an alpha of Cronbach of 0.76, whereas the latter has four items with an alpha of Cronbach of 0.65, all rated from one (totally disagree) to eight (totally agree). The complete scale can be filled in in about two minutes. SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 19 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21; Portuguese version of PaisRibeiro, Honrado, & Leal, 2004). This scale is subdivided in three, namely: Depression (α = 0.85), Anxiety (α = 0.74) and Stress (α = 0.81), each of them constituted by seven items. The items of the corresponding subscale describe emotionally negative symptoms that are rated according to the degree of appliance to the participant, being zero “not applied at all” and three “applied to me most of the times”. The anxiogenic symptomatology (e.g. “I experienced breathing difficulty in the absence of physical exertion”) is considered within normal ranges if it is below four, the depressive (e.g. “I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all”) if it’s below five and the stress (e.g. “I found it difficult to relax”) if it is below eight. In contrast anxiety scores over ten, depressive scores over fourteen and stress indexes higher than seventeen were labelled as extremely severe symptomology. The three evaluations (on C1, C30 and PC1) comprised as methodological setting of this study are very similar to one another. The C30 survey was presented in the last day of phase C (also first day of deconfinement in Portugal) and comprised all the questionnaires of C1 but the Sociodemographic, the NEO-FFI, DERS and ERQ (removed due to the stable nature of the constructs assessed). The PC1 (i.e., one-month of deconfinement) only differed from C30 in one scale (PCL-C), but for the matter of this study, the DASS-21 was the only scale considered in all the evaluations. Procedure The project consisted in a web-based survey developed in the platform Google forms and divulgated within the contact network of the researchers involved. Interested adult volunteers were only eligible if they were Portuguese living in Portugal, if they were able to read, understand and manifest consent, and if they were capable to complete the study autonomously. The study started on the morning of the 20th of April of 2020, with the sending of the first participation link (C1) to the participants who agreed to be included beforehand. The informed consent with the conditions and procedure of the present study, as well as the participants’ rights, was then presented. If the subjects agreed to start their unrewarded participation, they would proceed with the completion of the C1 questionnaire, which took about thirty minutes to fill in. This assessment aimed to characterize the participants at the sociodemographic level, their lifestyle during the COVID-19 epidemic, their physical and mental health, and the overall perceived impact on their sense of security. As the phase C mainly consisted of bidaily assessments (C1 to C30), in the first assessment participants were asked to provide their e-mail or phone number in order to receive reminders to complete the questionnaires in the designated time. Moreover, this was also the mean of communication used to send the link to the last questionnaire of phase C (C30) on the 4th of May, and the one-month follow-up SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 20 (PC1) on the first week of June. From C1 (20th of April) to C30 (4th of May), the assessments coincided with the national state of emergency in Portugal and at one-month follow-up (1st to 5th of June), Portugal was already facing deconfinement for at least 29 days. All the study procedures here described followed the ethical requirements for human research in accordance with the Code of Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Humans Subjects outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Data analysis To analyse the data addressed in the present dissertation, it was used the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPPS), version 26.0. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize the sample, withdrawing the mean and standard deviation of their age, number of household members, number of dependents and scores in the DASS-21, DERS and ERQ questionnaires. Frequency representations of the sample were addressed regarding sex, place of residency, marital status, academic degree, job, professional status and scores in NEO-FFI, DERS and ERQ. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed to DASS-21 subscales (i.e., three in total) according to the different time stamps to see if they changed throughout evaluations. Post hoc analysis were done to understand the specific variations of the symptomatology from C1 to follow-up (PC1), passing by post bidaily assessment (C30) as well. Pearson correlations were employed to understand the relationship between intrinsic characteristics of the participants (i.e., emotional regulation and personality) and the three main psychological outcomes. It was considered the relationships within all symptoms to understand which traits represent an overall predisposition to psychopathology, but also associations within each subscale to withdraw which features are responsible for the variations across time. Results Anxiety, depression, and stress across time More than half of the participants presented symptomatology (i.e., depression, anxiety and stress) within normal ranges (“Black Dog Institute - Mental Health Research for the Whole Community,” n.d.) and the overall severity seems to attenuate with the passage of time, as seen by less prevalence of severe and extremely severe symptoms on the follow-up than in the previous moments. At the beginning of the study, 20.2% of the participants had extreme levels of anxiogenic symptomatology (i.e., severe or extremely severe), which become 10.9% one-month post confinement. On the other side, acute depressive symptoms ranged from 15.5% to 8.5%, when considering the same timepoints. Moreover, high indexes SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 21 of stress varied from 17% (i.e., first evaluation) to 11.7% (i.e., last evaluation). The specific distributions of the symptoms across time are available on Table 2. Table 2. Severity of the psychological symptoms throughout time C1 C30 PC1 N = 129 n % n % n % Anxiety Normal 74 57.4 86 66.7 93 72.1 Mild 22 17.1 18 14.0 13 10.1 Moderate 7 5.4 13 10.1 9 7.0 Severe 9 7.0 4 3.1 6 4.7 Extremely severe 17 13.2 8 6.1 8 6.2 Depression Normal 76 58.8 74 57.4 82 63.6 Mild 17 13.2 22 17.1 10 7.8 Moderate 16 12.4 19 14.7 26 20.2 Severe 8 6.2 7 5.4 7 5.4 Extremely severe 12 9.3 7 5.4 4 3.1 Stress Normal 72 55.8 73 56.6 85 65.9 Mild 13 10.1 15 11.6 14 10.9 Moderate 22 17.1 23 17.8 15 11.6 Severe 15 11.6 15 11.6 10 7.8 Extremely severe 7 5.4 3 2.3 5 3.9 The mean anxiety at the beginning was 4.14 ( SD = 4.79), at post 15 days (C30) it was 2.96 ( SD = 3.52) and at follow-up it was 2.64 ( SD = 3.39). Considering depression, at C1 the mean score was 5.12 ( SD = 4.88), at C30 it was 4.50 ( SD = 4.24) and at PC1 it was 3.98 ( SD = 4.19). Addressing the stress in the three moments, at C1 the mean score was 7.51 ( SD = 4.92), at C30 it was 6.86 ( SD = 5.11) and at PC1 it was 6.06 ( SD = 4.99). To test if psychological outcomes differed significantly across time, it was performed three repeated measures ANOVA (i.e., one for each symptom) with time as a SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 22 within subject’s variable. As sphericity of the data wasn’t ensured ( p < .05), a Greenhouse Geisser correction was made to account for the variance of the differences, and a Bonferroni correction was also applied to pairwise comparisons, adjusting the corresponding p values. Furthermore, they were found differences regarding anxiety, F (1.80, 230.27) = 15.23, p < .001, η p 2 = .106, depression, F (1.83, 234.40) = 6.63, p = .002, η p 2 = .049, and stress, F (1.89, 241.45) = 7.89, p = .001, η p 2 = .058, across time. Considering the pairwise comparison, in Figure 2 it is possible to see that initial anxiety is significantly higher than in C30 ( p < .001) and in follow-up ( p < .001), and that there’s no significant differences between C30 and PC1 ( p = .508). By other hand, depression at C1 was also significantly higher than follow-up ( p = .004), but there were no differences regarding C1-C30 ( p = .181) and C30-PC1 ( p = .147). To conclude, stress score at PC1 was significantly lower than C1 ( p = .001) and C30 ( p = .042), but no difference was found between C1 and post 15 days ( p = .252). Figure 2. Symptomatology levels differences according to moments of evaluation. Note. The confidence intervals are represented in the error bars and the asterisk represents the statistically significant differences. Personality and emotional regulation skills Regarding personality traits, in Table 3 is showed that Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are highly prevalent among participants within medium levels, whereas Neuroticism achieves the biggest concentration of subjects in the top label (i.e., very high). Considering difficulties in emotional regulation (DERS), more than 60% of the participants presented low indexes of difficulties in all dimensions, except for goals, where 76.7% of the subjects evidenced struggling. In terms C1 C30 PC1 C1 C30 PC1 C1 C30 PC1 SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 23 of the emotional regulation strategies typically used by the participants (ERQ), it seems that both cognitive reappraisal (89.9%) and emotional suppression (62.8%) are highly used by the participants. Further information about the dispositional characteristics of the participants are available in the table below. Table 3. Personality and emotional regulation characteristics of the participants N = 129 n % Openness Very low (<18) 7 5.4 Low (18-22) 18 14.0 Medium (23-30) 58 45.0 High (31-36) 43 33.3 Very high (> 36) 3 2.3 Conscientiousness Very low (<25) 16 12.4 Low (25-29) 16 12.4 Medium (30-37) 64 49.6 High (38-43) 22 17.1 Very high (> 43) 11 8.5 Extraversion Very low (<18) 6 4.7 Low (18-23) 17 13.2 Medium (24-30) 52 40.3 High (31-36) 41 31.8 Very high (> 36) 13 10.1 Agreeableness Very low (<24) 9 7.0 Low (24-28) 23 17.8 Medium (29-35) 55 42.6 High (36-40) 32 24.8 Very high (> 40) 10 7.8 Neuroticism SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 30 By contrast, extroverts seek out comfort in their social relationships and within health policies that rely on interpersonal distance, they express especial vulnerability in either complying or satisfying their needs (i.e., being and expressing themselves; Carvalho et al., 2020). The stress levels mirror that effect: PC1 registered the lower indexes of stress, being significantly different from the other two previous moments. Therefore, it seems that 29 days after returning to the outside, people were finally able to connect with others and thus adapt properly to the new requirements of the pandemic. In fact, the negative relationship between extraversion and stress that emerged at that moment even dimmed the aversive effect of emotional suppression over the same outcome. In this line, the tendency to suppress emotions typically exhibited by introverts (Goldberg, 1990) also seemed to influence the depressive states of the participants. Although the decrease in depressive states was only significant from C1 to follow-up, it is by C30 that differences in the correlations are registered. Only on the first day of deconfinement were people able to cease the positive link between suppression and depressive states observed in the other moments. The disappearance of that relationship might mean that the possibility of going out allowed people to handle their emotions in their raw state, thus reducing not only the behavioural expression but also the feeling itself (Gross & John, 2003). That coupled with the behavioural activation and possibility to experience more pleasurable feelings, set the stage for improvement in mood that was continuously felt until follow-up, when it was finally possible to see a significant effect over the negative mood installed since the lockdown. Limitations and future directions In conclusion, this study, despite being a precursor in addressing the psychological answers of Portuguese participants to the pandemic, has some limitations. The initial assessment, as mentioned, is measured already during the context of lockdown, thus lacking an appropriate baseline of the usual levels of symptomatology of this Portuguese sample. In that line, it’s only possible to state the decrease from the beginning to follow-up, but not capture whether the last assessment corresponds to the normal pattern or not. Moreover, the sample used in this study may not be representative of the whole country and consequently limit the generalization of this results. As a matter of fact, most of the participants were female students living in the north of the country, which can be explained by the recruitment centred in the University of Minho. It is important in the future to address the role of sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, place of residency and level of education given its direct or indirect influence over the psychological impact (Jiang et al., 2020; Somma et al., 2020). SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CONFINEMENT DUE TO COVID-19 31 Finally, these results are only preliminary and insufficient to capture the complete experience of Portugal during the pandemic. The correlations found between the psychological indexes and the trait measures are elucidative, but they don’t have a predictive value, therefore being relevant to develop some regression analysis in prospective investigations in order to correctly obtain meaning of the findings and use it to educate the community about proper ways to cope. Additionally, this dissertation aims to be continued. This work is inserted within a bigger project, representing only a part of the data collected. In the future, other indicatives of the psychological and physical health of the participants will be addressed, as well as a bidaily monitoring of their affect and discomfort throughout the last 15 days of lockdown in Portugal. When facing health crisis, even maintaining a healthy routine seems to be a challenge, so the possibility to monitor closely the routines and lifestyle of people will be extremely enriching. Moreover, although the ending of such idiosyncratic experiences portrays relief, the returning to normality doesn’t happen without behavioural change. The longitudinal approach of the project will enable an immersive representation of the responses to COVID19 pandemic and therefore to inform and tailor intervention programs according to the emergent needs (Duan & Zhu, 2020). It is extremely important to educate the community about the virus (Lemyre, Johnson, & Corneil, 2010) and help them master coping skills, which could mitigate the impact felt at biopsychosocial level. The choice for online forms of therapy have become especially relevant (Li et al., 2020) and Mindfulness based and Cognitive-behavioural therapies have been mentioned as crucial for the development of key skills (Ho, Chee, & Ho, 2020; Zheng et al., 2020) that could be developed to improve resilience and social support (Serafini et al., 2020). 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PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wuh94 Anexo: Formulário de identificação e caracterização do projeto Conselho de Ética Comissão de Ética para a Investigação em Ciências Sociais e Humanas Identificação do documento: CEICSH 036/2020 Relatores: Emanuel Pedro Viana Barbas Albuquerque e Marlene Alexandra Veloso Matos Título do projeto: Equipa de Investigação: Sandra Carvalho (IR), Laboratório de Neurociência Psicológica, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho; Jorge Leite, Universidade Portucalense (Porto), Instituto de desenvolvimento humano Portucalense (INPP); Henrique Sequeira, Universidade de Lille França; Ana Daniela Costa, Mestrado integrado em Psicologia da Universidade do Minho, orientadores Sandra Carvalho e Henrique Coelho PARECER A Comissão de Ética para a Investigação em Ciências Sociais e Humanas (CEICSH) analisou o processo relativo ao projeto de investigação acima identificado, intitulado Os documentos apresentados revelam que o projeto obedece aos requisitos exigidos para as boas práticas na investigação com humanos, em conformidade com as normas nacionais e internacionais que regulam a investigação em Ciências Sociais e Humanas. Face ao exposto, a Comissão de Ética para a Investigação em Ciências Sociais e Humanas (CEICSH) nada tem a opor à realização do projeto, emitindo o seu parecer favorável, que foi aprovado por unanimidade pelos seus membros. Braga, 21 de abril de 2020. O Presidente da CEICSH (Acílio Estanqueiro Rocha)