A molecular perspective on generic concepts in the Hypotrachyna clade (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

! XIX#Simposio#de#Botánica#Criptogámica# ! 20! A(molecular(perspective(on(generic(concepts(in(the(Hypotrachyna+clade( (Parmeliaceae,(Ascomycota)( ( Divakar(P.K1.;!Crespo!A1.;!Nunez0Zapata!J1.;!Flakus!A2.;!Sipman!H.J.M3.;!Elix!J.A4.;!Lumbsch!H.T5.! ! Departamento!de!Biología!Vegetal!II,!Facultad!de!Farmacia,!Universidad!Complutense! de!Madrid,!Madrid!28040,!Spain!1! Laboratory!of!Lichenology,!W.!Szafer!Institute!of!Botany,!Polish!Academy!of!Sciences,!Lubicz!46,!PL–31–512!Kraków,! Poland!2! Botanischer!Garten!und!Botanisches!Museum!Berlin0Dahlem,!Freie!Universität!Berlin,!Königin0Luise0Straße!6–8,!14195! Berlin,!Germany!3! Research!School!of!Chemistry,!Building!33,!Australian!National!University,!Canberra,!ACT,!Australia!4!! Department!of!Botany,!The!Field!Museum,!1400!South!Lake!Shore!Drive,!Chicago,!Illinois!606050!2496,!U.S.A.!5! ! Objectives( The!present!study!aims!to!clarify!the!phylogenetic!positions!of!Cetrariastrum,!Everniastrum#and! Parmelinopsis# and! also! test! the! hypothesis! that! the! morphological! characters! have! evolved! independently!within!the!clade!as!adaptations!to!ecological!conditions.! ! Material(and(methods( In! the! present! study,! the! generic! delimitation! in! the! Hypotrachyna# clade! is! revised! using! a! molecular! phylogeny! of! nuclear! ITS,! LSU! and! mitochondrial! SSU! rDNA! sequences! of! 88! hypotrachynoid!taxa.!Morphological!and!chemical!features!are!also!revised!in!each!group.! ! Results( 118!sequences!are!newly!generated!for!this!study.!Our!phylogenetic!analyses!show!the!polyphyly! of! Hypotrachyna# as! currently! circumscribed! which! falls! into! four! wellsupported! and! one! unsupported! clade.! Cetrariastrum,! Everniastrum# and! Parmelinopsis# are! nested! within! Hypotrachyna# s.! lat.,! the! latter! being! also! polyphyletic! and! nested! in! one! of! the! Hypotrachyna# clades.! Cetrariastrum# is! monophyletic! but! clustered! within! Everniastrum.! Two! alternative! hypotheses!tests!significantly!rejected!the!monophyly!of!these!three!genera.! ! Conclusions( As! a! consequence,! the! genera! Cetrariastrum,# Everniastrum,# and! Parmelinopsis# are! reduced! to! synonymy!with!Hypotrachyna.!Further,!we!here!propose!an!alternative!classification!to!recognize! the!well0supported!clades!at!subgeneric!level!and!leave!the!remaining!species!unclassified!within! the!genus.!Five!new!subgenera!are!proposed:!Hypotrachyna#subgen.!Cetrariastrum,!Hypotrachyna# subgen.!Everniastrum,!Hypotrachyna#subgen.!Longiloba,#Hypotrachyna#subgen.!Parmelinopsis,#and! Hypotrachyna#subgen.!Sinuosa.!Forty!nine!new!combinations!are!proposed.!