Search for a new Z′ gauge boson in 4μ events with the ATLAS experiment

JHEP07(2023)090 Published for SISSA by Springer Received:January 24, 2023 Accepted:March 10, 2023 Published:July 12, 2023 Search for a new Z0gauge boson in 4µevents with the ATLAS experiment The ATLAS collaboration E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents a search for a new Z0 vector gauge boson with the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider using pp collision data collected at √s = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139fb −1 . The new gauge boson Z0 is predicted by Lµ−Lτ models to address observed phenomena that can not be explained by the Standard Model. The search examines the four-muon (4 µ ) final state, using a deep learning neural network classifier to separate the Z0 signal from the Standard Model background events. The di-muon invariant masses in the 4 µ events are used to extract the Z0 resonance signature. No significant excess of events is observed over the predicted background. Upper limits at a 95% confidence level on the Z0 production cross-section times the decay branching fraction of pp →Z0µµ → 4 µ are set from 0.31 to 4.3fb for the Z0 mass ranging from 5 to 81GeV. The corresponding common coupling strengths, gZ0 , of the Z0 boson to the second and third generation leptons above 0.003 – 0.2 have been excluded. Keywords: Beyond Standard Model, Hadron-Hadron Scattering ArXiv ePrint: 2301.09342 Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2023)090 JHEP07(2023)090 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 ATLAS detector 3 3 Dataset and Monte Carlo simulations 4 3.1 Simulation of Z0production 4 3.2 Simulation of background events 4 4 Event reconstruction and pre-selection 6 5 Estimation of reducible background from data 9 6 Event classification with Deep Learning approach 10 7 Systematic uncertainties 12 8 Data interpretation and results 13 8.1 Statistical procedure and results 13 8.2 The p0scan results 15 8.3 Upper limits 15 9 Conclusion 17 The ATLAS collaboration 23 1 Introduction This paper presents a search for a new vector boson Z0 in the four-muon (4 µ ) final state with data recorded in proton-proton ( pp ) collisions at √s = 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector [ 1 ] at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb −1 . The new gauge boson Z0 , which only interacts with the second and third generation leptons, is predicted by Lµ−Lτ models [ 2 ] which extend the Standard Model (SM) with an additional U(1) Lµ−Lτ symmetry to address the observed anomalies of the muon magnetic dipole moment ( g− 2) [ 3 – 6 ] and of rare B decays [ 7 – 10 ]. These models also aim to probe outstanding physics questions related to dark matter and neutrino mass [11–13]. The Z0 kinematics, mass, and interactions (with the same coupling strength to the second and third lepton families), are described by the Lagrangian below: LZ0=−1 4FαβFαβ +1 2M2 Z0Z0αZ0 α−gZ0Z0 α(¯ `2γα`2+ ¯µγαµ−¯ `3γα`3−¯τγατ), – 1 – JHEP07(2023)090 (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1. Feynman diagrams of Z0 production through radiation in a Drell-Yan process (a), and of the corresponding SM background processes (b – d) with a 4µfinal state. where Fαβ = ∂αZ0 β−∂βZ0 α is the Z0 field strength tensor; `i = ( νi, ei ) T ( i = 2 , 3, denoting the second and the third generation left-handed lepton doublets); µ and τ represent the right-handed muon and tau singlets; and gZ0 (which will be referred to as g in the rest of this paper) is the interaction coupling constant. The parameter space of ( mZ0, g ) has not been strongly constrained in experiments since the Z0 does not directly couple to the electron nor to any quarks, hence it could not be directly produced from e+e− and pp colliding beams. In pp collisions at the LHC, the Z0 could be produced from final state radiation of µ or τ pairs of the Drell-Yan (DY) process as shown in figure 1a with a 4 µ final state, which provides the cleanest signature to search for the Z0 . For relatively low Z0 mass, the most promising experimental signature would be an excess of 4 µ events with the invariant mass of one µ+µ− pair peaking around the Z0 mass. The major background comes from the SM 4 µ production processes shown in figure 1b to 1d. The Z0 could also be produced in W production through the DY process, pp →W→Z0µν → 3 µ + ν . The experimental signature would have a final state of 3 µ plus large missing transverse energy. This final state is not included in this analysis. Both the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations have measured the cross-sections of the SM Z→ 4 µ process [ 14 – 16 ]. The measurement by ATLAS was used by theorists to set limits in the parameter space of the Lµ−Lτ model [ 11 ]. The CMS Collaboration has directly searched for the Z0 boson in the mass region between 5 to 70 GeV with the 4 µ final state using 77.3 fb−1 of data [ 17 ], and set upper limits on the Z0 to muon coupling strength, g , of 0.004 – 0.3 at 95% confidence level, depending on the Z0mass. The organization of this paper is as follows. The ATLAS detector is described in the next section. The dataset and Monte Carlo samples used in this analysis are detailed in section 3. Event reconstruction and selection, followed by background estimation from data, are described in section 4and section 5. Event classification using a deep learning approach is presented in section 6. Systematic uncertainties and the statistical approach to interpret data to obtain the results are reported in section 7and section 8. The conclusion is given in the final section. – 2 – JHEP07(2023)090 2 ATLAS detector The ATLAS detector [ 1 ] at the LHC covers nearly the entire solid angle around the collision point. 1 It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid, electromagnetic and hadron calorimeters, and a muon spectrometer incorporating three large superconducting air-core toroidal magnets. The inner-detector system (ID) is immersed in a 2 T axial magnetic field and provides charged-particle tracking in the range |η|< 2 . 5. The high-granularity silicon pixel detector covers the vertex region and typically provides four measurements per track, the first hit normally being in the insertable B-layer (IBL) installed before Run 2 [ 18 , 19 ]. It is followed by the silicon microstrip tracker (SCT), which usually provides eight measurements per track. These silicon detectors are complemented by the transition radiation tracker (TRT), which enables radially extended track reconstruction up to |η| = 2 . 0. The TRT also provides electron identification information based on the fraction of hits (typically 30 in total) above a higher energy-deposit threshold corresponding to transition radiation. The calorimeter system covers the pseudorapidity range |η|< 4 . 9. Within the region |η|< 3 . 2, electromagnetic calorimetry is provided by barrel and endcap high-granularity lead/liquid-argon (LAr) calorimeters, with an additional thin LAr presampler covering |η|< 1 . 8to correct for energy loss in material upstream of the calorimeters. Hadron calorimetry is provided by the steel/scintillator-tile calorimeter, segmented into three barrel structures within |η|< 1 . 7, and two copper/LAr hadron endcap calorimeters. The solid angle coverage is completed with forward copper/LAr and tungsten/LAr calorimeter modules optimised for electromagnetic and hadronic energy measurements respectively. The muon spectrometer (MS) comprises separate trigger and high-precision tracking chambers measuring the deflection of muons in a magnetic field generated by the superconducting air-core toroidal magnets. The field integral of the toroids ranges between 2.0 and 6.0 T m across most of the detector. Three layers of precision chambers, each consisting of layers of monitored drift tubes, covers the region |η|< 2 . 7, complemented by cathode-strip chambers in the forward region, where the background is highest. The muon trigger system covers the range |η|< 2 . 4with resistive-plate chambers in the barrel, and thin-gap chambers in the endcap regions. Interesting events are selected by the first-level trigger system implemented in custom hardware, followed by selections made by algorithms implemented in software in the highlevel trigger [ 20 ]. The first-level trigger accepts events from the 40 MHz bunch crossings at a rate below 100 kHz , which the high-level trigger further reduces in order to record events to disk at about 1 kHz. An extensive software suite [ 21 ] is used in data simulation, in the reconstruction and analysis of real and simulated data, in detector operations, and in the trigger and data acquisition systems of the experiment. 1 ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z -axis along the beam pipe. The x -axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the y -axis points upwards. Cylindrical coordinates ( r, φ )are used in the transverse plane, φ being the azimuthal angle around the z -axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θas η=−ln tan(θ/2). Angular distance is measured in units of ∆R≡p(∆η)2+ (∆φ)2. – 3 – JHEP07(2023)090 3 Dataset and Monte Carlo simulations The data used for this analysis were recorded using single-muon and multi-muon triggers, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 after the application of data quality requirements [ 22 ]. The transverse momentum ( pT ) thresholds for the single-muon trigger vary from 20 to 26GeV, for the di-muon trigger from 10 to 14 GeV, and for the tri-muon trigger from 4 to 6GeV, depending on the data-taking periods [ 23 ]. The overall trigger efficiency in the phase space defined by the event selections used in this analysis is higher than 98%. 3.1 Simulation of Z0production The Lµ−Lτ model is used for Monte Carlo (MC) Z0 signal sample production, where the Z0 couples to the left-handed (LH) muon or tau leptons and their corresponding neutrinos, and to the right-handed (RH) muon or tau leptons. In the model, the Z0couplings to the first lepton families (electron and its neutrino) and all quarks are set to zero. The branching fractions of the Z0 decay to a pair of muons and a pair of muon neutrinos are 1 3 and 1 6 , respectively. The signal from tau decays in the 4 µ final state is found to be negligible in this analysis and is not included as signal. The interactions [ 24 ] mediated by a resonance Z0 which couples to the second and third generation leptons are used for four-muon signal event generation. The signal events are generated with MadGraph5_aMC@NLO 2.7.3 [ 25 ] at leading-order (LO) accuracy in QCD by using the Universal FeynRules Output (UFO) format [ 26 , 27 ]. Based on theoretical calculations [ 28 , 29 ] for related processes, the appropriate NNLO/LO correction factor K of 1.3 is used to correct the MC LO signal cross-sections. In the signal production simulations, the NNPDF2.3nlo set [ 30 ] is used for parton distribution function (PDF) for the pp collisions. Photos++ 3.61 [ 31 , 32 ] is used to simulate the effect of QED final-state radiation. The MC simulated events are generated for a range of masses and coupling parameters of the Lµ−Lτ model. The Z0 mass ranges from 5 to 81GeV, and the value of coupling constant g ranges from 0.008 to 0.316, as summarized in table 1. The value of the g at each Z0 mass was chosen to be close to the expected experimental sensitivity to allow a sensitive search for a very small Z0signal in the full Run 2 dataset. With the chosen g , the natural width Γof the Z0 and the cross-section, both are proportional to g2 , are calculated as listed in table 1. It should be noted that all the generated mass points have the ratio Γ /mZ0 much smaller than 1%. Therefore, the ATLAS detector mass resolution (2%) dominates the width of the signal Z’ mass peak in the experimental dimuon mass spectrum. The Z0 signal samples were simulated with the ATLAS fast simulation framework (Atlfast-II) [33] to produce predictions that can be directly compared with the data. 3.2 Simulation of background events Dominant SM backgrounds in this analysis come from the SM Z→ 4 µ processes where the four leptons have an invariant mass close to that of the Z boson. In the higher mass region – 4 – JHEP07(2023)090 mZ0[GeV] gΓ[GeV] σ[fb] mZ0[GeV] gΓ[GeV] σ[fb] 5 0.0080 2.45 ×10−59.96 42 0.0900 2.71 ×10−213.38 7 0.0085 3.99 ×10−57.06 45 0.1000 3.58 ×10−211.72 9 0.0090 5.78 ×10−55.60 48 0.1100 4.62 ×10−29.96 11 0.0095 7.89 ×10−54.65 51 0.1200 5.84 ×10−28.24 13 0.0100 1.03 ×10−43.95 54 0.1600 1.10 ×10−110.07 15 0.0120 1.72 ×10−44.45 57 0.2000 1.81 ×10−110.73 17 0.0140 2.65 ×10−44.80 60 0.2665 3.39 ×10−112.92 19 0.0160 3.87 ×10−45.00 63 0.2680 3.60 ×10−18.84 23 0.0240 1.05 ×10−37.30 66 0.2780 4.06 ×10−16.50 27 0.0320 2.20 ×10−38.50 69 0.2890 4.59 ×10−14.89 31 0.0400 3.95 ×10−38.72 72 0.3000 5.15 ×10−13.80 35 0.0600 1.00 ×10−212.82 75 0.3000 5.37 ×10−12.88 39 0.0800 1.99 ×10−214.77 78 0.3080 5.89 ×10−12.40 81 0.3160 6.44 ×10−12.08 Table 1. Summary of the chosen Z0 hypotheses and corresponding coupling, width, and cross-section σ(pp →Z0µ+µ−→µ+µ−µ+µ−), calculated at LO accuracy in QCD, at each mass point. the ZZ∗ production contributes a sizable number of prompt 4 µ events. In addition, there are very small contributions from the Higgs boson, t¯ tV ( V = W, Z ), and tri-boson ( V V V ) production processes. These events are estimated with MC simulations. The background events including muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays, misidentified jets, or photon conversions (collectively referred to as “non-prompt muon background”) are mostly coming from Z + jets, t¯ t and single-top-quark production processes and estimated from data in this analysis, as described in section 5. The Z + jets and t¯ t MC samples are also produced for background studies. Samples of diboson production q¯q→V V (∗) , including the processes shown in figures 1b and 1c, were simulated with the Sherpa 2.2.2 [ 34 ] generator, including off-shell effects and Higgs boson contributions, where appropriate. Fully leptonic final states and semileptonic final states, where one boson decays leptonically and the other hadronically, were generated using matrix elements at next-to-leading-order (NLO) accuracy in QCD for up to one additional parton and at LO accuracy for up to three additional parton emissions. Samples for the loop-induced processes gg →ZZ(∗) , shown in figure 1d, were generated using LOaccurate matrix elements for up to one additional parton emission for both the cases of fully leptonic and semileptonic final states. The matrix element calculations were matched and merged with the Sherpa parton shower based on Catani-Seymour dipole factorisation [ 35 , 36 ] using the MEPS@NLO prescription [ 37 – 40 ]. The virtual QCD corrections were provided by the OpenLoops library [ 41 – 43 ]. The NNPDF3.0nnlo set of PDFs was used [ 44 ], along with the dedicated set of parton-shower parameters (tune) developed by the Sherpa authors. The production of t¯ t events was modelled using the Powheg Box v2 [ 45 – 48 ] generator at NLO in QCD with the NNPDF3.0nlo PDF set and the hdamp parameter 2 set to 1.5 2 The hdamp parameter is a resummation damping factor and one of the parameters that controls the matching of Powheg matrix elements to the parton shower and thus effectively regulates the highpT radiation against which the t¯ tsystem recoils. – 5 – JHEP07(2023)090 mtop [ 49 ]. The events were interfaced to Pythia 8.230 [ 50 ] to model the parton shower, hadronisation, and underlying event, with parameters set according to the A14 tune [ 51 ] and using the NNPDF2.3lo set of PDFs. The associated production of top quarks with W bosons ( tW ) was modelled by the Powheg Box v2 [ 46 – 48 , 52 ] generator at NLO in QCD using the five-flavour scheme and the NNPDF3.0nlo set of PDFs. The diagram removal scheme [ 53 ] was used to remove interference and overlap with t¯ t production. The events were interfaced to Pythia 8.230 using the A14 tune and the NNPDF2.3lo set of PDFs. The production of V +jets was simulated with the Sherpa 2.2.1 generator using NLO matrix elements for up to two partons, and LO matrix elements for up to four partons, calculated with the Comix and OpenLoops libraries. They were matched with the Sherpa parton shower using the MEPS@NLO prescription with the set of tuned parameters developed by the Sherpa authors. The NNPDF3.0nnlo set of PDFs was used and the samples were normalised to a next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) prediction [54]. The production of t¯ tV events was modelled using the MadGraph5_aMC@NLO 2.3.3 generator at NLO with the NNPDF3.0nlo PDF. The events were interfaced to Pythia 8.210 using the A14 tune and the NNPDF2.3lo PDF set. The production of tri-boson ( V V V ) events was simulated with the Sherpa 2.2.2 generator. Matrix elements accurate to LO in QCD for up to one additional parton emission were matched and merged with the Sherpa parton shower based on Catani-Seymour dipole factorisation using the MEPS@NLO prescription. Samples were generated using the NNPDF3.0nnlo PDF set, along with the dedicated set of tuned parton-shower parameters developed by the Sherpa authors. The generated background MC samples were processed by the full ATLAS detector simulation based on Geant4 [ 55 ]. The effect of multiple interactions in the same and neighbouring bunch crossings (pileup) was modelled by overlaying the simulated hard-scattering event with inelastic pp events generated with Pythia 8.186 [ 56 ] using the NNPDF2.3lo set of PDF and the A3 set of tuned parameters [57]. Simulated events were reweighted to match the pile-up conditions in the data. All simulated events were processed using the same reconstruction algorithms and triggering requirements as used in data. 4 Event reconstruction and pre-selection Proton-proton interaction vertices are reconstructed in events with at least two tracks, each with pT> 0 . 5 GeV . The primary hard-scatter vertex is defined as the one with the largest value of the sum of squared track transverse momenta. Muons are identified by matching tracks reconstructed in the MS to tracks reconstructed in the ID (referred to as combined muons). To increase the muon reconstruction efficiency, non-combined muon identification algorithms are also used in the analysis, including using the MS stand-alone tracks in the region 2 . 5 <|η|< 2 . 7, and matching the ID tracks with calorimeter hit information within |η|<0.1, as well as using the ID tracks associated with at least one local track segment in the MS. In the 4 µ event selection at most one of the selected muons can be a non-combined muon. Each muon is then required to satisfy the ‘loose’ identification criteria [ 58 ]. Muons are required to be isolated using a particle-flow – 6 – JHEP07(2023)090 algorithm [ 59 ] and associated with the primary hard-scatter vertex by satisfying |d0 σd0|< 3 and |z0×sin θ|< 0.5 mm, where d0 is the transverse impact parameter calculated with respect to the measured beam-line position, σd0 its uncertainty, and z0 is the longitudinal distance between the point at which d0 is measured and the primary vertex. The minimum muon pTthreshold is 3 GeV. In addition to muons, electrons, jets and missing transverse momentum ( Emiss T ) are also used to select control samples for background estimation in this analysis. The reconstructions of these objects are described below. Electrons are identified with a likelihood discriminator built from the shower shapes of electron energy deposits in the calorimeter, track-cluster matching, and some of the track quality distributions. Each electron is required to satisfy the ‘medium’ likelihood identification criteria [ 60 ], as well as similar vertex and isolation requirements as muons. The electrons are reconstructed in the region |η|< 2.5, excluding the transition area between the barrel and endcap calorimeters, 1.37 <|η|<1.52, and required to have pT>7 GeV. Jets are reconstructed with the antikt algorithm [ 61 , 62 ] with a radius parameter of R = 0 . 4. The jet clustering input objects are based on particle-flow [ 59 ] in the ID and the calorimeter. Jets are required to have pT> 20 GeV and |η|< 2 . 5. Jets containing B hadrons, referred to as b-jets , are identified with a multivariate discriminant [ 63 ]. To reduce the effect of pile-up, an additional quality requirement based on the ‘Jet-Vertex-Tagger’ algorithm (JVT) [64] is applied in jet identification. Emiss T is determined as the magnitude of the negative vectorial sum of the transverse momenta of the selected and calibrated physics objects (including muons, electrons, photons, and jets including hadronically decaying tau-leptons) and the ID tracks coming from the main vertex and not associated with any physics object (soft term) [65]. Events containing at least four muons with kinematics consistent with Z ( Z∗/γ∗ ) → 4 µ production are then selected as follows. The four leading pT -ordered muons are required to pass the pT thresholds of 20, 15, 8, and 3GeV, respectively. If a muon is selected as a non-combined muon, its pT must be greater than 15GeV. Any di-muon pair in the event must have an invariant mass mµµ greater than 4GeV and an angular separation ∆ R larger than 0.2. To search for the Z0→µ+µ− signature, two muon pairs are selected based on their invariant mass values. The first pair (referred to as Z1 ) is selected from all the possible µ+µ− pairs to have the smallest mass difference between the Z1 mass and the Z mass, |mZ−mZ1| . The second µ+µ− pair is selected from the remaining muons that has the highest invariant mass (referred to as Z2 ). The correct signal di-muon pairing fraction varies with the Z0 mass, where the selected di-muon pair that forms mZ1 or mZ2 originates from the Z0 . For example, for mZ0 = 5, 42, 63, 72, and 81 GeV, the correct di-muon pairing fractions are about 78%, 50%, 88%, 82%, and 90%, respectively. Finally, the selected four muons must have an invariant mass in a range of 80 to 180GeV, but excluding the Higgs boson resonance mass region of 110 to 130GeV. Including the 4 µ events in the 4 µ mass region between 130 to 180 GeV improves the Z0 signal detection efficiency for its mass greater than 60 GeV. The Z0signal efficiency at various stages of the event selection is shown in table 2for five representative mass points. The event selection efficiencies vary significantly depending – 7 – JHEP07(2023)090 mZ0[GeV] 5 42 63 72 81 MC filter efficiency 32.8% 57.7% 61.0% 65.3% 70.0% Number of identified muons ≥4 47.3% 74.1% 70.8% 72.4% 75.4% pi T(i= 1,4) >20,15,8,3GeV 60.0% 82.6%, 90.3% 93.6% 98.2% ∆R(µi, µj)>0.2& vertex requirement 87.2% 95.4% 96.2% 96.6% 97.2% Isolation 54.2% 76.9% 79.2% 84.1% 87.5% m4µwithin [80, 110] or [130, 180] GeV 91.9% 88.8% 58.9% 33.5% 16.8% Combined event selection efficiency 12.3% 39.9% 28.7% 18.4% 10.6% Overall 4µsignal efficiency 4.1% 23.0% 17.5% 11.9% 7.4% Table 2. The Z0 signal event selection efficiencies compared to the events passing the previous cut level for several representative mass points. The overall signal efficiencies are the products of the 4 µ MC filter and the combined event selection efficiencies. Data Total qq →ZZ∗gg →ZZ∗ttV +VVV +HReducible background background from MC from MC from MC from data 1131 1148 ±70 1065+70 −69 15.6±2.5 6.2±2.9 61.1+8.3 −9.1 Table 3. The selected 4 µ events in data and the estimated backgrounds and their combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. on the Z0 mass. At generator level, an MC filter is applied, which requires at least four muons with pT> 2GeV and |η|< 3.0. The MC filter efficiencies of these representative Z0 signal samples are listed in the table as well. The Z0 production signature is searched for in the Z1 or Z2 mass spectrum depending on the assumed Z0 mass. The relatively high-mass Z0 signals mostly appear as a peak in the Z1 spectrum while the relatively low-mass signals mostly appear as a peak in the Z2 spectrum. Representative examples of the predicted signal over background, after further selection with a deep learning approach which will be described in section 6, are shown in figure 4. In the analysis the Z1 and Z2 mass spectra are scanned to search for a Z0 with mass greater or smaller than 42 GeV , respectively. The boundary value of 42 GeV is chosen based on the studies to optimize the search sensitivity. The numbers of 4 µ events in data and the estimated background yields are given in table 3. More details about the estimation of the reducible backgrounds containing nonprompt muons can be found in section 5. The total uncertainties of simulated backgrounds are also listed in the table. The evaluations of systematic uncertainties will be described in section 7. – 8 – JHEP07(2023)090 the fitting process. The asymptotic approximation [ 75 ] upon which the results are based has been validated against the method (detailed in Ref. [ 74 ]) of using pseudo-experiments for several mass points. < In both steps of the statistical tests, data are fit to the mZ1 and mZ2 spectrum with background ( b ) only and signal+background ( s + b ) hypotheses. In the fitting process each mass spectrum is divided in the signal region (SR) and the background control region (CR). For each Z0 mass point the SR is defined in a mass window of mZ0± 3 σmµµ of the di-muon mass spectrum. The sidebands outside of the SR are defined as the CR. The di-muon mass resolution σmµµ is determined by the fully simulated Z0 mass distribution, which combines the Z0 natural width and the detector resolution, ranging from 0.10 to 1.75GeV. The mass resolution is mostly dominated by the detector resolution. Finer binning is used in the SR to enhance the sensitivity. The background CR is used to constrain the overall normalization for the background in the signal region. The shape of the major background from Z ( Z∗ ) → 4 µ is fixed with prior uncertainties included in the fitting process, but the normalization (or strength) floats in the fit. Other background normalizations and shapes are fixed with prior uncertainties included in the fitting. 8.2 The p0scan results The p0 -values corresponding to the background-only hypothesis are scanned in the mass range of this analysis. A binned profile-likelihood fit [ 75 ] is performed simultaneously across the Z0 signal-region and the background control region using the predicted and observed mass spectrum as inputs. Data are fit to the mZ1 and mZ2 distributions for mZ0≥ 42 GeV and mZ0≤ 42 GeV , respectively, with a “sliding” mass window as the defined SR changes for different Z0 mass points. The chosen bin-size inside the SR is around 0.3 σmµµ , for each mass point. The total number of bins in the CR is 20. The fit mass range of mZ1 ( mZ2 ) is [30, 85] GeV ([0, 45] GeV). The p0 -values at different Z0 mass hypothesis points are computed and transformed into Gaussian standard deviations to indicate the significance as shown in figure 5. The smallest p0 -value is at 39.6GeV, corresponding to a local 2.65 σ deviation from the background-only hypothesis, while the global deviation [ 76 ] is found to be 0.52 σ , indicating that no significant data excess over the expected background is observed. 8.3 Upper limits The upper limits on the production cross-section times branching fraction of the pp → µ+µ−Z0→ 4 µ process are calculated using a similar fitting procedure described in section 8.2. Confidence intervals are computed based on the profile-likelihood-ratio test statistics [ 75 ]. The observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on the cross-section times branching fraction, σ ( pp →Z0µµ → 4 µ ), are shown in figure 6a. The upper limits on the coupling parameter g are extracted from the limits of the Z0 production cross-section times branching fraction using the Lµ−Lτ model, which is determined by counting all the possible Z0 decay modes in this model. At each generated Z0 mass point, a limit on the coupling strength g has been obtained from the cross-section limit. The observed and expected upper limits on the coupling parameter g are shown in figure 6b. The limits on the coupling g are in the range of 0.003 (for mZ0 = 5GeV) to 0.2 (for mZ0 = 81GeV) depending on the Z0 mass – 15 – JHEP07(2023)090 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 mZ[GeV] 10 3 10 2 10 1 100 101 Local p0 ATLAS s= 13 TeV, 139 fb 1 0 1 2 3 Figure 5. The p0-value scan across the Z0mass signal regions. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 mZ[GeV] 10 1 100 101 102 95% CL limits on (pp Z 4 ) [fb] ATLAS s= 13 TeV, 139 fb 1Observed Expected Expected ±1 Expected ±2 (a) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 mZ[GeV] 10 3 10 2 10 1 100 101 95% CL limits on g ATLAS s= 13 TeV, 139 fb 1 pp Z 4 B(Z )=1/3 Observed Expected Expected ±1 Expected ±2 (Z)/m(Z)=0.02 (b) Figure 6. 95% CL upper limits (expected and observed) on the cross-sections times branching fraction (a) and coupling parameter (b). The discontinuity at 42GeV represents the border of the low/high mass classifiers. Considering the dimuon mass resolution of 2% of the ATLAS detector, the horizontal dashed line in (b) indicates the upper limit on the valid coupling parameter of the model used in this analysis. ranging from 5 to 81GeV. This ensures that the ratio of the Z0 natural width and mass, Γ(Z0)/mZ0, is well below 1% in this mass range. Motivated by theoretical interpretations in Ref. [ 11 ], a 2-dimensional exclusion contour at 95% CL in the parameter-space of ( mZ0, g )of the Lµ−Lτ model from this analysis is produced and shown in figure 7. The parameter space exclusion regions calculated by theorists using data from the Neutrino Trident experiment [ 78 ] and the Bs mixing measurements by a global analysis performed in Ref. [ 11 ] are also shown in figure 7. This had left a large gap in the parameter space not yet excluded. This gap is now largely excluded by this analysis. – 16 – JHEP07(2023)090 101102103 mZ [GeV] 10 2 10 1 g ATLAS s= 13 TeV, 139 fb 1 ATLAS exp. ATLAS obs. Neutrino Trident Bs mixing Figure 7. The coupling parameter g limits from this search as a function of the Z0 mass compared to the limits [11] from the Neutrino Trident (red) and the Bsmixing (green) experimental results. 9 Conclusion A search for a new vector gauge boson Z0 predicted by the Lµ−Lτ models has been performed with a 4 µ final state in the invariant mass range of [80, 180] GeV , excluding the Higgs boson mass window [110, 130] GeV , using 139 fb−1 of √s =13 TeV proton-proton collision data collected with the ATLAS detector. No significant excess of events over the expected SM background is observed. Therefore, upper limits are set on the Z0 production cross-section times the decay branching fraction of the pp →Z0µ+µ−→µ+µ−µ+µ− process, varying from 0.31 to 4.3fb at 95% CL, in a Z0 mass range of [5, 81] GeV , from which the coupling strength g of the Z0 to muons above 0.003 to 0.2 (depending on the Z0 mass) are excluded in the same mass range. This search shows significant sensitivity improvements over previous indirect and direct searches of the Z0 with 4 µ final state. An interesting parameter space of the Lµ−Lτ model prediction that was not excluded by previous experiments is now largely excluded by this search. Acknowledgments We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; – 17 – JHEP07(2023)090 GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada and CRC, Canada; PRIMUS 21/SCI/017 and UNCE SCI/013, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’Avenir Labex, Investissements d’Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014–2021, Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. 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Burzynski 141, E.L. Busch 41, V. Büscher 99, P.J. Bussey 59, J.M. Butler 25, C.M. Buttar 59, J.M. Butterworth 95, W. Buttinger 133, C.J. Buxo Vazquez 106 , A.R. Buzykaev 37 , G. Cabras 23b , S. Cabrera Urbán 162 , D. Caforio 58 , H. Cai 128, Y. Cai 14a,14d, V.M.M. Cairo 36, O. Cakir 3a, N. Calace 36, P. Calafiura 17a, G. Calderini 126, P. Calfayan 67, G. Callea 59, L.P. Caloba81b, D. Calvet 40, S. Calvet 40, T.P. Calvet 101, M. Calvetti 73a,73b, R. Camacho Toro 126, S. Camarda 36, D. Camarero Munoz 26, P. Camarri 75a,75b, M.T. Camerlingo 76a,76b, D. Cameron 124, C. Camincher 164, M. Campanelli 95, A. Camplani 42, V. Canale 71a,71b, A. Canesse 103, M. Cano Bret 79, J. Cantero 162, Y. Cao 161, F. Capocasa 26, M. Capua 43b,43a, A. Carbone 70a,70b, R. Cardarelli 75a, J.C.J. Cardenas 8, F. Cardillo 162, T. Carli 36, G. Carlino 71a, J.I. Carlotto 13, B.T. Carlson 128,t, E.M. Carlson 164,155a, L. Carminati 70a,70b, M. Carnesale 74a,74b, S. Caron 112, E. Carquin 136f, S. Carrá 70a,70b, G. Carratta 23b,23a, F. Carrio Argos 33g, J.W.S. Carter 154, T.M. Carter 52, M.P. Casado 13,i, A.F. Casha154, E.G. Castiglia 171, F.L. Castillo 63a, L. Castillo Garcia 13, – 24 – JHEP07(2023)090 C. Moreno Martinez 56 , P. Morettini 57b , S. Morgenstern 166 , M. Morii 61 , M. Morinaga 152 , V. Morisbak 124, A.K. Morley 36, F. Morodei 74a,74b, L. Morvaj 36, P. Moschovakos 36, B. Moser 36, M. Mosidze148b, T. Moskalets 54, P. Moskvitina 112, J. Moss 31,o, E.J.W. Moyse 102, S. Muanza 101, J. Mueller 128, D. Muenstermann 90, R. Müller 19, G.A. Mullier 97 , J.J. Mullin 127 , D.P. Mungo 154 , J.L. Munoz Martinez 13 , D. Munoz Perez 162 , F.J. Munoz Sanchez 100, M. Murin 100, W.J. Murray 166,133, A. Murrone 70a,70b, J.M. Muse 119, M. Muškinja 17a, C. Mwewa 29, A.G. Myagkov 37,a, A.J. Myers 8, A.A. Myers128, G. Myers 67, M. Myska 131, B.P. Nachman 17a, O. Nackenhorst 49, A. Nag 50, K. Nagai 125, K. Nagano 82, J.L. Nagle 29,ak, E. Nagy 101, A.M. Nairz 36, Y. Nakahama 82, K. Nakamura 82, H. Nanjo 123, R. Narayan 44, E.A. Narayanan 111, I. Naryshkin 37, M. Naseri 34, C. Nass 24, G. Navarro 22a, J. Navarro-Gonzalez 162, R. Nayak 150 , A. Nayaz 18 , P.Y. Nechaeva 37 , F. Nechansky 48 , L. Nedic 125 , T.J. Neep 20 , A. Negri 72a,72b, M. Negrini 23b, C. Nellist 112, C. Nelson 103, K. Nelson 105, S. Nemecek 130, M. Nessi 36,h, M.S. Neubauer 161, F. Neuhaus 99, J. Neundorf 48, R. Newhouse 163, P.R. Newman 20, C.W. Ng 128, Y.S. Ng18, Y.W.Y. Ng 48, B. Ngair 35e, H.D.N. Nguyen 107, R.B. Nickerson 125, R. Nicolaidou 134, J. Nielsen 135, M. Niemeyer 55, N. Nikiforou 36, V. Nikolaenko 37,a, I. Nikolic-Audit 126, K. Nikolopoulos 20, P. Nilsson 29, H.R. Nindhito 56, A. Nisati 74a, N. Nishu 2, R. Nisius 109, J-E. Nitschke 50, E.K. Nkadimeng 33g, S.J. Noacco Rosende 89, T. Nobe 152, D.L. Noel 32, Y. Noguchi 86, T. Nommensen 146, M.A. Nomura29, M.B. Norfolk 138, R.R.B. Norisam 95, B.J. Norman 34, J. Novak 92, T. Novak 48, O. Novgorodova 50, L. Novotny 131, R. Novotny 111, L. Nozka 121, K. Ntekas 159, N.M.J. Nunes De Moura Junior 81b, E. Nurse95, F.G. Oakham 34,ah, J. Ocariz 126, A. Ochi 83, I. Ochoa 129a, S. Oerdek 160, A. Ogrodnik 84a, A. Oh 100, C.C. Ohm 143, H. Oide 153, R. Oishi 152, M.L. Ojeda 48, Y. Okazaki 86, M.W. O’Keefe91, Y. Okumura 152, A. Olariu27b, L.F. Oleiro Seabra 129a, S.A. Olivares Pino 136e, D. Oliveira Damazio 29, D. Oliveira Goncalves 81a, J.L. Oliver 159, M.J.R. Olsson 159, A. Olszewski 85, J. Olszowska 85,∗, Ö.O. Öncel 54, D.C. O’Neil 141, A.P. O’Neill 19, A. Onofre 129a,129e, P.U.E. Onyisi 11, M.J. Oreglia 39, G.E. Orellana 89, D. Orestano 76a,76b, N. Orlando 13, R.S. Orr 154, V. O’Shea 59, R. Ospanov 62a, G. Otero y Garzon 30, H. Otono 88, P.S. Ott 63a, G.J. Ottino 17a, M. Ouchrif 35d, J. Ouellette 29,ak, F. Ould-Saada 124, M. Owen 59, R.E. Owen 133, K.Y. Oyulmaz 21a, V.E. Ozcan 21a, N. Ozturk 8, S. Ozturk 21d, J. Pacalt 121, H.A. Pacey 32, K. Pachal 51, A. Pacheco Pages 13, C. Padilla Aranda 13, G. Padovano 74a,74b, S. Pagan Griso 17a, G. Palacino 67, A. Palazzo 69a,69b, S. Palazzo 52, S. Palestini 36, M. Palka 84b, J. Pan 171, T. Pan 64a, D.K. Panchal 11, C.E. Pandini 113, J.G. Panduro Vazquez 94, H. Pang 14b, P. Pani 48, G. Panizzo 68a,68c, L. Paolozzi 56, C. Papadatos 107, S. Parajuli 44, A. Paramonov 6, C. Paraskevopoulos 10, D. Paredes Hernandez 64b, T.H. Park 154, M.A. Parker 32, F. Parodi 57b,57a, E.W. Parrish 114, V.A. Parrish 52, J.A. Parsons 41, U. Parzefall 54, B. Pascual Dias 107, L. Pascual Dominguez 150, V.R. Pascuzzi 17a, F. Pasquali 113, E. Pasqualucci 74a, S. Passaggio 57b, F. Pastore 94, P. Pasuwan 47a,47b, P. Patel 85, J.R. Pater 100, J. Patton91, T. Pauly 36, J. Pearkes 142, M. Pedersen 124, R. Pedro 129a, S.V. Peleganchuk 37, O. Penc 36, E.A. Pender52, C. Peng 64b, H. Peng 62a, K.E. Penski 108, M. Penzin 37, B.S. Peralva 81d, A.P. Pereira Peixoto 60, – 31 – JHEP07(2023)090 L. Pereira Sanchez 47a,47b, D.V. Perepelitsa 29,ak, E. Perez Codina 155a, M. Perganti 10, L. Perini 70a,70b,∗, H. Pernegger 36, S. Perrella 36, A. Perrevoort 112, O. Perrin 40, K. Peters 48, R.F.Y. Peters 100, B.A. Petersen 36, T.C. Petersen 42, E. Petit 101, V. Petousis 131, C. Petridou 151, A. Petrukhin 140, M. Pettee 17a, N.E. Pettersson 36, A. Petukhov 37, K. Petukhova 132, A. Peyaud 134, R. Pezoa 136f, L. Pezzotti 36, G. Pezzullo 171, T.M. Pham 169, T. Pham 104, P.W. Phillips 133, M.W. Phipps 161, G. Piacquadio 144, E. Pianori 17a, F. Piazza 70a,70b, R. Piegaia 30, D. Pietreanu 27b, A.D. Pilkington 100, M. Pinamonti 68a,68c, J.L. Pinfold 2, B.C. Pinheiro Pereira 129a, C. Pitman Donaldson95, D.A. Pizzi 34, L. Pizzimento 75a,75b, A. Pizzini 113, M.-A. Pleier 29, V. Plesanovs 54 , V. Pleskot 132 , E. Plotnikova 38 , G. Poddar 4 , R. Poettgen 97 , L. Poggioli 126 , I. Pogrebnyak 106, D. Pohl 24, I. Pokharel 55, S. Polacek 132, G. Polesello 72a, A. Poley 141,155a, R. Polifka 131, A. Polini 23b, C.S. Pollard 125, Z.B. Pollock 118, V. Polychronakos 29, E. Pompa Pacchi 74a,74b, D. Ponomarenko 37, L. Pontecorvo 36, S. Popa 27a, G.A. Popeneciu 27d, D.M. Portillo Quintero 155a, S. Pospisil 131, P. Postolache 27c, K. Potamianos 125, I.N. Potrap 38, C.J. Potter 32, H. Potti 1, T. Poulsen 48, J. Poveda 162, M.E. Pozo Astigarraga 36, A. Prades Ibanez 162, M.M. Prapa 46, J. Pretel 54, D. Price 100, M. Primavera 69a, M.A. Principe Martin 98, R. Privara 121, M.L. Proffitt 137, N. Proklova 127, K. Prokofiev 64c, G. Proto 75a,75b, S. Protopopescu 29, J. Proudfoot 6, M. Przybycien 84a, J.E. Puddefoot 138, D. Pudzha 37, P. Puzo66, D. Pyatiizbyantseva 37, J. Qian 105, D. Qichen 100, Y. Qin 100, T. Qiu 93, A. Quadt 55, M. Queitsch-Maitland 100, G. Quetant 56, G. Rabanal Bolanos 61, D. Rafanoharana 54, F. Ragusa 70a,70b, J.L. Rainbolt 39, J.A. Raine 56, S. Rajagopalan 29, E. Ramakoti 37, K. Ran 48,14d, N.P. Rapheeha 33g, V. Raskina 126, D.F. Rassloff 63a, S. Rave 99, B. Ravina 55, I. Ravinovich 168, M. Raymond 36, A.L. Read 124, N.P. Readioff 138 , D.M. Rebuzzi 72a,72b , G. Redlinger 29 , K. Reeves 45 , J.A. Reidelsturz 170 , D. Reikher 150, A. Reiss99, A. Rej 140, C. Rembser 36, A. Renardi 48, M. Renda 27b, M.B. Rendel109, F. Renner 48, A.G. Rennie 59, S. Resconi 70a, M. Ressegotti 57b,57a, E.D. Resseguie 17a, S. Rettie 36, B. Reynolds118, E. Reynolds 17a, M. Rezaei Estabragh 170, O.L. Rezanova 37, P. Reznicek 132, E. Ricci 77a,77b, R. Richter 109, S. Richter 47a,47b, E. Richter-Was 84b, M. Ridel 126, P. Rieck 116, P. Riedler 36, M. Rijssenbeek 144, A. Rimoldi 72a,72b, M. Rimoldi 48, L. Rinaldi 23b,23a, T.T. Rinn 29, M.P. Rinnagel 108, G. Ripellino 143, I. Riu 13, P. Rivadeneira 48, J.C. Rivera Vergara 164, F. Rizatdinova 120, E. Rizvi 93, C. Rizzi 56, B.A. Roberts 166, B.R. Roberts 17a, S.H. Robertson 103,x, M. Robin 48 , D. Robinson 32 , C.M. Robles Gajardo 136f , M. Robles Manzano 99 , A. Robson 59 , A. Rocchi 75a,75b, C. Roda 73a,73b, S. Rodriguez Bosca 63a, Y. Rodriguez Garcia 22a, A. Rodriguez Rodriguez 54, A.M. Rodríguez Vera 155b, S. Roe36, J.T. Roemer 159, A.R. Roepe-Gier 119, J. Roggel 170, O. Røhne 124, R.A. Rojas 164, B. Roland 54, C.P.A. Roland 67, J. Roloff 29, A. Romaniouk 37, E. Romano 72a,72b, M. Romano 23b, A.C. Romero Hernandez 161, N. Rompotis 91, L. Roos 126, S. Rosati 74a, B.J. Rosser 39, E. Rossi 4, E. Rossi 71a,71b, L.P. Rossi 57b, L. Rossini 48, R. Rosten 118, M. Rotaru 27b, B. Rottler 54 , D. Rousseau 66 , D. Rousso 32 , G. Rovelli 72a,72b , A. Roy 161 , A. Rozanov 101 , Y. Rozen 149, X. Ruan 33g, A. Rubio Jimenez 162, A.J. Ruby 91, V.H. Ruelas Rivera 18, T.A. Ruggeri 1, F. Rühr 54, A. Ruiz-Martinez 162, A. Rummler 36, Z. Rurikova 54, – 32 – JHEP07(2023)090 N.A. Rusakovich 38, H.L. Russell 164, J.P. Rutherfoord 7, K. Rybacki90, M. Rybar 132, E.B. Rye 124, A. Ryzhov 37, J.A. Sabater Iglesias 56, P. Sabatini 162, L. Sabetta 74a,74b, H.F-W. Sadrozinski 135, F. Safai Tehrani 74a, B. Safarzadeh Samani 145, M. Safdari 142, S. Saha 103, M. Sahinsoy 109, M. Saimpert 134, M. Saito 152, T. Saito 152, D. Salamani 36, G. Salamanna 76a,76b , A. Salnikov 142 , J. Salt 162 , A. Salvador Salas 13 , D. Salvatore 43b,43a , F. Salvatore 145, A. Salzburger 36, D. Sammel 54, D. Sampsonidis 151, D. Sampsonidou 62d,62c, J. Sánchez 162, A. Sanchez Pineda 4, V. Sanchez Sebastian 162, H. Sandaker 124, C.O. Sander 48, J.A. Sandesara 102, M. Sandhoff 170, C. Sandoval 22b, D.P.C. Sankey 133, A. Sansoni 53, L. Santi 74a,74b, C. Santoni 40, H. Santos 129a,129b, S.N. Santpur 17a, A. Santra 168, K.A. Saoucha 138, J.G. Saraiva 129a,129d, J. Sardain 7, O. Sasaki 82, K. Sato 156, C. Sauer63b, F. Sauerburger 54, E. Sauvan 4, P. Savard 154,ah, R. Sawada 152, C. Sawyer 133, L. Sawyer 96, I. Sayago Galvan162, C. Sbarra 23b, A. Sbrizzi 23b,23a, T. Scanlon 95, J. Schaarschmidt 137, P. Schacht 109, D. Schaefer 39, U. Schäfer 99, A.C. Schaffer 66, D. Schaile 108, R.D. Schamberger 144, E. Schanet 108, C. Scharf 18, M.M. Schefer 19, V.A. Schegelsky 37, D. Scheirich 132, F. Schenck 18, M. Schernau 159, C. Scheulen 55, C. Schiavi 57b,57a, Z.M. Schillaci 26, E.J. Schioppa 69a,69b, M. Schioppa 43b,43a, B. Schlag 99, K.E. Schleicher 54, S. Schlenker 36, M.A. Schmidt 170, K. Schmieden 99, C. Schmitt 99, S. Schmitt 48, L. Schoeffel 134, A. Schoening 63b, P.G. Scholer 54, E. Schopf 125, M. Schott 99, J. Schovancova 36, S. Schramm 56, F. Schroeder 170, H-C. Schultz-Coulon 63a, M. Schumacher 54, B.A. Schumm 135, Ph. Schune 134, A. Schwartzman 142, T.A. Schwarz 105, Ph. Schwemling 134, R. Schwienhorst 106, A. Sciandra 135, G. Sciolla 26, F. Scuri 73a, F. Scutti104, C.D. Sebastiani 91, K. Sedlaczek 49, P. Seema 18, S.C. Seidel 111, A. Seiden 135, B.D. Seidlitz 41 , T. Seiss 39 , C. Seitz 48 , J.M. Seixas 81b , G. Sekhniaidze 71a , S.J. Sekula 44 , L. Selem 4, N. Semprini-Cesari 23b,23a, S. Sen 51, D. Sengupta 56, V. Senthilkumar 162, L. Serin 66, L. Serkin 68a,68b, M. Sessa 76a,76b, H. Severini 119, S. Sevova 142, F. Sforza 57b,57a, A. Sfyrla 56, E. Shabalina 55, R. Shaheen 143, J.D. Shahinian 127, N.W. Shaikh 47a,47b, D. Shaked Renous 168, L.Y. Shan 14a, M. Shapiro 17a, A. Sharma 36, A.S. Sharma 163, P. Sharma 79, S. Sharma 48, P.B. Shatalov 37, K. Shaw 145, S.M. Shaw 100, Q. Shen 62c,5, P. Sherwood 95, L. Shi 95, C.O. Shimmin 171, Y. Shimogama 167, J.D. Shinner 94, I.P.J. Shipsey 125, S. Shirabe 60, M. Shiyakova 38,an, J. Shlomi 168, M.J. Shochet 39, J. Shojaii 104, D.R. Shope 124, S. Shrestha 118,al, E.M. Shrif 33g, M.J. Shroff 164, P. Sicho 130, A.M. Sickles 161, E. Sideras Haddad 33g, A. Sidoti 23b, F. Siegert 50, Dj. Sijacki 15, R. Sikora 84a, F. Sili 89, J.M. Silva 20, M.V. Silva Oliveira 36, S.B. Silverstein 47a, S. Simion66, R. Simoniello 36, E.L. Simpson 59, N.D. Simpson97, S. Simsek 21d, S. Sindhu 55, P. Sinervo 154, V. Sinetckii 37, S. Singh 141, S. Singh 154, S. Sinha 48, S. Sinha 33g, M. Sioli 23b,23a, I. Siral 36, S.Yu. Sivoklokov 37,∗, J. Sjölin 47a,47b, A. Skaf 55, E. Skorda 97, P. Skubic 119, M. Slawinska 85, V. Smakhtin168, B.H. Smart 133, J. Smiesko 36, S.Yu. Smirnov 37, Y. Smirnov 37, L.N. Smirnova 37,a, O. Smirnova 97, A.C. Smith 41, E.A. Smith 39, H.A. Smith 125, J.L. Smith 91, R. Smith142, M. Smizanska 90, K. Smolek 131, A. Smykiewicz 85, A.A. Snesarev 37, H.L. Snoek 113, S. Snyder 29, R. Sobie 164,x, A. Soffer 150, C.A. Solans Sanchez 36, E.Yu. Soldatov 37, U. Soldevila 162, A.A. Solodkov 37, S. Solomon 54, A. Soloshenko 38, K. Solovieva 54, – 33 – JHEP07(2023)090 O.V. Solovyanov 37, V. Solovyev 37, P. Sommer 36, A. Sonay 13, W.Y. Song 155b, A. Sopczak 131, A.L. Sopio 95, F. Sopkova 28b, V. Sothilingam63a, S. Sottocornola 72a,72b, R. Soualah 115b, Z. Soumaimi 35e, D. South 48, S. Spagnolo 69a,69b, M. Spalla 109, F. Spanò 94, D. Sperlich 54, G. Spigo 36, M. Spina 145, S. Spinali 90, D.P. Spiteri 59, M. Spousta 132, E.J. Staats 34, A. Stabile 70a,70b, R. Stamen 63a, M. Stamenkovic 113, A. Stampekis 20, M. Standke 24, E. Stanecka 85, M.V. Stange 50, B. Stanislaus 17a, M.M. Stanitzki 48, M. Stankaityte 125, B. Stapf 48, E.A. Starchenko 37, G.H. Stark 135, J. Stark 101,ab, D.M. Starko155b, P. Staroba 130, P. Starovoitov 63a, S. Stärz 103, R. Staszewski 85, G. Stavropoulos 46, J. Steentoft 160, P. Steinberg 29, A.L. Steinhebel 122, B. Stelzer 141,155a , H.J. Stelzer 128 , O. Stelzer-Chilton 155a , H. Stenzel 58 , T.J. Stevenson 145 , G.A. Stewart 36, M.C. Stockton 36, G. Stoicea 27b, M. Stolarski 129a, S. Stonjek 109, A. Straessner 50, J. Strandberg 143, S. Strandberg 47a,47b, M. Strauss 119, T. Strebler 101, P. Strizenec 28b, R. Ströhmer 165, D.M. Strom 122, L.R. Strom 48, R. Stroynowski 44, A. Strubig 47a,47b, S.A. Stucci 29, B. Stugu 16, J. Stupak 119, N.A. Styles 48, D. Su 142, S. Su 62a, W. Su 62d,137,62c, X. Su 62a,66, K. Sugizaki 152, V.V. Sulin 37, M.J. Sullivan 91, D.M.S. Sultan 77a,77b, L. Sultanaliyeva 37, S. Sultansoy 3b, T. Sumida 86, S. Sun 105, S. Sun 169, O. Sunneborn Gudnadottir 160, M.R. Sutton 145, M. Svatos 130, M. Swiatlowski 155a, T. Swirski 165, I. Sykora 28a, M. Sykora 132, T. Sykora 132, D. Ta 99, K. Tackmann 48,w, A. Taffard 159, R. Tafirout 155a, J.S. Tafoya Vargas 66, R.H.M. Taibah 126, R. Takashima 87, K. Takeda 83, E.P. Takeva 52, Y. Takubo 82, M. Talby 101 , A.A. Talyshev 37 , K.C. Tam 64b , N.M. Tamir 150 , A. Tanaka 152 , J. Tanaka 152 , R. Tanaka 66, M. Tanasini 57b,57a, J. Tang62c, Z. Tao 163, S. Tapia Araya 80, S. Tapprogge 99, A. Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed 106, S. Tarem 149, K. Tariq 62b, G. Tarna 101,27b, G.F. Tartarelli 70a, P. Tas 132, M. Tasevsky 130, E. Tassi 43b,43a, A.C. Tate 161, G. Tateno 152, Y. Tayalati 35e, G.N. Taylor 104, W. Taylor 155b, H. Teagle91, A.S. Tee 169, R. Teixeira De Lima 142, P. Teixeira-Dias 94, J.J. Teoh 154, K. Terashi 152, J. Terron 98, S. Terzo 13, M. Testa 53, R.J. Teuscher 154,x, A. Thaler 78, O. Theiner 56, N. Themistokleous 52, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer 18, O. Thielmann 170, D.W. Thomas94, J.P. Thomas 20, E.A. Thompson 48, P.D. Thompson 20, E. Thomson 127, E.J. Thorpe 93, Y. Tian 55, V. Tikhomirov 37,a, Yu.A. Tikhonov 37, S. Timoshenko37, E.X.L. Ting 1, P. Tipton 171, S. Tisserant 101, S.H. Tlou 33g, A. Tnourji 40, K. Todome 23b,23a, S. Todorova-Nova 132, S. Todt50, M. Togawa 82, J. Tojo 88, S. Tokár 28a, K. Tokushuku 82, R. Tombs 32, M. Tomoto 82,110, L. Tompkins 142,q, K.W. Topolnicki 84b, P. Tornambe 102, E. Torrence 122, H. Torres 50, E. Torró Pastor 162, M. Toscani 30, C. Tosciri 39, D.R. Tovey 138, A. Traeet16, I.S. Trandafir 27b, T. Trefzger 165, A. Tricoli 29, I.M. Trigger 155a, S. Trincaz-Duvoid 126, D.A. Trischuk 26, B. Trocmé 60, A. Trofymov 66, C. Troncon 70a, L. Truong 33c, M. Trzebinski 85, A. Trzupek 85, F. Tsai 144, M. Tsai 105, A. Tsiamis 151, P.V. Tsiareshka37, S. Tsigaridas 155a, A. Tsirigotis 151,u, V. Tsiskaridze 144, E.G. Tskhadadze148a, M. Tsopoulou 151, Y. Tsujikawa 86, I.I. Tsukerman 37, V. Tsulaia 17a, S. Tsuno 82, O. Tsur149, D. Tsybychev 144, Y. Tu 64b, A. Tudorache 27b, V. Tudorache 27b, A.N. Tuna 36, S. Turchikhin 38, I. Turk Cakir 3a, R. Turra 70a, T. Turtuvshin 38,y, P.M. Tuts 41, S. Tzamarias 151, P. Tzanis 10, E. Tzovara 99, K. Uchida152, F. Ukegawa 156, P.A. Ulloa Poblete 136c, G. Unal 36, M. Unal 11, A. Undrus 29, G. Unel 159, J. Urban 28b, – 34 – JHEP07(2023)090 P. Urquijo 104, G. Usai 8, R. Ushioda 153, M. Usman 107, Z. Uysal 21b, V. Vacek 131, B. Vachon 103, K.O.H. Vadla 124, T. Vafeiadis 36, C. Valderanis 108, E. Valdes Santurio 47a,47b, M. Valente 155a, S. Valentinetti 23b,23a, A. Valero 162, A. Vallier 101,ab, J.A. Valls Ferrer 162, T.R. Van Daalen 137, P. Van Gemmeren 6, M. Van Rijnbach 124,36, S. Van Stroud 95, I. Van Vulpen 113, M. Vanadia 75a,75b, W. Vandelli 36, M. Vandenbroucke 134, E.R. Vandewall 120, D. Vannicola 150, L. Vannoli 57b,57a , R. Vari 74a , E.W. Varnes 7 , C. Varni 17a , T. Varol 147 , D. Varouchas 66 , L. Varriale 162, K.E. Varvell 146, M.E. Vasile 27b, L. Vaslin40, G.A. Vasquez 164, F. Vazeille 40, T. Vazquez Schroeder 36, J. Veatch 31, V. Vecchio 100, M.J. Veen 102, I. Veliscek 125, L.M. Veloce 154, F. Veloso 129a,129c, S. Veneziano 74a, A. Ventura 69a,69b, A. Verbytskyi 109, M. Verducci 73a,73b, C. Vergis 24, M. Verissimo De Araujo 81b, W. Verkerke 113, J.C. Vermeulen 113, C. Vernieri 142, P.J. Verschuuren 94, M. Vessella 102, M.C. Vetterli 141,ah, A. Vgenopoulos 151, N. Viaux Maira 136f, T. Vickey 138, O.E. Vickey Boeriu 138, G.H.A. Viehhauser 125, L. Vigani 63b, M. Villa 23b,23a, M. Villaplana Perez 162, E.M. Villhauer52, E. Vilucchi 53, M.G. Vincter 34, G.S. Virdee 20, A. Vishwakarma 52, C. Vittori 23b,23a, I. Vivarelli 145, V. Vladimirov166, E. Voevodina 109, F. Vogel 108, P. Vokac 131, J. Von Ahnen 48, E. Von Toerne 24, B. Vormwald 36, V. Vorobel 132, K. Vorobev 37, M. Vos 162, J.H. Vossebeld 91, M. Vozak 113, L. Vozdecky 93, N. Vranjes 15, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic 15, M. Vreeswijk 113, R. Vuillermet 36 , O. Vujinovic 99 , I. Vukotic 39 , S. Wada 156 , C. Wagner 102 , W. Wagner 170 , S. Wahdan 170, H. Wahlberg 89, R. Wakasa 156, M. Wakida 110, V.M. Walbrecht 109, J. Walder 133, R. Walker 108, W. Walkowiak 140, A.M. Wang 61, A.Z. Wang 169, C. Wang 62a, C. Wang 62c, H. Wang 17a, J. Wang 64a, P. Wang 44, R.-J. Wang 99, R. Wang 61, R. Wang 6, S.M. Wang 147, S. Wang 62b, T. Wang 62a, W.T. Wang 79, W.X. Wang 62a, X. Wang 14c, X. Wang 161, X. Wang 62c, Y. Wang 62d, Y. Wang 14c, Z. Wang 105, Z. Wang 62d,51,62c, Z. Wang 105, A. Warburton 103, R.J. Ward 20, N. Warrack 59, A.T. Watson 20, H. Watson 59, M.F. Watson 20, G. Watts 137, B.M. Waugh 95, A.F. Webb 11, C. Weber 29, H.A. Weber 18, M.S. Weber 19, S.M. Weber 63a , C. Wei 62a , Y. Wei 125 , A.R. Weidberg 125 , J. Weingarten 49 , M. Weirich 99 , C. Weiser 54, C.J. Wells 48, T. Wenaus 29, B. Wendland 49, T. Wengler 36, N.S. Wenke109, N. Wermes 24, M. Wessels 63a, K. Whalen 122, A.M. Wharton 90, A.S. White 61, A. White 8, M.J. White 1, D. Whiteson 159, L. Wickremasinghe 123, W. Wiedenmann 169, C. Wiel 50, M. Wielers 133, N. Wieseotte99, C. Wiglesworth 42, L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs 54, D.J. Wilbern119, H.G. Wilkens 36, D.M. Williams 41, H.H. Williams127, S. Williams 32, S. Willocq 102, P.J. Windischhofer 125, F. Winklmeier 122, B.T. Winter 54, J.K. Winter 100, M. Wittgen142, M. Wobisch 96, R. Wölker 125, J. Wollrath159, M.W. Wolter 85, H. Wolters 129a,129c, V.W.S. Wong 163, A.F. Wongel 48, S.D. Worm 48, B.K. Wosiek 85, K.W. Woźniak 85, K. Wraight 59, J. Wu 14a,14d, M. Wu 64a, M. Wu 112, S.L. Wu 169, X. Wu 56, Y. Wu 62a, Z. Wu 134,62a, J. Wuerzinger 125, T.R. Wyatt 100, B.M. Wynne 52, S. Xella 42, L. Xia 14c, M. Xia14b, J. Xiang 64c, X. Xiao 105, M. Xie 62a, X. Xie 62a, S. Xin 14a,14d, J. Xiong 17a, I. Xiotidis145, D. Xu 14a, H. Xu62a, H. Xu 62a, L. Xu 62a, R. Xu 127, T. Xu 105, W. Xu 105, Y. Xu 14b, Z. Xu 62b, Z. Xu 14a, B. Yabsley 146, S. Yacoob 33a, N. Yamaguchi 88, Y. Yamaguchi 153, H. Yamauchi 156, T. Yamazaki 17a, – 35 – JHEP07(2023)090 Y. Yamazaki 83, J. Yan62c, S. Yan 125, Z. Yan 25, H.J. Yang 62c,62d, H.T. Yang 17a, S. Yang 62a, T. Yang 64c, X. Yang 62a, X. Yang 14a, Y. Yang 44, Z. Yang 62a,105, W-M. Yao 17a , Y.C. Yap 48 , H. Ye 14c , H. Ye 55 , J. Ye 44 , S. Ye 29 , X. Ye 62a , Y. Yeh 95 , I. Yeletskikh 38, B.K. Yeo 17a, M.R. Yexley 90, P. Yin 41, K. Yorita 167, C.J.S. Young 54, C. Young 142, M. Yuan 105, R. Yuan 62b,k, L. Yue 95, X. Yue 63a, M. Zaazoua 35e, B. Zabinski 85, E. Zaid52, T. Zakareishvili 148b, N. Zakharchuk 34, S. Zambito 56, J.A. Zamora Saa 136d, J. Zang 152, D. Zanzi 54, O. Zaplatilek 131, S.V. Zeißner 49, C. Zeitnitz 170, J.C. Zeng 161, D.T. Zenger Jr 26, O. Zenin 37, T. Ženiš 28a, S. Zenz 93, S. Zerradi 35a, D. Zerwas 66, B. Zhang 14c, D.F. Zhang 138, G. Zhang 14b, J. Zhang 62b, J. Zhang 6, K. Zhang 14a,14d, L. Zhang 14c, P. Zhang14a,14d, R. Zhang 169, S. Zhang 105, T. Zhang 152, X. Zhang 62c, X. Zhang 62b, Y. Zhang 62c,5, Z. Zhang 17a, Z. Zhang 66, H. Zhao 137, P. Zhao 51, T. Zhao 62b, Y. Zhao 135, Z. Zhao 62a, A. Zhemchugov 38, X. Zheng 62a , Z. Zheng 142 , D. Zhong 161 , B. Zhou 105 , C. Zhou 169 , H. Zhou 7 , N. Zhou 62c , Y. Zhou7, C.G. Zhu 62b, C. Zhu 14a,14d, H.L. Zhu 62a, H. Zhu 14a, J. Zhu 105, Y. Zhu 62c, Y. Zhu 62a, X. Zhuang 14a, K. Zhukov 37, V. Zhulanov 37, N.I. Zimine 38, J. Zinsser 63b, M. Ziolkowski 140, L. Živković 15, A. Zoccoli 23b,23a, K. Zoch 56, T.G. Zorbas 138, O. Zormpa 46, W. Zou 41, L. Zwalinski 36 1Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia 2Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB; Canada 3 (a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara;(b)Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara; Türkiye 4LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; France 5APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France 6High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL; United States of America 7Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States of America 8Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States of America 9Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece 10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece 11 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX; United States of America 12 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan 13 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona; Spain 14 (a)Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing;(b)Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing;(c)Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing;(d)University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing; China 15 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; Serbia 16 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen; Norway 17 (a)Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA;(b)University of California, Berkeley CA; United States of America 18 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; Germany 19 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern; Switzerland 20 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; United Kingdom 21 (a)Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul;(b)Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep;(c)Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul;(d)Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul; Türkiye 22 (a)Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá;(b)Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; Colombia – 36 – JHEP07(2023)090 23 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A. Righi, Università di Bologna, Bologna;(b)INFN Sezione di Bologna; Italy 24 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn; Germany 25 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America 26 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America 27 (a) Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov; (b) Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest;(c)Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi; (d) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca;(e)University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest;(f)West University in Timisoara, Timisoara;(g)Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest; Romania 28 (a) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice; Slovak Republic 29 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America 30 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires; Argentina 31 California State University, CA; United States of America 32 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom 33 (a)Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town;(b)iThemba Labs, Western Cape;(c)Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg;(d)National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines);(e)University of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria;(f)University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa;(g)School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; South Africa 34 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON; Canada 35 (a) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies — Université Hassan II, Casablanca;(b)Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra;(c)Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech;(d)LPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda;(e)Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat;(f)Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir; Morocco 36 CERN, Geneva; Switzerland 37 Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN 38 Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN 39 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL; United States of America 40 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand; France 41 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY; United States of America 42 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denmark 43 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende;(b)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; Italy 44 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX; United States of America 45 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX; United States of America 46 National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi; Greece 47 (a)Department of Physics, Stockholm University;(b)Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm; Sweden 48 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen; Germany 49 Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund; Germany 50 Institut für Kernund Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; Germany 51 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC; United States of America 52 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United Kingdom 53 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati; Italy 54 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany 55 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen; Germany 56 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland 57 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova;(b)INFN Sezione di Genova; Italy – 37 – JHEP07(2023)090 58 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen; Germany 59 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom 60 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble; France 61 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA; United States of America 62 (a)Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei;(b)Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao;(c)School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai; (d) Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai; China 63 (a)Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg;(b)Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Germany 64 (a)Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong;(b)Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;(c)Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China 65 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu; Taiwan 66 IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay; France 67 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN; United States of America 68 (a)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine;(b)ICTP, Trieste;(c)Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine; Italy 69 (a)INFN Sezione di Lecce;(b)Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce; Italy 70 (a)INFN Sezione di Milano;(b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano; Italy 71 (a)INFN Sezione di Napoli;(b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli; Italy 72 (a)INFN Sezione di Pavia;(b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia; Italy 73 (a)INFN Sezione di Pisa;(b)Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa; Italy 74 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma;(b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma; Italy 75 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata;(b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma; Italy 76 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tre;(b)Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma; Italy 77 (a)INFN-TIFPA;(b)Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento; Italy 78 Universität Innsbruck, Department of Astro and Particle Physics, Innsbruck; Austria 79 University of Iowa, Iowa City IA; United States of America 80 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA; United States of America 81 (a)Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora;(b)Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro;(c)Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo;(d)Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro; Brazil 82 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba; Japan 83 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe; Japan 84 (a)AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow;(b)Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow; Poland 85 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow; Poland 86 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto; Japan 87 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto; Japan 88 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Japan 89 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata; Argentina 90 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster; United Kingdom 91 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; United Kingdom 92 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Slovenia – 38 – JHEP07(2023)090 93 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London; United Kingdom 94 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham; United Kingdom 95 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London; United Kingdom 96 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA; United States of America 97 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund; Sweden 98 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Spain 99 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz; Germany 100 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom 101 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France 102 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA; United States of America 103 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC; Canada 104 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria; Australia 105 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America 106 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States of America 107 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC; Canada 108 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Germany 109 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München; Germany 110 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya; Japan 111 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; United States of America 112 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen; Netherlands 113 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Netherlands 114 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL; United States of America 115 (a) New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi; (b) University of Sharjah, Sharjah; United Arab Emirates 116 Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY; United States of America 117 Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; Japan 118 Ohio State University, Columbus OH; United States of America 119 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK; United States of America 120 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK; United States of America 121 Palacký University, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc; Czech Republic 122 Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; United States of America 123 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan 124 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo; Norway 125 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford; United Kingdom 126 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France 127 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA; United States of America 128 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA; United States of America 129 (a) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas — LIP, Lisboa; (b) Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;(c)Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra;(d)Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (e) Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga; (f) Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain);(g)Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; Portugal 130 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague; Czech Republic 131 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague; Czech Republic 132 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague; Czech Republic 133 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; United Kingdom 134 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; France – 39 – JHEP07(2023)090 135 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA; United States of America 136 (a)Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago;(b)Millennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR), Santiago;(c)Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, y Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Serena; (d) Universidad Andres Bello, Department of Physics, Santiago; (e) Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica; (f) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso; Chile 137 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA; United States of America 138 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom 139 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano; Japan 140 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen; Germany 141 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC; Canada 142 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA; United States of America 143 Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; Sweden 144 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY; United States of America 145 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton; United Kingdom 146 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; Australia 147 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan 148 (a)E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi;(b)High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi;(c)University of Georgia, Tbilisi; Georgia 149 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; Israel 150 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Israel 151 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece 152 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo; Japan 153 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo; Japan 154 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Canada 155 (a)TRIUMF, Vancouver BC;(b)Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON; Canada 156 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan 157 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA; United States of America 158 United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; United Arab Emirates 159 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA; United States of America 160 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala; Sweden 161 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL; United States of America 162 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia — CSIC, Valencia; Spain 163 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Canada 164 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC; Canada 165 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg; Germany 166 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry; United Kingdom 167 Waseda University, Tokyo; Japan 168 Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Israel 169 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; United States of America 170 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal; Germany 171 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT; United States of America aAlso Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN bAlso at An-Najah National University, Nablus; Palestine – 40 –