Cine y semiótica transdiscursiva. El cine digital en la era de las multipantallas: un nuevo entorno, un nuevo espectador

1Comunicación y Sociedad, 2021, 7886, pp. 1-21. Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics. Digital cinema in the multiscreen era: a new environment, a new spectator Cine y semiótica transdiscursiva. El cine digital en la era de las multipantallas: un nuevo entorno, un nuevo espectador DOI: https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2021.7886 Manuel Blanco Pérez1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-4679 In recent years, a new cinematic environment has been taking shape, where the act of watching a film in a cinema had already been articulated as a minor commercial element within the film industry. But this trend, with the arrival of COVID-19 and the ban on commercial cinemas, was accelerated, generating the new multi-screen cinema: which has dominated the international scene in 2020, the first quarter of 2021, and which has introduced changes that will no longer be reversible. This may lead us to question whether we are still talking about cinema, in the sense it has been given since its invention. Keywords: Transdiscursive semiotics, cinema, Netflix, multiscreen, covid-19. En los últimos años se ha venido configurando un entorno cinematográfico nuevo, donde el acto de ver una película en sala, se había ya articulado como un elemento comercial menor dentro de la industria cinematográfica. Pero esa tendencia, con la llegada de la COVID-19 y la prohibición de acudir a salas comerciales, se vio acelerada generando el nuevo cine de las multipantallas, que ha introducido cambios que no serán ya reversibles. Esto nos puede llevar a plantearnos si estamos aún hablando de cine, en el sentido que se le ha dado desde su invención. Palabras clave: Semiótica transdiscursiva, cine, Netflix, multipantalla, covid-19. How to cite: Blanco Pérez, M. (2021). Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics. Digital cinema in the multiscreen era: a new environment, a new spectator. Comunicación y Sociedad, e7886. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2021.7886 1 Universidad de Sevilla, Spain. [email protected] Submitted: 14/07/20. Accepted: 16/02/21. Published: 05/05/21. 2Manuel Blanco Pérez introduction Semiotics, a reference discipline in the Social Sciences in the 1960s and 1970s, has seen how the role it used to play has become relegated and, along with it, the academic weight it carried, since the turn of the century, partly due to external agents (the importance gained by the so-called post-structuralism and its derivatives) and also partly due to internal agents (certain secretiveness in the conceptual aspects that prevented the application of many of its postulates and to a large share of the communicative praxis that was occurring in the early 2000s). This weakening, as it is well known, did not occur equally in all the European and American countries, because it is still enjoying good health in Italy, although with its own nuances, as well as in France, but in Spain and Ibero-America it evidently started losing steam in the early years of the 21st century, which is characterized by deep political and social instability (suffice it to illustrate this with simple examples like the Attack on the World Trade Center in 2001, the 2008 financial crisis, several wars waged by East-West blocks, the change in the Latin- American political cycle and the covid-19 crisis in 2020-2021), which crystalize in the construction of a new reality: spectacular scientific and technological breakthroughs, along with a new arithmetic among the actors of international politics, with unpredictable social consequences. All of the above translates into –and is revealed by– the world of signs and symbols of our era in the production of contents (which is markedly digital), transforming communication and filtering, by means of the screen, every human discourse and message. That is why a large share of the new disruptive dynamics in personal and institutional communication, and especially whose medium is the technology applied to the audiovisual, requires updating in the methodological, conceptual and terminological framework. In our opinion, this is a field in which semiotics should have, and indeed has, much to say. It would not be so much a traditional semiotics, but rather a changing and adaptable tool, at the service of interpreting reality. Therefore, the present paper intends to approach, from the perspective of transdiscursive semiotics, the complex machinery of the new cinema in the multiscreen era, especially in a context where, 3 Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics... due to the covid-19 pandemic, going to the movies has been banned in practically every country for most of 2020 and so far in 2021. In this context in which life, leisure and any communicative dimension goes almost exclusively through a screen, transdiscursive semiotics becomes a first-rate decrypting tool. The state of the question tries to construct solidly the connections between the cinema and semiotics, and the works that in the last few years have reflected on the different spheres of ontological reformulation of the cinema have been especially useful. Our methodological proposal, therefore, is not that of a purely procedural, formal and functional semiotics because, just like all discourses, it refers us to other discourses (and interacts with one another), it is this dimension of discursive hybridization that ultimately produces semiosis, placing it in the dynamics signification (processes) and meanings (products). The analysis has allowed verifying how transdiscursive semiotics can and should, inasmuch as it is a tool, be capable of asking all the questions to reflect upon all kinds of implications (political, economic, rational, emotional, cultural, educational, etc.) from the perspective of the visual analysis as production of meaning in our days. In its application in the new cinema or the multiscreen era, it allows us to dissect the most important mechanism of creation of signification imaginaries that confer meaning to the implications that we have mentioned above, through the ever-present screens, generating with them a new type of spectator for a new type of society that is just making its way in these days. seMiotics and the cineMa. theoretical PrinciPles and state of the question The link between cinema and semiotics is old –considering the short life of the medium– and it is made up of several top works that have been reformulating its ontology (that of the cinema) at the same time that this art was evolving. After an initial stage that Burch (1987) calls “stage of plenitude of the Primitive Mode of Representation” (p. 33), it was the Soviet theorists who were the first to approach the majority of 4Manuel Blanco Pérez the limits and possibilities of the new cinema: this dichotomy between an artistic cinema (platonic) typical of “poetic montage”, as Eisenstein (1928/2003) would call it, and which, at least partially, will link with the German expressionism of the time between wars (Román, 2004). It is opposed by a certain realistic (Aristotelic) vision represented among the Soviets mainly by Jutkevitch and Kozintzev (Leyda, 1965, p. 183). After these debates, right in the middle of reconstruction of the Western Europe project of post-war Europe, work with solid theoretical foundation is produced from the perspective of semiotics in the cinema by Metz (1971), which understands the cinema as a language (open to multiple linguistic readings). The double articulation of language, theorized by Martinet (1936/1992), consisting in a series of finite phonemes that result, firstly, in a finite but very large number of words that in turn, when combined with one another generate, secondly, an infinite number of messages, is not easily transferable to the visual logic, where the concept of frame (still photography) is not comparable to that of phoneme. But this is not a totalizing claim, either, because, though it is true that all the phonemes are clearly delimited in a word, and all the words of a language are delimited within the structure that is language, even considering that the linguistic processes through which a language acquires loans or creates neologisms are also clearly described, all of these linguistic inner workings are qualified and completed by a series of new extralinguistic branches that were beginning to proliferate just at that time: proxemics and kinetics, inserted in the study of non-verbal communication, which complete, from an external point of view, what is strictly verbal, the functioning of linguistic communication and, in addition, they are vital for cinema language (they are, ultimately, the foundation of the actors’ work, of narratology, of visual analysis, etc.). One of the theoretical continuators of Metz’s linguistic vision is Bazin (1958) who in turn, as cinema critic and theorist, connects with an avant-garde idea that will be carried out by the French of the Nouvelle Vague, grouped around Cahiers du Cinéma: Truffaut, Godard, Rivette, Rohmer, which will have Italian ramifications with the Bolognese Pier Paolo Passolini. This theory is qualified by Kracauer in The Mass Ornament (1963/2009). In that same year, 1963, The Aesthetics and Psychology of Cinema, by Mitry, is published, 5 Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics... a book of paramount importance because it links the cinema not only with a linguistic conception but also with an artistic code and its connections with other branches of creation. But what is really transcendental is that it is one of the first authors to reflect deeply on the receptor’s role in the cinema communicative system. Barthes (1992) will also delve into this. He has the cinema and photography pivot around literature, and he does so by reflecting on the role of narration, repositioning the three disciplines around the concept of style, analyzed by semiotics and established by the auctoritas: Among the authors that have contemporarily dealt with the topic of style, in different stages of his works, is Roland Barthes. Beginning from the texts of his youth –such as “The object World”, referring to 17th century Flemish painting– Barthes begins to incorporate in some of his works the contemporary semiotic and psychoanalytical perspectives to the determination of individual and epoch styles (Steimberg, 1998/2013, p. 63). Actually, the notion of style is not exempt from a decoding apparatus that, as Jauss (1967/2013) would put it, links one work with other works by the same author and these in turn with other works of a school or movement sharing traits and features with one another: all of them interpretable by the receptor in the horizon of expectations. An important milestone is the cinematographic analytical proposal by the Italian semioticians Casetti and Di Chio in How to analyze a film (1990), as well as the contribution by Bettetini applying it to simulation in La simulazione visiva (1991), and the new French semiotics (Andrè Gaudreault, The cinematic story, 1995). We owe the Bolognese school a large portion of the theoretical postulates that, at least in part, are still valid today. Under the inarguable leadership of Eco (1984, 1997, 2003, 2006, 2007), many researchers have followed in his footsteps, but among others, the works by University of Bologna professors Demaria (2006), Lorusso (2010, 2020) and Violi (2017) are especially remarkable for our proposal. In the scope of their specific application to the cinema, the works by Bolognese Dusi (2015) and Polidoro (2008) are also very relevant. 6Manuel Blanco Pérez Lastly, in the last few years, technological changes (above all in what concerns reduction of film production costs) and the changes in cinema consumption, have been incredibly deep and have propitiated a mutation that is much more profound than what the advent of color or sound cinema once entailed, visible in the cinematic scope, both in fiction and journalistic tv documentary (Blanco Pérez, 2020a, 2020c). All of this results in hybridized discourses that have been analyzed in detail in the last few years by Spanish authors of international renown, such as Cerdán (2011), Carrera and Talens (2018), or Torreiro (2011): These areas of interference that have been created in the last few years mean the opening up of new paradigms in the form and function of image discourses, as well as new representation models that suggest a great impulse of new practices (Sucari, 2012, p. 16). However, with the advent of the new digital platforms (Netflix arrives in Spain in 2015, but it reaches its greatest boom in the last fiscal years), in addition to the irruption of other platforms with a similar business model (Movistar+, HBOplus, Disney+, Filmin, Apple tv, etc.), but, especially the onset of covid-19 and, with it, the ban of going to the cinema theaters for most of the 2020 and 2021 all over the world, have generated quite a few questions about the ontology of current cinema. It will be precisely on this scenario where transdiscursive semiotics, as methodology for the analysis of meanings of this new film world, will have much to say in the study of how the new cinema has been articulating meanings (both in fiction and non-fiction) in the multi-screen era. Methodology. the theory of eMPlaceMent/disPlaceMent: an analytical ProPosal froM the PersPective of transdiscursive seMiotics for the digital cineMa in the Multiscreen era We start from the consideration of semiotics as a discipline with a methodological vocation, which joins theory and praxis, that is: on one hand it seeks to explain, from the communicative perspective, how any 7 Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics... sign system works, and, on the other, it possesses a practical dimension (that is: of applying this theory on the analysis of how these meaninggenerating dynamics work). Transdiscursive semiotics finds a suitable field of application in all kinds of images, although we focus our attention on cinematic images. Since they are in 2D, even when they have a pretense of tridimensionality, Zunzunegui will call it planar semiotics (as opposed to space semiotics, which deals with tridimensional products such as sculptural or architectural ones, etc.). The phenomenon of semiosis, the process by which “something means something to someone”, entails the necessary participation of a receptor that will be the decoder of meaning. The American semiotician Morris (1938) will distinguish the sign vehicle (sign), the designatum (what is designated), the interpretants (the interpreter’s considerations) and the interpreter who decodes. These three elements (plus the receptor who decodes) will make up the framework of a code system called language. But semiosis is also the main object of study of social semiotics, a branch of analytical procedural concretion that starts from a very simple basis: given that in all kinds of human societies along history messages have been constructed by means of different communicative branches, analyzing its production of meaning is also analyzing the world in which they were produced (Hodge & Kress, 1995). In other words: “by analyzing products we aim at processes” (Verón, 1987, p. 124). The theory of emplacement/displacement starts from transdiscursive semiotics (and the post-structural narrative) and it was formulated by Vázquez Medel (2003) at the School of Philology at the University of Seville in the 1990s. Since then, it has been enriched by contributions from different branches because every attempt at approaching the meanings constructed by means of aesthetic/artistic proposals requires interdisciplinary, polyhedral insight. Linked with critical thinking and with numerous sources, such as Berger’s and Luckmann’s sociology of knowledge or Gadamer’s neohermeneutics, it starts from the constructivist approach in Piaget’s cognitive and evolutionary psychology and Morin’s theory on complex knowledge, as well as his anthropological view of the world. One of its sources is also the work by Trías and his logic of limit and border 8Manuel Blanco Pérez reason. We cannot overlook the post-feminist discourse, more prevalent than ever in the 21st century, which, in our opinion, is presented to us on an open, polycultural, digitalized and uberized2 reality. Due to all the above, this branch of semiotics is, in our view, a very useful tool to “decrypt” the world around us from a social and humanistic perspective, starting from the current scientific and technological knowledge, because it completes other theories and builds an outlook inserted in a global, transversal theory to attain better understanding of communicative and dynamic reality of signification. Mexican semiotician Vidales (2009) claims that semiotics “emerges as a rigorous apparatus for the production of conceptual systems, of models and of theoretical principles about almost any kind of objects of study, in fact, it also makes its construction possible” (p. 63). In the turn of the century, impressed by the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, Baudrillard (2002) wrote that “real events won’t even have time to occur. Everything will be preceded by its virtual realization” (p. 58). The referent and its crystallization will volatilize at the same time in which the world that had built them twenty years before volatilized: there was never a more graphic explanation for the notion of pretense. But this concept, at least partially, had already been formulated by Benjamin, who understands that reproductivity can deprive a work of art of aura, and he adds that the industrial society is going to amplify the mechanism of production and reproduction of mass iconography in a sort of proliferation of pretense: “The auratic work of art, in which the ‘value for cult’ prevails, can only be an authentic work; it does not admit any copies of itself. All reproduction thereof is profanation” (Benjamin, 1930/2008, p. 16). There is a dynamic of concealment of preferentiality in the pretense that connects us with the symbolic-social environment and it will insert us into what Echeverría (2003) calls “the third environment”: The ICT’s generate a new social space (the electronic space, or third environment) in which it is possible for a new kind of society to form and develop, the information society and, to some, the information and knowledge society (p. 163). 2 A term coined by Ferry (2016). 9 Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics... Therefore, the spectator is thus emplaced in a sort of media framework in which the third environment will filter everything. This message filtered through the medium is what causes the receptor’s personal coded interpretation, always in agreement with their own apparatus for critical and iconographic analysis. Without doubt, the spectator is capable of capturing messages that not even the film’s author had thought of. This will be one of the semiotic operational triggers that, like a machine for decrypting iconography, works in every spectator and which is tainted by his life: it does not assimilate information unequivocally, but rather on the contrary, it completes it and enriches it with multiple readings of the same cinematic work which does nothing but update and fit in an atemporal narration in the historical grammar of the current time. Just like every chapter of El Quijote has a rabid currentness, every film, in turn, with the receptor’s participation, plays a new updating process. Eco will often say: “ci sono tanti libri come lettori”.3 anatoMy of cineMa/Post-cineMa in the Multiscreen era The cinematic event as pretense: genres and story Although the cinema is born as an attempt at imitating reality (as it had already happened with photography a few years previously, which imitated painting), soon Metz (1971) begins to support the idea of the cinema as a story. If we follow the definition of story given by Gaudreault (1995), the description is crystal clear: “1. A story has a beginning and an end. 2. A story is a doubly temporal sequence. 3. Every narration is a discourse. 4. The perception of the story “unrealizes” the thing told. 5. A story is a series of events” (p. 27). This notion of story, traditionally defined by philological studies, is applied to the audiovisual in addition to a sort of classification by genre, “without doubt, many of the claims about cinema genres are but loans taken from a long tradition of literary genre critics” (Altman, 2000, p. 33). Spang (2005) uses five levels when he classifies literary genres, but they are not enough for cinema genres. As a rule, this pentapartite 3 “There are as many books as readers”. 16 Manuel Blanco Pérez direct it to wherever one wants. 2. A surface that serves as protection, separation or barrier or shelter”. To understand this in the multiscreen logic, we would have to wait until the fourth meaning, when it is defined as: “in some electronic devices, the surface where the images appear” (Real Academia Española, 2020). That is, a screen is, by definition, something that conceals, not something that displays. Visual contact, which comes from “tact” (the same lexeme from which “contagion” derives), also akin to tocar [from Latin tangere] or touch something. Sometimes to touch as “temptation” which comes from Latin too and it mean “feel or touch” something or oneself. That is, all temptation, etymologically, is the temptation of touching something or oneself.4 In the cinema of multiscreens, even with the implications of different orders that it entails, the use value has been replaced by the exchange value, and that puts further away the possibility of touching the world as we used to before in the pre-multiscreen era. In a world where the things that have been used (“touched”) become impoverished and the new (“untouched”) is praised, touching things humanizes the thing itself. It is through touch that we load the objects with memory: the books, our clothes... a good portion of film experience, of the enjoyment of traditional cinema, is lost with the new emplacement of the multiscreen. Joan Manuel Serrat sang about an old neighborhood movie theater, the Roxy: “it was the typical cheap theater…, with wooden benches and smelling of disinfectant”. Touching the carpet as one walks on it, the smell of food and even the surviving fabric on the seats’ upholstery, provided the physical emplacement with meaning. But, on the contrary, the smartphones that are used to consume multiscreen cinema say very little or nothing about their users (all cell phones are basically the same). Or, if it is so desired, at any rate, it could be agreed that the customization of these 4 Touching physically in the Christian logic appears linked with the concept of sin, or, contrariwise, linked with the concept of sanctity: the saints touched the lepers’ ulcers and sores. The Hebrew transmitted power by means of the hands in the Bible, but so did the Christians, by laying their hands, they even resurrect the dead, returning them to their corporeity. 17 Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics... devices will also come from a virtualized logic (customization of the photo used as desktop wallpaper, of the ringtones and other sounds, etc.). Alba Rico (2017) claims that “90% of the consumer goods that are being manufactured today will be dumped in the trash in six months” (p. 66). Therefore, the level of programmed obsolescence is compounded by symbolic obsolescence that, mainly through the new advertising displayed by and consumed from the smartphones, compels you to perpetually renovate your device, your tv set, your tablet. In the same way, the consumption of contents, like in an inevitable causeeffect relation, is conditioned by this new type of average consumer, of whose system we are all at least one part. conclusions Firstly, we consider that the cinematic phenomenon and its multiple evolutions, from the Lumière to the Netflix multiscreen, is located today in the third environment that Echeverría called Telépolis: a new reality of the industrial production of cinema characterized by uberization. Notwithstanding, these notions are not enough to define what we have agreed to call “the Netflix era”. The advent of covid-19 (and the shutdown of physical movie theaters all over the world along with the ban on social contact) has meant a paradigm change in how we represent ourselves on the multiscreens and around multiscreens, which in turn have become one of the most important axes of our personal sphere: they condition –when they do not create– the representations of how we perceive the world, how we love our loved ones, how we work and, of course, how we consume the cinema. Secondly, the theoretical foundation of transdiscursive semiotics is revealed like a tool box that is extraordinarily useful to analyze, in a systemic manner, the screen as a new apparatus that produces meaning about human reality per se, and about the type of society that it is generating. Thirdly, the new multiscreen user consumes more, in a more feverish manner and more often all the contents through the screen. But, at the same time, they also do so with less attention, attributing 18 Manuel Blanco Pérez less value to the ceremonious atmosphere that the cinematic act entailed when consumed in the theater and, therefore, deprived of this physical emplacement that, since the onset of the cinema, provided it with almost all the meaning of the cinematic experience. Moving forward, it will be very useful to analyze how the postcovid-19 reality will affect our lives, especially from the perspective of the meaning dynamics through the screens. Some new social customs that have involved multiscreens will be hard to eliminate (telecommuting, telemedicine, international work opportunities, virtualized presence of family members who are geographically distant…), and a hybrid scenario is envisaged as probable. This, in the cinematic scope, may presuppose a model based on physical movie theaters for a small number of a certain type of consumer and the multiscreen for the remaining ones. This is, after all, a reality that operates in a continual change and search for balance, one for whose analysis the frontiers between the branches of knowledge should be broken. In this meaning paradigm, an adapted interpretative theory should mean better understanding of human nature. Because, in the words of Vázquez Medel (2003), “interpreting the world is also beginning to change it”. Bibliographic references Alba Rico, S. (2017). Ser o no ser (un cuerpo). Seix Barral. Altman, R. (2000). Los géneros cinematográficos. Paidós. Bailenson, J. N. (2021). Nonverbal Overload: A Theoretical Argument for the Causes of Zoom Fatigue. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000030 Barthes, R. (1992). Lo obvio y lo obtuso: imágenes, gestos, voces. Paidós. Baudrillard, J. (2002). Contraseñas. Anagrama. Bazin, A. (1958). ¿Qué es el cine? Rialp. Benjamin, W. (2008). Sobre la fotografía. Pre-Textos. (Original work published 1930). Bettetini, G. (1991). La simulazione visiva. Bompiani. Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (2008). La construcción social de la realidad. Amorrortu. 19 Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics... Blanco Pérez, M. (2020a). Nuevo Cine Andaluz. Comunicación Social. Blanco Pérez, M. (2020b). Cine y semiótica: la Teoría del Emplazamiento/Desplazamiento aplicado al cine en la era Netflix. Universidad de Salamanca. Blanco Pérez, M. (2020c). Estética y contexto de los audiovisuales sobre narcotráfico en Latinoamérica en la era Netflix. Confluenze, XII(1), 102-118. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036- 0967/11334 Blanco Pérez, M. & Sánchez-Saus Laserna, M. (2020). Viralidad y agresividad comunicativa en Twitter durante la Covid-19. Visualización de redes y análisis de palabras clave a partir del hashtag #niñosenlacalle. Pragmalingüística, 28. 20-50. https://doi. org/10.25267/pragmalinguistica.2020.i28.02 Burch, N. (1987). Praxis del cine. Fundamentos. Carrera, P. & Talens, J. (2018). El relato documental. Cátedra. Casetti, F. & Di Chio, F. (1990). Analisi del film. Bompiani. Cerdán, J. (2011). Del sainete al esperpento: Reelecturas del cine español de los años 50. Cátedra. Demaria, C. (2006). Semiotica e Memoria. Analisi del post-conflitto. Carocci. Dusi, N. (2015). Dal cinema ai media digitali. Logiche del sensibile tracorpi, oggetti, passioni. Mimesis. Echeverría, J. (2003). La revolución tecnocientífica. Fondo de Cultura Económica de España. Eco, U. (1984). Semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio. Einaudi. Eco, U. (1997). Kant e l’ornitorinco. Bompiani. Eco, U. (2003). Dire quasi la stessa cosa. Bompiani. Eco, U. (2006). A passo di Gambero. Bompiani. Eco, U. (2007). Dall’albero al Labirinto Studi Storici sul Segno e l’Interpretazione. Bompiani. Eisenstein, S. (2003). La forma del cine. Siglo XXI. (Original work published 1928). Ferry, L. (2017). La revolución Transhumanista. Alianza. Gadamer, H-G. (1993). Verdad y método I: hermeneia. Sígueme. Gaudreault, A. (1995). El relato cinematográfico: cine y narratología. Paidós. 20 Manuel Blanco Pérez Hodge, B. & Kress, G. (1995). Social Semiotics. Cornell University Press. Jauss, H. R. (2013). La historia de la literatura como provocación. Gredos. (Original work published 1967). Kracauer, S. (2009). El ornamento de la masa. Gedisa. (Original work published 1963). Leyda, J. (1965). Historia del cine ruso y soviético. Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires. Lipovetsky, G. & Serroy, J. (2009). La pantalla global. Cultura mediática y cine en la era hipermoderna. Anagrama. Lorusso, A. M. (2010). Semiotica della Cultura. Laterza. Lorusso, A. M. (2020). Postverità. Laterza. Marcos, N. (October 20th, 2015). Netflix desembarca en España: la compañía ha iniciado conversaciones con productoras españolas para crear contenido original. El País. https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/10/20/television/1445333554_738468.html Martinet, A. (1992). Elementos de Lingüística general. Gredos. (Original work published 1936). Metz, C. (1971). Lenguaje y cine. Planeta. Mitry, J. (1963). Estética y psicología del cine. Siglo XXI. Morin, E. (1972). El cine o el hombre imaginario. Alianza. Morris, C. (1985). Fundamentos de la teoría de los signos. Paidós. (Original work published 1938). Murch, W. (2003). En el momento del parpadeo: un punto de vista sobre el montaje cinematográfico. Ocho y medio. Polidoro, P. (2008). Che cos’è la semiotica visiva. Carocci. Prieto, M. (March 29th, 2020). Covid19: el confinamiento acelera la adopción de servicios como Netflix. Expansión. https://www.expansion.com/economia-digital/companias/2020/03/29/5e7b8fd846 8aeb29108b45e9.html Real Academia Española. (2020). Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed. [version 23.4 online]. https://dle.rae.es Román, J. (2004). El cine alemán y la tendencia expresionista. Universidad de Chile. Spang, K. (2005). Persuasión: fundamentos de retórica. eunsa. 21 Cinema and transdiscursive semiotics... Steimberg, O. (2013). Semióticas. Las semióticas de los géneros, de los estilos, de la transposición. Eterna Cadencia. (Original work published 1998). Salgado Andrade, E. (2021). Memes y procesos de semiosis de la pandemia en México. Comunicación y Sociedad, e7906. https://doi. org/10.32870/cys.v2021.7906 Sucari, J. (2012). El documental expandido: pantalla y espacio. uoc. Torreiro, C. (2011). Realidad y creación en el cine de no-ficción: El documental catalán contemporáneo, 1995-2010. Cátedra. Trías, E. (1999). La razón fronteriza. Destino. Vázquez Medel, M. A. (2003). Bases para una teoría del Emplazamien- to. In Á. Acosta Romero, R. Browne Sartori, V. M. Silva Echeto & M. Á. Vázquez Medel (Eds.), Teoría del emplazamiento: aplicaciones e implicaciones (pp. 21-41). Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Sevilla. Verón, E. (1987). La semiosis social. Fragmentos de una teoría de la discursividad. Gedisa. Vidales Gonzáles, C. (2009). La relación entre la semiótica y los estudios de la comunicación: Un diálogo por construir. Comunicación y Sociedad, 11, 37-71. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v0i11.1793 Vidales Gonzáles, C. (2017). De la comunicación como campo a la comunicación como concepto transdisciplinar: historia, teoría y objeto de conocimiento. Comunicación y Sociedad, 30, 45-68. https://doi. org/10.32870/cys.v0i30.6840 Violi, P. (2017). Due vie per la semiotica o un incrocio di sguardi? Algirdas Greimas e Umberto Eco a confronto. Entornos, 30(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.25054/01247905.1420 Zunzunegui, S. (1995). Pensar la imagen. Cátedra.