El desarrollo y enfoque de los códigos de ética periodística en Ecuador a partir de la Ley Orgánica de Comunicación

 (/'(6$552//2<(1)248('(/26&Ï',*26'(e7,&$ 3(5,2'Ë67,&$(1(&8$'25$3$57,5'(/$/(<25*È1,&$'( &2081,&$&,Ï1  *RQ]iOH]3RUWHOD0DUtD/XMiQ 'HSDUWDPHQWRGH&LHQFLDVGHOD&RPXQLFDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLGDG7pFQLFD3DUWLFXODUGH/RMD(FXDGRU OXMDQ#XWSOHGXHF   3DODEUDVFODYH eWLFD SHULRGLVPR DXWRUUHJXODFLyQ (FXDGRU FyGLJRV pWLFRV /H\ 2UJiQLFD GH &RPXQLFDFLyQ  ,QWURGXFFLyQ /DDSUREDFLyQHQ(FXDGRUGHOD/H\2UJiQLFDGH&RPXQLFDFLyQ/2&HOGHMXQLR GHKDVXSXHVWRODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHFyGLJRVGHRQWROyJLFRVHQORVPHGLRVGDGRTXH VHKDSDVDGRGHXQDGRFHQDGHWH[WRV²DOPHQRVORVSXEOLFDGRV²DQWHVGHD XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG D SDUWLU GH HVWD IHFKD 3HVH D OR FRQWUDGLFWRULR TXH UHVXOWD OD HODERUDFLyQ GH FyGLJRV pWLFRV ³SRU H[LJHQFLD GH OD OH\´ HV LQWHUHVDQWH HVWXGLDU HO IHQyPHQRSDUDGHVFXEULUORVSULQFLSLRVpWLFRV\ODYLVLyQGHOSHULRGLVPRTXHWUDVOXFHQ GLFKRV WH[WRV SDUD LGHQWLILFDU KDVWD TXp SXQWR OD H[LJHQFLD OHJDO KD VHUYLGR GH GHWRQDQWH SDUD SURPRYHU OD DXWRFUtWLFD \ HO GHEDWH HQ HO VHQR GH OD SURIHVLyQ R VL GLFKRVFyGLJRVVRQXQVLPSOHIRUPXOLVPR\UHSHWLFLyQGHORVOLQHDPLHQWRVRILFLDOHV H[SUHVDGRVSRUODOH\ (VWH HVWXGLR VH HQPDUFD HQ RWURV VLPLODUHV *RQ]iOH]  \  HQ HO TXH DQDOL]DPRVHOGHVDUUROORGHODXWRFRQWUROHQHO(FXDGRU\TXHSRUVHUDQWHULRUDODOH\ VHFRQYLHUWHHQXQEXHQUHIHUHQWH\SXQWRGHFRPSDUDFLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQDFWXDO3DUD PiVDGHODQWHGHMDPRVHODQiOLVLVGHOLPSDFWRGHOQXHYRHVFHQDULROHJDO\GHRQWROyJLFR HQODDUHQDPHGLiWLFDSXHVSRUORUHFLHQWHGHODQRUPD\GHORVWH[WRVpWLFRVQRHV SRVLEOHDKRUD (O HQIRTXH WHyULFR TXH DVXPLPRV SDUD HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV FyGLJRV VRVWLHQH TXH HO DXWRFRQWURORDXWRUUHJXODFLyQpWLFDGHULYDGDGHOGHUHFKRDODLQIRUPDFLyQGHOS~EOLFR HV OD PHMRU PDQHUD GH DUWLFXODU OD OLEHUWDG \ OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH OD SUHQVD SXHV LPSOLFDSRUXQODGRTXHORVSURIHVLRQDOHV\ORVPHGLRVGHFLGHQSRQHUUHPHGLRSRU HOORVPLVPRVDVXVGHILFLHQFLDVpWLFDVHYLWDQGRODVLQMHUHQFLDVH[WHUQDV\SRURWUR ODGRHPSLH]DQDWHQHUHQFXHQWDORVGHUHFKRV\ODVRSLQLRQHVGHVXVDXGLHQFLDV $WUDYpVGHODPHWRGRORJtDGHDQiOLVLVGHOUHVXPHQLQWHUSUHWDWLYR\ODRSHUDWLYL]DFLyQ GHYDULDEOHVGH/D]DUVIHOGS\GHORVFULWHULRVGHDQiOLVLVGHFyGLJRVGH &RUQXSS\VVGHWHFWDUHPRVKDVWDTXpSXQWRORVFyGLJRVpWLFRVUHFRJHQOR VXVWDQFLDOGHOHQIRTXHWHyULFRPHQFLRQDGRTXHVHGHVDJUHJDHQFLQFRULFRVFULWHULRV GHDQiOLVLV/DPLVLyQGHOSHULRGLVPRHVVHUYLUDOGHUHFKRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ/D FRQGLFLyQ SDUD VHUYLU DO GHUHFKR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HV OD OLEHUWDG(OGHEHU IXQGDPHQWDOGHOSHULRGLVWDHVGHFLUODYHUGDG(OOtPLWHHVHOUHVSHWRDODGLJQLGDG 272  KXPDQD\/DJDUDQWtDGHODXWRFRQWUROHVODH[LVWHQFLDGHPHFDQLVPRV TXH OR WXWHOHQ(VWH~OWLPRFULWHULRDxDGLGRSRUQRVRWURV 3RUPHGLRGHHVWHDQiOLVLVDSOLFDGRDXQDVHOHFFLyQGHFyGLJRVpWLFRVVHSUHWHQGH FRQRFHU SRU GyQGH WUDQVFXUUH OD GHRQWRORJtD SHULRGtVWLFD UHFLHQWH HQ (FXDGRU \ FRQWULEXLU D VX HQULTXHFLPLHQWR GHVGH OD ULFD YLVLyQ pWLFRMXUtGLFD TXH DSRUWD HO GHUHFKRDODLQIRUPDFLyQGHOS~EOLFRFRPRIXQGDPHQWRGHODSURIHVLyQSHULRGtVWLFD  'HVDUUROORGHRQWROyJLFRDQWHVGHOD/H\2UJiQLFDGH&RPXQLFDFLyQ +DVWD HO  GH MXQLR GH  IHFKD GH DSUREDFLyQ GH OD /H\ 2UJiQLFD GH &RPXQLFDFLyQ /2& HUDQ HVFDVRV ORV FyGLJRV GHRQWROyJLFRV GHO SHULRGLVPR HQ (FXDGRU (Q FXDQWR D ORV GH iPELWR QDFLRQDO H[LVWtDWDQ VROR HO GH OD )HGHUDFLyQ 1DFLRQDOGH3HULRGLVWDV)(1$3(GHGHQRYLHPEUHGHDSUREDGRSRUHO 0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQHQHQHURGH$XQTXHQRWHQtDHOWLQWHGHLPSRVLFLyQGH OD/H\GHO(MHUFLFLR3URIHVLRQDOGHO3HULRGLVWDH[SHGLGDSRU'HFUHWR6XSUHPR HQHOJRELHUQRPLOLWDUGH*XLOOHUPR5RGUtJXH]/DUDWDQVRORHOKHFKRGHTXHHVWH FyGLJR HVWp FRQWHPSODGR HQ GLFKD OH\ KDFH TXH VH DVRFLH FRQ XQ UpJLPHQ \ XQ PRPHQWRKLVWyULFRGHWHUPLQDGR(QFXDOTXLHUFDVRWXYRHOPpULWRGHVHUSURGXFWRGHO HVIXHU]RGHOD)(1$3(\GHUHIOHMDUODSHUVSHFWLYDpWLFDGHXQVHFWRUGHOSHULRGLVPR GHDTXHOPRPHQWR (Q FXDQWR D ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ HUD OODPDWLYR OD HVFDVD R QLQJXQD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH VREUH VXV SULQFLSLRV pWLFRV EULQGDEDQ ORV GLDULRV HFXDWRULDQRV 'LVSRQtDQ GH FyGLJRV pWLFRV R GH PDQXDOHV GH HVWLOR ORV WUHV SULQFLSDOHV GLDULRV QDFLRQDOHVEl Comercio \+2<HGLWDGRVHQ4XLWR\El UniversoGH*XD\DTXLODVt FRPRHOFDQDOGHWHOHYLVLyQEcuavisaTXHHODERUyHQHO&yGLJRGHeWLFDGHO 'HSDUWDPHQWRGH1RWLFLDV3DUDGyMLFDPHQWHHQORVGRVSULPHURVFDVRVGLFKRVFyGLJRV QRIXHURQS~EOLFRVKDVWDVHSWLHPEUH\RFWXEUHGHSRFRGHVSXpVGHTXHIXHVH SUHVHQWDGR HQ OD $VDPEOHD 1DFLRQDO &RQJUHVR HO SULPHU ERUUDGRU GH OD /H\ GH &RPXQLFDFLyQHOGHVHSWLHPEUHGH+DVWDHVHPRPHQWRHUDQGRFXPHQWRVGH PX\ GLItFLO DFFHVR OR TXH REOLJDED D YHFHV D EXVFDU YtDV QR RILFLDOHV SDUD REWHQHUORVElComercioTXHGLVSRQtDWDQWRGH&yGLJRGHeWLFDFRPRGH0DQXDOGH (VWLORDPERVDFWXDOL]DGRVHQH[LJtDSDUDSRGHUDFFHGHUDHOORVXQDVROLFLWXGD ORV VXEGLUHFWRUHV GHO GLDULR El Universo KL]R HQ HO  VX PDQXDO GH HVWLOR LQFOX\HQGRQRUPDVpWLFDVTXHIXHXQDVtQWHVLVGHORVPDQXDOHVGHHVWLORGHEl País The New York Times\GH(/7,(032SHURHUDGHH[FOXVLYRXVRLQWHUQR(VWDIDOWD GHSXEOLFLGDG\FHORFRQVXVPDQXDOHVRFyGLJRVpWLFRVSXHGHWHQHUYDULDVOHFWXUDVR XQVHQWLGRQHJDWLYRGHODFRPSHWHQFLDRXQDFLHUWDUHVLVWHQFLDDH[SOLFLWDUORVYDORUHV  9HUODGHIHQVD\DQiOLVLVGHOPLVPRTXHKDFHQ/LQFROQ/DUUHD%HQDOFi]DU³/RVFyGLJRVGH pWLFDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD´HQChasqui1RDEULOSS4XLWR&,(63$/\-XDQ-3D]\ 0LxR³'HUHFKRGHOLEUHH[SUHVLyQ\&yGLJRGHeWLFDHQ(FXDGRU´HQChasqui1RSS  'LDULRHOY4XLWRSXEOLFDVX0DQXDOGH(VWLORHOGHRFWXEUHGHWUDVDxRVGHKDEHUOR UHDOL]DGR\GLDULREl Comercio4XLWRSXEOLFDVX&yGLJRGHeWLFDHOGHVHSWLHPEUHGH SHVHDKDEHUORDSUREDGRHQMXQLRGH 6HJ~QODH[SHULHQFLDSHUVRQDOGHOSHULRGLVWD&pVDU5LFDXUWHFXDQGRTXLVRKDFHUXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUHFyGLJRVpWLFRVHFXDWRULDQRV 6HJ~QLQIRUPDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUHOSHULRGLVWD&DUORV0RUDGHOGLDULRORFDOÚltimas Noticias HGLWDGRHQ4XLWRSHUWHQHFLHQWHDO*UXSR(O&RPHUFLR ,QIRUPDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUHOSHULRGLVWD5XEpQ'DUtR%XLWUyQH[HGLWRUJHQHUDOGHEl Universo HQFRQYHUVDFLyQSHUVRQDOPDQWHQLGDHOGHPDU]RGH 273  pWLFRVHQORVTXHVHEDVDEDQORTXHQRFRQFXHUGDFRQXQDXWpQWLFRFRPSURPLVRFRQ DTXHOORV\FRQVXVOHFWRUHV$VLPLVPRDXQTXHWHyULFDPHQWHGLMHUDQTXHHUDQGHXVR\ FRQRFLPLHQWR LQWHUQR VHJ~Q ODV IXHQWHV PHQFLRQDGDV PXFKRV SHULRGLVWDV GHVFRQRFtDQODH[LVWHQFLDGHGLFKRVFyGLJRVRSRFRVORVKDEtDQOHtGRRGLVSRQtDQGH HOORVDH[FHSFLyQGHORVSHULRGLVWDVGHEl ComercioTXHGLVSRQtDQGHO0DQXDOGH (VWLORGHOGLDULRHQFDGDFRPSXWDGRU 2WURGLDULRGHiPELWRQDFLRQDOGHPHQRUWLUDGDHVExpresoHGLWDGRHQ*XD\DTXLO TXHKDVWDLQWHQWyYDULDVYHFHVHODERUDUXQFyGLJRRPDQXDOGHHVWLORSHURQR ORDSUREy\SXEOLFyKDVWDHOGHMXOLRGHGtDVGHVSXpVGHDSDUHFLGDOD/2& (QFXDQWRDODSUHQVDUHJLRQDOGHODVFDUWDVTXHGLULJLPRVDORVGLDULRVGHO(FXDGRUHQ XQ HVWXGLR DQWHULRU *RQ]iOH]  REWXYLPRV PX\ SRFD UHVSXHVWD OR FXDO HYLGHQFLDEDHOHVFDVRGHVDUUROOR\SUHRFXSDFLyQSRUHOWHPDHQDTXHOHQWRQFHV7DQ VRORUHVSRQGLHURQWUHVGLDULRVÚltimas NoticiasGLDULRORFDOSHUWHQHFLHQWHDO*UXSR (O &RPHUFLR \ TXH FRPSDUWH ODV PLVPDV SROtWLFDV GHO GLDULR QDFLRQDO El Diario HGLWDGR HQ 3RUWRYLHMR \ SULQFLSDO GLDULR GH OD SURYLQFLD FRVWHxD GH 0DQDEt FX\R GLUHFWRU QRV HQYLy ORV SULQFLSLRV pWLFRV FRQWHQLGRV HQ VX 0DQXDO GH (VWLOR \ El Tiempo HGLWDGR HQ &XHQFD TXH GLVSRQH GH 0DQXDO GH (VWLOR FRQ XQ FDStWXOR GHGLFDGRDODpWLFD\DORVSULQFLSLRVGHOSHULRGLVWD\TXHSDUDFRQRFHUORWXYLPRVTXH VROLFLWDUOR H[SUHVDPHQWH DO GLUHFWRU GHO GLDULR 1R REVWDQWH KD\ TXH GHVWDFDU OD LQWHUHVDQWHLQLFLDWLYDGHHVWHGLDULRFXHQFDQRTXHUHDOL]DEDSHULyGLFDPHQWHWDOOHUHVGH pWLFD\GLDULDPHQWHDQDOL]DEDODHGLFLyQGHOSHULyGLFRSRQLHQGRpQIDVLVHQHODVSHFWR pWLFR (VWD IDOWD GH GLIXVLyQ GH ORV SULQFLSLRV pWLFRV DVXPLGRV SRU ORV SHULyGLFRV VH YHtD WDPELpQ HQ OD UDGLR \ OD WHOHYLVLyQ /D $VRFLDFLyQ (FXDWRULDQD GH 5DGLRGLIXVLyQ $(5 DSUREy HQ  XQD 'HFODUDFLyQ VREUH 3ULQFLSLRV GH eWLFD   SHUR HV HVFDVDPHQWHFRQRFLGDSXHVKDVWDQRGLVSRQtDGHSiJLQDZHE\HQSXEOLFy VXFyGLJRGHpWLFD3RUVXSDUWHKDVWDDKRUDOD$VRFLDFLyQGH&DQDOHVGH7HOHYLVLyQ $(&79QRHVYLVLEOHHQODZHEQLWDPSRFRVX&yGLJRGHeWLFDGHOD7HOHYLVLyQGHO (FXDGRUGHOFXDOVRORWHQHPRVFRQVWDQFLDSRUHOOLEURGH0LOWRQ6DOYDGRUHGLWDGRHQ $HVWRVGRVFyGLJRVVHVXPDHOHODERUDGRSRUODWHOHYLVLyQS~EOLFD(FXDGRU 79GHQRPLQDGR*XtD(GLWRULDOHODERUDGRHQ\DFFHVLEOHHQODZHE (VWDHVFDVDFXOWXUDGHDXWRUUHJXODFLyQSRUSDUWHGHORVPHGLRVORFRQVWDWDWDPELpQHO HVWXGLRGHOD81(6&2³$QiOLVLVGHO'HVDUUROOR0HGLiWLFRHQ(FXDGRU´HQHO TXHVHDILUPDTXHSHVHDTXHHOGHORVSHULRGLVWDVGLFHTXHVXPHGLRFXHQWDFRQ XQ FyGLJR GH pWLFD HO XVR \ GLIXVLyQ GH GLFKRV FyGLJRV QR HVWi JDUDQWL]DGR HQ OD SUiFWLFD \D TXH VROR HO  GH ORV GLUHFWLYRV GH PHGLRV UHFRQRFLHURQ TXH  &IU&pVDU5LFDXUWHHQFRQYHUVDFLyQSHUVRQDOHOGHPDU]RGH ,QIRUPDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDGDSRU5XEpQ'DUtR%XLWUyQHGLWRUHVSHFLDOGHOGLDULRExpresoHOGH PDU]RGH(QPDU]RGHHOPLVPRSHULRGLVWDQRVPDQLIHVWyTXHHQEUHYHHOGLDULRHGLWDUtDVX FyGLJRpWLFR (OGLUHFWRUHV3HGUR=DPEUDQRTXLHQQRVHQYLyHODSDUWDGRGHpWLFDGHOPDQXDOHOGHPDU]RGH  6HJ~QLQIRUPDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUHOHGLWRUJHQHUDOGHOGLDULR5LFDUGR7HOORHOGHPDU]RGH   &yGLJRV HQFRQWUDGRV HQ 0LOWRQ 6DOYDGRU  Comunicación Social. Leyes, Estatutos, Reglamentos y Códigos de Ética4XLWR(GLWRULDO4XLSXV&,(63$/SS 'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSZZZDHUHFVREUHDHUFRGLJRGHHWLFD&RQVXOWDKHFKDHO 6HJ~QFRQVXOWDKHFKDHOGHPDU]RGH 274  HQWUHJDEDQVXFyGLJRSDUDGLIXQGLUOR\GHHOORVWDQVRORXQGLUHFWLYRORSURSRUFLRQy GXUDQWHHOHVWXGLR &DEHPHQFLRQDUWDPELpQODILJXUDGHOombudsman RGHIHQVRUGHOOHFWRU HQ(FXDGRU TXHH[LVWLySRUSULPHUDYH]HQ(FXDGRUHQHQHOGLDULR+2<HGLWDGRHQ4XLWR KDVWDTXHGHVDSDUHFLyHOGHDJRVWRGH\HQXQFDQDOGHWHOHYLVLyQSULYDGR (FXDYLVD 3RU HO ombudsman GH +2< SDVDURQ UHFRQRFLGRV SURIHVLRQDOHV TXH SXEOLFDEDQXQDFROXPQDWRGRVORVGRPLQJRVHQODTXHUHDOL]DEDQXQDDXWRFUtWLFDVHULD H LQGHSHQGLHQWH D OD ODERU GHO GLDULR &RQWDED FRQ XQ (VWDWXWR TXH GHILQtD ODV FRQGLFLRQHVHLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHOGHIHQVRU3RUVXSDUWHHOGHIHQVRUGHOWHOHYLGHQWH GH (FXDYLVD IXH LQVWLWXLGR HQ VHSWLHPEUH GH  &XHQWD FRQ XQ SURJUDPD GHQRPLQDGR³7HOHYLGHQFLD´TXHVHHPLWHGHVGHHQHURGH 2WUDH[SHULHQFLDTXHFRQVWDHQODZHEGHO&RQVHMRGH5HJXODFLyQ\'HVDUUROORGHOD ,QIRUPDFLyQ \ &RPXQLFDFLyQ HV OD GHO FDQDO S~EOLFR (FXDGRU 79 TXH HQ  FRQIRUPyXQ&RQVHMR&RQVXOWLYRSDUDFDQDOL]DUODVVXJHUHQFLDVGHORVWHOHYLGHQWHV\ PHMRUDUVXSURJUDPDFLyQ (QODVLJXLHQWHWDEODUHFRJHPRVWRGRVORVFyGLJRVRGRFXPHQWRVH[LVWHQWHVDQWHVGHOD /2&YHUWDEOD  0HGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHFXDWRULDQRVFRQFyGLJRVpWLFRVDQWHVGHOD/2& &yGLJRVRSULQFLSLRVpWLFRV 2UJDQL]DFLyQ $xR GH FUHDFLyQ &DUiFWHU S~EOLFR 0DQXDOGHHVWLOR 'LDULR+2<  6t (VWDWXWRGHO'HIHQVRUGHO/HFWRU 'LDULR+2<  6t &yGLJRGHeWLFDGHO'HSDUWDPHQWR GH1RWLFLDV (FXDYLVD  1R 0DQXDOGHHVWLOR 'LDULR(O8QLYHUVR  1R &yGLJRGHeWLFD $VRFLDFLyQ (FXDWRULDQD GH 5DGLRGLIXVLyQ$(5  6t &yGLJR GH eWLFD GH OD 7HOHYLVLyQ GHO(FXDGRU $VRFLDFLyQ (FXDWRULDQD GH &DQDOHVGH7HOHYLVLyQ  1R &yGLJRGHeWLFD 'LDULR(O&RPHUFLR  6t &yGLJRGHeWLFD 'LDULRÒOWLPDV1RWLFLDV  6t 0DQXDOGH(VWLOR (O'LDULR0DQDEt  1R 0DQXDOGH(VWLOR (O7LHPSR&XHQFD  1R (VWDWXWR GHO 'HIHQVRU GHO WHOHYLGHQWH (FXDYLVD  1R *XtD(GLWRULDO (FXDGRU79  6t 7DEOD(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD  81(6&2$QiOLVLVGHO'HVDUUROOR0HGLiWLFRHQ(FXDGRU81(6&24XLWRDSDUWDGR &S (VWDWXWRGHO'HIHQVRUGHO/HFWRUGH+2<SURSRUFLRQDGRSRU'LHJR$UDXMR6iQFKH]6XEGLUHFWRU (GLWRULDOGH+2<\H['HIHQVRUGHO/HFWRUHOGHPDU]RGH 'DWRV SURSRUFLRQDGRVSRU &pVDU 5LFDXUWH'HIHQVRUGHO 7HOHYLGHQWHGH(FXDYLVD \ SURGXFWRUGH ³7HOHYLGHQFLD´HOGHHQHURGH 275   (VWDV IHFKDV VH UHILHUHQ DO DxR HQ TXH OD DXWRUD FRQRFLy OD H[LVWHQFLD GH HVWRV GRFXPHQWRV SXHV DO QR VHU S~EOLFRV QR VH SXGR REWHQHU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH VX DxR GH FUHDFLyQ  0HWRGRORJtD 3DUDGHVFULELU\DQDOL]DUODVLWXDFLyQGHRQWROyJLFDGHORVPHGLRVHFXDWRULDQRVDSDUWLU GH OD DSUREDFLyQ GH OD /2& HO  GH MXQLR GH  KHPRV GHOLPLWDGR HO HVWXGLR JHRJUiILFDPHQWHDODVGRVFLXGDGHVPiVJUDQGHV*XD\DTXLO\4XLWR\DFDSLWDOHVGH SURYLQFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYDV FRPR 6DQWR 'RPLQJR ,EDUUD 7XOFiQ 5LREDPED \ /RMD (QWUHWRGDVHOODVVHUHFRJHHOSDQRUDPDGHODVUHJLRQHVGHODVLHUUD\GHODFRVWDSRU OR TXH DxDGLPRV ODV FLXGDGHV GH 3X\R \ 0DFDV UHSUHVHQWDWLYDV GH OD UHJLyQ DPD]yQLFD 6H KL]R XQ FHQVR GH ORV SHULyGLFRV UHYLVWDV UDGLRV\WHOHYLVLRQHV H[LVWHQWHVFRQWUDVWDQGRODVSULQFLSDOHVIXHQWHVRILFLDOHVFRPROD6XSHULQWHQGHQFLDGH 7HOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ OD 6HFUHWDUtD 1DFLRQDO GH &RPXQLFDFLyQ FRQ XQ DQXDULR GH PHGLRVFUHDGRSRUOD873/&RURQHO(QHVWDWDUHDVHREVHUYyORFDPELDQWH GHOVHFWRUSRUORVGLYHUVRVPHGLRVTXHKDQLGRGHVDSDUHFLHQGRGHELGRDODVQXHYDV QRUPDVGHDVLJQDFLyQGHIUHFXHQFLDVHVWDEOHFLGDVWDQWRHQOD/2&FRPRHQODOH\GH 7HOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV 'HO OLVWDGR GH PHGLRV REWHQLGR VH IXH LGHQWLILFDQGR FXiOHV GLVSRQtDQGHXQFyGLJRGHRQWROyJLFRRGHFXDOTXLHURWURGRFXPHQWRFRQSULQFLSLRV\ QRUPDVpWLFDVORTXHLPSOLFyFRQWDFWDUVHGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQYDULRVGHHOORVTXHD~Q VRQ SRFR YLVLEOHV HQ OD ZHE 3RU RWUR ODGR VH LGHQWLILFDURQ ORV PHGLRV GLJLWDOHV H[LVWHQWHVHQWRGRHOSDtVTXHVHDQDOL]DSRUVHSDUDGRSRUVXFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDO\D HIHFWRVGHFRPSDUDUGDWRV  (Q FXDQWR DO DQiOLVLV FXDOLWDWLYR VH KL]R VREUH XQD VHOHFFLyQ GH ORV FyGLJRV KDOODGRV DSOLFDQGR OD WpFQLFD GHO UHVXPHQ LQWHUSUHWDWLYR \ GH OD RSHUDWLYL]DFLyQ GH YDULDEOHV GH /D]DUVIHOG  S  TXH FRQVLVWH HQ SDVDU JUDGXDOPHQWH GH FRQFHSWRV R YDULDEOHV PiV DEVWUDFWDV D FRQFHSWRV R YDULDEOHV PiV FRQFUHWDV (Q QXHVWUR FDVR HO FRQFHSWR SULQFLSDO HUD TXH OD IRUPD GH FRQMXJDU OLEHUWDG \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHQODSUHQVDHVDWUDYpVGHODGHIHQVDGHOGHUHFKRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ\ GHORVPHFDQLVPRVGHDXWRFRQWURO(VWDLGHDODGHVFRPSXVLPRVHQFLQFRFULWHULRVR DVSHFWRVHVSHFtILFRVTXHVRQ/DPLVLyQGHOSHULRGLVPRHVVHUYLUDOGHUHFKRDOD LQIRUPDFLyQ/DFRQGLFLyQSDUDVHUYLUDOGHUHFKRDODLQIRUPDFLyQHVODOLEHUWDG (OGHEHUIXQGDPHQWDOGHOSHULRGLVWDHVGHFLUODYHUGDG(OOtPLWHHVHOUHVSHWRDOD GLJQLGDGKXPDQD\/DJDUDQWtDGHODXWRFRQWUROHVODH[LVWHQFLDGHPHFDQLVPRVTXH ORWXWHOHQ/RVFXDWURSULPHURVFULWHULRVHVWiQEDVDGRVHQORVHMHVHQTXH'DQLHO&RUQX SS\VVHVWUXFWXUDDORVFyGLJRV\TXHGHSHQGLHQGRGHOHQIRTXHH[SUHVDQ XQD GHWHUPLQDGD IRUPD GH FRQFHELU OD SURIHVLyQ SHULRGtVWLFD \ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ $xDGLPRV XQ TXLQWR FULWHULR GH DQiOLVLV UHIHULGR D ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH DXWRFRQWURO FRPRJDUDQWtDGHODHILFDFLDGHORVFyGLJRV6HJ~Q0DQXHO1~xH](QFDERS UHGDFWRUGHO&yGLJR(XURSHRGH'HRQWRORJtD3HULRGtVWLFDGHQRVHSXHGH KDEODU GH GHRQWRORJtD VL QR H[LVWHQ DGHPiV GH FyGLJRV DOJXQRV PHFDQLVPRV \ VDQFLRQHVTXHH[LMDQVXFXPSOLPLHQWR(QFRKHUHQFLDFRQODSHUVSHFWLYDGHIHQGLGDHQ QXHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ OD H[LVWHQFLD GH DOJXQD IRUPD GH DSOLFDU\WXWHODUHO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ORV FyGLJRV DVt FRPR GH HVWDEOHFHU ODV VDQFLRQHV PRUDOHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV HV D QXHVWUR MXLFLR XQD HYLGHQFLD FODUD GH TXH GLFKRV FyGLJRV DVXPHQHOHQIRTXHGHODXWRFRQWURO\GHOGHUHFKRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ)LQDOPHQWHGH HVRVFLQFRFULWHULRVVHGHVSUHQGLHURQVXEFULWHULRV 276   5HVXOWDGRV /RVUHVXOWDGRVORJUDGRVVRQGHRUGHQFXDQWLWDWLYR\FXDOLWDWLYRSRUHOORORVVHSDUDPRV HQHVWDVGRVFDWHJRUtDV 1~PHUR\SRUFHQWDMHGHPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQFyGLJRVGHRQWROyJLFRVR GRFXPHQWRVVLPLODUHV 3DUD GHWHFWDU (O FHQVR GH PHGLRV UHDOL]DGR \ OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH FyGLJRV pWLFRV VH UHIOHMDHQODVLJXLHQWHWDEOD  0HGLRVHVFULWRV\DXGLRYLVXDOHVSRUFLXGDGHV TXHFXHQWDQFRQFyGLJRVGHRQWROyJLFRV 4XLWR *XD\DTX LO 6DQWR 'RPLQJR ,EDUUD 7XOFiQ 5LRED PED /RMD 3X\R 0DFDV 7RWDO  0HGLRV ,PSUHVRV            FRQ&'                SHULyGLFRV           FRQ&'            UHYLVWDV   VG VG VG VG VG VG VG  FRQ&'   VG VG VG VG VG VG VG    5DGLRV           FRQ&'                      79 VG VG         FRQ&' VG VG           7DEOD(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD  /R SULPHUR TXH OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ GH ORV GDWRV REWHQLGRV HV HO FRQWUDVWH HQWUH OD VLWXDFLyQ DQWHV \ GHVSXpV GH OD /2& (Q FXDQWR D PHGLRV LPSUHVRVKDEtDVHLV SHULyGLFRVHQHOSDtVTXHGLVSRQtDQGHXQFyGLJRpWLFRRXQGRFXPHQWRVLPLODUIUHQWH DORVSHULyGLFRVTXHDFWXDOPHQWHORWLHQHQ6LVXPDPRVODVUHYLVWDVQRVGDXQWRWDO GHSXEOLFDFLRQHVTXHHQHVWHPRPHQWR\DFXHQWDQFRQVXFyGLJRGHRQWROyJLFRHQ ODVQXHYHFLXGDGHVDQDOL]DGDV 5HVSHFWR GH OD UDGLR HO GHVSHJXH GHRQWROyJLFR HV WRGDYtD PiV OODPDWLYR 6L H[FHSWXDPRV HO &yGLJR GH eWLFD GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ (FXDWRULDQD GH 5DGLRGLIXVLyQ $(5GHTXHDIHFWDEDDWRGDVODVUDGLRVDILOLDGDVDVtFRPRHOFDVRGH5DGLR 4XLWRGHO*UXSR(O&RPHUFLRTXHDGRSWDEDHOFyGLJRGHpWLFDGHOPLVPRSRGHPRV DILUPDU TXH  ODV UDGLRV QR WHQtDQ FyGLJRV GH pWLFD SURSLRV R DO PHQRV QR HUDQ S~EOLFRV'HVGHODDSUREDFLyQGHOD/2&HOVHFWRUUDGLRKDVLGRXQRGHORVTXHPiV UiSLGRKDHODERUDGRHLQFRUSRUDGRFyGLJRVSXHVWRTXHHOGHODVHVWDFLRQHVGH ODVQXHYHFLXGDGHVDQDOL]DGDV\DORWLHQHQ (Q FXDQWR D OD WHOHYLVLyQ VROR VH KDQ REWHQLGR GDWRV GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR ,EDUUD 7XOFiQ 5LREDPED /RMD 3X\R \ 0DFDV TXH VXPDQ XQ WRWDO GH  FDQDOHV GH 277  WHOHYLVLyQHQWUHWHOHYLVLyQDELHUWD\SRUVXVFULSFLyQ\GHHOORVQXHYHGLVSRQHQGHXQ FyGLJRpWLFRORFXDOHVXQLPSRUWDQWHQ~PHUR 6L KDFHPRV XQD FRPSDUDFLyQ GH OD H[SDQVLyQ GH ORV FyGLJRV SRU PHGLR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQYHUHPRVTXHODUDGLRHVODPiVDYHQWDMDGD\DTXHXQGHODV HPLVRUDVGHODVQXHYHFLXGDGHVFXHQWD\DFRQXQFyGLJRpWLFRRXQGRFXPHQWRFRQ SULQFLSLRV\QRUPDVpWLFDV/HVLJXHQORVPHGLRVLPSUHVRVSXHVWRTXHHOGHORV SHULyGLFRV \ UHYLVWDV GLVSRQHQ GH FyGLJR pWLFR 5HVSHFWR D OD WHOHYLVLyQ HQ HVWH HVWXGLRKHPRVDQDOL]DGRHOFDVRGHVHLVFLXGDGHVHQODVFXDOHVHOSURPHGLRGHFDQDOHV FRQXQFyGLJRHVGHO 3RURWUDSDUWHDQDOL]DQGRODVGRVFLXGDGHVSULQFLSDOHVODVLWXDFLyQGHVXSUHQVDHV VLPLODUHQFXDQWRDODDGRSFLyQGHFyGLJRVpWLFRVFRQXQGHPHGLRVHQ4XLWR\ XQHQ*XD\DTXLOSHURHQHOVHFWRUUDGLRHOGHHPLVRUDVGH4XLWRFXHQWDQ FRQ FyGLJRV IUHQWH DO  GH HPLVRUDV GH *XD\DTXLO /ODPD OD DWHQFLyQ TXH HQ FLXGDGHVPHQRUHVFRPR6DQWR'RPLQJRH,EDUUDODH[SDQVLyQGHORVFyGLJRVHQOD UDGLR\DKD\DDOFDQ]DGRXQ\XQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH &RQWHQLGR GHRQWROyJLFR GH ORV FyGLJRV GH pWLFD GH ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ 7UDVHODQiOLVLVFXDQWLWDWLYRDQDOL]DPRVORVFRQWHQLGRVGHFDGDFyGLJRGHDTXHOORV SXEOLFDGRVHQODZHE\GHWHFWDPRVXQKHFKRVLQWRPiWLFR\HVODIDOWDGHRULJLQDOLGDG \ UHIOH[LyQ SURSLD SRU SDUWH GH ORV PHGLRV 8Q EXHQ Q~PHUR OR TXH KDQ KHFKR HV WUDQVFULELUORVSULQFLSLRV\ ODV QRUPDV GHRQWROyJLFDV TXHGLFWDOD /H\2UJiQLFDGH &RPXQLFDFLyQ (QHOVLJXLHQWHFXDGURUHIOHMDPRVHOFRQWHQLGRGHORVFyGLJRVGHORVPHGLRVLPSUHVRV GH5LREDPED7XOFiQ/RMD0DFDV,EDUUD\4XLWR &yGLJRVpWLFRVGHORVPHGLRVLPSUHVRV &LXGDG 0HGLR 7LSR 'RFXPHQWR IHFKD DSUREDFLyQ FRQWHQLGR HQODFH 5LREDPED /D3UHQVD SHULyGLFR &yGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  XQ FRSLDGHOD /2& WWSLVVXXFRPODSUHQVDFKLPERUD]RGRFVHGLFLRQLPSUHVD 7XOFiQ /D+RUD SHULyGLFR &yGLRGH eWLFD  PX\EUHYH \JHQHUDO KWWSZZZODKRUDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRWLFLDVVKRZ /RMD /D+RUD SHULyGLFR &yGLJRGH eWLFD  PX\EUHYH \JHQHUDO KWWSZZZODKRUDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRWLFLDVVKRZ /RMD &UyQLFD SHULyGLFR &yGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSZZZFURQLFDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRVRWURVFRGLJRGHRQWRORJLFR 0DFDV /D 5DQGLPSD SHULyGLFR &yGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR   FRSLDGH RWUR FyGLJR FRSLD GHOD/2& KWWSZZZUDQGLPSDFRPLQGH[SKSFRGJRGHRQWRORJLFR ,EDUUD (O1RUWH SHULyGLFR &yGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSZZZHOQRUWHHFF&%GLJRGHRQWRO&%JLFRKWPO ,EDUUD /D+RUD SHULyGLFR &yGLRGH eWLFD  PX\EUHYH \JHQHUDO KWWSZZZODKRUDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRWLFLDVVKRZ 4XLWR (O &RPHUFLR SHULyGLFR &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR ÒOWLPDV 1RWLFLDV SHULyGLFR &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR /D+RUD SHULyGLFR &yGLJRGH eWLFD  PX\EUHYH \JHQHUDO KWWSZZZODKRUDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRWLFLDVVKRZ9.VG0FP RR 4XLWR *HVWLyQ UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  &RSLDGH OD/2& KWWSZZZUHYLVWDJHVWLRQHFZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV&&%GLJR 'HRQWRO&%JLFR5HYLVWD*HVWL&%QSGI 4XLWR 0XQGR GLQHUV UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  &RSLDGH OD/2& KWWSZZZUHYLVWDPXQGRGLQHUVFRPZS FRQWHQWXSORDGV&&%GLJR'HRQWRO&%JLFR5HYLVWD 0XQGR'LQHUVSGI 278  4XLWR 6RKR UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  &RSLDGH OD/2& KWWSZZZUHYLVWDVRKRFRPHFUHYLVWDVRKRHFXDGRUZS FRQWHQWXSORDGV&&%GLJR'HRQWRO&%JLFR5HYLVWD 6RKR(FXDGRUSGI 4XLWR &ODYH UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  &RSLDGH OD/2& KWWSZZZFODYHFRPHF &&',*2B'(2172/&*,&2KWPO 4XLWR &DUDV UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  &RSLDGH OD/2& KWWSFDUDVFRPHFGRFXPHQWRV5(*/$0(172B,17(512SGI 4XLWR /XFHV UHYLVWD FyGLJRGH pWLFD  PX\EUHYH \JHQHUDO KWWSZZZODKRUDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRWLFLDVVKRZ9/<+.VOVZ < 4XLWR (FXDGRU GHEDWH UHYLVWD FyGLJRGH pWLFD  PX\EUHYH \JHQHUDO KWWSZZZODKRUDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRWLFLDVVKRZ9/<+.VOVZ < 4XLWR $UWHV UHYLVWD FyGLJRGH pWLFD  PX\EUHYH \JHQHUDO KWWSZZZODKRUDFRPHFLQGH[SKSQRWLFLDVVKRZ9/<+.VOVZ < 4XLWR )DPLOLD UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR 3DQGLOOD UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR /tGHUHV UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR &DUEXUDQG R UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR *DWRSDUGR UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR $UWHGXFDUW H UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR (GXF#FFL RQ UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I 4XLWR 8OWLPLWDV UHYLVWD FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  3URSXHVWD SURSLD KWWSHVSHFLDOHVHOFRPHUFLRFRPFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRFRGLJRBGHRQWRORJLFRSG I  $TXtYHPRVTXHVLHWHGHORVFyGLJRVGHODSUHQVDDQDOL]DGRVVRQHQVXWRWDOLGDG RSDUFLDOPHQWHWUDQVFULSFLyQGHOD/2&RWURVVLHWHFyGLJRVORVGHOGLDULR/D+RUD \VXVGLVWLQWDVHGLFLRQHVUHJLRQDOHV\ODVUHYLVWDVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDOJUXSRVRQGH HODERUDFLyQSURSLDSHURXQGRFXPHQWREDVWDQWHHVFXHWR\SREUHHQFRQWHQLGRSRU ~OWLPRHVWiHOGLDULR(O&RPHUFLR\ODVGLVWLQWDVSXEOLFDFLRQHVDVRFLDGDVGLH]HQ WRWDO TXH WLHQHQ XQ FyGLJR DPSOLR \ GH HODERUDFLyQ SURSLD TXH DQDOL]DPRV HQ GHWDOOH PiV DGHODQWH 'RV GLDULRV ORFDOHV FXHQWDQ WDPELpQ FRQ FyGLJRV GH HODERUDFLyQSURSLD(QUHVXPHQHOGHFyGLJRVVRQELHQWUDQVFULSFLyQGHOD /2&RWH[WRVGHSRFRFRQWHQLGR (QFXDQWRDODUDGLRHQHOVLJXLHQWHFXDGURVHUHIOHMDQORVFyGLJRVGHODVUDGLRV &yGLJRVpWLFRVGHODVUDGLRV &LXGDG 0HGLR 'RFXPHQWR )HFKD DSUREDFLyQ &RQWHQLGR (QODFH 5LREDPED 5LREDPED 6WHUHR )0 FyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSZZZULREDPEDVWHUHRFRPHF&2',*2B'(2172/2*,&2B5,2%$0%$ B67(5(2SGI &XHQFD H[FHOHQFLD UDGLR &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  PX\JHQHUDOFXDWUR SULQFLSLRV ZZZH[FHOHQFLDUDGLRFRP &XHQFD 5DGLR(O 0HUFXULR &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRQWHQLGRSURSLR KWWSZZZUDGLRHOPHUFXULRFRPHFFRGLJR &XHQFD UDGLRN &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR . VI FRQWHQLGR SURSLR KWWSUDGLRNFRPVLWHFRGLJRGHRQWRORJLFR\SROLWLFDHGLWRULDO &XHQFD 5DGLR 6SOHQGLG &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR VI LJXDOTXH5DGLRN KWWSZZZUDGLRVSOHQGLGFRPHFVLWHFRGLJRGHRQWRORJLFR &XHQFD 5DGLR 9LVyQ DP &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR VI FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSFDGHQDUDGLDOYLVLRQFRPGHRQWRORJLFDV$0SGI &XHQFD 5DGLR 9LVyQ )0 &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR VI FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSFDGHQDUDGLDOYLVLRQFRPGHRQWRORJLFDV)0SGI &XHQFD :UDGLR &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR VI LJXDOTXHUDGLRN KWWSZUDGLRFRPHFVLWHSROLWLFDHGLWRULDO 279  &XHQFD )0 5DGLRDFWLY D &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR VI FRSLDGHOD/2&  &XHQFD 6~SHU &yGLJRGH eWLFD VI 7RPDGRGHOFyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFRGHO ([FHOVLRUGH 0p[LFR\DGDSWDGR KWWSZZZVXSHUFRPGRFVFRGLJRVXSHUSGI &XHQFD 5DGLR 7RPHEDP ED &yGLJReWLFR VI 7RPDGRGHOFyGLJR GHRQWROyJLFRGHO ([FHOVLRUGH 0p[LFR\DGDSWDGR KWWSZZZODYR]GHOWRPHEDPEDFRP$UFKLYR&&%GLJRGHRQWRO&%J LFRDVS[ &XHQFD 0iJLFD  &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR VI FRSLDGHOD /2& KWWSZZZPDJLFDFRPYFRGLJRSKS &XHQFD &yPSOLFH )0 &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD /2& KWWSFRPSOLFHIPFRPZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVFRGLJRSGI 7XOFiQ 0DWLFHV &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFRR GH&RQGXFWD VI GHOD/2& KWWSZZZUWXQRWLFLDVFRPFRGLJRV&2',*2B'(2172/2*,&2B2B'(B&21 '8&7$B'(B5$',2B0$7,&(6BBSGI 7XOFiQ 7XOFiQ )0 &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSZZZUDGLRWXOFDQIPFRP&2',*2'(21757HSGI 7XOFiQ 5DGLR 2QGDV &DUFKHQVH V &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSZZZRQGDVFDUFKHQVHVFRP&2',*2'(2172/2*,&25$',221'$6& $5&+(16(6)0SGI 7XOFiQ $PpULFD &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSDPHULFDHVWHUHRFRP&2',*2'(2172/2*,&2$0(5,&$SGI 7XOFiQ 7URSLFDQD +' &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD /2& KWWSZZZWURSLFDQDKGQHW7523,&$1$67(5(23')SGI 3X\R 3X\R )0 &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD /2& QRSXEOLFDGRHQODZHE 3X\R 7ULFRORU )0 &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRQWHQLGRSURSLR KWWSUDGLRWULFRORUIPFRPLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWHQWYLHZ DUWLFOHLG  ,WHPLG  ,EDUUD 5DGLR $FWLYD &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSUDGLRDFWLYDLEDUUDFRPLQGH[SKSFRGLJR GHRQWRORJLFR ,EDUUD /D 3UHPLHU )0 &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  GHOD/2& KWWSZZZODSUHPLHUIPFRP"SDJHBLG  ,EDUUD 5DGLR ,PSHULR &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  GHOD/2& KWWSZZZODSUHPLHUIPFRP"SDJHBLG  ,EDUUD 5DGLR/D 9R]GHORV /DJRV &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRQWHQLGRSURSLR KWWSZZZHOQRUWHHFF&%GLJRGHRQWRO&%JLFRKWPO ,EDUUD 5DGLR 9RF~ &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSZZZUDGLRYRFXFRPROGYRFXFRGLJR&2',*2B'(2172/2*,&2 SGI ,EDUUD 5DGLR $PpULFD &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  GHOD/2& KWWSDPHULFDHVWHUHRFRP&2',*2'(2172/2*,&2$0(5,&$SGI ,EDUUD 5DGLR XQLYHUVLWDU LD &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR GHWY\UDGLR XQLYHUVLWDULD 871  FRQWHQLGRSURSLR\ GHOD/2& KWWSZZZXWQHGXHFZHESRUWDOLPDJHVGRF XWQ&RGLJRB'HRQWRORJLFRB879B5$',2SGI /RMD 3RGHU &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  GHOD/2& KWWSZZZUDGLRSRGHUIPQHW32'(5SGI /RMD 5DGLR 6~SHU /DVHU &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRSLDGHOD/2& KWWSZZZVXSHUODVHUIPFRPHFSUXHEDLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWHQWYLHZ DUWLFOHLG ,WHPLG  /RMD /RMD &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR  FRQWHQLGRSURSLR KWWSZZZUDGLRORMDFRPFRGLJRGHRQWRORJLFR /RMD 2QGDVGH (VSHUDQ]D &yGLJR 'HRQWROyJLFR VI GHOD/2& KWWSZZZHVSHUDQ]DSDUDORMDRUJLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWHQWYLHZ DUWLFOH LG TXLHQHVVRPRVFDWLG ,WHPLG   (VQRWRULRHQHOFDVRGHORVFyGLJRVpWLFRVGHODVUDGLRVGH5LREDPED&XHQFD 7XOFiQ3X\R,EDUUD\/RMDTXHGHORVDQDOL]DGRVVHDQHQVXWRWDOLGDGRHQ XQ DOWR SRUFHQWDMH WUDQVFULSFLyQ GH OD /2& \ TXH VROR VHLV FyGLJRV VHDQ GH HODERUDFLyQ SURSLD 6XEUD\DPRV WDPELpQ HO KHFKR GH TXH YDULRV FyGLJRV VHDQ LGpQWLFRVXQRVDRWURV 280