Coastal Dune Restoration in El Inglés Beach (Gran Canaria, Spain): a Trial Study

Re is a de Es udios Andaluces (REA) | Núm. 41, eb e o (2021) | e-ISSN: 2340-2776. h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41 | © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 h ps://edi o ial.us.es/es/ e is as/ e is a-de-es udios-andaluces h ps:// e is ascien i icas.us.es/index.php/REA CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 187 187 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 Coas al Dune Res o a ion in El Inglés Beach (G an Cana ia, Spain): a T ial S udy Expe iencia de Res au ación de la Duna Cos e a de la Playa del Inglés (G an Cana ia, España) Abel San omualdo-Collado abel.san [email p o ec ed] 0000-0001-5368-9604 An onio I. He nández-Co de o he nandez.co [email p o ec ed] 0000-0002-8373-9235 Manolo Vie a-Pé ez ie [email p o ec ed] 0000-0001-9547-2083 Ins i u o de Oceanog a ía y Cambio Global, Uni e sidad de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia. Pa que Cien í ico Tecnológico Ma ino de Talia e, s/n. 35214 Telde, Las Palmas. Juan B. Gallego-Fe nández [email p o ec ed] 0000-0002-4952-3449 Fundación In e nacional pa a la Res au ación de Ecosis emas. C/ P incesa 3 dpdo, 7ª plan a, apa amen o 703. 28008 Mad id. Luis He nández-Cal en o [email p o ec ed] 0000-0002-4948-7230 Ins i u o de Oceanog a ía y Cambio Global, Uni e sidad de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia. Pa que Cien í ico Tecnológico Ma ino de Talia e, s/n. 35214 Telde, Las Palmas. Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. INFO ARTÍCULO ABSTRACT Recei ed: 01-12-2020 Re ised: 22-01-2020 Accep ed: 25-01-2021 KEYWORDS Maspalomas Sand collec o A id beach-dune sys em Nebkha A ial s udy o o edune es o a ion on El Inglés beach (G an Cana ia, Spain) was ca ied ou be ween July 2018 and Decembe 2019 as pa o he MASDUNAS p o- g am o he G an Cana ia Island Council. Among he objec i es o ha p ojec was he sand eloca ion om he ip o La Baje a o he El Inglés beach, he ins alla ion o sand collec o s and he ein oduc ion o specimens o T aganum moquinii ha ac as gene a o s o new mound dunes in he o edune. This s udy p esen s esul s, ex- ac ed om he scien i ic moni o ing o he p ojec , on he e iciency o he sand collec o s and he e olu ion o he plan ed specimens o T. moquinii. The knowledge gained om his ial s udy is key o imp o e and adap he coas al dune es o a ion p ocedu e in a id sys ems. PALABRAS CLAVE RESUMEN Maspalomas Cap ado de a ena Sis ema playa-duna á ido Nebkha La expe iencia de es au ación de la duna cos e a de la playa del Inglés (G an Cana- ia, España) se ealizó en e los meses de julio de 2018 y diciemb e de 2019, den o del p og ama MASDUNAS del Cabildo de G an Cana ia. En e los obje i os de es e p oyec o se incluye on la eposición de a ena desde la pun a de la Baje a a la playa del Ingles, y la ins alación de cap ado es de a ena y ein oducción de ejempla es de T aganum moquinii que ac úen como o mado es de nue as dunas mon iculadas en la o edune. Es e es udio p esen a esul ados, ex aídos del seguimien o cien í ico del p oyec o, sob e la e olución de los cap ado es y de los ejempla es de T. moquinii plan ados. El conocimien o ex aído de es a expe iencia es cla e pa a mejo a y adap a el p ocedimien o de es au ación de dunas cos e as en sis emas á idos. DOI: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 Fo ma o de ci a / Ci a ion: San omualdo-Collado, A. e al. (2021). Coas al dune es o a ion in El Inglés beach (G an Cana ia, Spain): A ial s udy. Re is a de Es udios Andaluces, 41,187-204. h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 Co espondencia au o : [email p o ec ed] (Abel San omualdo-Collado) Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 188 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 1.  INTRODUCTION The es o a ion o deg aded coas al dune sys ems has been ca ied ou in many pa s o he wo ld, mos ly in empe a e a eas such as Eu ope, he Uni ed S a es and Sou h A ica (Li hgow e al., 2013). As a esul , ex ensi e knowledge has been ga he ed in hese a eas and di e en me hodologies de eloped o es o e his ype o coas al dune cha ac e ized by he p esen a ion o a con inuous idge mo phology pa allel o he coas and mainly ege a ed by pe ennial he baceous species (Ley e al., 2007; No ds om, 2008). Howe e , conside ably ewe s udies ha e been ca ied ou on a id dune sys ems (Bu ke e al., 2011; Lubke, 2013), and no speci ic me hodology has been de eloped o da e o he pu poses o es o a ion. On a id coas s, he o edune is usually made up o mound dunes, commonly known as nebkhas, in which he ege a ion ends o be sh ub species. This is he case in he Cana y Islands (He nández-Co de o e al., 2019), no hwes A ica (Hesp e al., 2021) and Chile (Cas o A a ia, 1987; Cas o, 1988), among o he places. The es o a ions ca ied ou in di e en dune en i onmen s ha e been, in descending equency, in s a- bilized dunes, semi-mobile dunes, mobile dunes and dune slacks (Li hgow e al., 2013). In mobile dunes, one o he land o ms mos deg aded by human ac i i ies is he o edune. Rega dless o he dune egion, wo main ypes o coas al dune es o a ion echniques can be dis in- guished (Ley e al., 2007): enginee ing echniques and ecological echniques. While he o me simply con- empla e he use o machine y o he econs uc ion o he dune opog aphy, ecological echniques a e based on he eco e y o geomo phological and ecological p ocesses ha allow he dune o ma ion, es o - ing he mo phology and cha ac e is ic ege a ion acco ding o he a ea whe e he in e en ion akes place (Ley e al., 2007). Fo his, na i e dune-building species ha accumula e sand while consolida ing he dune ha is being o med can be plan ed, o sand can i s be accumula ed wi h passi e collec o s wi h e ege a- ion aking place la e (Gómez-Pina e al., 2002; Ley e al., 2007; No ds om, 2008). The objec i es o o edune es o a ion include he supply o sedimen s o he co esponding beaches, he eco e y o mo pho-ecological s a es and sedimen a y dynamics, he es o a ion o na u al ege a ion and endemic species, he c ea ion o e uge habi a s, he p o ec ion o human in as uc u es, he c ea ion o leisu e a eas and he eco e y o landscape alues (Ma ínez e al., 2013). The es o a ion o coas al dunes in a id egions has been based undamen ally on acili a ing he coloniza ion o key plan species o he o ma ion o his land o m, as is he case o Salsola nollo hensis in Namibia (Bu ke e al., 2011). A ew dune es o a ion p ojec s ha e been ca ied ou in he Maspalomas dune ield, loca ed in he sou h o he island o G an Cana ia (Cana y Islands, Spain). Be ween 2005 and 2007, he “2006-2007 T. moquinii epopula ion p ojec ” (o iginal i le in Spanish: P oyec o pilo o de e ue zo de las poblaciones de balancones 2006-2007) was unde aken, p omo ed by he G an Cana ia Island Council, he go e nmen al body in cha ge o managing he Dunas de Maspalomas Special Na u e Rese e, and execu ed by he public company Gesplan. This p ojec in ol ed collec ing T aganum moquinii (known locally as balancón) cu ings and seeds, ansplan a ion and ge mina ion es s, he ins alla ion o ences, anspo a ion and in si u plan ing and, inally, he moni o ing o he e olu ion o plan g ow h (Gesplan, 2007). Un o una ely, mos o hese plan s we e plan ed oo close o ee dunes and we e bu ied by hem. Ano he in e en ion was unde aken by he G an Cana ia Island Council in 2008 in he o edune a ea, consis ing o he ins alla ion o sand collec o s and he plan ing o associa ed T. moquinii specimens. A i s , he ype o collec o used, a 2 m long double semici cula ow o wicke ods o gene a e nebkhas, was e ec i e and gene a ed dunes. Howe e , his ac ion was ul ima ely unsuccess ul as none o he plan s su i ed (Fe nández-Cab e a e al., 2011), mos p obably due o poo con ol by he adminis a i e au ho - i ies o o edune use by public as well as a lack moni o ing and main enance o he ac ions ha had been ca ied ou . The en i onmen al changes ha Maspalomas dune ield has expe ienced as a esul o ou ism de el- opmen include: i) changes in geomo phological p ocesses and ypes o land o m due o modi ica ion o he aeolian sedimen a y dynamics as he esul o he cons uc ion o buildings and o he in as uc u e (He nández-Cal en o e al., 2014; Smi h e al., 2017; Ga cía-Rome o e al., 2019); ii) changes in ege a ion, especially he dec ease in he numbe o T. moquinii specimens, a plan species ha gene a es he o edune Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 189 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 and egula es he anspo o sand in o he sys em (He nández-Co de o e al., 2017, 2018; Ga cía-Rome- o e al., 2021); and iii) al e a ion o he landscape as a consequence o massi e and diso de ly public use (Cab e a-Vega e al., 2013; Ga cía-Rome o e al., 2016). To deal wi h his p oblem, a pilo s udy o eloca e sand om he ip o La Baje a o El Inglés beach (called in Spanish: Expe iencia pilo o de eposición de a ena de la pun a de La Baje a a Playa del Inglés) was ini ia ed in July 2018 as pa o he MASDUNAS p og am un by he G an Cana ia Island Council, wi h a budge o 1,155,018.33€ and a du a ion o 18 mon hs. The objec i es o his p ojec included, as well as he sand eloca ion, he ins alla ion o sand collec o s and he ein oduc- ion o T. moquinii specimens, which ac as builde s o new dunes in he o edune. To e alua e hese objec- i es, he p ojec included he de elopmen o a scien i ic moni o ing p og am. This s udy p esen s a i s explo a ion o he esul s o he scien i ic moni o ing ha was ca ied ou on he e iciency o he sand collec o s and he e olu ion o he specimens o T. moquinii ha we e plan ed as pa o he p ojec . The objec i e was o e alua e he ex en o which he sand collec o s and T. moquinii specimens con ibu ed o he o ma ion o mound dunes and o expand knowledge o he geo-ecological p ocesses o he o edune o El Inglés beach. The esul s o he scien i ic moni o ing o his expe imen al s udy will help o imp o e and adap me hodologies o he ecological es o a ion o o edunes in a id dune sys ems. 2.  STUDY AREA The Maspalomas dune ield (27°45′38″ N, 15°35′09″ W) is loca ed in he sou he n e ex o he island o G an Cana ia on a del aic pla o m a he mou h o he Maspalomas-Fa aga a ine. A he sou h o he dune ield, he Maspalomas beach ex ends eas wa ds om he mou h o he Fa aga a ine o he La Baje a ip. The eas - e n bounda y o he dune ield co esponds o El Inglés beach, aligned in a no h-sou h di ec ion, and is he main sedimen supply o he dune ield. The beach s e ches o 2,500 me e s om he cli o he El Inglés uppe e ace (abou 25 m abo e sea le el), in he no h, o La Baje a ip, in he sou h. F om he o esho e and up o 200 m in o he dune ield he e a e specimens o he T. moquinii sh ub. These plan s, aligned om no h o sou h, ac as a dune-buide species and a e esponsible o he i s na u al e en ion o he sedimen s ha ad ance inland. Thei g ow h is s imula ed by sand bu ial, which a o s he o ma ion o mound dunes (nebkhas). This i s line o ege a ed dunes o ms he o edune o El Inglés beach. I s unc ions include he egula ion o aeolian sedimen a y anspo in o he dune sys em, he educ ion o e osi e p ocesses and he p omo ion o he o ma ion o ba chan dunes and ba chanoid idges (He nández-Co de o e al., 2012; Vie a-Pé ez, 2015). The heigh o he nebkhas ha o m he o edune o El Inglés beach anges om 1 o 5 me e s, associa ed o T. moquinii indi iduals ha may each 5 m in some cases (He nández-Co de o e al., 2012; Ga cía-Rome o e al., 2021) (Fig. 3C). The clima ic cha ac e is ics o his en i onmen a e a id: he a e age empe a u e o 21 °C a ies only sligh ly o e he yea , and mean annual p ecipi a ion is a ound 81 mm. The winds ha e wo main di ec ions: hose om he W, which ep esen 19% o he annual equency, and hose om he E-ENE, which accoun o 15% (He nández-Co de o e al., 2019). Howe e , as he la e a e he mos in ense (e ec i e winds), he wind and ma ine sedimen a y dynamics occu in he NE-SW di ec ion (Máye Suá ez e al., 2012). The winds om he W, no mally caused by he d i o he ade winds o he no he n componen and condi ioned by he o og aphy o he island, a e usually mild (Vie a-Pé ez, 2015; Smi h e al., 2021). Se e al s udies ha e con i med a ela i e s abili y o El Inglés beach a di e en ime scales (Alonso e al., 2001; Fon án-Bouzas e al., 2019; Di Paola e al., 2020). Howe e , seasonally s ong winds and ene ge ic wa es om he WSW-SW, associa ed wi h au umn-win e A lan ic s o ms, e e se he ma ine dynamics, and e ode he Maspalomas beach. These s o ms a e esponsible o a signi ican sedimen loss in he sys em (Fon án-Bouzas e al., 2019; Di Paola e al., 2020). In his con ex , sedimen s a e anspo ed eas wa ds o he he ip o La Baje a, which g ows un il eaching a maximum limi ma ked by a d op-o . Consequen ly, pa o he sand alls o deepe a eas (below 20 m) whe e he wa es a e unable o eco e he sedimen and ans- po i back o he beach. In ecen decades, he sys em has los an a e age o 45,000 m3 o sedimen pe Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 190 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 yea (Minis e io de Medio Ambien e, 2007), esul ing in he iden i ica ion o a sedimen a y de ici (He nán- dez-Cal en o, 2006). The consequences ha e been smalle dunes and a dec ease in he a ea occupied by mobile dunes (He nández-Cal en o, 2006; He nández-Co de o e al., 2017, 2018). El Inglés beach is an a ea o conside able ec ea ional ac i i y, as i is one o he main a eas o ou is de elopmen on G an Cana ia island. This in ensi e human ac i i y has consequen ly had ce ain im- pac s on he o edune (He nández-Co de o e al., 2017; Peña-Alonso e al., 2018; Vie a-Pé ez e al., 2019) ha ha e led o i s de e io a ion and agmen a ion (San omualdo-Collado e al., 2021). The p esence o discon inui ies in he o edune o El Inglés beach due o he dec ease in he numbe o T. moquinii specimens and he disappea ance o he associa ed dunes has esul ed, in u n, in an accele a ion o he aeolian sedimen a y anspo and he o ma ion o de la ion su aces (Pé ez-Chacón e al., 2007; He nández-Co de o e al., 2012). Fo his wo k, he s udy a ea ex ends longi udinally om no h o sou h om El Inglés beach o he ip o La Baje a, o ming a polygon o abou 1,200 x 400 m which includes he sand ex ac ion a ea, he s o age a ea, he sand collec o zones and he sand eloca ion a eas speci ied in he a o emen ioned Expe iencia pilo o de eposición de a ena de la pun a de La Baje a a Playa del Inglés p ojec (Fig. 1). Figu e 1. S udy a ea and loca ions o sand mobiliza- ion and sand collec o zones. Sou ce: IDECana ias, GRAF- CAN, S.A. Cana y Islands Go- e nmen (2019). Coo dina es UTM. Zone 28 N. Ellipsoid WGS 84. Da um REGCAN95. Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 191 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 3.  METHODS 3.1.  P ojec  desc ip ion The expe imen s ca ied ou in he amewo k o he p ojec included he ein oduc ion in o he dune sys- em o 60,000 m3 o sand om La Baje a ip, as a sou ce o sedimen s o dune o ma ion. This was ca ied ou be o e he SW s o ms occu ed, in o de o ensu e hei pe manence in he sys em. Fo his, sand was d edged in he eme ged a ea o his ip, se ing i back up o a maximum de ined by he inland beach p o ile egis e ed in he las 40 yea s and eloca ing i in he El Inglés beach a ea. This sand eloca ion was ca ied ou in h ee phases (Table 1). The eloca ed sand was exposed o he ac ion o he wind, which would ans- po i o he o edune, whe e he plan ed T. moquinii specimens would in e cep sedimen s, o ming neb- khas and, subsequen ly, pa abolic dunes and ba chan dunes (He nández-Co de o e al., 2012; Vie a-Pé ez, 2015). To a o he o ma ion in he o edune o hese i s nebkhas associa ed wi h ege a ion, a se ies o sand collec o s we e ins alled in a ious plo s, and 21.04 ± 8.63 cm all T. moquinii specimens wi h oo s a ound 23 cm long we e plan ed, some o hem associa ed wi h sand collec o s (plan -collec o uni s) and o he s no . Table 1. Schedule o he ac ions ca ied ou in he p ojec . Sou ce: Masdunas p og am. ACTION DATES Ins alla ion o sand collec o s 23/10/2018 – 9/11/2018 Plan ing o T. moquinii specimens 25/10/2018 – 13/11/2018 Sand eloca ion 22/10/2018 – 28/11/2018 (18,930 m3) 06/05/2019 – 07/06/2019 (24,705 m3) 14/10/2019 – 08/11/2019 (16,365 m3) The sand collec o s and associa ed T. moquinii specimens we e placed in wo zones adjacen o he sand deposi a ea (Fig. 1). Zone 1 has a su ace a ea o 4,599 m2 and Zone 2 14,085.09 m2. To de e mine he bene icial use o o he wise o sand collec o s in each o hese a eas, wo combina ions we e es ed: i) he ins alla ion o sand collec o s and he plan ing o associa ed T. moquinii specimens; and ii) only he plan ing o T. moquinii specimens. In his way, Zone 1 (Fig. 2A) was subdi ided in o Zone 1 no h (sand collec o s wi h plan s) and Zone 1 sou h (only plan s). Zone 2 (Fig. 2B) was subdi ided in o Zone 2 no h (sand collec o s wi h plan s), and Zone 2 sou h (including one a ea only wi h plan s and ano he wi h bo h sand collec o s and plan s). The spa ial a angemen o he sand collec o s and plan s consis ed o wo o h ee lines pa allel o he coas , depending on he cha ac e is ics o each a ea. The loca ion o he collec o s on each line was de- signed ollowing a N-S a angemen . The loca ion o he sand collec o s o he di e en lines was designed ollowing a NE-SW a angemen be ween hem (Table 2). The sand collec o s ins alled in he plo s had wo ypologies: ‒Double semici cula collec o s (acco ding o he es ed design, see Fe nández-Cab e a e al., 2011), comp ising wo semici cles o wicke ods 2 m apa and placed ans e sely o he e ec i e winds (NE-SW). Each semici cle is 2 m long (Fig. 3A). ‒Ci cula sand collec o s (expe imen al model), comp ising a closed ci cle o wicke ods wi h a diam- e e o 2 m. This model has an opening o abou 50 cm on i s sou h side o acili a e da a collec ion (Fig. 3B). The wicke ods o each collec o a e 1.8 m all and we e bu ied o a dep h o abou 70 cm (40% o hei leng h) o ensu e good esis ance o he wind. Associa ed wi h each sand collec o , wo specimens (le and igh acing seawa ds) o T. moquinii we e plan ed o inc ease he chance o success ul epopula ion. In he Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 192 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 case o he semi-ci cula collec o s, he specimens we e plan ed abou 2 m om he second ow. In he case o he ci cula collec o s, hey we e plan ed inside. In he cases o plan s wi h no sand collec o , hese we e plan ed in pai s app oxima ely 1.5 m apa and aligned om no h (le ) o sou h ( igh ). Table 2. Coun and dis ibu ion o sand collec o s and T. moquinii specimens. Semici cula sand collec o Ci cula sand collec o T. moquiini wi hou sand collec o To al sand collec o s To al T. moquinii specimens Dis ance be ween plan s o be ween sand collec o s/T. moquinii uni s Dis ance bee wen lines Zone 1 no h Line 1 2 ― ― 2 4 7.6 m 22 m Line 2 3 ― ― 3 6 10–11 m Zone 1 sou h Line 1 - ―4―8 5–8 m 14–21 m Line 2 - ―3―6 6–13 m 25 m Line 3 - ―3―6 5–13 m To al 5―10 5 30 ― Zone 2 no h Line 1 - 8 ―8 16 6–11 m 17–22 m Line 2 2 7 ―9 18 5–14 m 13–22 m Line 3 4 7 ―11 22 5–11 m Zone 2 sou h Line 1 8 ―2 8 20 4–11 m 14–22 m Line 2 6 ―3 6 18 6–11 m 7–20 m Line 3 4 ―3 4 14 7–12 m To al 24 22 8 46 108 ― ― Sou ce: Pe sonal compila ion based on Masdunas p og am. 3.2.  Moni o ing me hodology Moni o ing he capaci y o he sand collec o ins alla ion and he plan ing o T. moquinii specimens o he o ma ion o dunes was ca ied ou by aking ela i e and absolu e measu emen s in he ield o he land- o ms and sand olumes a ound he plan s and sand collec o s. Simila ly, measu emen s and obse a ions we e ca ied ou wi h espec o he su i al and mo phological de elopmen o he plan s. The sampling campaigns we e ca ied ou o 13 mon hs, om No embe 2018 o Decembe 2019, wi h a o nigh ly e- quency (25 campaigns). The wind speed and di ec ions in his pe iod we e eco ded e e y 10 minu es by a me eo ological s a ion loca ed in El Inglés beach wi hin he sand eloca ion a ea and less han 300 m om he sand collec o s’ ins alla ion and T. moquinii plan ing a eas. Moni o ing o he plan ed T. moquinii specimens: he heigh and he la ges and smalles diame e s o each specimen we e measu ed. Wi h hese da a, i s bio olume could be calcula ed by applying he ollowing o mula (Blanco Oyona e and Na a o Ce illo, 2003): Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 193 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 Figu e 2. Layou o sand collec o s and T. moquinii zones. A: Zone 1. B: Zone 2. Sou ce: IDECana ias, GRAFCAN, S.A. Cana y Islands Go e nmen (2019). Coo dina es UTM. Zone 28 N. Ellipsoid WGS 84. Da um REGCAN95. Sou ce: Own elabo a ion Figu e 3. Typologies o sand collec o s and na u al T.moquinii specimens loca ed in El Inglés beach o edune. A) Double semici cu- la sand collec o . B) Ci cula sand collec o . C) Na u al T. moquinii specimens. Sou ce: Pe - sonal compila ion. Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 194 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 B = π *Dm 2 ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ 2 *h whe e B is he bio olume, Dm is he mean diame e and h co esponds o he heigh o he plan . This moni o ing also enabled de e mina ion o he su i al a e o he T. moquinii specimens, calcula ed as he pe cen age o he o al numbe o specimens ha emained ali e. Likewise, in o ma ion was collec ed on he s a e o i ali y o each plan . The s a e o i ali y was calcula ed acco ding o a pe cen age scale. Each specimen was imagina ily di ided in o ou equal pa s. Acco ding o he numbe o pa s ha we e g een, he s a e o i ali y was es ima ed as ollows: excellen (> 75%; da k blue columns in he ig. 4), good (50-75%; o ange columns in he ig. 4), egula (25-50% and/o pa ially wi he ed o dehyd a ed lea es; g ey columns in he ig. 4), bad (5-25% and/o wi he ed o dehyd a ed lea es in a gene alized way; yellow columns in he ig. 4), o d y ( o ally d y; ligh blue in he ig. 4). Geomo phological moni o ing: opog aphical measu emen s o he olumes o sand accumula ed by he sand collec o s and he associa ed T. moquinii specimens we e aken (16 campaigns). This wo k was ca ied ou wi h geomo phological con ol using a Leica TS06 To al S a ion wi h a lase de ice, which al- lowed de ailed de e mina ion o mo phological and olume ic changes. The opog aphical me hod was an in e se in e sec ion om dis ances, om a se ies o ixed bases o known coo dina es ob ained using GPS (UTM-28N - Da um WGS84). To ensu e comple e da a collec ion, he measu emen s we e ca ied ou in an a ea 5 m in diame e su ounding each collec o -plan uni . Wi h he collec ed da a, digi al ele a ion models (DEM) we e elabo a ed by gene a ing iangula ed i egula ne wo ks (TIN), p ojec ed in UTM coo dina es (WGS84). Subsequen ly, he TINs we e con e ed o as e o ma wi h a pixel size o 0.10 m. The las s ep in he da a ea men consis ed o c ossing he as e models on di e en da es o e alua e he e olu ion o he olume ic a ia ions associa ed wi h each collec o -plan uni and de e mine he ype o sand collec o ha , oge he wi h he associa ed T. moquinii specimens, was mo e e ec i e in gene a ing mounds. The sedimen e en ion and nebkha dune o ma ion capaci y o he sand collec o s and he associa ed T. moqui- nii specimens was e alua ed by means o he di e ence be ween he maximum heigh eached wi hin he in luence zone be ween he las and he i s moni o ing campaign. 4.  RESULTS 4.1.  Moni o ing o  plan ed T. moquinii specimens A p og essi e dec ease in he su i al a e o he plan s was obse ed. The educ ion was p og essi e and mo e p onounced in he specimens associa ed wi h sand collec o s, wi h a su i al a e a he end o he s udy pe iod o 30%, al hough in ce ain pe iods su i al was 20% (Fig. 4). Howe e , he su i al a e o T. mo- quinii specimens wi hou sand collec o was mo e s able, emaining be ween 70% and 80% o a signi ican po ion o he s udy pe iod. Two pe iods we e iden i ied in which he e was a mo e p onounced dec ease in he su i al a e, bo h in plan s associa ed and no associa ed wi h sand collec o s, Janua y-Ma ch 2019 and No embe -Decembe 2019. Fo specimens wi hou sand collec o , pe iods o sligh eco e y we e obse ed in June and Oc obe 2019. Plan s associa ed wi h sand collec o s seemed o begin o eco e o unea h om he end o No embe 2019 (Fig. 4). The bio olume o T. moquinii specimens, bo h hose associa ed and no associa ed wi h sand collec o s, inc eased exponen ially a e hei plan ing (Figs. 5A and 5B). In bo h cases, he inc ease in bio olume was g adual du ing he i s 10 mon hs be o e a conside able inc ease began o ake place in Sep embe 2019. This upwa d end was in e up ed in No embe 2019 when he T. moquinii specimens began o dec ease in bio olume. Focusing only on he bio olume o he plan s associa ed wi h sand collec o s, di e ences acco ding o he ype o collec o we e obse ed. The seedlings associa ed wi h ci cula sand collec o s (Fig. 5D) showed a Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 195 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 highe g ow h a e han hose associa ed wi h double semici cula sand collec o s (Fig. 5C). The la e plan s accumula ed a bio olume o less han 2 m3 du ing he i s yea , only exceeding his olume in No embe 2019. Du ing he las mon hs o he s udy he e was a dec ease in he bio olume o hese plan s. In his case, i is wo h no ing ha he seedlings plan ed o he igh (o ange columns) o he double semici cula collec- o s gene ally p esen ed a g ea e bio olume han ha o he specimens plan ed o he le (blue columns). Fo hei pa , he T. moquinii specimens associa ed wi h ci cula sand collec o s g ew mo e han hose asso- cia ed wi h double semici cula collec o s, and expe ienced p og essi e g ow h ha con o ms o an expo- nen ial model. A he end o Oc obe 2019, hese specimens a ained hei maximum bio olume, exceeding 8 m3. As wi h he plan s wi hou sand collec o and hose associa ed wi h semici cula sand collec o s, he e was a dec ease in bio olume in he las mon hs o 2019 ha b oke he exponen ial g ow h end o he se ies. 4.2.  Geomo phological moni o ing Mos o he collec o -plan uni s accumula ed sedimen , inc easing he heigh o he mound associa ed wi h i s accumula ion zone. Howe e , in he case o T. moquinii specimens plan ed wi hou a sand collec o , he end was no so clea and he e we e di e ences in beha io depending on he plan ing zone. In Zone 1 no h, all he elemen s accumula ed sand in hei a ea o in luence, wi h he g ea es heigh eco ded o he collec o -plan uni s loca ed along Line 1 whe e alues close o 1 m we e eached. Howe - e , none o he specimens plan ed in his a ea emained ali e a he end o he moni o ing pe iod. In Zone 1 sou h, whe e seedlings wi hou a sand collec o we e plan ed, he di e ence in heigh in he olumes associa ed wi h hese elemen s was lowe han hose o Zone 1 no h, wi h heigh s anging be ween 0.2 m Figu e 4. S a e o i ali y and su i al a e e olu ion o T. moquinii specimens. The op g aph shows he e olu ion o specimens plan ed wi hou sand collec o (36), and he bo om g aph shows he e olu ion o specimens plan ed wi h semici cula (58) and ci cula (44) sand collec o s. Sou ce: Pe sonal compila ion based on Masdunas p og am. Abel San omualdo-Collado e al. / REA N. 41 (2021) 187 - 204 202 © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021 | Se illa, España| CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | e-ISSN: 2340-2776 | doi: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ ea.2021.i41.10 de la Baje a a la playa del Inglés”, wi hin he MASDUNAS P og am o he Cabildo Insula de G an Cana ia, execu ed by he public company Gesplan, S.A. Fi s au ho is bene icia y o a PhD con ac o he Spanish Minis y o Economy, Indus y and Compe i i eness, suppo ed by he Eu opean Social Fund (ESF). The au- ho s would like o hank he G an Cana ia Island Council o in eg a ing he expe imen s in he P og am and in he p ojec indica ed abo e. They especially wan o exp ess hei g a i ude o he P esiden o he Island Council, An onio Mo ales, as well as o Ma ino Alduán, he En i onmen al Councilo s J. Manuel B i o and M. Ángel Rod íguez, he Gene al Di ec o o he En i onmen , Manuel Amado , he p e ious Di ec o o he Special Na u al Rese e Dunas de Maspalomas, Miguel Ángel Peña, and i s cu en Di ec o , O lando Ma e o. They also wan o exp ess hei special hanks o D Emma Pé ez-Chacón Espino, P o esso o Physical Geog aphy a ULPGC, and D Pa ick A. Hesp, S a egic P o esso in Coas al S udies in Flinde s Uni- e si y (Aus alia), o hei uncondi ional suppo in he de elopmen o he expe imen s. Ou hanks a e also gi en o he s a o Gesplan, S.A., especially o Ramón Gallo and Lidia Suá ez, as well as Ped o Mon oy and he ield c ew s a , o hei p o essionalism and collabo a ion a all imes h oughou he execu ion o he p ojec . To eli o al® s a , especially i s co-di ec o Ósca Be gasa, and Sa a Ga cía, who comple ed he da a collec ion in he las s age o he p ojec . The design o he expe imen s and hei moni o ing, as well as he scien i ic coo dina ion du ing hei execu ion and subsequen obse a ions, co espond o he G oup o Physical Geog aphy and En i onmen o he Ins i u e o Oceanog aphy and Global Change (IOCAG) o he ULPGC, an R&D&i CSIC-associa e uni (Ocean and Clima e Uni ). Con lic s o  in e es  and au ho ship s a emen The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known any exis ing o po en ial con lic o in e es in ela ion o he wo k epo ed in his pape . A. He nández-Co de o and M. Vie a-Pé ez we e hi ed by he companies Gesplan, S.A. and eli o al® o he moni o ing o sand olumes and T. moquinii specimens, wi hin he amewo k o he “Expe iencia pilo o de eposición de a ena desde la pun a de La Baje a a la Playa del Inglés” p ojec . Au ho s a emen : Abel San omualdo-Collado, Da a cu a ion, Fo mal analysis, In es iga ion, Me hodology, W i ing – o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing. An onio I. He nández-Co de o, Da a cu a ion, Fo mal analysis, Me hodology, W i ing – o iginal d a . Manolo Vie a-Pé ez, Da a cu a ion, Fo mal analysis, Me h- odology, W i ing – o iginal d a . Juan B. Gallego-Fe nández, Me hodology, Supe ision, W i ing – e iew & edi ing. Luis He nández-Cal en o, Supe ision, W i ing – o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Funding acquisi ion. REFERENCES Alonso, I., Mon esdeoca I., Vi a es, A. & Alcan a a-Ca io, J. (2001). Va iabilidad g anulome ica y de la linea de cos a en las playas de El Ingles y Maspalomas (G an Cana ia). Geo emas, 3(1), 39–42. 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