The recovery of the Front of the tierra de Cádiz in the Twentieth Century by the hand of the architect Antonio Sánchez Esteve

EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X https://doi.org/10.4995/ege.2021.16412 APEGA, UPV *Correspondence author: Ramón Lozano-Martínez, [email protected] Received: 30 September 2021, Accepted: 15 December 2021, Published: 31 December 2021 THE RECOVERY OF THE FRONT OF THE TIERRA DE CADIZ IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY BY THE HAND OF THE ARCHITECT ANTONIO SANCHEZ ESTEVE LA RECUPERACIÓN DEL FRENTE DE LA PUERTA DE TIERRA DE CÁDIZ EN EL SIGLO XX DE LA MANO DEL ARQUITECTO ANTONIO SÁNCHEZ ESTEVE Ramón Lozano-Martínez a1 , Federico Arévalo-Rodríguez b , Gabriel Granado-Castro a2 a Department of Graphic Engineering / Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University of Seville, Spain. a1 [email protected], a2 [email protected] b Department of Architectural Graphic Expression / Higher Technical School of Architecture, University of Seville, Spain. [email protected] Abstract After a little more than two centuries of evolution throughout the Modern Age, in the second half of the 18th century the city of Cádiz was a paradigm among the strong cities of the Spanish Empire, being the headquarters of the Casa de Contratación since 1717. Among the elements that made up its defensive belt, the so-called Front of the Puerta de Tierra de Cádiz stands out, which defended the city by its only land access. At the end of the 19th century, the bad economic and social situation generated the urgent need to open the city to the outside, which led to the demolition of a large part of the defensive elements at the beginning of the following century. Both for its size and for its representativeness, the Puerta de Tierra was the object of special attention not without controversy. The loss of its heritage identity on behalf of the improvement in communications with outside the walls was avoided by the intervention of the architect Antonio Sánchez Esteve. Keywords: Modern Age; Military engineering; Bulwark; Defensive system. Resumen Después de algo más de dos siglos de evolución a lo largo de la Edad Moderna, en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII la ciudad de Cádiz se presentaba como un paradigma entre las ciudades fuertes del Imperio Español, siendo la sede de la Casa de Contratación desde 1717. De entre los elementos que constituían su cinturón defensivo destaca el denominado Frente de la Puerta de Tierra de Cádiz, que defendía a la ciudad por su único acceso terrestre. A finales del siglo XIX, la mala situación económica y social generó la urgente necesidad de abrir la ciudad al exterior, lo que propició que a principios del siglo siguiente se demoliese gran parte de los elementos defensivos. Tanto por su envergadura como por su representatividad, la Puerta de Tierra fue objeto de una especial atención no exenta de polémica. La pérdida de su identidad patrimonial en beneficio de la mejora en las comunicaciones con extramuros fue evitada por la intervención del arquitecto Antonio Sánchez Esteve. Palabras clave: Edad Moderna; Ingeniería militar; Baluarte; Sistema defensivo. 1. INTRODUCTION The Puerta de Tierra de Cádiz (Land Gate of Cadiz), whose purpose was to defend the city from those invaders who sought its occupation via its only land route, has its origins between 1513 and 1529 (Granado-Castro 2016: 2-3). Its first configuration was that of a crenelated earthen wall, with a central armoured bastion, which spanned the two shores of the isthmus that joins the city with the island of León (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Detail of the earthen wall in George Hoefnagel’s second view of Cadiz, 1564. Civitates Orbis Terrarum. (Source: Cartographic and Geographical Institute of Catalonia). In 1557, the engineer Juan Bautista Calvi introduced the bastioned defensive system in the city, the protagonist of the modern defensive system (Fernández 1973: 8), and contributed his plan for the defence of the plaza devised at the request of King Carlos V. Subsequently, the engineer Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino expanded the idea of his predecessor and, in 1565, presented a new plan that defended the city by surrounding it with walls and bastions, two of which were placed on the Front of the Puerta de Tierra (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Outline by Calvi for the defence of the Cadiz peninsula from 1554. (Source: Fernández Cano, 1973). Over time, the city continued building a defensive belt that surrounded the perimeter along its entire waterline within which were located bastions, platforms, and the castle of Santa Catalina, which was built at one end of the bay of the same name for its defence. The complex was closed to overland access to the city with the Front of the Puerta de Tierra (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. View of the city of Cadiz in the year 1647 but painted in 1802 by an anonymous artist. It is known as ”Vista Arámburu”. (Source: Museum of the Courts, Cadiz). 2. OBJECTIVE: THE PASSAGEWAY OPENING The historical development of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra covers a time interval of just over two centuries. With both continuity and detail, this work aims to compose the period that extends from the beginning of the demolitions at the end of the 18th century, whereupon the maximum expression of the front is found, up to the current state of the Puerta de Tierra. In the city of Cadiz, which had been surrounded by walls since the mid-18th century, a current of opinion spread from the bourgeois and business class, which blamed the defensive belt that surrounded it and the Puerta de Tierra in particular, for the situation of economic and social decline. Gradually, these ideas began the path that would ultimately result in its almost total dismantling. In this way, subsequent to arduous negotiations between the City Council and the military authorities, the influence that this structure had hitherto exercised in the urban EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 28 THE RECOVERY OF THE FRONT OF THE TIERRA DE CADIZ IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY BY THE HAND OF THE ARCHITECT ANTONIO SANCHEZ ESTEVE planning of the city came to an end. Among the many reasons that were put forward to justify the demolitions, issues concerning hygiene and aesthetics were argued, as were the “Law of the expansion of the populations” of 1864 and the Regulation of 1867 as a legal instrument of urban development in Spain in the second half of the 18th century (Sánchez 1949). The demolition work of the city’s defensive system began in 1893 with the demolition of a first section of wall that extended from the Customs house to the Puerta de Tierra itself, which was, according to the general opinion, the first step of a path that would lead to the rebirth of the city (Suárez 1999: 103). Once most of the walls had been demolished and no trace was left of the defensive elements that had been located on the outside of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra, such as moats, counterguards, and other elements, the time came that it had to be considered how to act on the emblematic element of the city that constituted the Puerta de Tierra itself. The solution that was adopted and started at first, aimed to isolate the central body of the Puerta de Tierra and adapt it to a type of triumphal arch. This proposal generated major discontent, and after various vicissitudes its execution was stopped, although a large part of the front had been demolished. Subsequently, the Reform Project for the Puerta de Tierra took centre stage in 1940, which was drawn up by the architect Antonio Sánchez Esteve, who proposed a solution that resulted in its current state. The defensive front of the Puerta de Tierra underwent a metamorphosis from its appearance in the 16th century until it reached its most advanced configuration in the 18th century, with the War of Succession featured as a positive turning point starring the Spanish engineer Ignacio Sala and his reform project for the Puerta de Tierra from 1730 (Fig. 4), (Lozano 2020, 3-5). The addition built on the front of the Puerta de Tierra by Ignacio Sala (Fig. 5) is none other than the so-called Puerta de Tierra tower, built at the end of 1850. It is also known as the Mathé tower, in honour of the creator of optical telegraphs, Brigadier Mathé. Its construction was carried out precisely for the installation in its upper part of one of these telegraphs, undertaken from November 1850 to February 1851 (Sánchez 2006: 1). This photograph shows the tower crowned by four sentry boxes, which needed to be braced by two lateral buttresses for its supported, in addition to other volumes that were built for this purpose in response to the cracks that began to appear in its walls. The set of modifications to be implemented on the defensive system of the city was divided into three parts. The first part consisted of the slow and gradual demolition of the walls that surrounded the city, beginning with those fronts facing the sea in the port (Fig. 6). Another part was aimed at the elimination of all the defensive elements that made up the front on the outside, such as moats, ravelins, guards, counterguards, covered entrances, and glacis that, depending on the case, involved corresponding demolition, and in others, embankments. The third part, which directly affected the Puerta de Tierra, was aimed at improving communications between the city and outside the walls. Fig. 4. Plan of the Project for the Front of the Puerta de Tierra in the Plaza de Cádiz. Ignacio Sala, 1730. (Source: General Archive of Simancas). LOZANO-MARTÍNEZ, RAMÓN; ARÉVALO-RODRÍGUEZ, FEDERICO; GRANADO-CASTRO, GABRIEL EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 29 Until that time, this communication, which was the same for both access and exit from the city, required a tortuous transit through moats, glacis, and other elements of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra, which finally reduced to a bottleneck made up of the central gate, and a side gate that was introduced to speed up traffic (Fig. 7). The tram began to circulate through the central gate in 1906 (Moreno 1979: 45) while the second gate enabled the passage of carriages and motor vehicles. A second additional side gate was later added to the other side of the central gate to help improve traffic circulation. Opening these two side gates clearly remained insufficient. For this reason, the search for a solution to this problem by the Cadiz City Council was directed towards beginning negotiations with the military authorities in order to obtain the transfer or exchange of all the lands of the Puerta de Tierra defensive complex, which included the barracks, the Puerta de Tierra itself, as well as the terrain that extended to the second and most advanced of the glacis. This latter area was known as the “Controversial Zones” and belonged to the military authorities. With this objective, the military authorities were asked to take steps towards the disappearance of the Controversial Zones and their subsequent urbanisation, an end that had been authorised by the Regent of the Kingdom in 1893. Throughout the second half of February 1906, the long-awaited transfer of the Extramuros lands (controversial areas) by the military authorities to the city of Cadiz was achieved together with the authorisation to proceed with the expansion work (Suárez 1999). It would not be until 9 January, 1931 when the Royal Decree on the cession to the city of the glacis and the San Roque and Santa Elena barracks was published with a view to their expansion (Moreno 1979: 55-56). This decree considered the agreement reached by the municipal authority and the Ministry of War, in which the Front with its monumental gate would be preserved as a historical remains, a cession in which Segismundo Moret, the then president of the Council of Ministers, played a leading role. 3. THE FIRST PROJECT The glacis urbanisation project, whose full name was “Project for the urbanisation of the Puerta de Tierra and demolition of the barracks”, was assigned to the municipal architect,Rafael Hidalgo, Fig. 5. The Puerta de Tierra in 1922, upon which the wall tower was built, also known as the Mathé tower, which formed the base for an optical telegraph to be installed. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). Fig. 6. Image of the since demolished Puertas del Mar when the sections of wall in which they were embedded had been taken down. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). Fig. 7. Passage between counterguards and ravelins. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 30 THE RECOVERY OF THE FRONT OF THE TIERRA DE CADIZ IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY BY THE HAND OF THE ARCHITECT ANTONIO SANCHEZ ESTEVE under whose direction the moats were filled in and all defensive elements that protruded from the ground were demolished so that the levels of the surroundings were homogenised with the aim of outlining a new road system. In 1929, while the City Council was striving to obtain the entire property of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra, the Technical Office of the Cadiz city council was already working on its intervention proposal, as reflected in the plan in Figure 8 corresponding to the “Expansion and urbanisation project of the Puerta de Tierra“. Fig. 8. Expansion and urbanisation project of the Puerta de Tierra (and demolition of four of the arcades of the barracks). Cadiz, 31 December, 1924. This proposal was never put into practice. Author: Rafael Hidalgo. Municipal Technical Office. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). In this project, the sections that were proposed for demolition appeared outlined in red: only two arches on each side of the central body including their corresponding part of the city wall. In Figure 9, one of these sections is represented with a red line, while one of the two sections of five arches is reflected in blue, which would ultimately be those demolished. The project plan, in its lower area, also reflects the demolition of part of the two pavilions dedicated to the kitchens in order to provide an open passage, while in the final solution both pavilions would be totally demolished. Fig. 9. Plan that shows the state of the fortifications in front of the Plaza de Cádiz on 1 January, 1761. Author: Silvestre Abarca. (Source: General Archive of Simancas). On 28 August, 1939, the permit was approved for the opening of wide communication routes with outside the city walls, and this was made official in person on 19 September with the marking of the arcades that would finally be demolished: five arcades of the San Roque barracks, and many others of the Santa Elena barracks. In September of this same year, the demolitions of said vaults were carried out, along with the corresponding sections of the curtain wall (Fig. 10), leaving the central body still standing, around which the new road was to circulate (Moreno 1979). Fig. 10. Demolished arches next to the semi-bastion of Santa Elena. Part of the central body can be seen that was left isolated in the centre. (Source: Image available at the tower itself). Ultimately, this was the solution adopted by the municipal architect Rafael Hidalgo in his project to improve communications and road traffic between the city itself and outside the city LOZANO-MARTÍNEZ, RAMÓN; ARÉVALO-RODRÍGUEZ, FEDERICO; GRANADO-CASTRO, GABRIEL EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 31 walls. He isolated the central body of the Puerta de Tierra from both the San Roque and Santa Elena bastions with the intention of remodelling it to transform it into a type of triumphal arch or monumental gate to the city. The general opinion, and that of the Academy of Fine Arts of Cadiz in particular, considered that this metamorphosis of the central body of the Puerta de Tierra could not be permitted, since its proportions and finishes were inadequate for such a transformation. The General Directorate of Fine Arts, in response to the request of the Provincial Academy of Fine Arts of Cadiz, ordered the City Council to stop work on the Puerta de Tierra on 3 November, 1939 and began the process towards declaring the Cadiz city walls as a monument. The work continued until, in BOE No. 336 of 1940, the complex formed by both the wall and the Puerta de Tierra, including its annexed pavilions, were declared a Historic-Artistic Monument, remaining thereafter under the tutelage of the State (Pérez 1991: 68-70, 152-153). The work stopped only after the demolitions had already been carried out, so the front appeared as shown in the photograph in Figure 11. Fig. 11. Aspect of the Puerta de Tierra subsequent to the demolitions. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). At a quarter to ten at night on 8 August, 1947, the well-known “Cadiz explosion” unfortunately took place outside the city walls, in the heart of the San Severiano neighbourhood, in the place now occupied by the Hydrographic Institute of the Navy. In warehouse No. 1 of the Underwater Defence Base in Cadiz, 1,600 armed charges exploded, which sowed devastation whose shock wave was fortunately dampened and deflected by the city wall of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra (Pettengui 1981: 56; Cañas 2017): at least this is the general opinion. One of the many instances of reconstruction work that the City Council had to tackle involved the resolution of the unfortunate state of the Puerta de Tierra. When, in 1949, the mayor reported that the terrain of the controversial areas had once again become the property of the city, the Cadiz City Council appeared as the promoter of the project laid out by the municipal architect and academic of Fine Arts, Antonio Sánchez Esteve, entitled “Reform project of the Puerta de Tierra. Year 1949”. On the initial state from which the architect started, which had been in existence since 1939, the architect developed a different concept, the result of which is the state that the Puerta de Tierra currently presents. 4. THE REFORM PROJECT BY THE ARCHITECT ANTONIO SÁNCHEZ ESTEVE Advised by Félix Hernández, architect of the Heritage area, Sánchez Esteve carried out his project in accordance with the idea defended by the Academy of Fine Arts, and with the guidelines set out by the General Directorate of Architecture (Pérez 1991: 152). This project involved rebuilding both sections of the wall to restore continuity to the front and resolved the road traffic issue with large lowered or segmented arches on both sides of the central body and on each of the faces of the curtain walls. The pedestrian crossing obtained its solution with the construction of lateral gates on both sides of each lowered arch similar to those that existed on both sides of the original gate. On the surface, both for pedestrian and road traffic, the moat was covered as strictly as necessary. The decision to place a lateral gate on each of the two sides of the escarpment arches implied a major structural challenge since each of them bridged a span of 15.20 m. The engineers of the Port Authority technically solved the challenge by opting for the placement of cantilever beams, which generated no lateral nor vertical thrust on any original element, since they were fully embedded in the open hole in the curtain walls (Sánchez 1949), (Fig. 14). As the engineers state in the project report, in order to define the structure it was necessary to decide the length of the central section and of the cantilevers on which it would rest, as well as EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 32 THE RECOVERY OF THE FRONT OF THE TIERRA DE CADIZ IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY BY THE HAND OF THE ARCHITECT ANTONIO SANCHEZ ESTEVE the number of beams to be placed. Finally, the solution formed of four cantilever beams was adopted, made up of: one different beam for each front and two similar interior beams, since the option of placing only two exterior beams would require nine-metre bracing that was considered excessively long. The framework would be placed upon the four beams, resulting in a structure that, as mentioned above, transmitted no lateral thrust. Considering the distance spanning each arch and that the central span was 9 metres, the cantilever beams would be extended by leaning on the pillars to achieve the necessary counterweight. The framework was resolved with brick masonry vaults. The initial state of the Sánchez Esteve project corresponded to that of the semi-bastions separated from the central tower that had survived the fate of the adjoining sections of the curtain walls, as can be observed in Figure 12, which shows the project plan. corresponding to the then “current state”. Fig. 12. Detail of the plan corresponding to the “current state” of the Reform Project by Antonio Sánchez Esteve. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). The two central cantilever beams are equal to each other and are 2.40 m apart as measured between their interior faces. In the case of the exterior beams, these are unique for each façade and are separated by three metres from the interior beams, also measured with the same criteria. It is worth bearing in mind the case of the outward-facing front, since it was built with a box girder, which provides a significant reduction in weight and materials. On its outer face, an inclination or scarp similar to that of the wall is presented, thereby enabling its integration when laying the facing. Small flanges were placed on the exterior beams to securely hold the facing to the wall. On the upper part of the arch between the beams, a few brick arches were raised upon which the upper paving was fastened. For the lower part of the arch, to cover it underneath, a framework was made that also served to brace the beams together (Fig. 13). Fig. 13. Section through the keystone of the central arcade. Formation of upper-level brickwork arches and lower framework between cantilever beams. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). The 3D model in Figure 14 shows the entire structural solution adopted to bridge the lowered arches, and the attached side gates. In the foreground, the front facing Cadiz is represented. The opposite front facing the outer walls is supported by the box beam and corresponds to the side of the curtain wall of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra, its outer face presenting the same slope as the façade of the semi-bastions and the curtain wall itself. The set of reinforced concrete beams transmits the loads to the ground through the corresponding pilasters and footings. No anchoring was required between beams and pilasters and the assembly exerts no lateral thrust. Fig. 14. 3D model of the structural solution adopted by the Facultative Directorate. (Source: Authors’ own based on the Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). LOZANO-MARTÍNEZ, RAMÓN; ARÉVALO-RODRÍGUEZ, FEDERICO; GRANADO-CASTRO, GABRIEL EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 33 Regarding the piles or pilasters, these are built based on ashlar work on the outside and masonry on the inside. As indicated in the project, the interior of the passageways would be treated in stone with a veneer of ashlar masonry, although their surface today is of concrete. Fig. 15. Photograph taken between 1949 and 1951 of the front of the Puerta de Tierra during the construction of the two lowered arches. (Source: Image available at the tower itself). The spaces between the cantilever beams, specifically in the part of the lateral arches that act as a counterweight, were filled with earth or stone. On the other hand, the interior of the tympanums of the brick vaults of the upper part was solidified with sand. It is important to highlight the ornamental tops that Sánchez Esteve applied to the four guardhouses of the Puerta de Tierra tower by finishing them off as 18th-century sentry boxes that accentuated their role as a symbol of the city (Pérez 1991). The execution of the project marked a construction period of twelve months. Fig. 16. Definitive state of the Puerta de Tierra after the execution of the project by the architect Sánchez Esteve. (Source: Municipal Historical Archive of Cadiz). After the completion of the construction, several other building projects of lesser importance were carried out, most of which were aimed at the aspect of finishes, coatings, bars on windows, and finishings. From among these, one restoration notably affected the appearance of the tower in particular, and the whole complex in general. This is the file that was prepared in 1952 under the title “Completion of the total project of the work of Ornamentation of the Puerta de Tierra”, which, among other issues of restoration and ornamentation, considered as the last and fourth part the “Restoration of the tower or upper body of the tower according to the approved project”. In the “Description of the work” section, it establishes the elimination of the obviously false buttresses that were made to prop up the tower when signs of ruin and collapse arose. This modification resulted in the tower becoming slimmer. 5. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra, from its genesis in the early 16th century to its maximum expression at the end of the 18th century, is documented in various sources with different approaches and levels of depth. However, the evolution of the building from the 18th century to the present day had been insufficiently analysed. Although there are publications that mention snippets of information at this stage, focused mainly on the project by Sánchez Esteve, they fail to provide continuity in the details regarding this interval of history. This research work analyses the evolution of the Front of the Puerta de Tierra from the end of the 18th century, whereby special attention is paid to the construction aspects starting from its partial demolition to the structural solution through the use of cantilever beams that solve the geometry of lowered arches in the passageways through the city wall. This research provides information on the modification carried out on the tower, which affected the four sentry boxes and the elimination of two if its side walls. EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 34 THE RECOVERY OF THE FRONT OF THE TIERRA DE CADIZ IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY BY THE HAND OF THE ARCHITECT ANTONIO SANCHEZ ESTEVE REFERENCES Cañas. 2017. La tragedia silenciada que tiñó Cádiz de rojo. El País. 2017. Fernández Cano, Calderón Quijano, & Sarabia Viejo. 1973. Las defensas de Cádiz en la Edad Moderna. Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos. ISBN 84-00-03942-4. 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How to cite this article: Lozano-Martínez, Ramón; Arévalo-Rodríguez, Federico; Granado-Castro, Gabriel. 2021. “The recovery of the front of the Tierra de Cadiz in the Twentieth century by the hand of the architect Antonio Sanchez Esteve.”, EGE Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación , No. 15, Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València. pp. 27-39. https://doi.org/10.4995/ege.2021.16412 LOZANO-MARTÍNEZ, RAMÓN; ARÉVALO-RODRÍGUEZ, FEDERICO; GRANADO-CASTRO, GABRIEL EGE - Revista de Expresión Gráfica en la Edificación, Nº 15, 2021. ISSN: 2605-082X | 35