La mujer y la violencia contra la mujer, y su representación en la prensa española
Full text
/DPXMHU ODYLROHQFLDFRQWUDODPXMHU VXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQODSUHQVDHVSDxROD
)(51È1'(=' D]1DWDOLD
8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPDGH%DUFHORQD
(VWHDUW FXORVHYDDFHQWUDUIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQPHGLiWLFD
GH OD PXMHUHQHOFXDGURGHODVDJUHVLRQHVVH[XDOHV3DUDHOORQRREVWDQWHKHPRVGH
SURIXQGL]DU DXQTXH VHD VRPHUDPHQWH ORV FRQFHSWRV GH ³SDVLYLGDG´ ³UHVLVWHQFLD´
³SURYRFDFLyQ´VLHPSUHDODPSDURGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVGHOWpUPLQR³IHPLQLGDG´
$ ,QWURGXFFLyQDOJXQDVLGHDVJHQHUDOHVVREUHHOFRQFHSWRGH³SDVLYLGDG´
(OFXHUSRIHPHQLQRXQDYH]UHGXFLGRDVXGHVWLQRELROyJLFRTXHGDDWHQD]DGR
SRU OD SDVLYLGDG OD LQGHWHUPLQDFLyQ (VWR TXLHUH GHFLU VREUH WRGR TXH OD PXMHU VH
SUHVHQWDFRPRVHU³YLRODEOH´VXVFHSWLEOHGHVHUYLRODGRORTXHKDVWDXQFLHUWRSXQWR
MXVWLILFDOD DJUHVLyQVH[XDO (VWDSHUFHSFLyQ QHJDWLYDGH ODIHPLQLGDG KDVHUYLGRSDUD
SRWHQFLDU OHJLWLPDU DOJXQRV SDWURQHV LGHROyJLFRV GRPLQDQWHV 3HUR WDPELpQ
SUHVXSRQH H[DOWDXQDUHDOLGDGPiVSUHRFXSDQWH DPELJXDSRUXQODGRVHHVSHUDGH
OD PXMHU VX SDVLYLGDGDXQHQHOFDVRGHXQDDJUHVLyQSRUTXHUHEHODUVHFRQWUDHODJUHVRU
QR WHQJRTXHUHFRUGDUHMHPSORVDUTXHW SLFRVFRPRHOGHODV³FDVWUDGRUDV´TXHWDQGH
PRGD VH SXVLHURQ KDFH XQRV DxRV R ODV OODPDGDV ³YLXGDV QHJUDV´ QR KDFH PiV TXH
VXVFLWDU FU WLFDV UHSXGLRV 3HUR SRU RWUR VH HVSHUD TXH VH UHVLVWD VLHPSUH
PDQWHQLHQGR XQ SXQWR GH HTXLOLEULR IDQWiVWLFR HQ TXH VH JDUDQWLFH TXH QR VH YD D
FRQVXPDUODDJUHVLyQSHURHQTXHHOTXHHODJUHVRUWDPSRFRVXIUDSHUMXLFLRGHQLQJXQD
HVSHFLH
9ROYDPRV SRU XQ PRPHQWR D OD SDVLYLGDG SXHV D HOOD HVWiQ DVRFLDGRV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVTXHLPSOLFDQHOGHVHR ODFXOPLQDFLyQGHOFRQWUROGHOFXHUSRGHRWUR
(Q UHDOLGDGHOWUDVIRQGRGHHVHKHFKRHVTXHODSDVLYLGDG VXE XJDFLyQGHOFXHUSRGHOD
VRPHWLGD HO SODFHU GHO VRPHWHGRU SHUWHQHFHQ D XQD LPDJLQHU D KRO VWLFD GH OD
GHQRPLQDFLyQ HUyWLFD /D YLROHQFLD ULWXDOL]DGD GHULYDGD GH HVDV FRQYLFFLRQHV VH
FULVWDOL]DHQORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVVH[XDOHV&RPRUHVXOWDGRGHHOORHOVRPHWLGRHQHVWH
FDVRODVRPHWLGDGHMDGHH[LVWLU7DPELpQVXVGHVHRVVXQHJDWLYDVXRSRVLFLyQ<pVWH
HV HO SULPHU DUJXPHQWR SRU HO TXH YHPRV TXH OD DJUHVLyQ VH[XDO SRU PiV TXH HO
GLVFXUVRPHGLiWLFR RWURVGLVFXUVRVLQVLVWDQHQORFRQWUDULRQRHVXQDUHODFLyQVH[XDO
VLQR XQ VLPSOHDFWRGHYDQGDOLVPRYLRODFLyQHQVHQVXVWULFWRHQTXHORSULPHURTXHVH
YLRODHVODYROXQWDG ODOLEHUWDGGHODSHUVRQDDTXLHQVHDJUHGH
3ODQWHDGDV DV ODV FRVDV VH HQWLHQGH TXH OD IHPLQLGDG TXH RIUHFH XQ
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR TXH VH VDOH GH ORV FiQRQHV UDVJD HO SDWUyQ GH OD SDVLYLGDG ODV
H[SHFWDWLYDV TXH FUHD ELHQ VHD DJUHGLHQGR DO SURSLR DJUHVRU ELHQ VHD VHGXFLpQGROR
SUHVXQWDPHQWHDQWHVGHTXHVREUHYHQJDHODFWRGHYLROHQFLDHVODTXHOODPDODDWHQFLyQ
GH ORV GLVFXUVRV MXGLFLDOHV PHGLiWLFRV SRUTXH HV OD TXH SRQH VREUH DYLVR GH XQD
SRVLEOH WUDQVJUHVLyQ GH XQD QRUPDWLYD VRFLDO 'H KHFKR HQ ODV GHFLVLRQHV MXGLFLDOHV
SHVDPXFKRODHYLGHQFLDRIDOWDGHHOODGHXQDUHVLVWHQFLDDGHFXDGD*LEVRQ%DYHODV
&RDWHV
0XFKRV DXWRUHV HQWUH HOORV ORV PHQFLRQDGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH VHxDODQ
TXH HQ QR SRFDV RFDVLRQHV ODV GLVFXVLRQHV VREUH OD FXOSDELOLGDG GH OD Y FWLPD VH
FHQWUDQRGHOLEHUDQHQWpUPLQRVGHORTXH³GHEHU DKDEHUKHFKR´3RQHUVREUHHVWHSXQWR
GHIUiJLOHTXLOLEULRODSDVLYLGDG ODUHVLVWHQFLDVLJQLILFDGHSDVRFDUJDUVREUHODPXMHU
OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH FRQWURO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ 3XHVWR TXH OD UHVLVWHQFLD HV
PLQXFLRVDPHQWHHYDOXDGD HVFUXWDGDGXUDQWHHOMXLFLR HQORVUHODWRVS~EOLFRVGHXQ
FULPHQ HVWD UHVLVWHQFLD GHEH VHU ³DSURSLDGD´ 6LQ HPEDUJR D OD UHVLVWHQFLD FRPR D
LQGLFDPRVDQWHVVHOHLPSRQHQO PLWHVSXHVWRTXHKDGHFHxLUVHDHYLWDUDOODQDPLHQWRV
QRGHVHDGRV QRKDGHLQFOXLUHQQLQJ~QFDVRDJUHGLUHQGHIHQVDSURSLDTXHVLHPSUH
DFDUUHDU DVHULRVDJUDYDQWHVDODY FWLPD
%4XHEUDQWDPLHQWRGHODSDVLYLGDGODUHVLVWHQFLD
+DVWD DK XQDV O QHDV JHQHUDOHV VREUH OD SDVLYLGDG OD UHVLVWHQFLD WDO FRPR
DSDUHFHQWDPL]DGDVSRUODJUDQOXSDHVFUXWDGRUDGHOVLVWHPDMXGLFLDO/RFLHUWRHVTXH
HQ ORV GLVFXUVRV PHGLiWLFRV HVWH ELQRPLR SDVLYLGDG UHVLVWHQFLD RIUHFH XQRV PDWLFHV
LQWHUHVDQWHV TXH FRPHQWDUHPRV D FRQWLQXDFLyQ 8QR GH HOORV HV TXH OD UHVLVWHQFLDVH
SXHGHSUHVHQWDUFRPRXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRTXHQRVLUYHSDUDSUHYHQLUODDJUHVLyQQLSDUD
GLVXDGLUDVXDXWRUGHFRPHWHUOD
7RPHPRVGRVHMHPSORVGHODSUHQVD
(O GHOLQFXHQWH QR WXYR GLILFXOWDG DOJXQD SDUD UHGXFLU D JROSHV D OD MRYHQ
QRUWHDPHULFDQD REOLJDUOD D FDPLQDU KDVWD XQ OXJDU DSDUWDGR $OO ORV JROSHV VH
UHSHWLU DQDODPHQRUUHVLVWHQFLDGHODY FWLPD´$%&
(OKRPLFLGDGHXQDMRYHQGHDxRV1XULD0+DODTXHPDWySRUTXHVH
RSXVRDODYLROHQFLDVH[XDOGHODFXVDGR(O3D V
%$9(/$6 -% &2$7(6 / *,%621 - ³$QRPDORXV ODQJXDJH LQ VH[XDO DVVDXOW WULDO
MXGJHPHQWV´'LVFRXUVH6RFLHW SiJV
(QHVWHVHQWLGRFDEHUHFRUGDUWUDEDMRVFRPRORVGHODVDUJHQWLQDV,+HUFRYLFK 0&9LODGH*HUOLF
TXHDSXQWDQDODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHDORSRQHUUHVLVWHQFLDODPXMHUHODJUHVRUVHSXHGDVHQWLUFRQWUDULDGR
GHPRGRTXHDXPHQWHHOJUDGRGHYLROHQFLDSDUDFDVWLJDUOD ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVVHDQPiVVHYHUDV
8Q VHJXQGR PDWL] HV TXH OD UHVLVWHQFLD QR VyOR SXHGH DYLYDU HO GHVHR GH
YLROHQFLDGHXQDJUHVRUVLQRTXHDGHPiVH[LJHSRUSDUWHGHODY FWLPDXQHVIXHU]RGH
DXWRFRQWURO GH PRGR TXH HVD UHVLVWHQFLD VH FRQYLHUWD HQ XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
DEVROXWDPHQWHPHVXUDEOH TXHVHSXHGDGRVLILFDUDFDSULFKR9HDPRVRWURHMHPSOR
/DY FWLPDQRRSXVRUHVLVWHQFLDSHVHDTXHODDJUHGLGDFHUUyVXVSLHUQDVFXDQGR
HOSUHVXQWRDJUHVRUWUDWDEDGHFRQVXPDUHODFWR(O0XQGR
(VWHHMHPSORFRQVWDWDORTXHODVRFLyORJD&DURO*DUGQHUGHQRPLQD³ODUHWyULFD
GHODFRPSHWHQFLDOLPLWDGD´TXHPXHVWUDDODY FWLPDGHODVDOWRVH[XDORH[WUDVH[XDOHQ
XQ OXJDU S~EOLFR TXH GHQRWD GHSHQGHQFLD IDOWD GH KDELOLGDG TXH HVWi EDVDGD HQ
MXLFLRVGHDSDULHQFLD
(O WHUFHU PDWL] D LPSOLFD GHFDQWDU OD EDODQ]D KDFLD XQR GH ORV H[WUHPRV OD
UHVLVWHQFLD VH PXHVWUD HIHFWLYD FXDQGR VH UHFXUUH QR VyOR D OD DXWRGHIHQVD VLQR D OD
UHGXFFLyQWRWDORSDUFLDOGHODJUHVRU$TX HQWUDPRVHQXQWHUUHQRHQTXHVHLQYLHUWHSRU
FRPSOHWRHOPLWRGHODSDVLYLGDGIHPHQLQD(OGDxRVRFLDODODJUHVRULQDXJXUDXQQXHYR
IHQyPHQRVRFLDOTXHSRGU DPRVGHQRPLQDUGH³UHVSXHVWDDXQDFWRGHYLROHQFLDSUHYLD´
TXHSXHGHFRQFUHWDUVHWDQWRHQODDJUHVLyQJHQLWDOFRPRHQHOKHFKRGHGDUPXHUWHDO
YLRODGRUR JROSHDGRU/RV PHGLRVGH FRPXQLFDFLyQKDQ H[SORWDGRKDVWD ODVDFLHGDG
¢HIHFWRVGHORVWRQLILFDQWHVUHDOLW VKRZV"ORVFDVRVGHFHUFHQDGRUDVGHSHQHV ORVGH
ODV PXMHUHV TXH GDQ PXHUWH D VXV PDULGRV
/DV HWLTXHWDV Op[LFDV TXH GLFKRV PHGLRV
SURSRQHQVRQ GHSRU V EDVWDQWH HORFXHQWHVGHVGHODV³YLXGDVQHJUDV´TXHHYRFDQOD
LPDJHQSpUILGDGHODQRPHQRVSpUILGD/XFUHFLD%RUJLDKDVWDODV³FRUWDGRUDVGHSHQHV´
DPHQD]DFRQVWDQWHSDUDODYLULOLGDG(QORVGLVFXUVRVPHGLiWLFRVVHFRQGHQDDODPXMHU
TXH VH WRPD OD MXVWLFLD SRU VX PDQR DXQTXHKD D VLGRUHLWHUDGD Y FWLPDGH DEXVRV
KXPLOODFLRQHV MDPiV VH UHFRQRFH TXH KD D KDELGR DWHQXDQWHV WDOHV FRPR OD
HQDMHQDFLyQWUDQVLWRULDVLQRPiVELHQDJUDYDQWHVFRPRODSUHPHGLWDFLyQODVDxDROD
DOHYRV DSDUDHVWHSDUWLFXODUUHPLWRRWUDYH]DODQRWD
&4XHEUDQWDPLHQWRGHODSDVLYLGDGODSURYRFDFLyQRVHGXFFLyQ
*$5'1(5 & % ³3DVVLQJ E VWUHHW UHPDUNV DGGUHVV ULJKWV DQG WKH XUEDQ IHPDOH´
6RFLRORJLFDO,QTXLU SiJV
6LQ HPEDUJR VH KDFH QHFHVDULR DFODUDU TXH HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH KDQ UHJLVWUDGR DOJXQRV FDPELRV
QRWDEOHV 6L OD PXMHU TXH DQWHV GDED PXHUWH D VX PDULGR VH FRQVLGHUDED TXH LQFXUU D HQ XQ DFWR GH
SUHPHGLWDFLyQ DOHYRV D SDUD HO TXH UHFXUU D D DOJ~QD XGDQWH RFRRSHUDGRU H[WHUQR TXH HQJHQHUDO
SDUWLFLSDED D FDPELR GH DOJXQD UHWULEXFLyQ HFRQyPLFD DKRUD VH VXHOH YHU PiV OD FDUD GH OD PXMHU
ODUJDPHQWH YLFWLPL]DGD FX D DJUHVLyQ PRUWDO DO DJUHVRU QR HV PiV TXH XQ JHVWR GHVHVSHUDGR GH
OLEHUDFLyQ
(OVXSXHVWRGHODSURYRFDFLyQKD TXHSRQHUORHQHOSXQWRGHPLUDGHXQDQiOLVLV
FU WLFRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVVHxDODQ3RUHMHPSOR
DXWRUHV FRPR 6RRWKLOO +D :DOE FRPHQWDQ FRPR SDUDGyMLFR HO KHFKR GH TXH VH
FXOSDELOLFHDXQDY FWLPDGHXQDGHWHUPLQDGDDFWXDFLyQVH[XDOHQVXFRQWUDFXDQGRHVWi
FODUR TXH HO SULQFLSLR PiV LQHTX YRFR GH OD YLRODFLyQ GHO DEXVR HV HO QR
FRQVHQWLPLHQWR (VWD FRQWUDGLFFLyQ SXHV VyOR HV FRPSUHQVLEOH HQ HO PDUFR GH XQD
LGHRORJ DSDWULDUFDOTXHMXVWLILFDDJUHVLRQHVDOHJDQGRTXHODPXMHUORPHUHFHGHELGRD
VX FRQGXFWD
(VWRV PLVPRV DXWRUHV LQVLVWHQ HQ TXH OD SURYRFDFLyQ VH FRQVLGHUD TXH
H[LVWHFXDQGRODPXMHUOOHYDURSDVH[FLWDQWHVRSHQHWUDHVSDFLRVW SLFDPHQWHPDVFXOLQRV
ODFDOOHHVPDVFXOLQDUH]DODFUHHQFLDJHQHUDODOGHFLULUyQLFRGH/ySH]*DUF D GH
0RUDQW
< DxDGLU DPRV QRVRWURV FRQ QR PHQRV LURQ D HO UHLQR GH OD QRFKH
WDPELpQ(OOXJDUGRQGHVHWUDQVLWDWLHQHXQDJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD DTXHVHFUHHTXHHOOR
H[SRQH D OD PXMHU DO DOODQDPLHQWR FRUSRUDO R D OD DQLTXLODFLyQ 'H DOJ~Q PRGR HVD
LQYDVLyQ WHUULWRULDO HV WUDQVJUHGLU ODV SURSLDV ³IURQWHUDV QDWXUDOHV´ LPSXHVWDV DXQ
DFHSWDGDVVRFLDOPHQWH/DVHJXQGDSRVLELOLGDGGHSURYRFDFLyQSXHGHGHULYDUGHOSURSLR
DVSHFWRR DFWLWXGGH ODY FWLPD DVXQWRTXH WLHQHTXHYHUGHQXHYRFRQXQDLGHRORJ D
SDWULDUFDO TXH DVRFLD SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH OD DJUHVLyQ FRQ ODV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV VH[XDOHV
TXHH[DOWDHOHPHQWRVLQDFHSWDEOHVFRPRODLQFRQWHQFLyQ ODDXVHQFLDGHODUDFLRQDOLGDG
SRUSDUWHGHOYDUyQ(QDPERVFDVRVWDQWRODSURYRFDFLyQSRULQYDVLyQHVSDFLDOFRPR
ODSURYRFDFLyQUHVXOWDQWHGHODDSDULHQFLDLQVLQ~DQDODVFODUDVODLQWHUYHQFLyQIHPHQLQD
FRPRGHVHQFDGHQDQWHGHODVWUDJHGLDVHQODVTXHODVPXMHUHVPLVPDVVRQY FWLPDV
(QVXPD WRGRVORV DVSHFWRVTXH VHUHODFLRQDQ WDQWRFRQ ODSURYRFDFLyQ FRPR
FRQ OD UHVLVWHQFLD VLUYHQ SDUD SDXWDU OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH XQ IHQyPHQR FRPR OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD YLFWLPL]DFLyQ $TX QRV OLPLWDPRV D FRQFHSWRV JHQHUDOHV D
LOXVWUDUORV HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH ORV FRQGLFLRQDQWHV GH HVSDFLR QRV OR SHUPLWHQ
$GHQWUDUVH HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD YLFWLPL]DFLyQ VX FRQFUHFLyQ UHWyULFD HQ ODV
SUiFWLFDVGLVFXUVLYDVKDGHVHUREMHWRGHXOWHULRUHVWUDEDMRV GHEDWHV
:$/%<66227+,//. +$<$³7KHVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRIUDSH´7KHRU &XOWXUH
6RFLHW YROSiJV
/23(=*DUF D$ 025$175*UDPiWLFDIHPHQLQD0DGULG&iWHGUD