Integrating wooden altarpieces into H-BIM: Geometric profiling, complex artworks, and digital heritage mapping

In eg a ing wooden al a pieces in o H-BIM: Geome ic p o iling, complex a wo ks, and digi al he i age mapping Juan Moyano * , E a Ma ínez, Juan E. Nie o-Juli´ an, Ma ía Fe n´ andez-Alconchel Uni e si y o Se ille, Depa men o G aphical Exp ession and Building Enginee ing, A e.Reina Me cedes, 4A, 41012 Se ille, Spain ARTICLE INFO Keywo ds: HBIM Pho og amme y TLS Ba oque al a piece Mesh o BIM Geome ics su aces Pa ame ic ools ABSTRACT In he s udy and conse a ion o Cul u al He i age, a ious disciplines con ibu e o he esea ch aimed a ex ac ing in o ma ion om bo h his o ical objec s and he i age buildings. The con ibu ion o his wo k is pa o an in e disciplina y p ocess o model, egis e , and e alua e complex models o knowledge. E alua e a complex model, whe e he e a e wo ks o a made o wood, pain ing, and sculp u e. The esul s demons a e a p ocess o analysis and geome ic cha ac e isa ion o he shapes, in which mos o he p o iles a e wo ked wi h a new me hodology o he Bes Fi Model (BFMP), and in which i s analysis ep esen s a de ia ion be ween a ange o 7 and 9 mm. The de elopmen o low- elie models is based on he Poisson econs uc ion equa ion, applied h ough a a iable wo k low using mul iple so wa e ools. Fu he mo e, an En i y In o ma ion Ma ix (EIM) is in oduced, enhancing he exchange and classi ica ion o a chi ec u al da a. This s udy suppo s he in eg a ion o eal-wo ld 3D scans in o BIM en i onmen s, p o iding a eplicable model pa icula ly sui ed o he digi i- za ion o al a pieces and açades. 1. In oduc ion The In he conse a ion o Cul u al He i age, a ious disciplines con e ge o ex ac aluable in o ma ion om his o ical objec s and he i age buildings. Wi hin he b oade con ex o e i o ial, social, and cul u al de elopmen — he h ee main pilla s suppo ing buil he - i age— he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion is eme ging, ma ked by ans- o ma i e in elligen manu ac u ing p ocesses and digi aliza ion. This ans o ma ion is d i en by he in eg a ion o new echnologies such as he In e ne o Things, big da a, e e se enginee ing, and a i icial in elligence. The objec i e goes beyond he me e c ea ion o 3D digi al eplicas; he ue alue lies in in eg a ing es o a ion p ojec s—such as al a pie- ces—in o BIM models, wi h he goal o ein o cing cul u al iden i y and os e ing new spaces o de elopmen . Re e se enginee ing and he Scan- o-BIM me hodology p esen mul iple challenges, posi ioning cu en ad ancemen s in He i age Building In o ma ion Modelling (HBIM) a he cen e o he cul u al and scien i ic discou se. 1.1. In oduc ion gene al The complexi y o he p ocess in he conse a ion o cul u al asse s means ha new pe spec i es o s udies and implemen a ions a e cons an ly being o mula ed o achie e UNESCO ecommenda ions; o p o ec landscapes, na u al and man-made en i onmen s, ha a e o cul u al o aes he ic in e es o ha o m a ha monious na u al whole [1]. All hese ecommenda ions a e made wi h he pe ec echnique o achie e he p oposed objec i es, namely ha Cul u al He i age (CH) is a a subs an ial and dynamic knowledge deposi , conside ed a unique and i eplaceable sou ce o aes he ic, his o ical, and cul u al alues [2] and a communi y mission ha should he e o e be documen ed o a oid he loss o objec s and hei his o y. Consequen ly, he wo ks inse ed in an a chi ec u al con ex a e ecognized as a wo ld ca ego y and cons i u e in hemsel es ields o wo k o uni e sal alue. The a chi ec u al he i age made up o buildings, ci il s uc u es, and objec s ha a e pa o hese s uc u es is pa o his unique alue by na u e. The e a e h ee de e mining ac o s o es ablish whe he a cul- u al asse is wo hy o being classi ied as he i age; i s he his o ical, aes he ic, and a chi ec u al impo ance [3], al hough in o he scien i ic eadings he e a e o he s a emen s ha es ablish in eg i y and con ex , * Co esponding au ho . E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (J. Moyano), [email p o ec ed] (E. Ma ínez), [email p o ec ed] (J.E. Nie o-Juli´ an), [email p o ec ed] (M. Fe n´ andez- Alconchel). Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec Au oma ion in Cons uc ion jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/au con h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.au con.2025.106213 Recei ed 4 Janua y 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 14 Ap il 2025; Accep ed 15 Ap il 2025 Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 A ailable online 23 Ap il 2025 0926-5805/© 2025 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ ). as addi ional ele an ac o s. In his ield, he conse a ion o A chi- ec u al He i age (AH) is a p ocess o knowledge, managemen and imp o emen o p ese e his o ical complex buildings [4]. Gene ally, bo h low- and high- elie sculp u es (low elie e e s o igu es ha p o ude sligh ly om he su ace o he backg ound, while high elie e e s o igu es ha p ojec conside ably ou wa ds), as well as pic o ial elemen s, a e inse ed in ha a chi ec u al con ex , o example, ombs, al a pieces, and iezes among o he a is ic wo ks. The e a e wo impo an ac o s in he scien i ic ecogni ion o a wo k o a , i) geo- me ic documen a ion conside ed an essen ial ool o a chaeologis s and his o ians, since i e lec s he dimensional eali y o he objec a le els o millime ic p ecision, and ii) he mechanisms o ca aloguing cul u al goods. The basic ope a ional ins umen o acqui ing knowl- edge o he i age is he in en o y, a mechanism ha acili a es he managemen and p o ec ion o cul u al asse s [5]. Fo hei pa , ca a- logues equi e a highe le el o knowledge since hey imply esea ch, an elemen ha begins wi h he de elopmen o he in en o y. Geome ic in o ma ion is acqui ed wi h Massi e Da a Cap u e Techniques (MDCS) using opog aphic ins umen s. The 3D digi al econs uc ion is acqui ed h ough he so wa e ha implemen s he geode ic measu emen s and p ocesses he digi al models. The impo an ques ion is he uni ica ion be ween ca aloguing p ocedu es and hei in eg a ion in o digi al eplicas o wo ks o a . Mul imedia echnologies de eloped a he end o he 1980s ha e a ou ed he cons uc ion o digi al models, bo h o a chaeology and a chi ec u e, and ha e bene i ed om hese digi al esou ces o imp o e he i age managemen and dissemina ion p ocesses. One o he main applica ions o mul i- media echnologies is 3D eco ding as a documen a ion mechanism. In ac , he e a e ins i u ions a he Eu opean le el such as DIGI- TALEUROPE [6] ha en husias ically welcome ha , in he planning p ocess o he i age wo ks, a digi al e sion o he p ojec should be deli e ed be o e i is buil and he physical a e ac mus be a Digi al Twin (DT). In his con ex , he meaning o he e m Digi al Twin has o do wi h a geome ic eplica whe e i s po en ial deals wi h he moni- o ing and con ol o asse s wi h seman ic model s uc u es. Le us no o ge ha he main componen s o he DT a e conside ed o be; physical componen s, i ual models, and he da a ha connec hem [7]. The usion o DT is o p edic and op imize pe o mance and o his, simu- la ion me hods o da a-based me hods can be used [8]. The connec ion be ween BIM and DT could ocus on he abili y o BIM o s uc u e i sel in seman ic models. This posi ion opens a new scena io when i comes o wo king wi h he i age objec s, wi h an app oach om cons uc ion in he a ea o ehabili a ion, a chi ec u al and sculp u al es o a ion o indus y spaces ha espond o a new knowledge gap. 1.2. S a e o he a in digi al echnologies o al a pieces P o ec ion and conse a ion a e wo se s o ac ions ha aim a he sus ainabili y and du abili y o cul u al asse s. The 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen cons i u es an ac ion plan in i s h ee di- mensions: economic, social, and en i onmen al. Cul u al he i age ac- co ding o UNESCO’s speci ica ions can con ibu e o his sus ainable de elopmen . Bo h monumen s and cul u al asse s iden i y socie y, explaining i s his o ical ajec o y [9] and ecognising he he i age o i s gene a ions. In his way, wi hin he conse a ion p ocess, geome ic analysis plays a key ole in p o ec ing his o ic eal es a e asse s. Fo example, in he case o pain ed aul s, hei mo phology and i s ch o- ma ic cha ac e isa ion a e essen ial o es o a ion [10]. The o he aspec is o documen cul u al asse s in such a way ha hey endu e o e ime. Digi isa ion is becoming one o he mos impo an ehicles o p ese ing and p o ec ing he i age asse s. To his ques ion, UNESCO [11] de ines he e m digi al he i age as he se o compu e ma e ials o las ing alue ha mus be p ese ed o u u e gene a ions. Howe e , in he ield o p ac ice, we mus conside ha digi al echnologies do no ha e he sole objec i e o documen ing buildings. The applica ion o He i age Building In o ma ion Modelling (HBIM) p ocesses p o ides an addi ional elemen compa ed o docu- men a ion alone, ha is, he abili y o ollow an asse in con inuous e olu ion and a he same ime suppo in e en ions on i . Digi al echnologies help in hei a ious ields o su ey, diagnose, and dissemina e a chi ec u al he i age. F om his, he essence o digi al wo ks ha also ela e o he i age asse s mus also be p ese ed. We e e o he impo ance o ob aining eco ds h ough poin clouds a e he agic acciden a No e Dame Ca hed al, whe e And ew Tallon wo ked as a p o esso o medie al a documen ing he con en o he same wo k [12]. Thus, emo e sensing echniques such as he Ligh De ec ion and Ranging (LiDAR) sys em and S uc u e om Mo ion (S M) image cap u e echniques allow he su ace o eali y o be cap u ed exhaus i ely and accu a ely. F om he o e iew es ablished by emo e sensing echniques ca ied ou by Bassie e al. [13]. A case s udy in he Bijloke chu ch combined he echnique o Te es ial Lase Scanning (TLS) and S M o documen he pain ings and o namen s o an al a piece. In addi ion, Can os Ma ínez e al. [14] used pho og amme y as a da a acquisi ion echnique o documen and p ojec he a is ic wo k. Likewise, D´ a ila [15] wo ked on pho og am- me ic es i u ion and an app oxima ion o he digi al image o al a - pieces, speci ically in he Chu ch o San Jacin o (Venezuela). On he o he hand, Hanke e al. [16] om an expe imen al campaign by TLS wo ked on he geome ic p ojec ions o an al a o e i y he con ou s o he elemen s and made a simpli ica ion o he al a piece s uc u es in 3D. In his line, mos o he implemen a ion wo ks ha ha e o do wi h Building In o ma ion Modelling (BIM) applied o he i age use LiDAR echniques o cap u e he geome y. The e m “Scan o BIM” has been widely used, o gene a e aul s uc u es [17], o o documen s uc u al analysis e alua ions using ini e elemen models [18]. This e m has a speci ic meaning o he applicabili y o geome ic shapes o he BIM pla o m, in he case o manual use [19,20], whe e no ype o segmen a ion algo i hm is applied, o ano he o m called semi-au oma ic, ocused on ob aining objec sin a chi ec u e [21] o enginee ing [22] o wi h algo i hm p o- cedu es compa ible wi h BIM pla o ms such as A chiCAD+G asshoppe [23]. The concep be ween LiDAR-BIM, is also ano he e m ha uni es he p ecise da a echniques wi h 3D econs uc ion modelling and hen expo s hem o Re i so wa e [18]. In his con ex , esea che s a e g owing in e es ed in add essing digi al ools h ough me hodologies ha implemen e e se enginee ing in his o ic buildings. Fo angible and a chi ec u al cul u al asse s, Mu phy e al. [24] ca ied ou he i s in es iga ions on he in o ma ion modelling o his o ical buildings om a chi ec u al pa e ns, wi h he cons uc ion o pa ame ic objec s. O eni e al. [25] de eloped wi h a da abase o chu ch objec s such as s one aul s and wooden oo s uc u es. In eali y, ew wo ks a e dedica ed o showing in a comp ehensi e way he p ocesses ha a eal es a e (such as an al a piece) has o go h ough un il a 3D model can be ob ained wi h seman ic in o ma ion abou he es o a ion unde gone in cu en imes. The dissemina ion o accu ace models allows knowledge o he objec o s udy, hus Ga cía- Le´ on e al. [26] expe imen ed wi h a ba oque al a piece in he chapel o Ou Fa he Jesus Naza ene o Ca agena applying mul imedia ech- niques o 3D isualisa ion, he main objec i e being o combine ech- niques o ob ain eliable documen a ion. Ins ead, Nie o e al. [27] wo ked on a TeamWo k implemen a ion p ojec o he managemen and sus ainabili y o eal es a e. Speci ically, he a iabili y o pain ings ha appea in he sac is y o he Chu ch o he Company o Jesus in Qui o is labelled. Bu un il now he e is a o al absence o s udies dedica ed o s uc u ing wo k on mo able p ope y using BIM echnol- ogy. The impo ance o al a pieces as mo able objec s is based on he ac ha hey appea con igu ed as a chi ec u al s uc u es, and as con aine s o impo an a is ic wo ks o pic o ial, sculp u al s yle in a ious modali ies, ha is, in low, medium, and high elie , and he ma e ials used in hem a e gene ally cons uc i e pieces o wood. The 3D modelling o hese s uc u es on a BIM pla o m is a challenge in he ield o a chi ec u al and a chaeological he i age esea ch. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 2 1.3. Objec i es. The challenge o b inging o BIM, al a piece eal es a e The al a pieces a e a chi ec u al s uc u es ha ha e occupied a s age assembly space o su p ise he ai h ul on hei isi o eligious emples. Thei ex ension was gi en especially in he Ba oque e a when he economic esou ces o he chu ch gua an eed an a is ic wo k o his high le el. The de o ion o eligious images occupied a p io i y se ing in s a egic places in he emple, such as he side chapels, he main al a , and annexes o he chu ches. Mos o hese a is ic wo ks we e designed by olde a chi ec s and mas e s, al hough in o he cases, such as ha o he pain e Claudio Coello in he wo k o he Ma y dom o Sain S e- phen, hey collabo a ed in he layou o he al a piece o namen s [28]. B inging hese s uc u es o BIM is an impo an challenge, since i is necessa y o s uc u e he p e ious wo k on geome y modelling and da a acquisi ion echniques and hen ain ope a o s o become amilia wi h BIM pla o ms. To p o ide a de ailed desc ip ion o Scan o BIM p ocedu es in his sec o , i mus be said ha he objec i e essen ially sough by poin cloud p ocessing is he quali y o he geome ic p ecision o he pu - poses o 3D econs uc ion. On he one hand, he quali y o he poin cloud mus be e alua ed, bu on he o he hand, he quali y o he BIM geome y c ea ed mus be e alua ed. The i s pa is de eloped in Sec ion 2.3, whe e he di e en ia ion be ween he wo massi e da a acquisi ion echniques pe o med is es ablished. The adop ion o hese TLS iG and S M iG echnologies con ibu es o he au oma ion o p ocesses de eloped in Sec ion 3. Fu he mo e, he objec i e is o inc ease he quali y o he poin cloud o maximize p ecision and minimize he in- luence o ope a o s. The compa ison be ween he TLS iG and S M iG echnologies se es o a oid unce ain y in he ob ained da a se . On he o he hand, BIM in ol es managing and gene a ing physical ep esen- a ions o ope a ional elemen s o a building [29], so i is con enien o ex ac he mo phological cha ac e is ics –such as shapes and spa ial dimensions- o b ing hem o BIM and inco po a e seman ic labels –iden i ica ion o componen s- ha will allow he classi ica ion o he elemen s. This p ocess is ca ied ou in Sec ion 3.1 h ough he ICP al- go i hm using CloudCompa e. Also, he ac i e in e connec ion be ween ope a o s ha has been de eloped in sec ion 3.2 as TeamWo k de el- opmen . The model in his phase is ini ial, bu he cha ac e is ics a e in place o s a modelling. P e iously, an iden i ica ion o he cha ac e - isa ion o he p o iles ha make up he model was made. Achie ing he bes p o ile i model is one o he inno a i e me hodologies o his esea ch de eloped in Sec ion 3.3. This p ocedu e in ol es ex ac ing he main cha ac e is ics o he modelling o pieces ha mos ly make up he wo k o a , he e o e, he challenge is double in he sense o moni o ing a p ocedu e ha op imises he geome ic esul o a co nice o objec in i s con inuous o m. On he o he hand, i pe o ms a simpli ica ion o he geome y o imp o e he esou ces o he model. The ollowing Sec ion 3.4 deals wi h he challenging p ocess o modelling he a wo ks and ha ing hem expo ed in a mesh o BIM. These a e no me e game isualiza ions, bu a he elemen s ha allow da a en y in o he BIM so wa e. Making a mesh op imal in he BIM en i onmen is one o he challenges cu en ly aced by he scien i ic communi y. Sec ion 4 de elops one o he mos ou s anding in en i e p ocedu es o his a icle, which is he en i y in o ma ion ma ix. This is a p oposal o an unde lying model ha , h ough he classi ica ion o a chi ec u al s uc u es, allows any iden i ica ion in an a chi ec u al amewo k. Nex , in sec ion 5, he HBIM p ojec o an al a piece wo k ha in eg a es wo ks o a made o wood, pain ing and sculp u e, by he likes o Juan Ma ínez Mon a˜ n´ es, is comple ely modeled wi h he aim o ein o cing new iden i ies, eco ds and new spaces, de elopmen in esea ch. All hese s eps a e e lec ed in he wo k low in Fig. 1. F om he BIM expe ope a o s le el, i is abou he implemen a ion o he model in he expe imen al de elopmen o he wo k. (See Table 1.) 2. Wo k me hodology The s udy ollows a mul i-phased amewo k explained in Sec ion 2.2 o assess he ba ie s o implemen a ion in Scan- o-BIM p ocesses. The p ocess, which anges om poin cloud cap u e o pa ame ic modelling in BIM, seeks o ensu e me ic accu acy and in e ope abili y, while e alua ing he e ec i eness o each echnique in ep esen ing o ganic and geome ic elemen s. Compa ing poin clouds (TLS s. S M) using algo i hms such as ICP in CloudCompa e e eals hei complemen a y ad an ages, laying he g oundwo k o u u e applica ions in cul u al he i age. 2.1. Case s udy. The al a piece by Ma ínez Mon a˜ n´ es Juan Ma ínez Mon a˜ n´ es was one o he g ea image make s o sculp u al a in he Spanish golden age [30] and a pe sonal iend o he Fig. 1. Wo k low. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 3 schola and pain e F ancisco Pacheco [31]. He began in he G anada wo kshop o he mas e Pablo de Rojas as an app en ice in he a is ic nucleus o his ci y. In 1588, a he age o wen y, he a elled o Se ille, al hough no ea ly sculp u e by he sculp o is known [32]. His s udies we e o med by means o eng a ings o he mos amous a is ic wo ks o he I alian Cinquecen is as, which o e ed so much in luence o he Spanish Manne is s. He managed o es ablish he sculp u al no ms o wes e n Andalusia du ing he en i e Ba oque pe iod. I is documen ed ha he design o he Al a piece o San Juan Bau is a was he wo k o Juan Ma ínez Mon a˜ n´ es. The image y, elie s, and ca e by he same au ho and F ancisco de Villegas. The gilding o he al a piece and he polych omy we e in cha ge o Juan de Uceda Cas o e de and he pic o ial epe oi e by he same au ho . Hi ed on 29 Janua y 29, 1610, i was comple ed in 1622 [33]. Rega ding he iconog aphic p og amme, he s uc u e o he al a piece is con igu ed in i e le els om he basemen o he uppe pa o he a ic. The pilla s uc u es a ached o he main plane a e de eloped h ough Do ic o de columns wi h lu ed sha s. The pic o ial epe oi e is made by means o hi een pain ings on ables and nine elie s wi h di e en deg ees o sculp u al dep h ha ep esen he li e o Sain John he Bap is 2 a). The dimensions o he al a piece can be conside ed as a no mal-sized al a piece o 4.80 by 8.79 m ep esen ed in Fig. 2 b). 3. Ma e ials and me hods Any implemen a ion in BIM equi es a wo k phase o in eg a e he sys ema ic p ocess ha anges om scanning o he c ea ion o he pa ame ic digi al 3D model. Once he en i e 3D model has been buil wi h i s geome ic p ope ies, we p oceed o inse he seman ic s uc- u e in each o he elemen s, hus inc easing he in e ope abili y o he model wi h hei espec i e seman ic uni s. Al hough much o he wo k done in BIM is di ec ed a he i age, i s objec i es a e based on he con ibu ion o knowledge and he i age managemen [34]. Resea che s in his a ea o knowledge y o implemen p ocesses o make digi al pla o ms p o i able in he applicabili y o a chi ec u al and a chaeo- logical he i age. Fo his eason, in eg a ed su ey me hodologies play an impo an ole in he digi isa ion o complex objec s such as he analysed, in his case, an al a piece a is ic wo k [35]. Hyb id da a acquisi ion wi h he combina ion o TLS and S M, whe e each o he echnologies p o ides a ibu es wi h complemen a y p ope ies o he poin cloud, makes he p ocess hyb id. Fo his eason, BIM ope a o s mus conside which me hodologies a e he mos op imal o ob ain a good design wi h e ec i e pe o mance in he BIM model. I is no unde s ood he s udies o BIM pla o ms, o modelling wi hou sys em implemen a ion. Each o he wo k phases equi es geome ic model p ocedu es and analy ical models ha jus i y he bes wo k op- ion. In his expe imen al design, he ollowing phases ake place: i) cap u e h ough TLS, ii) cap u e h ough pho og amme y, iii) e alua- ion o he model o es ablish me ic eliabili y objec i es, i ) semi- au oma ic segmen a ion o s uc u e he elemen s, ) classi ica ion o s uc u es and elemen s, i) meshing p ocess o he o ganic pieces, ii) ex ac ion o he p o iles om he wooden s uc u es, iii) BIM Table 1 Desc ip i e S a is ics N o al S anda de ia ion ( σ ) (m) Min. Dis ance (m) Max. Dis ance (m) A e age dis ance (m) Sum (m) Median (m) P o ile _1 54 0.01036 −0.021 0.0182 3.04E+01 0.0164 −7.5E-4 P o ile _2 37 0.01024 −0.0093 0.0294 0.00755 0.2793 0.0114 P o ile _3 50 0.01383 −0.0195 0.0228 0.00652 0.3262 0.01165 P o ile _4 58 0.00796 −0.005 0.0208 0.00562 0.3262 0.00205 P o ile _5 58 0.01452 −0.0271 0.0137 −0.00132 −0.0765 0.0033 P o ile _6 58 0.00944 −0.0154 0.0156 0.00418 0.2426 0.0076 Fig. 2. a) Image on he le , al a piece by Ma ínez Mon a˜ n´ es om he Chu ch o he Annuncia ion. b) Image on he igh , scale ep esen a ion o he al a piece in a scala image. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 4 modelling using A chiCAD so wa e o he a chi ec u al pieces, ix) inse ion o he igu es in he ame o he al a piece, and x) Inse ion o p ojec da a h ough dynamic schemes. 3.1. Cap u e o he poin -cloud eco ds Wi h he appea ance o he new Pe sonal Lase Scanning (PLS) ype geoma ic echnology equipmen , which simpli ies da a cap u e and he manageabili y o eco ds in a chi ec u al spaces, i was decided o ca y ou a i s su ey h ough BLK360 ha uses Wa e o m Digi alisa ion Technology (WFD), wi h a maximum scanning speed o 360.000 poin s/ s. I has h ee HDR digi al came as wi h colou senso and ixed ocal leng h (single image 2592 ×1944 pixels, 60◦×45◦( x hz), ull-dome scanning o 30 images and au oma ic gap ec i ica ion, 150 Mpx, 360◦×300◦), as well as an in a ed he mal came a (160 ×120 pixel single image, 71◦×56◦( x hz), 10-image ull-dome scan, 360◦×70◦), all ou included in he ki . This ins umen achie es a ange accu acy acco ding o he manu ac u e o 4 mm a 10 m, and 7 mm a 20 m [36]. The esul ob ained is a poin cloud o 2.651.440 poin s. The use o wo massi e da a acquisi ion echniques allows us o gua an ee ha he en i e su ace o he al a piece is co e ed. The e o e, ano he pa o he da a cap u e echniques based on S uc u e om Mo ion images is an algo i hm well known by he scien i ic and academic communi y [37], which allows he cons uc ion o 3D models widely used in he ield o mo ion s uc u e a chaeology and pa imonial a chi ec u e [38]. The pho og amme y wo k low mus manage a da a plan based on mea- su emen con ol poin s so ha hey a e inco po a ed in o Me ashape’s Agis o so wa e [39] and, a i ing a he in e media e p ocess o pos - p ocessing o he images, include he measu emen s ha scale he inal model. Con ol poin s a e widely used o o mal a chi ec u al con ol, in which an analy ical model can be made a e geome ic analysis. Dos San os e al. [40] e ealed he complexi y o he dimensional con ol o con ol poin s in he geo e e encing o a eco d wi h a e es ial lase scanne , h ough a scena io o in e io and ex e io spaces. In his complexi y [41] ca ied ou a s udy ha examined he geo e e encing and geome ic quali y o a eco d in S M h ough mul iple combina ions o G ound Con ol Poin s (GCP). The au ho s´conclusions es ablish he p opo ionali y o he con ol poin s in a uni o mly dis ibu ed dis i- bu ion. Fo his case, 15 con ol poin s we e used using a ge s and na u al con ol poin s, pe ec ly iden i ied and dis ibu ed in wo e - ical planes, one dis ibu ion on he wall o which he al a piece is a ached and ano he e ical plane ha cons i u es he s uc u e o he al a piece i sel . F om he pho og amme ic p ocess, a dense cloud o poin s was ob ained in Fig. 3, eaching 1.052.000 egis e ed su ace poin s. Con ol poin s we e aken by he LEICA Flexline TS02 o al s a- ion, wi h a p ecision o 2 mm [42]. A comple e desc ip ion o he pho og amme y p ocessing me hodology used is ound in p e ious wo k [43,44] and well de ined in he wo k low [45]. The o ien a ion o he base s a ion was ixed by means o he local XYZ coo dina es es ablished a a single poin o he p ojec which we e aken as 100, 100, and 10 m. Pho og amme y eco ding is pe o med using a NIKON D80 digi al e lex came a, wi h a 12 MP senso , wi h he ollowing size: 23.6–15.6 mm, Nikon DX AF-S NIKKOR 18 o135 mm /3.5– lens. 5.6 GE and a ipod. Focal leng h was 18 mm, op ical image s abilize , and exposu e ( ixed) 1/400 s 3.5. The CCD senso size was 23.6 mm ×15.8 mm, sp ead o e 3872 ×2592 pixels o maximum esolu ion in NEF RAW o ma . The ISO alue was se o 200. Once he image package was ob ained, i was p ocessed using Da k able so wa e [46], imp o ing he pa ame e s. This so wa e has he ad an age o being open-sou ce, allowing o imp o ed pho o de elopmen . Cu en ly, a la ge numbe o scien i ic s udies o S M a e ocused on de e mining he dis ibu ion o GCP and he numbe in ela ion o he quali y o he su ace. Bu o p o ide a oadmap o u u e esea ch on he quali y o geome y cap u e and ans o ma ion in he BIM en i- onmen , i is necessa y o compa e he wo se s o poin s TLS iG and S M iG egis e ed in he cul u al asse . Th ough Cloud Compa e’s au oma ic alignmen o he wo poin clouds and hei analysis using he ICP al- go i hm, we can de e mine he co e age pa ame e s on he su ace (CP). These co e age pa ame e s will be analysed om he applica ion o he Cloud Compa e ICP algo i hm acco ding o Fig. 4. Once he de ia ion esul s ha e been de e mined, i can be concluded ha he S M iG da a se is sui able o model pa s wi h simple geome ies, while he TLS iG da a se is mo e app op ia e o op imize he analysis o he p o iles. 4. O ganiza ion o he s uc u e o he BIM me hodology The BIM me hodology applied o he Ma ínez Mon a˜ n´ es al a piece in eg a es geospa ial echnologies o gene a e hyb id poin clouds, op imized using algo i hms such as ICP. The p ocess includes semi- au oma ic segmen a ion in CloudCompa e, pa ame ic modelling in A chiCAD wi h p og essi e LOD/LOK le els, and an inno a i e BFMP echnique o econs uc his o ical p o iles wi h millime e p ecision. Addi ionally, his me hodology phase e alua es Mesh- o-BIM me hods (Poisson, Meshlab) o in eg a e ex u ed o ganic elemen s, o e coming in e ope abili y limi a ions. Collabo a i e geo e e encing using BIM- Cloud and 3DReshape geome ic analysis ensu e ideli y o he o iginal. This app oach sys ema izes he documen a ion o complex he i age, combining digi al echnologies wi h his o ical and a is ic igo o conse a ion and s udy. 4.1. Fi ing o he poin cloud in he BIM pla o m To unde ake a BIM p ojec o his calib e and apply a me hodology, a se ies o impo an s eps mus be pe o med in an HBIM p ojec . Fi s , a wo king g oup mus be es ablished among p ojec ope a o s h ough a collabo a i e p ojec such as Teamwo k. The chu ch’s global poin cloud (TSi) is expo ed o geo- e e ence he con ex whe e he al a piece is Fig. 3. De ail o he dense cloud o poin s om he pho og amme y o he Al a piece by Ma ínez Mon a˜ n´ es. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 5 loca ed. Second, he modules o walls, pilla s, and a ches o he en i- onmen a e s uc u ed o subsequen ly inse he pho og amme y poin cloud and be geo- e e ence and loca ed in he BIM en i onmen , speci ically as a pa ial poin cloud (TSe). The essen ial pa in he s uc u e o he BIM eamwo k p ojec is he co ec geoposi ioning o he building plo , p o ided by he elec onic o ice o he Cadas e [47], en e ed in o an A chiCAD wo kshee and inse ed in o a geo- e e encing sys em. The s uc u e mus be adequa ely econside ed h ough wo k le els, which o he case s udy a e es ablished coinciding wi h he co nice le els. I eally is a p ocess o e hinking be o e s a ing he modelling o he building’s s uc u al sys ems bo h in i s ho izon al plane (x,y) and in i s e ical plane (x,z). The layou o he le els o he elemen is adjus ed o he le els o he chu ch model, aking in o accoun he le el o he g ound loo on which said u ni u e si s. The nex s ep is o o ganise he al a piece acco ding o he segmen a ion o he main and seconda y s uc u al uni s. In his sense, i is done wi h he help o se- man ic segmen a ion h ough he CloudCompa e so wa e. The classi- ica ion is done h ough he scala ield [48] aking di e en planes in which he su ace o he pic o ial pain ings can se e as impo an e e ence elemen s (see p e ious Fig. 2 b). Once segmen a ion by le el sec o s is achie ed, ela i e da a a e ob ained, helping o assemble he s uc u e. Subsequen ly, modelling begins wi h an LOD-100 o hose basic elemen s, p og essi ely inc easing he le els o de elopmen un il eaching he a isanal-le el wo k in BIM. Simila ly, he equi ed Le el o In o ma ion (LoK) is add essed, i s h ough non-g aphic cha ac e is- ics, which a e la e included, un il he knowledge LOK 400 is eached, co e ing he classi ica ion o damage, conse a ion, and p e en ion. 4.2. Teamwo k de elopmen We know om p e ious wo k [27] ha some pla o ms allow o he ansmission o coo dina ed in o ma ion be ween ope a o s in he same p ojec . These ac i i ies a e de eloped using he p e iously men ioned TeamWo k concep in A chiCAD so wa e [49]. The ac i e in e con- nec ion o TeamWo k begins by egis e ing he ope a o eam in BIM- Cloud, which will la e ha e access o all in o ma ion h ough a Vi ual P i a e Ne wo k (VPN). Ac ually, TeamWo k is a sys em o he ex- change o in o ma ion and in e ope abili y o he BIM pla o m ha was c ea ed by G aphiso in 1997. The c ea ion o an HBIM p ojec speci ically o e able s uc u es has a esea ch and knowledge p o- cedu e on how o app oach he wo k. Once he poin cloud is impo ed in o he HBIM p ojec , i is o ga- nized by le els o de elop he modelling. I is c ucial o ob ain a global TLS ix poin cloud o es ablish he con ex and en i onmen o he con- s uc ion on which he al a piece will be ins alled Fig. 5. Howe e , i is p e e able o inse i in geoposi ioned a he p ojec ’s o igin, segmen ed app op ia ely o acili a e ope abili y in he managemen o a la ge amoun o da a ( he global poin cloud o he in e io has eached 4.7 GB, 1.940.20 million poin s). (See Fig. 6.) The wo king me hod appllies o any o he ma e ial asse o a monumen al o a is ic na u e, which is why a gene ic me hodology o a p ecise wo k low is being de eloped. The impo o he TLS ix causes a slowdown o he sys em. The poin cloud wi h a esolu ion o 0.02 m esul s in a ile size o 2 GBy es o ope a ional pu poses. Fo his, he e is he possibili y o decima ing he poin cloud, his means dec easing he densi y o poin s in space in a o ally homogeneous way. We know ha he equipmen ’s cap u e can each he acquisi ion o mo e han one million poin s pe second acco ding o he speci ica ions o he manu- ac u e s o scanne p oduc s (TLS). To educe he p ocessing load o he so wa e, some au ho s [50] p opose o decima e he poin cloud, which can be done h ough he scanne ’s own p ocessing so wa e, such as Cyclone, Me ashape in he case o pho og amme y, p ocessing so wa e o poin clouds such as CloudCompa e and complemen a y so wa e linked o BIM pla o ms, in he case o Re i and Recap. Mos me hods decima e he poin cloud o speed up he p ocess o so wa e in building eplica applicabili y in BIM. Bu decima ing he poin cloud means losing con igu a ion p ope ies and quali y in e ms o i s shape and a ibu es, so he ope a o mus assess he limi s o his p ocessing. O he ields o de elopmen a e he alida ion o he decima ion o he se o poin s wi h op imal alues, and p o iding ep esen a i e images o he Mesh- o-BIM p ocess [48]. Following he wo k on le els o he HBIM p ojec , he al a piece s uc u es ha e he peculia i y o being engaged in a e ical plane, whe e heigh and wid h p edomina e. As he e is no basic CAD planime y, we ha e wo ked di ec ly wi h he o hogonal plans p o ided by he poin cloud and modeled di ec ly wi h i s e e ence wi hin he BIM p ojec . Yes, in he cases o analysis whe e o hopho os a e ob ained by means o pho og amme y, i would be e y in e es ing o es ablish Fig. 4. a) Analysis o he di e ence be ween he TLS iG and he S M iG . poin cloud. Resul o applying he C2C algo i hm whe e he colou map shows he dis ance dis ibu ion, b) his og am o he analysis. His og am uni s: me es (X axis) and numbe o poin s (Y axis). J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 6 wo kshee s wi h di e en o hog amme ic p ojec ions. This way o p oceeding can de ec me ic disc epancies be ween massi e da a cap- u e sys ems. The e o e, in his wo k, he disc epancies be ween he poin cloud ob ained by he S M and he TLS in i s h ee dimensions we e also e alua ed in Fig. 4. Nex , a ne wo k sys em o axes linked o he p ojec is ob ained, and he al a piece-a chi ec u al s uc u e. Nie o e al. [27] men ioned he eno mous ad an ages o hese auxilia y sys- ems ha allow di ec linkage wi h singula poin s o he p ojec . F om his, he uni s a e buil acco ding o hei ma e ial cha ac e is ics - ype o s uc u al wood - h ough p o iles and deco a i e elemen s on he ou de eloped le els. I is necessa y o hink ha 3D econs uc ion based on s uc u e models can bene i om he g amma o o ms o iginally in oduced by S ing and Gips [51] o models o pain ings sculp u es and ha we e ans e ed o a chi ec u e and u banism. A o m g amma in p inciple de ines he geome ic- o mal language, which is a se o ini e-leng h sequences o symbols [52]. The al a pieces as a chi ec u al uni s can be di ided and ep esen ed by a se o basic geome ic o ms, hese o ms a e go e ned by Mu phy e al. [24] by eplacemen ules in which a shape can be changed o eplaced by ans o ma ions. The o iginal idea o hese au ho s is o model, h ough o m g amma , he a chi ec u al languages o classical a chi ec u e, implemen ed using he cons uc ion o pa ame ic objec s. Fig. 5. Visualisa ion o he poin cloud o he in e io o he Chu ch o he Annuncia ion. 1940.20 million poin s (Leica T uwiew). Fig. 6. Co nice con ou s p ocessed using Cloud Compa e. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 7 4.3. Geome ic cha ac e isa ion o he p o ile uni s The iden i ica ion o he geome ic ules go e ning he di e en p o iles ha cons i u e he s uc u e o an al a piece model is necessa y o in e p e he s uc u e’s inal concep . The de ini ion o he geome ic shape o an elemen wi h his o ical and a is ic in e es h ough physical and digi al models is a solid a emp o he speci ic analysis o olu- me ic, o mal, cons uc i e, and s uc u al analysis aspec s. The mo e complex he shape, he mo e c ucial i is o eliably ela e i o a co ec geome ic ma ix [53], o allow he bes in e p e a ion o he e olu ion o he cons uc ion [54] and i s adap a ion o he eal shape. Thus, one o he me hodological p ocesses desc ibed by Flo iano e al. [53] in ol es he Bes Fi Analysis (BFA whe e he p ocessing aims o iden i y he mos p obable design shape o a dome by de e mining he unde lying geo- me ic ules. When building a s uc u e composed o mul iple p o iles, i is a challenging o es ablish he geome ic cha ac e isa ion o each o he co nices o subsequen modelling. To add ess his, a wo k low was de eloped based on a new me hodology aimed a ob aining he bes i model p o iles - Bes Fi Model P o iles (BFMP). This model was de el- oped a e se e al so wa e based expe imen s h ough he compa ison and gene a ion o p o iles such as he 3DReshape so wa e [55], now know as Cyclone 3DR, h ough a modelling p ocess based on he poin cloud. The idea o using his new me hodology eme ged a e lea ning abou he po en ial o ce ain so wa e applica ions used o e alua e linea unnel ajec o ies o epo ing pu poses in ci il enginee ing. Cu en ly, he HBIM knowledge a ea ques ions wo app oaches ha can be conside ed as basic hypo heses o a gene al na u e; i) The i s is whe he we can build geome ic componen s om su eys, wi hou using he pa ame ic objec lib a y; and ii) The second is o ollow he logic o he ope a ion o scan- o-BIM [56]. Scan- o-BIM makes i possible o gene a e a 3D model om he poin cloud, o which he e a e semiau oma ic p ocedu es se ou in he con ex o a chi ec u al he i age [57]; Bu he ques ion ha a ises is whe he he semi-au oma ic p o- cedu e e lec s he ue eali y o he complex geome y o he pa imony o is i simply a simpli ica ion. To add ess his p oblem, his esea ch p oposes ha each o he p o iles ca aloged in he al a piece da abase be ca ied ou using a Bes Fi Model P o iles (BFMP) model. This p ocedu e gua an ees he eliabili y o he p oposal o he pa ame ic model. The basis o he wo k is he pe o ming o a segmen a ion o each o he co nices wi h he help o he Cloud Compa e so wa e [58]. Fo his pa o he campaign, he la ge co nice o he en abla u e o he second body is aken (6). The geome ic analysis p ocedu e begins wi h he expo o he S M iX1 poin cloud o 3DReshape , and subsequen ly an analysis a pola con ou analysis o he comple e su ace o he elemen is pe o med, o de e mine he a ia ions ha occu , and i hese al e a ions o he su - ace eco ded by he poin cloud you can de e mine an op imal esul Figu e. To cla i y he p ocess o his phase, he co nice is aken Fig. 7, he pa analysed in his case is a p o uding body, since he co nice does no ha e a s aigh di ec ix along he en i e wid h o he al a piece’s en abla u e. An analysis o each o he s aigh ac ions is ca ied ou . Once he analysis o pola con ou s has been ca ied ou , i is possible o de e mine om se e al sec ions pe pendicula o he di ec ix o he cloud o poin s o he co nice in Fig. 8 a, he model ha go e ns he geome ic ules. The S M iX1 se o poin s p o ides p ecise in o ma ion abou he geome y and also p o ides us wi h he a ia ions o he ules es ablished be ween he gene al p o ile model wi h and o he igu es ha appea along he ajec o y o he co nice and ha mus be aken in o conside a ion. F om he se o poin s de e mined in he 3DReshape so wa e, we de i e a mesh su ace ha ep esen s he model o he chosen co nice. The op imisa ion algo i hm allows one su ace o be mo ed o e ano he in o de o compa e he dis ance be ween poin s ha make up he di e en p o iles Fig. 7. In he selec ion p ocess, he ope a o selec s he blue- ones ange wi hin he pola con ou band, ep esen ing he lowes dispe sion be ween he alues. The op imized p o ile will be iden i ied wi hin his chosen band. The esul o he compa ison be ween he op imized p o ile and he eal p o ile ex ac ed om he poin cloud indica es ha he di e ences can ange be ween 7 and 9 mm (g een colou ange), hus leading o he c ea ion o he bes i p o ile model. Taking in o accoun he USIBD [59] guide ange he esul would be a ound LOA 40–50. Th ough he 3D de ia ion colou map in Fig. 7, i is possible o isualize he ou come o he geome ic Bes Fi Model P o ile (Figu e b). The p o ile op imized h ough his p ocedu e is expo ed in ec o o ma (.dx ) o be inse ed in o he BIM model, as pa o he modelling p ocess. Conse a o s, a chi ec s, and enginee s can use he imple- men a ion o a geome ic p ocess based on geode ic da a ob ained h ough he MCDSs and e alua e, h ough an analy ical model, he non- a bi a y selec ion o a p o ile ha in o he cases could o e li le eli- abili y o a p o ile ha in o he cases could o e li le gua an ee. Once he analy ical p ocess o he geome ic BFMP Fig. 9 has been esol ed Fig. 7. Analysis o he pola con ou s o he co nice. The his og am shows he de ia ions along a mesh plane gene a ed by same so wa e. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 8 wi h he a iable su ace elemen s pe pendicula o he co nice di- ec ix, he me hod can be ex ended o ind o he p o iles ha gene a e a change in he co nice ajec o y. Fo example, Fig. 10 shows how he lines ha join i s nodes can de e mine a con inuous uled su ace and whe e he de ia ion occu s h ough he ex eme colou s o i s pa s. A uled su ace sa is ies eq. 1 ha : (u, ) φ c(u) + w(u). Fig. 8. a) Iden i ica ion o poin s ex ac ed om p o iles. b) S aigh sec ions gene a ed by e ical planes. Fig. 9. De ia ion o he op imized p o ile and p o ile h ough he poin cloud. The colou pale e illus a es he ange o de ia ions, while he b own su ace ep esen s he mesh gene a ed by Cyclone 3DR. (Fo in e p e a ion o he e e ences o colou in his igu e legend, he eade is e e ed o he web e sion o his a icle.) Fig. 10. De ia ion om he op imized p o ile and discon inuous p o ile. The colou pale e illus a es he ange o de ia ions. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 9 Wi hin he scope o he geome ic cha ac e isa ion o complex su - aces ha cons i u e he s uc u e o he al a piece, p o ile e alua ion enables e ec i e analy ical p ocedu es. Thus, in his esea ch, he e is an analysis o he p o ile called he bes - i p o ile, which is ac ually an op imized p o ile. Ce ain scien i ic s udies al eady show he impo ance o e i ying he 3D models o he p ojec s, so ha he dimensions and shape a e ixed in an exhaus i e ep esen a ion [88]. Wi h his aim, an analy ical compa ison model was de eloped o con as he bes - i p o ile wi h he o iginal mesh gene a ed om he poin cloud. The da a was ob ained om a agmen o he co nice and p ocessedusing he Cyclone 3DR so wa e (Fig. 20). Based on he di e en p o iles, measu emen s o he espec i e de- ia ions be ween he mesh and he poin cloud a e ob ained, he eby de e mining hei co esponding change indica o s. The analysis o co nice discon inui ies is conduc ed using Cyclone 3DR ool [89] o compa e he unnel geome y. Al hough his p ocedu e is de eloped o he analysis o de ia ion in closed geome ies o ci il enginee ing, h ough he s udy i has been possible o ob ain a se o esul s o he Fig. 19. Edi ing scheme o he HBIM p ojec . De ini ion o he “Damage Analysis” o he pain ed objec . Fig. 20. Rep esen a ion o he mesh di e ence be ween he bes - i model (blue colou ) and he mesh gene a ed om he se o co nice poin s (b own colou ), analysis in Cyclone 3DR. (Fo in e p e a ion o he e e ences o colou in his igu e legend, he eade is e e ed o he web e sion o his a icle.) J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 16 de ia ion be ween BFMP and each o he p o iles gene a ed by he so wa e. The p ocedu e begins by selec ing a e e ence p o ile, om which a c oss-sec ion is c ea ed, ollowed by he gene a ion o successi e sec- ions along he neu al axial axis ha uns he ull leng h o he co nice. The so wa e i sel de elops a g aph o he gene a ion o he di e en p o iles as shown in Fig. 21. In he scien i ic li e a u e and as a as we ha e been able o in es iga e, only Koehi e al. [90] wo k on unnel analysis, bu in a e y succinc way wi hou eaching he de ia ion analysis o each one o he p o iles and Gikas [91] o compa e he p e- cision be ween he TLS and a o al s a ion (ST) o , las ly, e y ecen ly, Xiang [92] who de elops a compa ison diag am model. In any case, i is he i s documen on he analysis o p o iles in wo ks o a , applying a poin -based change es ima ion me hod. This s udy p ocedu e leads us o de e mine a se ies o geome ic cha ac e isa ion o discon inui ies o complex shapes in a chi ec u e such as he analysis o an al a piece, which al hough i does no ha e he na u e o he impo ance o he unce ain y ha is gene a ed in ci il wo ks, i is impo an o igo ously es ablish he p ecise geome y o an a is ic wo k. The wo k low o he connec ion be ween he di e en so wa e and he applicabili y o he BIM so wa e is shown in Fig. 22. (See Fig. 23.) Once he ou pu da a se is ob ained, an analysis is ca ied ou on each o he six p o iles gene a ed in o de o e alua e he discon inui ies p esen in he cap u e p ocess be ween he op imized p o ile and and he emaining c oss-sec iona he p o iles o he co nice. A o al o 58 mea- su emen s gene a ed by Cyclone 3DR so wa e ha e been de eloped. The limi s o he spacing o poin s ob ained and ha de ine each one o he sec ions o he p o ile can ake posi i e alues i hey a e abo e he op imal cu e o nega i e below he cu e; he e o e, he uppe g aph o Fig. 13 i includes alues abo e 0.00 and below i . In he case o P o ile 2, he numbe o poin s gene a ed has been lowe in P o iles 4, 5, and 6. This numbe o poin s (37), which ep esen s P o ile 2, ma ks a s aigh sec ion o a mesh whose leng h is sho e han o he p o iles, see Fig. 20 in blue, and he sa is ac ion o he ange o bes p o iles ob ained using BFMP o he case s udy. o he al a piece is de e mined in he box-and- whiske plo . In he lowe pa o he g aph, he de ia ion alues in each o he p o iles a e ep esen ed by means o box diag ams, wi h p o iles 4 and 6 being he bes i s and hose ha ep esen ewe de ia ions eaching s anda d de ia ion alues o 0.00796 and 0.00944 m. In he able 1 ou side g aph he minimum, maximum, and median alues o he esul s ob ained can be de e mined. I should be no ed ha he simple absolu e de ia ion (Dx) is in he alue o 0.0125 m, acco ding o eq. 4. The dispe sion is ep esen ed in he g aph by means o he simple absolu e de ia ion be ween he mesh gene a ed om he pho og am- me y poin cloud and he mesh gene a ed om he op imal p o ile. The me ic a ia ions ep esen ed in Figu e include he o al wid h o he analysed co nice. The a e age a ia ion was analysed along he a e ac , as Moyano e al. [93]. The a e age alue yielded e o s (Δ Z ), and he simple absolu e de ia ion (Dx) was calcula ed as pe Eq. 4. Dx=∑ N i=1 |xi −x| N(4) whe e (Dx) is he simple absolu e de ia ion, N is he sample size, x accoun s o he obse ed alues and x is he a e age alue o he sample (in me e s). On he o he hand, he con igu a ion o an a chi ec u al wall s uc- u e, which is s uc u ed in e y cha ac e is ic pa s and elemen s such as columns, sha s, capi als, lin els, pedimen s, and co nices, is add essed unde an HBIM amewo k o pa ame ic elemen s. The e o e, he cons uc ion o hese s uc u es is easily accep able. On his conside a ion, a s udy amewo k is add essed whe e he p ocess o he cloud o poin s o he BIM model, would go h ough a s udy o con e he di e en 3D sculp u es ha make up he al a piece o mesh. Howe e , in eg a ing hese de ailed h ee-dimensional models in o BIM en i onmen s necessi a es he use o in e media e so wa e pla - o ms, as s anda d BIM ools o en lack he capaci y o na i ely handle complex ex u ed meshes. The e o e, se e al da a p ocessing wo k lows mus be ca ied ou ac oss di e en so wa e en i onmen s o ensu e ha he inal BIM model e ains op imized ex u e quali y, achie ing a balance be ween p ocessing e iciency and isual ideli y. Mo eo e , he esul ing mesh models mus be agile and ully ope a ional wi hin he chosen BIM sys em o suppo u he applica ions such as documen a- ion, conse a ion, o isualisa ion. In his ega d, Rhinoce os so wa e se es as he p ima y pla o m o p ocessing and managing models ha include pic o ial o a is ic ex u es, ensu ing a eliable ounda ion o subsequen in eg a ion in o he BIM wo k low. O he conside a ions o be aken in o accoun a e hose ela ed o he seman ic eco d o he elemen s ca aloged in he HBIM al a piece p oj- ec . In his ega d, he app op ia e use o en i ies, as indica ed in he Fig. 21. C ea e sec ions along he axis, using Cyclone 3DR so wa e. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 17 PlanBim guide [94], ou lines wel e key poin s o he deli e y o a BIM model. These wel e c i e ia o he classi ica ion sys em a e an essen ial pa o he egula ions, whe e he code plays a i al ole in he iden i- ica ion o objec s. The En i y In o ma ion Ma ix (EIM), designed o add ess he chal- lenge o an o de ly and well-s uc u ed classi ica ion, is c ucial be o e s a ing he building in o ma ion modelling, an o iginal con ibu ion in he ield o al a piece s udies. The s uc u e is o med om he segmen a ion o he s uc u al uni s ha make up an al a piece o a chi ec u al açade The way o p oceed in BIM o expo he model, in Excel o ma , mus be main ained om he beginning h ough diag ams on he same BIM pla o m. A he same ime, he laye ed model can be p ese ed o use ia wo kshee s wi hin he BIM so wa e i sel . The e- o e, all his in o ma ion mus be pa o he HBIM p ojec . This ep e- sen s he ini ial s ep owa ds he implemen a ion o he model in he he i age sciences sec o , in ol ing he o ganiza ion o geome ic Fig. 22. Wo k low ha explains he p ocess om he segmen a ion o he co nice wi h he iden i ica ion o a s a is ical s ep ha shows he geome y o he seg- men a ion o he co nice, hen choosing he bes p o ile adjus men model o achie e he op imal geome y o expo i o he BIM en i onmen . Fig. 23. G aph o he de ia ions o he six p o iles analysed and absolu e de ia ion. J. Moyano e al. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 175 (2025) 106213 18 elemen s p io o pa ame ic modelling, whe e he ele an IFC s an- da ds a e in eg a ed in o he inal p ocess. A e e iewing ecen wo k and analysing he con ibu ion p e- sen ed, he main limi a ion we encoun e ed is he au oma ion o com- plex elemen s in BIM. One o he majo challenges in his wo k is ans e ing igu es and a e ac s wi h ex u es in o hese new pla o ms. This is based on he ac ha , while quali a i e in e p e a ion o a scene comes na u ally o humans, compu e s s ill ace ce ain limi a ions, despi e signi ican ad ances in compu e enginee ing. These limi a ions a e gene ally ela ed o so wa e [95]. Ano he impo an issue o esol e is he abili y o BIM pla o ms o wo k di ec ly wi h poin clouds in a simul aneous manne . Cu en ly, some companies, such as Solu ions GmbH, ha e de eloped a poin cloud manage o A chiCAD and o he pla o ms. This allows iles o be impo ed wi hou going h ough he . e57 o ma , and om a wide a ie y o bo h s uc u ed and uns uc u ed iles. 7. Conclusions The ac ions in ol ed in he 3D digi isa ion o Cul u al He i age can be unde s ood as a p ocess o con e sion and ans o ma ion h ough au oma ion, pa icula ly when applying analy ical me hodologies o da a acquisi ion eco ds. The modelling p ocesses equi e wo k phases ha in eg a e sys ema ic p ocesses ha comp ise he di e en s ages, om analogue measu emen s o measu emen s based on senso s and lase emissions and modelling o his o ical in o ma ion. Technological de ices, as well as audio isual con en om use s wi h en i ies o h ee-dimensional objec en i ies, ha e pu he indus y on a de elopmen plane. The Indus ial Re olu ion 4.0 which highligh s he le el o ope a ional echnology wi h he le el o in o ma ion echnology is changing he way o unde s anding he indus y and cons uc ion sec o . The e o e, in his app op ia e di ec ion owa ds new models o digi al ans o ma ion. An o iginal wo k ha is based on an inno a i e s uc u e he analysis o he s udy o s uc u es, o mo able and immo able p ope y. Di e en analysis me hodologies a e p oposed h ough e e se enginee ing ha allows he econs uc ion o a model o cons uc ion model in a complex and di icul o in e p e ield such as Cul u al A is ic He i age. F om pho og amme y, an expe imen al p ocess was de eloped, ocusing on he geome ic analysis o he p o iles ha compose he s uc u e o an al a piece. The use o speci ic algo i hms applied and based on a new me hodology o achie e he Bes Fi Model P o iles (BFMP) model was explo ed, eaching he poin o es ablishing models close o measu emen s o uni s o millime e s. P o ile measu emen s can be used o in e shape knowledge and es ima e he mos e icien and accu a e sec ion om his p oximi y analysis o u he cons uc ion. The uppe co nice was used as a es bench, op imizing he model om he gene a ion o di e en successi e p o iles. Al hough o u u e wo k, es benches will be adop ed wi h g ea e di icul y in he shapes and complexi y o he cu a u es, in o de o obse e he beha iou s h ough o he pa ame e s. The quali y o he pho og amme y egis a ion model was compa ed wi h he esul an ex ac ed om he e es ial lase scanne , which has made i possible o de e mine he es ima ed p ecision gua an ee o he his o ical building in o ma ion model. The o ganiza ion o he da a in a BIM p ojec s uc u e equi es an e icien in e ope abili y alid o all he collabo a o s in ol ed. This link be ween ope a o s can be de el- oped h ough an A chiCAD Teamwo k p ojec en i onmen , whe e da a is sha ed, e eshed, and app o ed, based on he BIMcloud amewo k. A obus pla o m o mul idisciplina y collabo a ion in design and da a ansmission be ween a chi ec s, enginee s, and es o e s. The la es inno a ions ocus on secu i y and immedia e da a synch onisa ion, wi h an in e connec ion ia Vi ual P i a e Ne wo k (VPN). The base o a selec ion o ound objec s such as he sculp u e in he cen e o he al a piece, o i s inse ion in he BIM pla o m, in- co po a es one o he mos di icul asks gi en he wo k low ha i en ails be ween di e en so wa e. Fo his wo k, se e al su eys we e ca ied ou on he basis o p ocessing om he cloud o poin s o he al a piece in which Jesus is bap ised by Sain John. Cu en ly, inse ing a ex u ed mesh in o BIM pla o ms is mo e complica ed han building he s uc u e i sel , since he mesh mus con ain he UV mapping image assigned o he digi ised 3D model. In he u u e, i will be possible o s udy new ways and wo k lows ha simpli y he mesh using ‘Guadmesh in Rhino” and expo his objec o A chiCAD image models. The choice o he case s udy jus i ied he knowledge o he p oblem o a eal a e- ac , segmen ed om he global poin cloud o complemen he al a - piece s uc u e. One o he main scien i ic con ibu ions o his wo k has been he c ea ion o a classi ica ion s uc u e acco ding o he BIM classi ica ion sys em. When models a e es ablished ha imp o e in e ope abili y in his wo k, he En i y In o ma ion Ma ix (EIM) is c ea ed, which is an in o ma ion exchange and s uc u e classi ica ion scheme. This p ocess ollows an analy ic ma ix model in which each s uc u e can inco po- a e iden i iable ID codes s uc u ed in o classes, subclasses, and ele- men s. Each and e e y one o he s udies o acades, analysis o buildings, po als, cou ya ds con aining a chi ec u al s uc u es in he con ex o 3D scanning and his o ical in o ma ion models o he building should in ou opinion con ain he En i y In o ma ion Ma ix. This new model c ea ed on he basis o e lexions on a chi ec u al s uc u es is he key o knowledge in he iden i ica ion o elemen s in a la e s age o he de elopmen and cons uc ion o he model. A en ion o da a quali y, seman ic classi ica ion, and in e disciplina y collabo a ion is c ucial o ensu e ha models se e no only as accu a e ep esen a ions bu also as e ec i e ools o he conse a ion and managemen o cul u al he i age. In he u u e, hese implemen a ion models should be explo ed o po en ial applica ions in o he conse a ion domains, including di- agnos ics, ma e ial s udies, and deg ada ion assessmen s, among o he s. The ocus he e is on he use o His o ic Building In o ma ion Modelling (HBIM) in he conse a ion o wo ks o a . I is well es ablished ha he HBIM me hodology is e ec i e no only o ca aloguing bu also o he eco e y and planning o conse a ion and es o a ion p ojec s o a chi ec u al asse s, while also es ablishing links be ween he app oach and he me hodologies employed. Howe e , due o he complexi y o he s udy, he e is a u u e in en ion o apply he scalabili y o hese me hods o o he ypes o mo able cul u al he i age o mo e complex a chi ec- u al objec s. CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen Juan Moyano: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing – o iginal d a , Valida ion, Supe ision, So wa e, Resou ces, Me hodology, In es iga- ion, Funding acquisi ion, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion, Concep uali- za ion. E a Ma ínez: Valida ion, So wa e. Juan E. Nie o-Juli´ an: Visualiza ion, Supe ision, So wa e, Fo mal analysis. Ma ía Fe n´ an- dez-Alconchel: Supe ision, P ojec adminis a ion, Funding acquisi ion. Decla a ion o compe ing in e es The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape . Acknowledgmen s This esea ch was unded by he Uni e si y o Se ille h ough he VII Own Resea ch and T ans e Plan (VII PPIT-US). The au ho s hank he Adminis a ion o he Uni e sidad de Se illa o p o iding access o he building. Thanks o he Adminis a ion o he SGI Fo o eca-Labo a o io de A e o he Uni e si y o Se ille. J. Moyano e al. 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