Toponimia de Manila desde 1898

Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX TOPONYMY OF MANILA SINCE 1898 TOPONIMIA DE MANILA DESDE 1898 Marco Antonio Joven Romero Hanoi University majovenromero@ ust .edu .ph ORCID: 0000-0002-8898-3325 Recibido: 29-06-2022 Aceptado: 14-10-2022 Abstract Hispanic toponymy is common in Manila and the Philippines due to historical reasons. In the following pages, I show the changes of place names present in the historical City of Manila at the end of the Spanish colonial rule in 1898, and the results are analyzed in terms of preservation and linguistic filiation: English, Spanish, Tagalog, and other languages. Defining and proper place names are distinguished, and it is concluded that 54.79% proper place names have disappeared, while 45.21% are preserved. New place names substituting disappeared proper place names tend to be Hispanic eponyms due to cultural, historical, and social reasons. Keywords: Filipino linguistics, Spanish in the Philippines, Filipiniana. Resumen La toponimia hispánica es común en Manila y Filipinas debido a razones históricas. En las siguientes páginas, muestro la evolución de los topónimos de la ciudad histórica de Manila desde el final del periodo colonial español en 1898, y analizo los resultados en términos de preservación y filiación lingüística: español, inglés, tagalo, y otras lenguas. Se diferencia entre sustantivos propios y comunes, y se concluye que el 54,79% de los topónimos han desaparecido, mientras que un 45,21% se han preservado. Los nuevos topónimos que sustituyen a los desaparecidos tienden a ser hispánicos, por motivos culturales, históricos y sociales. Palabras clave: Lingüística filipina, español en Filipinas, Filipiniana. 1. Introduction The historical City of Manila comprises an area of 42.88 km2 and it had a population of 1,780,148 people in 2015 (Census of Population [CP], 2015). It is one of the cities that forms the National Capital Region of the Philippines, popularly known ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 56 as Metro Manila, constituted by a total of 16 cities and one municipality, spreading over 619.57 km2, with a population of more than 12.8 million people in 2015 (CP, 2015). In 2020 it is estimated it has more than 14 million people. These cities and municipality form an urban continuum that extends over the surrounding provinces comprising more than 25 million people and being one of the largest urban areas in the world (Demographia World Urban Areas, 2022:23). In 1903, the historical City of Manila had a population of 219,928 people and Metro Manila had a population of 330,345 people (Stinner y Bacol-Montilla, 1981:8). The Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule between 1571 and 1898, after some previous expeditions. Manila was founded by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1571 over previous settlements influenced by local peoples, Hokkien Chinese traders, and the Sultanate of Brunei. The Hispanic influence in Manila started in the second half of the 16th century and extended until the World War II, time after the American rule of the Philippines started in 1898. The Spanish occupation of the previous settlements and the city growth until the end of the 19th century introduced a vast number of Hispanic place names, but also some previous names were preserved (Lesho y Sippola, 2018; Quilis y Casado-Fresnillo, 2008). After the Spanish control of Manila, some of these names changed while others have remained (Berg y Vuolteenaho, 2009; Stolz y Warkne, 2016). In general, place names are coined according to social or geographical reasons. The latter usually describes the territory physical characteristics —e.g. Binondo (Tagalog Language Binundók: Hilly Terrain), Estero (Spanish Language: Channel). Social reasons are numerous and more complex, and they prevail in urban areas. Sometimes place names refer to working activities and guilds —e.g. Anloague (Tagalog Language Anluwagi: Carpenter), Arroceros (Spanish Language: Rice Cultivators, Rice Dealers)—, to influential people, religious entities, military buildings, and so on. For Spanish place names in urban areas of the Philippines, Quilis and Casado-Fresnillo (2008) offer the following taxonomy: names of saints, names of Spanish countries and cities, names of historical figures, historic dates, names of people related to Arts and Sciences, relevant people in the Philippine society including their given names and surnames, only given names or only surnames, names of flowers and plants, names of animals, abstract names, names of guilds and working activities, names derived from common names or adjectives, geographical names, poetic names and commercial names (pp. 544-550). Note that most of the place names stated in the map, and generally in all urban maps, are odonyms (e.g. Calle, Avenida [Street, Avenue]), although we also find a few geographical place names (e.g. Estero [Estuary]). Here I analyze the preservation and changes of place names in the historical city of Manila since the end of the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines in 1898. The changes of each place name are given, they are classified according to their preservation and their linguistic filiation, and finally, I focus on the new names ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 57 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 substituting non-preserved place names. Manila’s 1898 map (De Gamoneda, 1898) is the primary source and its data have been contrasted with other sources (Bach, 1920; Cavada y Méndez de Vigo, 1876; Gealogo, 2011; Medina, 1992; Reed, 1978). Note that De Gamoneda’s map has been squared for the sake of the location of items (see appendix A.1. Style Guidelines). For the linguistic and historical analysis of each historical item (appendix A.2. List), I especially consider the books Streets of Manila (Ira y Medina, 1977) and Daluyan: A Historical Dictionary of the Streets of Manila (NHIP, 2006), without disregarding other publications (Lesho y Sippola, 2018; Medina, 1992; Quilis y Casado-Fresnillo, 2008). I also use the information on contemporary Spanish place names in Metro Manila given by 803 surveys all over the urban area, my personal fieldwork, and contemporary sources (GoogleMaps, n.d.; Jersey, 2011). Field data have been obtained between 2017 and 2020. After this Introduction, in section 2. Considerations Before the Analysis, I give some practical considerations for a better understanding, paying special attention to Eponyms. In section 3. Analysis, the results are studies according to preservation and linguistic criteria, while in section 4. Discussion such analysis is discussed. Finally, in section 5 I extract some Conclusions. In appendix A, I individually study the whole list of historical place names. First, in A.1, I describe the style used for the place names list, explaining each item, and offering as much information as possible in the easiest way. Then, in A.2, all the place names found in Manila’s 1898 map (De Gamoneda, 1898) are listed and studied, having a total of 373 entries but considering 376 names, as the map indicates a pair of names for three entries. These names have been contrasted with other sources (Bach, 1920; Cavada y Méndez de Vigo, 1876; Ira y Medina, 1977; NHIP, 2006). 2. Considerations Before the Analysis The main goal of the present study is to analyze the preservation and linguistic characterization of place names in Manila dated back to 1898. I consider the toponym’s proper noun and not the defining common noun -i.e., for Calle Bilbao, I take into consideration the proper noun Bilbao. It must be noted that Spanish defining place names have been substituted by English equivalents: Avenue, Bay, Bridge, Church [Spanish Language Iglesia is less common], Drive, Fort, Market, Street, River [Tagalog Language Ilog is less common], Road. The exceptions are Estero ―Spanish word for channel, estuary―, Isla ―Isla de Convalencia, Isla de Romero― and defining names related religious anthroponyms: Niño, Nuestra, Padre, San, Santo, Santa, Señora. Plaza is coincident in Spanish and English. If a place name is not preserved for the same place or for a close related place, then I study its linguistic variation —note that the specificity ‘Not preserved’ between square brackets in the Current Name section refers to the physical entity, not the linguistic item. The current corresponding entity and place name is stated, even when both name and place may have changed: Hotel de Oriente was removed and Tytana ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 58 Plaza was built in its place; then, I establish that the Hispanic Hotel de Oriente has been substituted by the Chinese Tytana —from the Chinese surnames Ty and Tan. Only in a few cases I consider place names to be totally disappeared with no current preservation: Calzada de Ligiro, Cementerio [A3 A4], Cordelería, Dulumbayan, Talleres, Traída de Aguas, Tranvía a Malabón. In the cases of Calle Vivas and C.P. Canin, places are still preserved but transformed into unnamed tiny alleys. Calzada de Ligiro was not preserved, and the nearest and most similar street is Quirino Avenue, but they do not correspond, and the name Ligiro disappeared. Traída de Aguas is not preserved, and I take Calle de Sande and not Tranvía a Malabón to be the origins of current Nicolás Zamora Street. Talleres, Cordelería, and Cementerio [A3 A4] are occupied by compounds or slums with no distinctive corresponding name. Dulumbayan channel is drained, and its name is lost both for the channel and the surrounding area. Some names are not preserved in the original place but in the surroundings. Sometimes, names appear in adjunct places: Santiago Street is not in its initial location but in a close perpendicular street, current Concordia Bridge does not correspond to map’s Puente de la Concordia but to a very close bridge in the same district of Concordia, Calle Malacañán is now Jose Laurel Street but the place name Malacañang is preserved for the close presidential palace. For these cases, the name is classified as preserved, as there is a territorial and historical connection between the ancient and the new entities. Some other times, same names appear in different places of the current Manila: historical Calle Divisoria, Palumpong, or Umbuyan are not related to current Divisoria, Palumpong, and Umbuyan. For these cases, I consider the names not to be preserved. Some old places have split into several entities and names. Calle Looban has split into Mahatma Gandhi Street and Angel Linao Street, Timbugan Street is now Fugoso Street and Tomas Mapua Street, or Calle Magdalena is now Bambang Street and Masangkay Street. Similarly, Estación Central del Ferrocarril a Dagupan, even if it is still a unity, is now known as Divisoria Station or Tutuban Station. For these cases, I consider all the new names. As a result, the sum of all the new names does not coincide with the number of ancient non-preserved names even when the differences are not significant. The map states a pair of names for three entries: Paseo de la Luneta o de Alfonso XII, Paseo de las Aguadas o de Vidal, and Paseo de Santa Lucía o de María Cristina. As a result, there is a total of 376 names in 1898’s map, but there are actually 373 entries. Luneta is preserved while Alfonso XII is not, neither Aguadas nor Vidal are preserved, and Santa Lucía is preserved in one of the gates to Intramuros but María Cristina is not. Pangasinan language appears in Dagupan —Pandaragupan: Meeting Point. However, as the whole nominal phrases where Dagupan appears are Estación Central del Ferrocarril a Dagupan and Línea de Dagupan a Manila, both entries are analyzed as Hispanic: Estación, Central, and Línea are not defining nouns but ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 59 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 necessary elements to designate the place. Following the same logic, Tranvía a Malabón is considered a Hispanic entry. Some other entries coincide in Tagalog language and other Philippine languages —e.g., Ilaya, Balate, Limasana. Spelling may offer some clues about Spanish phonetics and phonology in the Philippines at that time. Confusion and ambiguity between ‘ce’, ‘ci’, ‘z’ with ‘s’ are common: Gastambide, Gonzales, Legaspi, Urbistondo, but also the hypercorrection Farnecio. There is also a confusion between ‘r’ and ‘l’ in Colcuera, and between ‘c’ and ‘g’ in Gandara-Candara, where both solutions are given in 1898’s map. The latter is also found in the map’s Cunao, which corresponds to the present Gunao. There is also a confusion between ‘o’ and ‘u’ in Fulgueras, and we find the common Tagalog confusion ‘f’ and ‘p’ in P. Paura. Some other times, ambiguity finds its cause in typo style, typo mistakes, or different spelling standards. Diacritics are elided most of the times: many acute accents are forgotten —although they can be found in some cases they should not be: Rodriguez Árias [Rodríguez Arias]—, diaeresis in Echague [Echagüe], and ‘ñ’ tilde in the case of Penarubia [Peñarrubia], which also establishes the spelling ‘r’ for the alveolar trill, normatively spelled ‘rr’. Spellings Reyna and Aceyteros are found in Canal de la Reyna, Calle Reyna Cristina, and Aceyteros, and combination of preposition ‘de’ and female article ‘la’ is written together in Calle dela Asuncion [Calle de la Asunción], as it is done nowadays in the Filipino graphic representation of Spanish names. Finally, Calle Soledad in G4 is a mistake: it is recorded in other coetaneous documents as Calle Soldado, which is preserved (Bach 1920; Ira and Medina 1977:194). Most Iglesia are popularly preserved. Many times, the predominant defining name is Church —even when Iglesia is still recognized—, they are named together with the district they are located, and they usually acquire an Anglicized version as the official one: Santo Niño de Tondo vs Archdiocesan Shrine of Santo Niño de Tondo, El Nazareno Negro or Quiapo Church vs Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Nuestra Señora del Pilar or Santa Cruz Church vs Our Lady of the Pillar Parish, San Lorenzo Ruiz Church or Binondo Church vs Minor Basilica of Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, San Miguel Church or Malacañang Church vs Regal Parish and National Shrine of Saint Michael and the Archangels. On the other hand, Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Loreto Parish or Sampaloc Church is no longer known as Nuestra Señora de Loreto, while Santo Niño de Pandacan Parish or Pandacan Church, and San Fernando de Dilao Parish or Paco Church, are official and popular preserved names. Mercado is almost lost as a defining name. In other Philippine languages, it is still used as market or shop, while the Tagalog language Merkada is almost forgotten, at least in Metro Manila. Arroceros is no longer a market but a park, but the name is preserved. The Hispanic proper names for the map Mercado are historically preserved in the case of Arranque and Quinta: Mercado [Mercado in C3 D3] is now Arranque Market, and Mercado [Mercado in D3] is now Quinta Market and Fish Port. ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 60 However, the other close Mercado pointed in E3 near Quinta does not longer exist and it has been substituted by Gaisano Tower, a private building. All these Mercado are not considered to be preserved, as the linguistic Hispanic item printed in the map —i.e., Mercado— is lost both as a defining and a proper name, and the proper name is not coined in 1898’s map —except for Arroceros, which is taken to be preserved as a park. Puente is lost as a defining name. Some of the bridges have preserved historic proper names even when they have been rebuilt, others have changed the name while being rebuilt, and others totally disappeared, and with them, their names. Preserved place names for bridges are Ayala, Blanco [In Disuse], Pretil [now Pritil], Concordia [in a close bridge], San Marcelino, Meysic, and Tutuban [In Disuse]. Quinta is not preserved in the bridge itself but in an adjunct market in D3. On the contrary, Azcárraga, Chinesco, Colgante, Debunao, España, Iris, Joló, Magdalena, Palomar, Prin, San Pedro, and Santa Cruz, they are lost. As a tendency, the largest and most important bridges have changed their names, while the small bridges, if preserved, they tend to keep their historical names too. Finally, some names are labelled ‘In Disuse’. They are recognized by elderly people, usually low-class elderlies who have lived in the area their entire lives, but they are not commonly used: Canal de la Reina instead Estero de la Reina, Puente Blanco, Puente Tutuban, Tanduay. 2.1. Eponyms Eponyms, and specially surnames, deserve special consideration. There are historical Hispanic and Tagalog eponyms in the map —the specific case of Limasana can be interpreted from Tagalog language and from other Philippine languages—, while nowadays in the corresponding places we can find English, Hispanic, and Tagalog names, as well as the Arabic Rajah Sulayman, the Chinese Tytana, the German Blumentritt, the Hindi Mahatma Gandhi, and the probable Cebuano Lapu-Lapu. I consider Raxa Matanda a Tagalog toponym (Almario, 2003; Joaquin, 1990). Hispanic eponyms do not constitute a linguistic unity, but they correspond to different Spanish, European, and even African languages. There are several Basque eponyms —Arlegui, Basco, Echagüe, Elizondo, Ezpeleta, Elcano, Goiti, Urbiztondo, and so on— and there is also the Hispanized Magallanes from the Portuguese explorer Magalhães. Lacoste seems to be originally Occitan or French, and digging deep into some names’ origins, David is a Hebrew name, Numancia seems to be Celtic, Tetuán is the Hispanized form of the original Berber Tittawin, and Gavey [Galvey] is a Hispanic eponym with Irish roots referring to the Spanish lieutenant-colonel Guillermo Galvey. Similar for Tagalog classification, Limasana seems to come from the Filipino eponym Limasawa, likely to be Cebuano but assumed in Tagalog. It is not the goal of this research to explain the origins or to give a meaning for these names, but to classify them, and to observe their variation in relation ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 61 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 with Hispanic colonization and Tagalog roots. Finally, some surnames are hispanized forms of Hokkien Chinese eponyms deeply rooted in the Philippine’s Hispanic history and society: Quiotan in the historical map, or nowadays, Quezon, Gaisano, Lacson, and Ongpin. Note that I consider Tytana a Chinese name, as it comes from Madame Ty-Tan, a woman born in China in 1908 who migrated to the Philippines in 1946. 3. Analysis There are 376 linguistic items in Manila’s 1898 map. 206 of them are preserved (54.79%), while 170 are not (45.21%). For the non-preserved place names, we have 166 new place names, 123 of them are Hispanic (74.1%), 31 are English (18.67%), 8 are Tagalog (4.82%), and 4 correspond to other languages (2.41%). The difference between the number of non-preserved names and the new names is explained as some entities and their names have disappeared, while others have split into different parts and names. There are 320 Hispanic historic place names in Manila’s 1898 map: 168 are preserved (52.5%) while 152 are not (47.5%). Non-preserved names have been replaced by 147 new names: 108 new Hispanic names (73.47%), 31 new English names (21.09%), 6 new Tagalog names (4.08%), and 2 new names corresponding to other languages (1.36%). There are 53 Tagalog historic place names in Manila’s 1898 map: 38 (71.7%) are preserved while 15 are not (28.3%). Non-preserved names have been replaced by 16 new names: 13 new Hispanic names (81.25%), 2 new Tagalog names (12.5%), and the Hindi name Mahatma Gandhi for the former Looban (6.25%). Manila’s 1898 map shows three Hokkien Chinese place names: Calle de Joló, Puente Joló, and Calle de Sangleyes. These names were substituted by the Hispanic Juan Luna (twice: 66.66%) and the German Blumentritt (33.33%). Hispanized Chinese mestizo surname Quiotan, has been substituted by the Hispanic Sales. Table 1 Quantitative evolution of historical toponymy of Manila according to 1898's map Total Preserved Not preserved New Hispanic New Tagalog New English New Others Total 376 206 170 123 8 31 4 Hispanic 320 168 152 108 6 31 2 Tagalog 53 38 15 13 2 0 1 Chinese 3 0 3 2 0 0 1 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 62 4. Discussion Toponyms depict the Geography, History, Linguistics, and Society of territories all over the world. In the Philippine case, there are four main linguistic groups for place names: local place names —in the case of Manila, Tagalog place names—, place names coined by former Chinese and Muslim communities, Spanish place names, and English place names. With the end of the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines and the beginning of the American rule (Blount, 1913; Manila Merchant’s Association, 1908), most defining place names were substituted by English equivalents: Avenue, Bay, Bridge, Church [Spanish Language Iglesia is less common], Drive, Fort, Market, Street, River [Tagalog Language Ilog is less common], Road. However, a bit more than half of the initial proper place names are preserved while the other half have changed. Tagalog perdured as the people’s language, historical Philippine dialect of Spanish language is almost lost in the whole country, and English established as the new lingua franca. Nowadays, Tagalog is the language of middle and low classes, while English is the common language for the rich districts of Metro Manila. Some upperclass people can hardly speak Tagalog (Lesada, 2017). Paradoxically, most of the new place names coined during the 20th century substituting the former historical place names are Hispanic (74.1%). New English proper names suppose a 18.67% of the total and new Tagalog place names only a 4.82% — note that I am not talking about all the new names appeared in the megapolis, but only about the ones substituting disappeared names stated in 1898’s map. The main reason is that new place names usually are anthroponyms referring to religious entities or people relevant for the formation of the Philippine nation during the last part of the 19th century and the 20th century —artists, intellectuals, journalists, politicians. Most Filipinos and most of these influential people present Hispanic names, due to family history, religion influence, and especially, due to Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa Decree of 1849 stating that every Filipino must have a family name chosen among the established in the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos (Clavería y Zaldúa, 1849; also Caceres, 2010). Chinese place names deserve special attention. It is sometimes said that Hokkien Chinese community left no print in Manila’s and the Philippine’s place names (Lesho y Sippola, 2018:323). However, Manila’s 1898 map shows some Hokkien Chinese place names: Calle de Joló, Puente Joló, and Calle de Sangleyes. Joló comes from Ho Lâng, Good People, and Sangleyes comes from Siang Lai, Sang-Li: constantly coming, and from that, Chinese trader and Chinese person. These Chinese names were changed by the Hispanic Juan Luna (twice: 66.66%) and the German Blumentritt (33.33%). We may also consider here the Hispanized Chinese mestizo surname Quiotan, substituted by the Hispanic Sales. However, in this analysis Quiotan is considered a Hispanic name for historical and cultural reasons in the Philippines’ context —as well as the new names Quezon, Gaisano, Lacson, and Ongpin, ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 63 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 and the original Irish Galvay. Chinese influence not only is depicted in Hokkien Chinese place names but also appears in Spanish and Tagalog place names referring the Chinese community: Meysic in Calle Meysic, Estero de Meysic, and Puente Meysic —Tagalog Language May Intsik: Place populated by Chinese people— and Puente Chinesco —Spanish Language: Chinese Bridge. All these names are in the historical Chinese area of Manila, north of the Pasig River (Chu, 2010; Klöter, 2011). Toponyms reflect geographical and social realities of territories. Urban place names tend to focus on social dimensions that are not neutral: they reflect the society and individualities of different times and communities, their political struggles, economic interests, and domination strategies (Berg y Vuolteenaho, 2009; Calvet, 1974: 79-86; Guillorel, 2008; Higman y Hudson, 2009: 18-19; Shohamy y Waksman, 2009: 313-315). Toponymy coining and evolution differ between different places. In the Hispanic case, American countries usually preserve and increase their Hispanic place names, different to what happens in Western Sahara (Stolz y Warnke, 2016). The former countries acquired a Hispanic culture as the national culture —most of the time, the culture of most of the population or the culture of the elites— while the latter did not. The Philippines is a different case in which some of the Hispanic elements are generally lost, like the Spanish language, while others are preserved. Among the preserved elements are eponyms and agionyms, which played a crucial role in toponymy coining during the 20th century, when the newly Philippine independent nation developed. 5. Conclusions Metro Manila’s toponymy linguistic characterization and evolution depicts the presence of Tagalog native people, former Chinese and Muslim settlers, and colonizers coming from Spain and the United States of America. Nowadays, these place names are combined with others coming from other languages and communities due to global trends. That happens in newly built areas but also in some names replacing historical toponyms —e.g. Mahatma Gandhi, which is the former Calle Looban. The evolution of Manila’s place names shows the tensions and developments of the communities that have established inside its borders. It also prints the political formation of a nation during the end of the 19th century and most of the 20th century: politicians, intellectuals, artists, and other people relevant to the new independent state occupy most of the present Manila map. A little more than half of the toponyms existing by the end of the 19th century have disappeared, and the substitution mostly affected former Hispanic place names. Paradoxically, most of the new substituting names are Hispanic anthroponyms, considered part of the living Filipino culture. ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 70 Calle Cervantes. Street. C2 D2 D3. Rizal Avenue. 14.610572, 120.982404. Cervantes Street Calle Clavel. Street. C4. Clavel Street. 14.601054, 120.968468. Carnation Street [Preserved] [Calle Concepción] Calle Concepcion. Street. D2 D3. Quezon Boulevard. 14.60078, 120.984614. Conception Street [Calle Concepción] Calle Concepcion. Street. E3. Natividad Lopez Street. 14.5904, 120.98385. Conception Street [Calle Concordia] C. Concordia. Street. E2. Legarda Street. 14.598786, 120.9901. Concord Street [Calle Crespo] C. Crespo. Street. D3. Félix Resurrección Hidalgo Street. 14.598244, 120.982801. Crespo Street [Calle Curtidor] C. Curtidor. Street. D3. Soler Street. 14.602288, 120.982474. Tanner Street [Calle David] C. David. Street. D3. Burke Street. 14.5985, 120.9793. David Street [Calle de Almacenes] C. de Almacenes. Street. D4. Maestranza Street. 14.593979, 120.972991. Street of Warehouses [Preserved in an adjunct building] Calle de Anda. Street. E4. Anda Street. 14.591798, 120.975688. Street of Anda [Preserved] [Calle de Basco] C. de Basco. Street. E4. Basco Street. 14.588108, 120.975342. Street of Basco [Preserved] Calle de Beaterio. Street. D4 E4. Beaterio Street. 14.592333, 120.974946. Street of Beguinage [Preserved] Calle de Cabildo. Street. D4 E4. Cabildo Street. 14.590619, 120.97504. Street of Canonry, Street of Town Hall [Preserved and shortened] [Calle de Corcuera] C. de Colcuera. Street. B3. Corcuera Street. 14.61553, 120.969986. Street of Corcuera [Preserved] Calle de Joló. Street. D4 C4. Juan Luna Street. 14.604435, 120.971073. Street of Jolo [Hokkien Chinese Ho Lâng: Good People] [Calle de la Aduana] C. de la Aduanas. Street. D4. Soriano Avenue. 14.592508, 120.972824. Street of the Customs [Preserved in an adjunct building] [Calle de la Asunción] Calle dela Asuncion. Street. C4 D4. Asuncion Street. 14.599382, 120.970406. Street of the Assumption [Preserved and extended] Calle de la Escolta. Street. D3. Escolta Street. 14.597718, 120.978415. Street of the Scort [Preserved] [Calle de la Fundición] C. de la Fundicion. Street. E4. Muralla Street. 14.589025, 120.97885. Street of the Foundry [Calle de Lemery] Calle de Lemeri. Street. B3 B4 C4. Juan Luna Street. 14.60457, 120.97095. Street of Lemeri [Calle de la Muralla] C. de la Muralla. Street. D4 E4. Muralla Street. 14.59389, 120.977177. Street of The Wall [Preserved and extended] ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 71 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 Calle de Magallanes. D4 E4. Magallanes Street. 14.590191, 120.976469. Street of Magellan [Preserved] Calle de Moriones. B3 B4. Moriones Street. 14.609788, 120.967508. Moriones Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle de Padre Rada] Calle de P Rada. Street. C4. Padre Rada Street. 14.605739, 120.968325. Street of Father Rada [Preserved and extended] Calle de Palacio. Street. E4 D4. General Luna Street. 14.589003, 120.97553. Street of Palace [Preserved in Palacio del Gobernador] [Calle de Quesada] C. de Quesada. Street. B4. Juan Nolasco Street. 14.6108973, 120.9661891. Street of Quesada [Calle de San Francisco] C de San Francisco. E4. San Francisco Street. 14.590737, 120.977507. Street of Saint Francis [Preserved] [Calle de San Juan de Dios] C. de S Juan de Dios. Street. E4. Legaspi Street. 14.591209, 120.977511. Saint John of God Street Calle de Sande. Street. B3 B4. Nicolas Zamora Street. 14.6128723, 120.9688942. Street of Sande [Preserved in an adjunct street] Calle de Sangleyes. Street. B1. Blumentritt Road. 14.623656, 120.984574. Street of Sangyeles [Hokkien Chinese Siang Lai, Sang-Li: Constantly coming, Trade. From that: Chinese person, Chinese trader] (Lesho y Sippola, 2018: 327; Klöter, 2011: 9) [Calle de Santa María] Calle de S.ta Maria. Street. B4. Santa Maria Street. 14.611166, 120.966594. Street of Saint Mary [Preserved and extended] Calle de Santo Cristo. Street. C4 D4. Santo Cristo Street. 14.601093, 120.971183. Street of Saint Christ [Preserved] Calle del Arzobispo. Street. D4 E4. Arzobispo Street. 14.590749, 120.972942. Street of the Archbishop [Preserved] Calle del Baluarte. Street. E4. Muralla Street. 14.591982, 120.978182. Street of the Bastion [Preserved in Baluarte de San Francisco de Dilao] [Calle del General Izquierdo] Calle del Gral Izquerdo. Street. C3. Recto Avenue. 14.60522, 120.977279. Street of the General Izquierdo [Calle del Hospital]. C. del Hospital. Street. D4. Cabildo Street. 14.590459, 120.975242. Street of the Hospital [Calle del Mercado] C del Mercado. Street. E4. Escuela Street. 14.588759, 120.978183. Street of the Market [Calle del Postigo] C del Postigo. Street. D4. Postigo Street. 14.591351, 120.972823. Street of the Side Gate [Preserved] [Calle del Príncipe] C. del Principe. Street. C4 D4 C5 D5. Del Pan Street. 14.59882, 120.96669. Street of the Prince Calle del Rosario. Street. E3. Carlos Palanca Street. 14.593438, 120.985728. Street of the Rosary Calle del Tubo. Street. E2. Concepcion Aguila Street. 14.59742, 120.98867. Street of the Tube [Also called Calle Tuberías: Pipes Street] ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 72 Calle Díaz. Street. C3. Benavidez Street. 14.606918, 120.978311. Diaz Street [Calle Dolores] C. Dolores. Street. D3. Ronquillo Street. 14.600419, 120.982365. Dolores Street [Eponym: Pains] Calle Dulumbayan. Street. D3. Rizal Avenue. 14.601705, 120.981813. Dulumbayan Street [Tagalog Language Dulumbayan: End of town, Limit of town] [Calle Duque de Alba] C Duque de Alba. E2 E3. Duque Street. 14.5966059, 120.9862318. Duke of Alba Street [Preserved Duque] [Calle Echagüe] Calle Echague. Street. D3 E3. Carlos Palanca Street. 14.597089, 120.982772. Echague Street Calle Elcano. Street. C4 D4. Elcano Street. 14.6, 120.971078. Elcano Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle Elizondo] C. Elizondo. Street. E3. Elizondo Street. 14.59668, 120.984663. Elizondo Street [Preserved] [Calle Encarnación] C. Encarnacion. Street. C4. Asuncion Street.14.602293, 120.967677. Incarnation Street [Calle Enrile] C. Enrile. Street. D3. Ongpin Street. 14.60067, 120.980002. Enrile Street [Calle Ezpeleta] C. Ezpeleta. Street. D3. Espeleta Street. 14.600504, 120.978331. Ezpeleta Street [Preserved] [Calle Folgueras] Calle Fulgueras. Street. C4. Carmen Planas Street. 14.605611, 120.967643. Fulgueras Street [Calle Fundidor] C. Fundidor. Street. C4. Fundidor Street. 14.60138, 120.971458. Smelter Street [Preserved] [Calle Gallera] C. Gallera. Street. F4. Arquiza Street. 14.577954, 120.980384. Cockpit Street [Calle Gándara] Calle Candara. Street. C3 D3. Sabino Padilla Street. 14.601335, 120.97724. Gandara [Same as Gandara] [Calle Gaztambide] C. Gastambide. Street. D2. Dalupan Street. 14.60217, 120.990631. Gaztambide Street [Calle General Solano] Calle Gral Solano. Street. E2 E3. General Solano Street. 14.592216, 120.989394. General Solano Street [Preserved] [Calle González] C. Gonzales. Street. F3. Gonzales Street. 14.582109, 120.986377. Gonzales Street [Preserved] [Calle Gunao] C. Cunao. Street. E3. Gunao Street. 14.596116, 120.985004. Cunao Street [Preserved. Tagalog Language Gunaw: Destruction by flooding] [Calle Hormiga] C. Hormiga. Street. D4. Hormiga Street. 14.598806, 120.975028. Ant Street [Preserved] [Calle Ilang-Ilang] C. Ilang ilang. Street. C4 D4. Ilang-Ilang Street. 14.600401, 120.97137. Ilang-ilang Street [Preserved. Tagalog Language Ilang-ilang: A kind of tree, Cananga Odorata] ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 73 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 Calle Ilaya. Street. C4. Ilaya Street. 14.6055764, 120.969085. Ilaya Street [Preserved. Tagalog Language and other Philippine languages Ilaya: Midland, Upcountry. Historically used in Tagalog language, not common nowadays] Calle Isaac Peral. Street. F4. United Nations Avenue. 14.581234, 120.98228. Isaac Peral Street Calle Jaboneros. Street. D4. Jaboneros Street. 14.598855, 120.971216. Soap Makers Street [Preserved] [Calle Juan de Juanes] C Juan de Juanes. Street. D2. Sergio H. de Loyola Street. 14.601042, 120.987755. Juan de Juanes Street Calle Lacoste. Street. D3. Ongpin Street. 14.601619, 120.977917. Lacoste Street Calle Lara. Street. C4 D4. Lara Street. 14.598622, 120.969628. Lara Street [Preserved] Calle Lavezares. Street. C4. Lavezares Street. 14.600736, 120.970035. Lavezares Street [Preserved] [Calle Legazpi] Calle Legaspi. D4 E4. Legaspi Street. 14.592075, 120.976767. Legazpi Street [Preserved and shortened] [Calle Lepanto] C. Lepanto. Street. D2. Sergio H. Loyola Street. 14.602747, 120.988631. Lepanto Street [Calle Limasana] C. Limasana. Street. D2. Manuel L. Quezon University. 14.599094,120.986545. Limasana Street [Tagalog Language and other Philippine languages Limasana. From Limasawa island. Probably a local chief name. Other options talks about Lima Asawa: Five wives (EVLearners, 2017)] Calle Looban. Street. F3 G3. Mahatma Gandhi Street, Angel Linao Street. 14.582265, 120.990512. Looban Street [Tagalog Language Looban: Compound Street, Court Street] Calle Lope de Vega. Street. C2 C3. Lope de Vega Street. 14.60658, 120.98158. Lope de Vega Street [Preserved] [Calle Madrid] C. Madrid. Street. C4 D4. Madrid Street.14.5989702, 120.9690965. Madrid Street [Preserved] Calle Magdalena. Street. C2 C3. Bambang Street, Masangkay Street. 14.610958, 120.980203. Magdalene Street [Calle Malacañán] Calle Malacañan. Street. E2. Jose Laurel Street. 14.59436, 120.99352. Malacañan Street [Preserved in the Presidential Palace. Tagalog Language Mamalakáya-han: Place of the fisherman] Calle Manicnic. Street. C3. Aguilar Street. 14.605706, 120.976739. Manicnic Street [Tagalog Language Manicnic: A kind of tree, Palaquium Tenuipetiolatum] Calle Marina. Street. F4 G4. Guerrero Street. 14.577789, 120.97981. Marine Street, Navy Street [Calle Marqués de Comillas] Calle Marquez de Comillas. Street. E3 F3. Daniel Romualdez Street. 14.58751, 120.98688. Marquess of Comillas Street [Calle Márquez] C. Marquez. Street. E2. San Rafael Street. 14.59928, 120.989885. Marquez Street ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 74 [Calle Mendoza] C. Mendoza. Street. D2. Z.P. De Guzman Street. 14.599582, 120.985403. Mendoza Street Calle Merced. Street. G2. Merced Street. 14.580371, 120.995788. Mercy Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle Meysic] C. Meysic. Street. C4. Meisic Street. 14.602822, 120.972366. Meysic Street [Preserved. Tagalog Language May Intsik: Place populated by Chinese people] Calle Misericordia. Street. D3. Tomas Mapua Street. 14.602509, 120.980147. Mercy Street Calle Morga. B4. Morga Street. 14.608913, 120.967088. Morga Street [Preserved] Calle Noria. Street. D3. Paterno Street. 14.599683, 120.983064. Noria Street Calle Novaliches. Street. E2 E3. Nicanor Padilla Street. 14.592677, 120.989427. Novaliches Street Calle Nueva. Street. D3. Enrique T. Yuchengco Street. 14.60015, 120.97582. New Street Calle Nueva. Street. F4 G4 H4. Apolinario Mabini Street. 14.57138, 12098416. New Street Calle Nueva Nozaleda. Street. F3 G3 F4 General Luna Street. 14.58065, 120.98846. New Nozaleda Street [See Nozaleda] [Calle Numancia] C. Numancia. Street. D4. Numancia Street. 14.597344, 120.971899. Numancia Street [Preserved] Calle Oroquieta. Street. C2. Oroquieta Road. 14.609222, 120.983167. Oroquieta Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle Oscáriz] C. Oscaris. Street. E3. Oscariz Street. 14.595811, 120.983075. Oscaris Street [Preserved] [Calle P. Canín] C.P. Canin. H4 [Unnamed alley]. 14.56712, 120.985606. P. Canin Street [Nowadays an unnamed alley] [Calle Padre Ducos] CP.Duco. Street. D3. Padre Ducos Street. 14.59672,120.9827. Father Ducos Street [Preserved] [Calle Padre Faura] Calle P. Paura. Street. Padre Faura Street. F4. 14.579046, 120.984406. Padre Faura Street [Preserved] [Calle Padre Herrera] C. P. Herrera. Street. B4 C4. Padre Herrera Street. 14.606222, 120.96644. Father Herrera Street [Preserved] [Calle Palma] C. Palma. Street. D3. Palma Street. 14.5990951, 120.9831323. Palma Street [Preserved] [Calle Palmera] C. Palmera. Street. D1. Palmera Street. 14.603089, 120.9924416. Palm Tree Stree [Preserved] [Calle Pavía] Calle Pavia. Street. B3 B4. Pavia Street. 14.611653, 120.966836. Pavia Street [Preserved and extended] Calle Paz. Street. C3 D3. Recto Avenue. 14.604113, 120.980055. Peace Street Calle Paz. Street. F2 G2 G3. Paz Street. 14.580538, 120.9950439. Peace Street [Preserved and extended] ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 75 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 Calle Peñafrancia. Street. G2. Penafrancia Street. 14.580559, 120.997324. Peñafrancia Street [Preserved] [Calle Peñalosa] C. Peñalosa. Street. B3. Peñalosa Extension. 14.614, 120.970194. Peñalosa Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle Peñarrubia] C Penarubia. Street. C4. Penarubia Street. 14.599489, 120.967503. Peñarrubia Street [Preserved] [Calle Perdigón] Calle Perdigon. Street. G2. Perdigon Street. 14.580185, 120.996841. Perdigon Street [Preserved and extended. Eponym: Pellet] [Calle Pescador] C. Pescador. Street. C4. Santo Cristo Street. 14.605163, 120.966846. Fisherman Street [Calle Platerías] C. Platerias. Street. D3. Platerias Street. 14.599273, 120.982714. Platerias Street [Preserved] [Calle Quiotán] Calle Quiotan. Street. D3. Sales Street. 14.600107, 120.98241. Quiotan Street Calle Quipit. Street. D1 E1. Santa Teresita Street. 14.602, 120.997778. Quipit Street [Tagalog Language Kipit: Compressed, constricted] [Calle Raón] Calle Raon. Street. D2 D3. Gonzalo Puyat Street. 14.600653, 120.983931. Raon Street Calle Real. Street. E4. Real Street. 14.590355, 120.975762. Royal Street [Preserved] Calle Real. Street. F4 G4 H4. M.H. Del Pilar Street.14.607832, 120.970395. Royal Street Calle Real. Street. G2. Pedro Gil Street. 14.578682, 120.999398. Royal Street [Calle Reina Cristina] Calle Reyna Cristina. Street. C3 C4. Reina Regente Street. 14.603853, 120.974259. Queen Cristina Street [Preserved] [Calle Remedios] C. Remedios. Street. G4. Sinagoga Street. 14.571199, 120.983758. Remedies Street [Preserved in an adjunct street and area] [Calle Ricafort] C. de Ricafor. B3 B4. Ricafort Street. 14.609949, 120.970763. Ricafort Street [Preserved] [Calle Romero Aquino] C. Romero Aquino. Street. E2. Jose Nepomuceno Street. 14.59826, 120.989464. Romero Aquino Street [Calle Ronquillo] C. Ronquillo. Street. D3. Ronquillo Street. 14.600477, 120.982119. Ronquillo Street [Preserved and extended] Calle Rosario. Street. D4. Quintín Paredes Street. 14.59822, 120.97582. Rosary Street [Calle Sacristía] CSacristia. Street. D3 D4. Ongpin Street. 14.600337, 120.975284. Sacristy Street Calle Sagat. G2 G3. Sagat Street. 14.578072, 120.99624. Sagat Street [Preserved. Tagalog Language unclear Sagat: Fishhook?] [Calle Sagunto] C. Sagunto. Street. C4. Santo Cristo Street. 14.603218, 120.968876. Sagunto Street [Calle Salazar] C. Zalazar. Street. D3. Salazar Street. 14.601925, 120.975658. Salazar Street [Preserved] Calle Salcedo. Street. D3. Rizal Avenue. 14.602926, 120.981958. Salcedo Street ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 76 Calle Salinas. Street. C4 D4. Elcano Street. 14.602525, 120.968709. Salinas Street [Calle San Antón] C. SanAnton. Street. D1 D2. San Anton Street. 14.603753, 120.993618. Saint Anthony Street [Preserved] [Calle San Antonio] Calle S. Antonio. Street. F4. María Orosa Street. 14.579144, 120.982859. Saint Anthony Street [Calle San Antonio] Calle S Antonio. Street. G2. San Antonio Street. 14.580856, 120.99689. Saint Anthony Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle San Fernando] Calle S Fernando. Street. D4. San Fernando Street. 14.598417, 120.97154. Saint Ferdinand Street [Preserved] [Calle San Jacinto] C. S. Jacinto. Street. D3. Tomas Pinpin Street. 14.5995, 120.97756. Saint Hyacinth Street [Calle San Jerónimo] CS. Geronimo. Street. D3 E3. Arlegui Street. 14.597273, 120.984637. Saint Jerome Street [Calle San José] C. San Jose. Street. G2. San Gregorio Street. 14.581532, 120.996322. Saint Joseph Street [Calle San José] Calle S. Jose. Street. C3. Masangkay Street. 14.603389, 120.976195. Saint Joseph Street [Calle San José] Calle San Jose. Street. F4 G4. Alhambra Street. 14.578854, 120.978609. Saint Joseph Street [Preserved and shortened] [Calle San José] CS Jose. Street. E4. San Jose Street. 14.587223, 120.977615. Saint Joseph Street [Preserved] [Calle San Juan de Letrán] C.S. Juan de Letran. D4 E4. San Juan Letran Street. 14.592638, 120.977178. Saint John Lateran Street [Preserved and shortened] [Calle San Luis] Calle S. Luis. Street. F4. Kalaw Avenue. 14.58159, 120.98046. Saint Louis Street [Calle San Marcelino] Calle S. Marcelino. Street. E3 F3. San Marcelino Street. 14.582168, 120.987538. Saint Marcellinus Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle San Nicolás] Calle S. Nicolas. Street. C4. San Nicolas Street. 14.598214, 120.967995. Saint Nicholas Street [Preserved] [Calle San Pedro] Calle S Pedro. Street. D2 D3. Evangelista Street. 14.601826, 120.983511. Saint Peter Street [Calle San Rafael] Calle S. Rafael. Street. E2. San Rafael Street. 14.595496, 120.992893. Saint Raphael Street [Preserved] [Calle San Roque] Calle S. Roque. Street. D1. Gerardo Tuazon Street. 14.603141, 120.996205. Saint Roch Street [Calle San Roque] C. S. Roque. Street. D3. Paterno Gomez Street. 14.599525, 120.982369. Saint Roch Street [Calle San Sebastián] Calle San Sebastian. Street. D2 D3. F.R. Hidalgo Street. 14.59897,120.98762. Saint Sebastian Street [Preserved in the area, channel and religious building] ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 77 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 [Calle San Vicente] Calle S Vicente. Street. D3. San Vicente Street. 14.597873, 120.977437. Saint Vincent Street [Preserved] [Calle Santa Clara] C. S. Clara. Street. D4. Santa Clara Street. 14.592689, 120.971805. Saint Claire Street [Preserved] [Calle Santa Lucía] Calle Santa Lucia. D4 E4. Santa Lucia Street. 14.587806, 120.974566. Saint Lucy Street [Preserved] [Calle Santa Mónica] Ce Santa Monica. Street. C3 C4. Dagupan Street. 14.612413, 120.97277. Saint Monica Street [Preserved in an adjunct religious building] [Calle Santa Potenciana] Calle Sta. Potenciana. Street. E4. Santa Potenciana Street. 14.5894, 120.9765. Saint Potenciana Street [Preserved] [Calle Santa Rosa] Calle S. Rosa. Street. D3. Quezon Boulevard. 14.599239, 120.984133. Saint Rose Street [Calle Santiago] C. Santiago. Street. G3. Lopez Jaena Street. 14.5782851, 120.9949475. Santiago Street [Preserved in an adjunct street] [Calle Santo Tomás] Calle S Tomas. Street. D4. Santo Tomas Street. 14.5927, 120.974584. Saint Thomas Street [Preserved and shortened] [Calle Sepulcro] C. Sepulcro. G2. Santo Sepulcro Street. 14.579468, 120.996908. Tomb Street [Preserved and extended] Calle Sevilla. Street. C4 D4. Sevilla Street. 14.59854, 120.967945. Seville Street [Preserved and extended] Calle Solana. Street. D4 E4. Solana Street. 14.591532, 120.97623. Solana Street [Preserved] [Calle Soledad] C. Soledad. Street. C4. Camba Street. 14.60205, 120.967345. Solitude Street [Preserved in Nuestra Señora de la Soledad Parish] [Calle Soledad] C. Soledad. Street. G4. Soldado Street. 14.574279, 120.982233. Solitude Street [A typo mistake: Calle Soldado, which is preserved] Calle Soler. Street. C3 C4 D3. Soler Street. 14.603665, 120.977478. Soler Street [Preserved and extended] [Calle Távora] Calle Tabora. Street. C4. Tabora Street. 14.603912, 120.969943. Tabora Street [Preserved] [Calle Tanduay] C. Tanduay. Street. E2. Nepomuceno Street. 14.598199, 120.989439. Tanduay Street [Tagalog Language Tangwáy: Peninsula, Low-lying land] [Calle Tetuán] C. Tetuan. Street. D3. Tetuan Street. 14.600194, 120.978052. Tetuan Street [Preserved] Calle Timbugan. Street. C2 C3. Tomas Mapua Street, Fugoso Street, Teodora Alonzo Street. 14.6083, 120.981199. Timbugan Street [Tagalog Language Timbugan: Place to dye clothes] [Calle Urbiztondo] CUrbistondo. Street. D4. Urbiztondo Street. 14.598413, 120.972627. Urbiztondo Street [Preserved] [Calle Valderrama] C. Valderama. Street. C5 D5. Solana Intramuros. 14.597705, 120.966704. Valderama Street ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 78 Calle Vergara. Street. E2. Vergara Street. 14.59652, 120.986824. Vergara Street [Preserved] Calle Victoria. Street. E4. Victoria Street. 14.588133, 120.976819. Victory Street [Preserved] [Calle Villalobos] C. Villalobos. Street. D3. Villalobos Street. 14.597702, 120.983336. Villalobos Street [Preserved] Calle Vivas. Street. E4. [Unnamed dead-end alley] 14.591097, 120.977954. Vivas Street [Unnamed dead-end alley] [Calle Vives] C. Vives. Street [Now Bridge]. C5 D5. Manuel A. Roxas Bridge. 14.59671, 120.966794. Vives Street [Callejón San Gabriel] Callejon San Grabiel. Alley. D4. Valentin Street. 14.596566, 120.975436. Saint Gabriel Alley Calzada de Bilibid. Road. D2 D3. Recto Avenue. 14.601871, 120.987632. Road of Bilibid [Tagalog Language Bilibid: Prison] [Calzada de Herrán] Calzada de Herran. Road. G3 G4. Pedro Gil Street. 14.576596, 120.989477. Road of Herran Calzada de Iris. Road. D2. Recto Avenue. 14.60241, 120.98648. Road of Iris Calzada de Ligiro. Road. H3 H4 [Not preserved]. 14.564103, 120.9897. Road of Ligiro [Unkown meaning for Ligiro: Light?] [Calzada de San Lázaro] Calzada de S. Lazaro. Street. B1 B2. Rizal Avenue. 14.614569, 120.982629. Saint Lazarus Road [Preserved in the area: San Lazaro Hospital, San Lazaro Fire Station] Calzada de Pasay. Street. H3. Singalong Street. 14.57083, 120.995036. Road of Pasay [Preserved in the city of Pasay. Tagalog Language Pasaw: A kind of plant, Pseuderanthemum Reticulatum. Other folk explanations for the etymology (Ira y Medina, 1977: 229; NHIP, 2006: 28)] Calzada de Uliuli. Road. E1. Jose Laurel Street. 14.599123, 120.997691. Road of Uliuli [Tagalog Language Uliuli: Whirlpool] Camino a Caloocan. Road. A2 A3. Juan Luna Street. 14.620879, 120.971828. Road to Caloocan [Tagalog Language Kalook-lookan: Innermost zone] Camino a Gagalagin. Road. A1. Rizal Avenue. 14.626133, 120.973234. Road to Gagalagin [Tagalog Language Gagalangin: To pray, probably Prayer. A district in Tondo, Manila] Canal de Balete. Channel. F3 F4. Estero de Balete. 14.5862394, 120.9851003. Channel of Balete [Preserved. Tagalog Language and other Philippine languages Balete: Several species of trees from the genus Ficus] [Canal de la Reina] Canal de la Reyna. Channel. B3 C3 C4. Estero de la Reina [‘Canal de la Reina’ in disuse]. 14.6078, 120.9704. Channel of the Queen [Preserved] [Cáncer] Cancer. Street. D2 E2. Cancer Street. 14.598195, 120.986631. Cancer [Preserved] ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Toponymy of Manila since 1898 79 ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.XXXXXX Philologia Hispalensis 37 / 1 (2023) 1-20 [Capitanía del Puerto] Capa del Puerto. Military Building. D4. Galeria de Binondo [Private Buildings] 14.596625, 120.971556. Captaincy of the Port [Carretera de San Pedro Macati] Carretera de S. Pedro Macati. Street. H1. Tejeron Street, Dr. Jose Rizal Avenue. 14.577859,121.010133. Road of Saint Peter Macati [Preserved in the city of Makati. Tagalog Language Makati: Ebbing zone] [Carretera de Santa Ana] Carretera de S Ana. Road. G1. Pedro Gil Street. 14.579903, 121.006196. Road of Saint Anne Cementerio. Cemetery. A3 A4. [Private Buildings and Houses]. 14.61892, 120.966178. Cemetery Cementerio. Cemetery. A3 B3. Pritil Public Market [besides]. 14.617319, 120.96987. Cemetery [Cementerio de Malate] Cementerio Malete. Cemetery. G4 H4. Remedios Circle. 14.570369, 120.98655. Cemetery of Malate [Tagalog Language Maalat: Salty] Cementerio de Paco. Cemetery. F3 G3. Paco Park and Cemetery. 14.581287, 120.988724. Cemetery of Paco [Preserved. Historically also ‘Cementerio General de Dilao’. Paco comes from Francisco, as Franciscans evangelized the area] [Clavería] Claveria. Street. D3. Claveria Street. 14.599151, 120.977179. Claveria [Preserved] Concordia. Educational Building. G2. La Concordia College. 14.581251 121.002525. Concord [Preserved] Contrafoso. Moat. D3 E3 E4 F4. Taft Avenue, Padre Burgos Avenue. 14.588486, 120.980854. Moat [Cordelería] Cordeleria. Factory. B2 B3 C3 [Private buildings and houses]. 14.61136, 120.97828. Ropeyard Cuartel. Military Building. G4. Casino Filipino [Private Building]. 14.573276, 120.982944. Barracks Cuartel de la Luneta. Military Building. F4. Luneta Park, Rizal Park. 14.584026, 120.978687. Barracks of the Lunette [Preserved] [Cuartel del Fortín] Cuartel del Fortin. Military Building. D3. Manila Central Post Office Building. 14.595537, 120.979038. Barracks of the Fort [Das Mariñas]Dasmariñas. Street. D3. Dasmariñas Street. 14.598616, 120.977866. Dasmariñas [Preserved and extended] [Dirección de las Obras del Puerto] Dcion de las Obras del Puerto. Public Building. E5. Department of Public Works and Highways. 14.588254, 120.972016. Management of the Works of The Port Divisoria. Street. G4. Salas Street. 14.575012, 120.981994. Dividing Line Street, Frontier Street [Not preserved in the same area. Borderline between Ermita and Malate] Dulumbayan. Channel. D3 [Not Preserved]. 14.603859, 120.980991. Dulumbayan [Tagalog Language Dulumbayan: End of town, Limit of town] Ermita. District. F4 G4. Ermita. 14.581749, 120.98073. Hermitage [Preserved] ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86 Marco Antonio Joven Romero 86 ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas Singalong. District. H3. San Andres Bukid District, Singalong Street. 14.5708299, 120.9950365. [Preserved. Tagalog Language unclear Singalong: Bamboo Cup?] Sitio de Mangahan. District. D1. [Area in Sampaloc]. 14.605505, 120.993255. Site of Mangahan [Not preserved in the same area. Tagalog Language Manggahan: Mango plantation] Sitio de Sulucan. District. C2. University of Santo Tomas. 14.609585, 120.987732. Site of Sulucan [Preserved in an adjunct street and area: 14.606268, 120.992697. Family name Sulucan: Hidden Nooks] Soledad. Street. D4. Dasmariñas Street. 14.597036, 120.974966. Solitude Talleres. Factory. D5 [Port Area, Not Preserved]. 14.59490, 120.966023. Garages Tanduay. District. E2. Tanduay. 14.594338, 120.989504. Tanduay [Preserved, In Disuse. Tagalog Language Tangwáy: Peninsula, Low-lying land] Tanque. District. F2 F3. Tanque. 14.5865273, 120.9913471. Water Tank? [Preserved. An area, creek, and street in Paco, besides the Pasig River, whose geography, similitudes with Tanque in Cavite and surrounding place names like Provisor, indicate the existence of a water tank to supply vessels (Fish, 2011)] Teatro Zorrilla. Theater. D2. Isetann Cinemara Complex [Mall]. 14.602912, 120.984339. Zorrilla Theatre Tondo. District. B4 C4. Tondo. 14.6206, 120.966. Tondo [Preserved. Tagalog Language unclear Tundok: River Mangrove? (Potet, 2013: 444)] [Traída de aguas] Traida de Aguas. Water Supply. E1 E2. [Not preserved] 14.599768, 120.995911. Supply of Water [Tranvía a Malabón] Tranvia a Malabon. Tramway. B3. Nicolas Zamora Street [Not preserved]. 14.616022, 120.969979. Tram to Malabon [Tagalog Language Maraming Labong: Plenty of bamboo shoots] Turco. Street. D3 D4. Dasmariñas Street. 14.597818, 120.976542. Turk, Turkish Tutuban. District. B3 C3. Tutuban [Area in Tondo]. 14.614466, 120.9753. Tutuban [Preserved. Tagalog Language Tutuban: Center of production of ‘Tuban’, an alcoholic drink made of coconut] Ugalde. Street. D3. Ugalde Street. 14.598918, 120.97794. Ugalde [Preserved] Ulilang Kauayan. Road. F2. Ulilang Kawayan Street [Also area in Paco]. 14.583491, 120.994577. Ulilang Kawayan [Preserved and shortened. Tagalog Language Ulilang Kawayan: Lone Bamboo] Umbuyan. District. B4 [Area in Tondo] 14.614563, 120.96821. Curing House [Not preserved in the same area] Urdaneta. Street. E4. Urdaneta Street. 14.589369, 120.97558. Urdaneta [Preserved] ISSN 1132-0265 DOI Philologia Hispalensis Volumen / Número (Año) Páginas ISSN 1132-0265 https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/PH.2023.v37.i01.03 Philologia Hispalensis 37/1 (2023) 55-86