Determinant actions in men's professional padel performance

1 Determinant actions in men's professional padel performance Guillermo Romero1, Jara González-Silva2, Manuel Conejero3 and Carmen Fernández-Echeverría4 1University of Sevilla, Faculty of Education, Sevilla, Spain 2University of Extremadura, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Badajoz, Spain 3University of Francisco de Vitoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Madrid, Spain 4University of Sevilla, Faculty of Education, Sevilla, Spain Jara González Silva Faculty of Education and Psychology University of Extremadura Av/ de Elvas s/n 06006, Badajoz, Spain [email protected] 2 Determinant actions in men's professional padel performance The main objective of the present research was to know the variables of the game in padel determining in the sport performance in men’s category in the season 2022-2023 in World Padel Tour. The independent variables considered in this study were: court side, dominance, stroke type, origin of the ball, net distance, shot direction and trajectory. The dependent variable was the effectiveness of the game actions. 4505 game actions were analysed during the finals of the four masters (Marbella, Valladolid, Madrid, and Buenos Aires) and the final master (Barcelona) of the 2022-2023 season of the World Padel Tour were analysed. The multinomial logistic regression applied showed that, the variables that predict the effectiveness of the game actions are: stroke type, net distance, shot direction and trajectory. Specifically, our results show us that the stroke type that we must use to be more effective and score points is the smash, we must hit down the line, from areas close to the net and with a downward trajectory. These results show the characteristics of the game actions that determine the performance with the aim that they can help guide coaches in the training process of padel players. Keywords: match analysis; efficiency; high level; padel; multinomial logistic regression. 1. Introduction In the field of sports research, over the last decade there has been a notable growth in the popularity of analysing the playing performance of athletes from the field of different scientific disciplines, such as pedagogy, physiology, sociology and economics, among others (Arias, 2009). Among all of them, we highlight performance analysis using match analysis (Rennie et al., 2020; Sarmento et al., 2022; Wright et al., 2012), due to the fact that the coach needs tools or sources of information that allow him to identify which are the most influential conditioning factors that can be given in the competition in order to be able to analyse them and design training sessions focused on what his athletes need (Daniil et al., 2023; Fernández-Echeverría et al., 2021; Galatti et al., 2016; Harkness-Armstrong et al., 2023; Henriksen et al., 2010; Nicholls et al., 2022). 3 The main function of match analysis is to provide objective game information to coaches (coaching staff) and the athletes themselves about the sport performance obtaining a detailed representation of the player's behaviour during the match (Reilly, 2000). In this sense, several scientific studies have focused on performance indicators in different sports such as volleyball (Drikos et al., 2021), football (Lago-Peñas et al., 2010), basketball (Courel-Ibáñez et al., 2018) or handball (Ferrari et al., 2020) among others and on checking their importance, use and usefulness (Fernández-Echeverría et al., 2021; Sarmento et al., 2022), demonstrating its effectiveness for coaches (Bilge, 2012; Fernández-Echeverría et al., 2017; Nicholls et al., 2022; Palao & Hernández- Hernández, 2014; Wright et al., 2012; Wright et al., 2014), since math analysis is a fundamental source of information in the preparation of sports teams (Butterworth et al., 2013). In this sense, it is essential to continue working along these lines and to focus on sports where, despite the fact that interesting lines of work are beginning to exist, knowledge about the specific requirements of competition and the dynamics of the game in padel is still limited (Courel et al., 2015). Padel is one of the sports on the increase with a fast growth, being one of the ten most played sports in Spain (Beltrán et al., 2023; Sánchez-Alcaraz, 2013), and internationally, it is practised in more than 90 countries (International Padel Federation, 2023). This sport is played in pairs (two against two) on a 20 × 10 m court surrounded by glass and metal walls or fences, which allow the ball to bounce, and it is scored as in tennis with the exception of the golden point rule. This rule indicates that if both pairs have won three points each (40 equal), a decisive point called golden point will have to be played (International Padel Federation, 2020b), which has led to a slight reduction in the duration of the set (50 minutes compared to 47 minutes) and an increase in the 4 number of games compared to the traditional system (games with advantage), (Sánchez- Alcaraz, Muñoz et al.,2020). In addition, each point requires a high cognitive involvement with numerous decisions making, while performing various technicaltactical actions with high intensity efforts (Ramón-Llin et al., 2019). In recent times, the growth of padel has led to a progressive increase in the number of studies dedicated to this sport, with the aim of discovering the performance indicators that characterise the competition from different perspectives (Courel et al., 2015), among which we highlight the analysis of padel performance through match analysis (Martín-Miguel et al., 2023). The work carried out in this field, although scarce in comparison with other sports, shows the importance of match analysis for gaining indepth knowledge of the dynamics of this sport, analysing the behaviour of the sportsmen and sportswomen and the game variables that determine performance (Courel-Ibáñez et al., 2017; Escudero-Tena et al., 2020; García-Benítez et al., 2018; Muñoz, Sánchez-Alcaraz et al., 2017; Ramón-Llin et al., 2020; Sánchez-Alcaraz, Pérez- Puche et al., 2020). Such information may have relevant implications for coaches working on this sport, helping to design training programmes similar to real competitive situations (Courel-Ibáñez et al., 2019). Specifically, some of these studies have focused on the characteristics of the game, such as having knowledge of which technical-tactical action is most used in the attacking and defending phases (Courel-Ibáñez et al., 2019) or to move from one phase to another, that is to say, in order to achieve to win the net (Muñoz, Courel-Ibáñez et al., 2017; Muñoz, Sánchez-Alcaraz et al., 2017), to know the time structure of matches taking into account age and gender by using match analysis (García-Benítez et al., 2018), to analyse the relationships between the stroke type and the actions that facilitate the possible change of position and impact on play (Escudero-Tena et al., 2020), as well 5 as studies aimed at determining the differences in ball impact positions, in other words, if you hit in front of or behind the centre of gravity regarding nine types of strikes (Sánchez-Alcaraz et al., 2021) or studies with the aim of identifying the most appropriate game situations to use a specific technical-tactical action such as the lob (Sánchez-Alcaraz et al., 2022). Other studies, however, have focused on the characteristics of padel taking into account performance variables such as effectiveness in attack or the result of the game, as in the case of Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2017), whose work analysed the differences in rally duration taking into account the effectiveness of the attack, the location of the players and the outcome of the game. In this line of work, where authors are beginning to incorporate performance variables in their studies, we find works focused on analysing only the final shots of the game and their effectiveness, both in men and women (Escudero-Tena et al., 2022), paying attention to the distance of the players' shots to the net (Sánchez-Alcaraz, Jiménez et al., 2020) and, in particular, analysing the distribution and effectiveness of smashes (Sánchez-Alcaraz, Pérez-Puche et al., 2020). However, others have focused on understanding the characteristics of the game and the performance not only of the final strokes, but also measured through the effectiveness of the different game actions, such as the study by Ramón-Llin et al. (2020), which analysed the distribution of padel strokes, their effectiveness, direction and court zone; the study by Ramón-Llin, Sánchez-Alcaraz et al. (2021), which sought to analyse the influence of laterality and the side of play of the players on the distribution, direction and effectiveness of strokes in high-level padel or the work of Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2015) focusing on analysing the effectiveness at the net and its influence on the outcome of the match with respect to the service or return situation in professional padel players. 6 Even from a tactical approach (Ramón-Llin, Guzmán et al., 2021) the influence of the formation of service tactics on players' movements and point scores has been analysed at two different performance levels (high level players and beginners). Finally, we found other research works, although they are still scarce, that try to analyse the incorporation of new rules of the game, such as the so-called "golden point", where it was sought to examine the impact of this rule on the time and score variables in the professional circuit World Padel Tour, considering the gender and the stage of the tournament (Muñoz et al., 2022; Sánchez-Alcaraz, 2020). Even, as in other works focused on match analysis in other sports (Arboix-Alió et al., 2021; Fernández-Cortés et al., 2022), padel researchers are beginning to incorporate in their work the so-called "situational variables" such as the type of court to analyse the differences between indoor and outdoor tournaments in several performance indicators, according to the gender of the players, the round of the tournament, the number of sets and their outcome (Escudero-Tena et al., 2023). After this review of the existing studies that use match analysis to determine the behaviour of athletes and their performance, a large volume of descriptive and inferential studies and few predictive studies are observed (Martín-Miguel et al., 2023), which shows us the need to continue advancing and begin to carry out this type of work that provides us with specific and determining information to know the game variables that affect the performance and effectiveness of the game actions of professional padel players. That is why the general objective of our research is to find out the variables of the game in padel that determine sporting performance in the men's category in the 2022-2023 season on the World Padel Tour. 2. Methods 7 2.1. Study design and sample An observational nomothetic, cross-sectional, descriptive, inferential and predictive study was carried out. The study sample was initially composed of 5921 game actions performed during the 2022-2023 season of the World Padel Tour circuit, in the men's category, from which all the service and remainder actions were discarded for our study, leaving the sample composed of 4505 game actions. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 2024. All game actions performed during the finals of the 4 masters of the 2022-2023 season (Marbella, Valladolid, Madrid and Buenos Aires) and during the final master (Barcelona) were analysed. 2.2. Variables The independent variables considered in the study are the following: (a) court side, defined as the area of play where the stroke takes place, differentiating between three zones adapted from Sánchez-Alcaraz, Pérez-Puche et al. (2020): right side (1), left side (2) and off the court (3); (b) dominance, defined as the side on which the ball is hit depending on whether it is hit with: your forehand (1) or with your backhand (2), adapted from Fernández de Ossó (2019); (c) stroke type, defined as the stroke type performed, differentiating between five types: volley (1) (is performed by hitting the ball without bouncing, adapted from Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2019) and Sánchez-Alcaraz, Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2020)), bandeja (2) (performed on the dominant side of the player, hitting the ball without bouncing at an intermediate height between the volley and the smash and with slice effect, adapted from Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2019) and Sánchez- 8 Alcaraz, Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2020)), smash (3) (stroke delivered on the dominant side of the player, hitting the ball without bouncing with the arm extended, overhead, with a flat or topspin effect, adapted from Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2019) and Sánchez-Alcaraz, Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2020)), groundstrokes (4) (includes the backstroke, back wall, side wall, double wall, lob and back wall boast, adapted from Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2019) and Muñoz, Sánchez-Alcaraz et al. (2017)), off the wall smash and vibora (5) (includes the off the wall smash, defined as a direct forehand or backhand shot after bouncing off the wall or back glass hit at an intermediate height between the volley and the smash and with a slice effect, and the vibora, defined as an offensive shot made on the dominant side of the player, hitting the ball without bouncing with the arm extended over the head and with a slice effect, used by Fernández de Ossó (2019)); (d) origin of the ball, differentiating between the ball coming from one of the walls (1), coming from one of the fences (2) or coming directly from the opponent (3), adapted from Fernández de Ossó (2019); (e) net distance, defined as the distance of the player from the net at the time of the shot, it was divided into three zones: baseline zone (1), from wall to the serve line (3 m); transition zone (2), from the serve line to 1/3 court area (3.5 m) and net zone (3), from 1/3 court area to net (3.5 m) (Sánchez- Alcaraz, Pérez-Puche et al., 2020); (f) shot direction, defined as the trajectory that determines the stroke taken according to the ball's zone of origin and zone of destination, was divided into three possible options: down the line (1), interference zone (2) and cross court (3), adapted from Sánchez-Alcaraz, Pérez-Puche et al. (2020); (g) trajectory, defined as the path that the ball follows in height after the strike, differentiating between: downward (1) (trajectory from top to bottom) y upward (2) (trajectory from bottom to top) adapted from Fernández de Ossó (2019) (Figure 1). - Insert Figure 1 here – 9 The dependent variable considered in the study is the effectiveness of the game actions, defined as the performance or effect obtained from the strokes made, differentiating between winner (1), the player wins the point with a direct stroke; continuity (2), stroke that makes the point continue and error (3), the player loses the point when he misses the stroke (Courel-Ibáñez et al., 2019). 2.3. Measurements Systematic match observation was used to measure the variables mentioned above. The recordings of the matches were obtained from the website "worldpadeltourtv.com". In all the matches, the camera was positioned at one of the back courts, ensuring a minimum height of 5 metres above the ground and having the same perspective in all the matches. After the selection of all the finals for the analysis of the masters of the 2022- 2023 season, the observation of all the matches was carried out by a single observer and to facilitate the registration and data collection process, the specialized software LINCE was used (Gabin et al.,2012). In order to guarantee the reliability of the observation, an observer, with experience in this function and knowledgeable about padel, carried out a training process with an academic with experience in research and analysis of padel performance in which in which samples with different characteristics (different pairs) were used in the different training sessions, and exceeding the 10% of the total sample, as indicated by Tabachnick & Fidell (2007). Intra-observer Cohen's Kappa values above .75 were achieved (Fleiss et al., 2003). Furthermore, to guarantee the time reliability of the measurement, the same coding was developed on two occasions, with a temporal difference of 10 days, obtaining Cohen's Kappa values greater than .81. 16 cross-court. However, the study by Ramón-Llin et al. (2020) affirms that the winning pairs make a greater number of cross-court strokes instead of down the line strokes. In addition, the study by Sánchez-Alcaraz, Pérez-Puche et al. (2020) found that the men distributed both down the line and cross-court smashes equally. Contrasting our results with those of Ramón-Llin et al. (2020), we believe that these results in contrast to ours may be due to the fact that, in theirs, the effectiveness of the direction of the stroke is not determined, but rather the frequency of the direction of the strokes of the winning pairs, so we consider that, although it is very important to work strokes on the cross-court, our results, after the inclusion of this variable that is so important for sports training, indicate that, during the game, strokes performed in parallel have a greater probability of scoring. Therefore, we consider that coaches should design training to work on cross-court shots with the possibility of tactically switching to down the line shots during the rally in order to score. In relation to the trajectory predictor variable, our results indicate that, using strokes with a downward trajectory, the probability of scoring a winner point is greater than if we use strokes with an upward trajectory. In line with our results there are previous studies such as that of Sánchez-Alcaraz, Jiménez et al. (2020) where it was found that men use significantly more powerful smashes to finish the point, this being a type of stroke with a downward trajectory. Instead, it is less likely to commit errors with downward trajectory strokes than if we use upward trajectory strokes. In contrast to the latter, we find the studies by Muñoz, Courel-Ibáñez et al. (2017) and Muñoz, Sánchez-Alcaraz et al. (2017) whose results affirm that using strokes such as the upward trajectory lob, we have a greater chance and even probability that the point continues and, therefore, that fewer errors are made. We consider that this contrast in the results between our study and the one previously mentioned may be due to the fact 17 that in our study we grouped the defensive strokes (backstrokes, back wall, side walls, double walls, lobs and back wall boast) into the category of groundstrokes and not only the lob as in this study. Regarding these results, we consider essential that coaches work with their players on deep lobs that allow them to continue with the point, as well as to be able to win the net, and they should try not to fall short because if this happens the opponent can use his smash to try to finish the point. At the same time, it is very important to work defensively on the backstrokes, back walls, side walls, double walls and back walls boast to avoid committing unforced errors that could be detrimental to the result. To summarise, we could say that, at the high level in the men's category, we consider convenient to provide variability in training by focusing attention on the player's choice and execution of the stroke type that is used to finish the action or to seek continuity, as well as the most effective net distance, shot direction and trajectory to achieve a winner, thereby increasing the technical-tactical background of the players. 5. Conclusions, practical applications and limitations. The determining variables in the effectiveness of the game actions are: stroke type, net distance, shot direction and trajectory. Specifically, our results show us that the stroke type that we must use to be more effective and score points is the smash, we must hit down the line, from areas close to the net and with a downward trajectory. However, we must bear in mind that our results show that, despite the smash being the most effective game action, it is the action most likely to fail. Therefore, we recommend working with the players to identify the technical-tactical situations where we should perform a smash, reducing the levels of risk. At the same time, we consider important to train tactical strategies that allow us to stay close to the net for as long as possible, as this is 18 the area where the probability of winning a point is greater because it allows us to hit a greater number of smashes and the opponent has less time to react. In addition, we recommend that in sports training the results obtained in terms of the most effective shot direction, down the line, are taken into account, and it is important that the player trains the ability to play both cross-court and down the line with the intention of surprising. Finally, since our data show us that if we hit upward shots, the probability of failing is increased, we consider very important to work defensively at the backstroke, back walls, side walls, double walls and back walls boast to reduce the number of unforced errors that can affect the result, as well as working on deep lobs that allow you to continue with the point, as well as being able to win the net. To conclude, as practical applications we consider important to take these results into account to guide the training process of our athletes, as they can help coaches to design training and conditioning programmes close to real competitive situations and we invite you to continue carrying out predictive studies in both genders (since in our study we have limited ourselves to the study of the male sex), analysing not only the finals of tournaments, but also other previous phases and including situational variables such as the time of the match or the scoreboard, which can continue to help obtain relevant information in different situations of the match. Acknowledgments, This article suggests the work done in his final degree project entitled "Análisis de las acciones de juego y su rendimiento en las finales masculinas de los másteres del world pádel tour 2022-2023" carried out by Guillermo Romero from the University of Seville. 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