Near Future Testing Requirements for Joints in Modern District Heating Networks

1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.003 Energy Procedia 95 ( 2016 ) 11 – 16 ScienceDirect ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV´&21(&7 2FWREHU5LJD/DWYLD 1HDUIXWXUHWHVWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUMRLQWVLQPRGHUQGLVWULFW KHDWLQJQHWZRUNV ,QJR:HLGOLFK Fernwärme Forschungsinstitut, 30966, Max-von-Laue-Str. 23, Hemmingen, Germany $EVWUDFW 'XHWRPDQXDOLQVWDOODWLRQRIMRLQWVWKHFRQQHFWLRQRIWKHVLQJOHSLSHVHJPHQWVLVRQHPDMRULQIOXHQFHIRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH ZKROHQHWZRUNV\VWHP )RU JUDQWLQJMRLQW TXDOLW\ PLQLPXP UHTXLUHPHQWVKDYHWREHSURYHQLQDVWDQGDUGL]HG(XURSHDQWHVW 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHWHVWSURFHGXUHDUHJLYHQ)XUWKHUPRUHH[SHFWHGRSHUDWLRQDOORDGVLQPRGHUQGLVWULFW KHDWLQJQHWZRUNVDUHGLVFXVVHG6LQFHIOH[LEOHRSHUDWLRQRIFRPELQHGKHDWDQGSRZHUSODQWVLVQHFHVVDU\GXHWRSHDNORDGVIURP IHHGLQJLQRIUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHVDGLIIHUHQWORDGVSHFWUXPLVH[SHFWHGIRUWKHGLVWULFWKHDWLQJQHWZRUNLQWKHIXWXUH3RVVLEOH DPHQGPHQWVIRUWKHWHVWLQJPD\EHGHULYHGDQGDILUVWVWHSIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHORDGVSHFWUXPRIMRLQWVLQPRGHUQGLVWULFWKHDWLQJ QHWZRUNVLVGLVFXVVHG 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI5LJD7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHRI(QHUJ\6\VWHPVDQG(QYLURQPHQW Keywords:GLVWULFWKHDWLQJQHWZRUNVMRLQWVVDQGER[ORDGVSHFWUXP ,QWURGXFWLRQ )RUUHOLDEOHPRGHUQGLVWULFWKHDWLQJ'+QHWZRUNVVXVWDLQDEOHVROXWLRQVIRUWKHLUFRQVWUXFWLRQLVQHHGHG7KHMRLQW WHFKQRORJ\LVDNH\IDFWRUIRUTXDOLW\DQGVHUYLFHDELOLW\ 'XHWRPDQXDOLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHMRLQWVWKHFRQQHFWLRQRIWKHVLQJOHSLSHVHJPHQWVLVRQHPDMRULQIOXHQFHIRUWKH SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHZKROHQHWZRUNV\VWHP)RUJUDQWLQJVXSSO\WRWKHFXVWRPHUDQGORZKHDWORVVHVLQWKHV\VWHPKLJK UHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHTXDOLW\RIMRLQWV>@6LQFHWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOMRLQWV\VWHPVRQWKHPDUNHWTXDOLW\   &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail addressZHLGOLFK#IHUQZDHUPHGH Available online at www.sciencedirect.com © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment. 12 Ingo Weidlich / Energy Procedia 95 ( 2016 ) 11 – 16 WHVWLQJLQDVDQGER[ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGDQGVWDQGDUGL]HGLQWKH(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUG(1>@7KHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQV IRUWKHWHVWVZHUHFKRVHQFORVHWRWKHHVWLPDWHGRSHUDWLRQDOORDGIRUGLVWULFWKHDWLQJSLSHVGXULQJDOLIHWLPHRI\HDUV +RZHYHUDORQJHUOLIHWLPHIRUWKHSLSHV\VWHPZDVVXJJHVWHGDFFRUGLQJWRLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIRWKHUDXWKRUV>@2QWKH RWKHUKDQGWKHIXWXUHORDGVSHFWUXPIRUSLSHV\VWHPVLVDVVXPHGWRLPSO\PRUHUHSHDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHORDGVDQGDQ RYHUDOOORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHOHYHO7KHVHUHYHUVHDFWLQJHIIHFWVDUHQRWZHOOXQGHUVWRRGWRGD\$QDFFXUDWHOLIHF\FOH DQDO\VLVVHHPVWREHGLIILFXOWIRUWKHGLVWULFWKHDWLQJQHWZRUNVDQGWKHLUMRLQWVEHFDXVHRIXQVROYHGXQFHUWDLQWLHV7KH PHDQLQJRIWKHUHVXOWVDFFRUGLQJWR(1VKRXOGEHUHYLHZHG  1RPHQFODWXUH &8 XQLIRUPLW\LQGH[ 'U UHODWLYHGHQVLW\ H YRLGUDWLR  'XHWRPDQXDOLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHMRLQWVWKHFRQQHFWLRQRIWKHVLQJOHSLSHVHJPHQWVLVRQHPDMRULQIOXHQFHIRUWKH SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHZKROHQHWZRUNV\VWHP)RUJUDQWLQJVXSSO\WRWKHFXVWRPHUDQGORZKHDWORVVHVLQWKHV\VWHPKLJK UHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHTXDOLW\RIMRLQWV>@6LQFHWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOMRLQWV\VWHPVRQWKHPDUNHWTXDOLW\ WHVWLQJLQDVDQGER[ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGDQGVWDQGDUGL]HGLQWKH(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUG(1>@7KHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQV IRUWKHWHVWVZHUHFKRVHQFORVHWRWKHHVWLPDWHGRSHUDWLRQDOORDGIRUGLVWULFWKHDWLQJSLSHVGXULQJDOLIHWLPHRI\HDUV +RZHYHUDORQJHUOLIHWLPHIRUWKHSLSHV\VWHPZDVVXJJHVWHGDFFRUGLQJWRLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIRWKHUDXWKRUV>@2QWKH RWKHUKDQGWKHIXWXUHORDGVSHFWUXPIRUSLSHV\VWHPVLVDVVXPHGWRLPSO\PRUHUHSHDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHORDGVDQGDQ RYHUDOOORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHOHYHO7KHVHUHYHUVHDFWLQJHIIHFWVDUHQRWZHOOXQGHUVWRRGWRGD\$QDFFXUDWHOLIHF\FOH DQDO\VLVVHHPVWREHGLIILFXOWIRUWKHGLVWULFWKHDWLQJQHWZRUNVDQGWKHLUMRLQWVEHFDXVHRIXQVROYHGXQFHUWDLQWLHV7KH PHDQLQJRIWKHUHVXOWVDFFRUGLQJWR(1VKRXOGEHUHYLHZHG 6DQGER[WHVWLQJDFFRUGLQJWR(1 2.1. Testing methodology 7KHWHVWLQJPHWKRGRORJ\IRUMRLQWVDFFRUGLQJWR(1ZDVLQWURGXFHGLQWHUPVRIDPD[LPXPORDGWHVW$VDQG ER[WHVWZDVVHOHFWHGWRUHSUHVHQWin situWUHQFKFRQGLWLRQVDQGDORDGVSHFWUXPIRUDQHVWLPDWHGOLIHWLPHRI\HDUV ZDVFKRVHQ)RUWKHMRLQWV\VWHPWKHIROORZLQJJHQHUDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHGHILQHGDFFRUGLQJWR(1>@  x5HVLVWDQFHDJDLQVWD[LDOIRUFHVGXHWRD[LDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHWHVWVSHFLPHQ x5HVLVWDQFHDJDLQVWUDGLDOIRUFHVDQGEHQGLQJPRPHQWQRWWHVWHGLQWKHVDQGER[ x5HVLVWDQFHDJDLQVWWHPSHUDWXUHLQIOXHQFHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHV x:DWHUWLJKWQHVV   )LJ6FKHPHRIWKHVDQGER[DFFRUGLQJWR>@FURVVVHFWLRQOHIWWRSYLHZULJKW Ingo Weidlich / Energy Procedia 95 ( 2016 ) 11 – 16 13 :DWHUWLJKWQHVVLVWHVWHGRQO\ZKHQWKHVDQGER[WHVWLVSDVVHG$VFKHPHRIWKHPLQLPXPJHRPHWU\RIWKHVDQGER[ LVJLYHQLQ)LJ,QWKLVVDQGER[DGLVWULFWKHDWLQJSLSHZLWKPLQLPXPOHQJWKRIPPLQFOXGLQJWKHMRLQWLVLQVWDOOHG LQ GU\ VDQG 7KH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI WKH VDQG PXVW EH ORZHU WKDQ   DQG D JUDLQ GLVWULEXWLRQ FXUYH ZLWKLQ WKH ERXQGDULHV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  KDV WR EH JUDQWHG ,Q (XURSH WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH JUDLQVL]H GLVWULEXWLRQ FXUYH LV VWDQGDUGL]HGDFFRUGLQJWR(1>@7KHVDQGERG\LVFRYHUHGRSWLRQDOO\E\DULJLGSODWHZLWKDGGLWLRQDOORDGVWKDW UHSUHVHQWDQRYHUEXUGHQSUHVVXUHDWWKHSLSHD[LV7KHIROORZLQJWHVWSDUDPHWHUVKDYHWREHPHW  x7HPSHUDWXUHRIWKHPHGLXPSLSHRI& x2YHUEXUGHQKHLJKWUHDORUVLPXODWHGRIN1P x&\FOLFGLVSODFHPHQWRIPP x'LVSODFHPHQWUDWHPPPLQIRUZDUG x'LVSODFHPHQWUDWHPPPLQEDFNZDUG   )LJ5DQJHRIWKHDOORZHGJUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQFXUYHDFFRUGLQJWR>@ 3UHSDUDWLRQRIVDQGVSHFLPHQVIRUVDQGER[WHVWV 7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ RI WKH SUHSDUDWLRQRI VDQG VSHFLPHQV IRU VDQG ER[ LQVWDOODWLRQ LV QRW H[SODLQHG LQ (1  +RZHYHUWKHSUHSDUDWLRQPHWKRGRORJ\RIVDQGVSHFLPHQVKDVWKHPDLQLQIOXHQFHRQWKHUHVXOWVDQGVHYHUDOLQVWDOODWLRQ PHWKRGVZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGE\GLIIHUHQWDXWKRUV>±@(DFKVDQGWHVWVSHFLPHQKDVWREHSUHSDUHGLQGLYLGXDOO\ 3.1. State of compactness 7KHVWDWHRIFRPSDFWQHVVLVDQLPSRUWDQWLQGH[SURSHUW\IRUVWLIIQHVVDQGILUPQHVVRIUHFRQVWLWXWHGVDQGVSHFLPHQV 6DQGVDUHFRKHVLRQOHVVVRLOVZLWKFRDUVHJUDLQVLQWKHGLDPHWHUVL]HUDQJHRIPPWRPP>@7KHVWDWHRI FRPSDFWQHVVLVH[SUHVVHGIRUFRKHVLRQOHVVVRLOVE\WKHUHODWLYHGHQVLW\'UDFFRUGLQJWR(TXDWLRQ  PLQPD[ PD[    ee ee Dr>@  7KHSUHSDUDWLRQRIUHSHDWDEOHUHODWLYHGHQVLWLHVLQVDQGVSHFLPHQVLVDPDMRUFKDOOHQJHLQJHRWHFKQLFDOWHVWLQJ DFFRUGLQJWR%XWWHUILHOGDQG$QGUDZHV>@1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHFRQWURORIWKHUHODWLYHGHQVLW\LVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRDYRLG VLJQLILFDQWGHYLDWLRQLQWHVWUHVXOWV 14 Ingo Weidlich / Energy Procedia 95 ( 2016 ) 11 – 16 3.2. Preparation methods 7KHFRPPRQREMHFWLYHVIRUSUHSDUDWLRQPHWKRGVDUHKRPRJHQRXVVRLOVDPSOHVDQGUHSHDWDEOHGHQVLW\7ZRJHQHUDO SUHSDUDWLRQPHWKRGRORJLHVDUHNQRZQ>@7KHUHTXLUHGGHQVLW\LVDFKLHYHGHLWKHUGXULQJWKHLQVWDOODWLRQSURFHVVRU DIWHU0HWKRGVWKDWLPSO\FRPSDFWLRQIRUWKHUHTXLUHGGHQVLW\DIWHUWKHVDQGLQVWDOODWLRQDUHWDPSLQJPRLVWWDPSLQJ DQGYLEUDWLRQ6SHFLPHQVSURGXFHGZLWKWKHVHNLQGRIPHWKRGVWHQGWREHOHVVXQLIRUPDQGVKRXOGEHXVHGRQO\IRU GHQVHVSHFLPHQV>@,IWDPSLQJLVXVHGJUDLQIUDFWXUHPD\RFFXUDQGWKHJUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQFXUYHLVFKDQJHG>@ )XUWKHUPRUHWDPSLQJRIWHQOHDGVWRGHYLDWLQJGHQVLW\ZLWKWKHGHSWK%HFDXVHRIWKLVDQGGXHWRWKHPHPRU\HIIHFW RIVDQGVSRXULQJPHWKRGVIRUVDQGSUHSDUDWLRQDUHUHFRPPHQGHGLQOLWHUDWXUH>±@7KHHTXLSPHQWIRUSRXULQJDQG WHVWLQJPXVWEHFDOLEUDWHGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHXVHGVDQG7KHVDQGSDUWLFOHVIDOOE\JUDYLW\IURPWKHKHLJKWRIGURSRQ WKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVDQGVSHFLPHQ:LWKSRXULQJHTXLSPHQWUHSHDWDEOHGU\VSHFLPHQPD\EHSURGXFHGDVZHOODVZDWHU VDWXUDWHGVSHFLPHQ:DWHUVDWXUDWHGVDQGVSHFLPHQVDUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVDUWLFOH )RUDLUSOXYLDWHGVDQGVSHFLPHQVGHQVLW\LVFRQWUROOHGE\WKHKHLJKWRIGURSDQGWKHPDVVUDWHRISRXULQJ7KHPDVV UDWHLVWKHPDVVRIVDQGSRXUHGSHUWLPHXQLW)RUDJLYHQVDQGDQGYROXPHWREHILOOHGWKHKHLJKWRIIDOODQGPDVVUDWH RISRXULQJDSSHDUHGWRKDYHRSSRVLWHHIIHFWV>@)RUFRQVWDQWPDVVUDWHWKHGHQVLW\RIDVSHFLPHQLQFUHDVHVZLWK LQFUHDVLQJKHLJKWRIGURSXQWLODQXOWLPDWHKHLJKWRIGURSLVUHDFKHG7KHQGHQVLW\FDQRQO\EHLQFUHDVHGE\ORZHULQJ WKHPDVVUDWH 7KHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHPDVVUDWHRQWKHGHQVLW\ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGE\&UHVVZHOOHWDO>@'HQVLW\RIWKHVRLOVSHFLPHQ VHHPHGWRGHSHQGRQWKHPRYHPHQWRIWKHVLQJOHSDUWLFOHGXULQJWKHSRXULQJZKHUHWKHPLQLPXPNLQHWLFHQHUJ\IRU WKHSRVLWLRQDQGWKHLPSDFWIURPRWKHUSDUWLFOHVDWGHSRVLWLRQVHHPHGWREHWKHWZRPRVWLQIOXHQFLQJIDFWRUV-XVW DERYHWKHGHSRVLWHGVDQGOD\HUDWKLQOD\HUWRJUDLQVWKLFNRIDFWLYHO\PRYLQJJUDLQVFDOOHG³WKHHQHUJHWLFOD\HU´ ZDVREVHUYHG7KHPRYHPHQWVDUHPDLQO\ZLWKLQWKHKRUL]RQWDOSODQH$ERYHWKHHQHUJHWLFOD\HUDVDOWDWLRQ]RQHRI XSWRPPRIERXQFLQJJUDLQVHMHFWHGIURPWKHHQHUJHWLFOD\HURUUHERXQGLQJIDOOLQJJUDLQVZDVYLVXDOO\LGHQWLILHG 7KHSRXULQJPHWKRGPD\WKXVEHH[SODLQHGDFFRUGLQJWR)LJ   )LJ3DUWLFOHPRYHPHQWDFFRUGLQJWR>@ $GGLWLRQDOIDFWRUVLQIOXHQFLQJWKHGHQVLW\GXULQJSRXULQJDUHWKH³YLVFRVLW\RIWKHIOXLG´KHUHLWLVDPL[WXUHRIDLU VDQGDQGSRZGHUWKHGLVVLSDWLRQRINLQHWLFHQHUJ\E\IULFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLFOHVDQGERXQGDU\ZDOOVDFFRUGLQJWR /R3UHVWLHWDO>@'LIIHUHQWSRXULQJPHWKRGVFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHDVIRUH[DPSOHGLUHFWSRXULQJIURPDWXEH VDQGUDLQVDQGFXUWDLQDQGRWKHUV>±@ 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