Effects of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) severity on durum wheat cultivars

E ec s o powde y mildew (Blume ia g aminis) se e i y on du um whea cul i a s Tomás A., Solís I. in Royo C. (ed.), Nachi M. (ed.), Di Fonzo N. (ed.), A aus J.L. (ed.). Du um whea imp o emen in he Medi e anean egion: New challenges Za agoza : CIHEAM Op ions Médi e anéennes : Sé ie A. Séminai es Médi e anéens; n. 40 2000 pages 417-419 A icle a ailable on line / A icle disponible en ligne à l’ad esse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- h p://om.ciheam.o g/a icle.php?IDPDF=600069 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To ci e his a icle / Pou ci e ce a icle -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tomás A., Solís I. E ec s o powde y mildew (Blume ia g aminis) se e i y on du um whea cul i a s. In : Royo C. (ed.), Nachi M. (ed.), Di Fonzo N. (ed.), A aus J.L. (ed.). Du um whea imp o emen in he Medi e anean egion: New challenges . Za agoza : CIHEAM, 2000. p. 417-419 (Op ions Médi e anéennes : Sé ie A. Séminai es Médi e anéens; n. 40) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- h p://www.ciheam.o g/ h p://om.ciheam.o g/ E ec s o powde y mildew (Blume ia g aminis) se e i y on du um whea cul i a s A. Tomás* and I. Solís** *S.C.A. Campo de Tejada-Ag o ege al S.A., Deme io de los Ríos 15, 41003 Se illa, Spain **Dp o de Ciencias Ag o o es ales, EUIT Ag ícolas, Uni e sidad de Se illa, C a U e a km 1, 41013 Se illa SUMMARY – Powde y mildew, caused by Blume ia g aminis, is an impo an disease o du um whea (T i icum u gidum L. a . du um) in Medi e anean condi ions. In 1999, he en i onmen al condi ions we e e y a ou able o he de elopmen o he disease in he Sou h o Spain and he mycelium o he pa hogen was e iden om Feb ua y o May in almos all he du um whea cul i a s sown by Ag o ege al S.A. in Je ez de la F on e a (Cádiz) and Escacena del Campo (Huel a). The cul i a s showed a la ge a ia ion in disease se e i y in he ield, anging om 0 o 70%, wi h di e en alues in each epe i ion o he same place due o he spa ial i egula i y o he inoculum. The yield da a collec ed in each plo o he same cul i a in Escacena del Campo is highly co ela ed wi h his inal disease se e i y. In Je ez de la F on e a he yield anking o a ie ies is also co ela ed wi h hei powde y mildew se e i y. We ha e no obse ed o he pa hogens no en i onmen al i egula i ies in he ield ials, and we concluded ha he educ ions in g ain yield a e mainly caused by powde y mildew. Key wo ds: Du um whea , powde y mildew, Blume ia g aminis, se e i y, yield. RESUMÉ −“E e s de la sé é i é de l’oïdium (Blume ia g aminis) su les cul i a s de blé du ”. L’oïdium es une impo an e maladie du blé du (T i icum u gidum L. a . du um) en condi ions médi e anéennes causée pa Blume ia g aminis. Pendan l’année 1999 les condi ions en i onnemen ales on é é ès a o ables pou le dé eloppmen de la maladie dans le sud de l’Espagne, e le mycélium du champignon a é é é iden de é ie jusqu’au mois de mai su p a iquemen la o ali é des a ié és essayées pa Ag o ege al S.A. à Je ez de la F on e a (Cádiz) e Escacena del Campo (Huel a). On a ou é dans le champ des g andes a ia ions dans le ni eau de sé é i é de chaque a ié é, de 0% jusqu’à 70%, a ec des di é ences en e les aleu s de chaque épé i ion dans le même lieu dû à l’i égula i é spa iale dans la quan i é d’inoculum. Le endemen de chaque pa celle de la même a ié é écol ée à Escacena del Campo es hau emen co élé a ec la sé é i é de l’oïdium. A Je ez de la F on e a, le endemen moyen des a ié és aussi es co élé a ec sa sé é i é moyenne. On n’a pas obse é d’au es pa hogènes ni des i égula i és dans les essais, donc on peu conclu e que les éduc ions de p oduc ion de g ain on é é dues p incipalemen à l’oïdium. Mo s-clés : Blé du , oïdium, Blume ia g aminis, sé é i é, endemen . In oduc ion Blume ia g aminis . sp. i ici (E ysiphe g aminis . sp. i ici), he causal agen o powde y mildew in du um whea , is e y well known by a me s g owing ce eals in Medi e anean condi ions, bu no much da a is published abou yield losses caused by his pa hogen in ield condi ions. Low le els o se e i y a he beginning o he cycle o whea do no appa en ly cause signi ican yield losses. Some imes he disease appea s simul aneously wi h o he lea diseases like us o sep o ia, and i is e y di icul o delimi he yield losses due o each one in ield condi ions. Powde y mildew micelium has been e iden om Feb ua y o May o 1999 in all he du um whea cul i a s g owing in ials sown by Ag o ege al S.A. in Je ez de la F on e a (Cádiz) and Escacena del Campo (Huel a). The e is no e idence o he p esence o o he pes s o pa hogens in ials, and he e o e can s udy he co ela ion be ween yield and powde y mildew se e i y in each plo o each cul i a . Knowledge abou he e ec o powde y mildew in yield losses in du um whea cul i a s will pe mi he b eede s in Medi e anean condi ions o be e es ima e he impo ance o his c i e ion in du um whea b eeding. 417 CIHEAM - Op ions Medi e aneennes Ma e ials and me hods The du um whea ials we e sown in Je ez de la F on e a and Escacena del Campo wi h 25 cul i a s, 5 checks (SIMETO, GALLARETA, DON PEDRO, VITRÓN AND SENADUR) and 20 ad anced lines (F7) om he CIMMYT b eeding p og am (TDA 1 o TDA 20). The s a is ic design was an equilib a ed squa e la ice wi h 25 cul i a s, 3 epe i ions and elemen al plo s o 6 m2(6 ows o 5 m spaced 20 cm). The ungus diagnosis was made by di ec obse a ion o he whi e micelium o e he lea su ace ollowed by obse a ion a op ical mic oscopy o he hyphae and conidia (Zillinsky, 1983). The powde y mildew se e i y was de e mined ollowing he modi ica ed scale o Cobb (Pe e son e al., 1948), used o measu e he pe cen age o issue a ec ed by us s in whea lea es. The da a analysis was made wi h STATISTIX 1.0 (Analy ical so wa e, 1996). Resul s and discussion The ials in Je ez de la F on e a and Escacena del Campo we e sown in d yland he 25 h o No embe and 3 d o Decembe espec i ely, bu hey did no eme ge un il he beginning o Janua y hanks o he i s win e ains. Fi s symp oms o disease we e e iden a he end o Feb ua y in plan s wi h phenological g ow h s ages be ween 20 and 30 acco ding o BBCH scale (based in Zadoks e al., 1974 and Lancashi e e al., 1991). The whi e o g eyish micelia was p esen o e he lea es un il he beginning o May in g ow h s ages be ween 70 and 80 (BBCH scale). A his momen he s ong d ough induced as ma u i y o cul i a s wi h disappea ance o isible s uc u es o he ungus. The yield and powde y mildew se e i y esul s o each plo collec ed in Je ez de la F on e a showed a high uni o mi y in h ee epe i ions da a and a nega i e co ela ion be ween he a e age yield o each cul i a and i s powde y mildew se e i y ( = -0.580; p <0.05) (Fig. 1). The nega i e co ela ion is much highe ( = -0.839; p <0.001) i we do no ake in o accoun h ee cul i a s (SENADUR, TDA 4 and TDA 10) wi h o - ype esul s. Fig. 1. Rela ionship be ween g ain yield and powde y mildew se e i y o 25 du um whea cul i a s in Je ez de la F on e a. The yield and se e i y esul s o each plo collec ed in Escacena del Campo did no show uni o mi y in h ee epe i ions da a, wi h inc easing a e age yield and dec easing a e age se e i y om he i s o he hi d epe i ion. The e is a nega i e co ela ion be ween he a e age yield and a e age powde y mildew se e i y o each epe i ion ( = -0.989; p <0.1) (Fig. 2). 418 1.07 1.00 0.93 0.86 21 26 31 36 41 46 + + + Se e i y Yield CIHEAM - Op ions Medi e aneennes Fig. 2. Rela ionship be ween a e age g ain yield and powde y mildew se e i y o h ee epe i ions da a om a du um whea ial in Escacena del Campo. Conclusions Powde y mildew may cause economically impo an g ain yield losses on du um whea cul i a s g own in Medi e anean condi ions in a ou able ag oclima ic condi ions. In Je ez de la F on e a condi ions, wi h an a e age g ain yield o 3742 kg/ha ( anging om 4837 kg/ha o TDA 6 o 2910 kg/ha o TDA 19) and a e age powde y mildew se e i y o 34.9% ( anging om 3.3% o TDA 4 o 60% o TDA 12) he e is a high nega i e co ela ion be ween he wo analysed cha ac e s. Then, in absence o o he pes s and diseases, he esis ance o powde y mildew o each cul i a has been c i ical in o de o ha e a high yield. In Escacena del Campo condi ions, wi h an a e age g ain yield o 1578 kg/ha ( anging om 2229 kg/ha o SIMETO o 1159 kg/ha o TDA 11) and a e age powde y mildew se e i y o 34.4% ( anging om 0% o TDA 4 o 63.3% o TDA 7) he e is a nega i e co ela ion o he wo analysed cha ac e s in he h ee plo s da a o each cul i a , and he a e age yield inc eases om 1s o 3 d epe i ion in +22% when powde y mildew se e i y dec eases in -53.1%. In his case, esis ance o powde y mildew o each cul i a has been impo an bu no c i ical in o de o ha e a high yield. P obably he mos impo an cha ac e has been d ough ole ance. None o he obse ed cul i a s showed immuni y eac ion o he powde y mildew aces p esen in he Sou h o Spain. F om hese esul s we concluded ha esis ance o powde y mildew is an impo an selec ion c i e ion in du um whea b eeding p og ams in Medi e anean condi ions. Re e ences Lancashi e, P.D., Bleiholde , H., Langelüddecke, R., Van den Boom, T., Webe , E. and Wi zembe ge , A. (1991). An uni o m decimal code o g ow h s ages o c ops and weeds. Ann. Appl. Biol., 119: 561-601. Pe e son, R.F., Campbell, A.B. and Hannah, A.E. (1948). A diagnos ic scale o es ima ing us in ensi y o lea es and s em o ce eals. Can. J. Res. Sec ., C26: 496-500. Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T. and Konzak, C.F. (1974). A decimal code o he g ow h s ages o ce eals. Weed Res., 14: 415-421. Zillinsky, F.J. (1983). Common Diseases o Small G ain Ce eals: A Guide o Iden i ica ion. CIMMYT, Mexico. 419 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 0204060 + + Se e i y Yield + +++ ++ + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + CIHEAM - Op ions Medi e aneennes