"The Yellow Book" as a representation of its time

CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE ..................................................2 2. DISCUSSION .........................................................................................2 2.1. THE JOURNAL ..............................................................................2 2.2. CULTURAL CONTEXT ................................................................4 2.2.1. LATE VICTORIANS AND THE NEW ...................4 2.2.2. THE NEW WOMAN ................................................6 2.2.3. DECADENCE ...........................................................7 2.3. PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................8 2.3.1. AUTHORS .................................................................8 2.3.2. ARTISTS ...................................................................12 2.3.3. WORKS .....................................................................14 2.3.3.1. A ......................................................................17 2.4. END OF THE JOURNAL ...............................................................18 3. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................20 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................21 2 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECT OF THIS STUDY: This s udy will deal wi h a ious philological aspec s o The Yellow Book, a la e nine een h-cen u y li e a y jou nal. Fi s o all, we will examine he di e en cha ac e is ics o he jou nal, such as he ype o magazine i was, i s du a ion, p ice, edi o s, edi o ial, and he momen s i wen h ough, and we will also explain he in en ion o i s publica ion. Then, we will ocus on i s con ex , inqui ing in o he di e en mo emen s o he pe iod which migh ha e been ela ed o he magazine, such as Decadence, Aes he icism, Fin de Siècle, e c. Subsequen ly, we will conside he con en o he jou nal, i s au ho s and con ibu o s as well as he publica ions. A e ha , we will e lec upon he c i ique The Yellow Book ecei ed and he eade s' esponse o i , and we will inish wi h a conclusion. This in o ma ion will be co e ed wi h he pu pose o conside ing o wha ex en and in wha ways does he jou nal e lec he spi i o he epoch? Besides he analysis o he hi een olumes o he jou nal, he s udy is mainly based on h ee wo ks o c i icism: The Yellow Book: A Cen ena y Exhibi ion, The New Woman: Fic ion and Feminism a he Fin de Siècle and Women Who Did: S o ies by Men and Women 1890 – 1914. 2. DISCUSSION 2.1. THE JOURNAL As a s a ing poin o discussion, i would be in e es ing o begin wi h he ollowing ques ion: wha was The Yellow Book? As men ioned abo e, The Yellow Book was a qua e ly li e a y pe iodical o he nine een h cen u y ha las ed a ound h ee o ou yea s. Mo e speci ically, i was ounded in 1894 and i s opped being published in 1897. The numbe o published olumes was hi een and he magazine wen h ough di e en momen s be o e i s opped publica ion. The Yellow Book was no jus “any” jou nal. Fi s o all, i was conside ed “ he mos impo an and no o ious B i ish magazine o he 1890s” (S e z and Lasne 5). Fo his eason, we will also need o con empla e he in en ion o he magazine in o de o unde s and wha i was. The ac ha i became so popula was no by shee chance. The magazine i sel eached he public wi h ins uc ions o he eade s as o he p ope way o ecei ing i . The Yellow Book was launched wi h a po en message om he e y beginning abou how 3 comple ely new and o iginal i was. Wha was so new abou i ? The Yellow Book was new in o m and con en : The Yellow Book di e ed om o he pe iodicals in ha i was issued clo hbound, made a s ic dis inc ion be ween he li e a y and a con en s (only in one o wo ins ances we e hese connec ed), did no include se ial ic ion, and con ained no ad e isemen excep publishe s' lis . (Welcome o The Li e a u e Ne wo k!) The jou nal desc ibed i sel as some hing “ esh, b illian , a ied, and di e ing,” w i en by a “ ee hand” (S e z and Lasne 8). Thus, he ounde s o The Yellow Book “delibe a ely ied i o he con empo a y su ge o in e es in book-collec ing, a pu sui ha signi ied membe ship in a leisu ed and a is oc a ic sphe e.” (9). A he same ime, ano he clea cha ac e is ic o The Yellow Book was how con o e sial i was. All hese easons would ha e been enough o se a p ice o i e shillings pe copy. The beginning o e e y hing was he summe o 1893, when a g oup o English- speaking a is s, c i ics and hei amilies decided o mee oge he in F ance. Thei connec ion was based on being in o “a an -ga de heo ies and s yles, including imp essionism, ealism, na u alism, and symbolism, hough hei own p oduc ions a ied widely in philosophy and me hod.” (13). They we e in e es ed in cul u e and a , and hey wan ed o become in luen ial. In his con ex he idea o The Yellow Book was bo n. Acco ding o Hen y Ha land, he edi o o he jou nal, he momen o c ea ion was 1 Janua y 1894, “when he and Aub ey Bea dsley sa oge he in a London d awing- oom” (12). and planned he new publica ion. I was launched in 1894. Du ing he publica ion o he i s numbe s, he publishe s o he magazine we e Elkin Ma hews and John Lane. Howe e , la e , Lane and Ma hews o mally dissol ed hei pa ne ship, ollowing Lane's in en ions, and “The Yellow Book would go au oma ically o he new i m o 'John Lane, The Bodley Head'.” (17). Thus, in he end, he edi o s o he magazine we e John Lane and Hen y Ha land. F om his momen on, John Lane go majo con ol o he publishing i m. One o he cha ac e is ics o he magazine was he ac ha i ied o con ol he esponse o i wi h g ea cau ion. I paid special a en ion o e e y c i ique, which was hen used o shape he u u e con ibu ions o The Yellow Book. One c i ique, w i en anonymously, was i led “A Yellow Melancholy”. A e he publica ion o he c i ique, The Bodley Head de ised a second P ospec us in answe o i . Thus, he answe “would se e up con o e sy i sel as a selling poin ” (10). Howe e , despi e all he e o s o he magazine in es ablishing i s own success, i only li ed o h ee yea s. Al hough The 4 Bodley Head ied o con ol he ecep ion o The Yellow Book, i could no con ol all he na a i e a ound i . As Ma ga e D. S e z and Ma k Samuels Lasne commen : By in la ing hei magazine o my hic p opo ions as “ he mos in e es ing, unusual, and impo an publica ion o i s kind ha has e e been unde aken” e en be o e i s elease, hey i ually gua an eed ha i would also all p ey o he a e ha awai s objec s o my hic s a us- ha o becoming he occasion o umo s, gossip, and misconcep ions. (11) Ne e heless, his “in la ion” o he image o he jou nal, was no he only cause o i s end. As we will commen in mo e de ail la e , he con o e sial igu e o Osca Wilde and his a es played an essen ial ole in he s o y. The ela ion be ween The Yellow Book and Osca Wilde was an impo an elemen ha lead he magazine o i s end in 1897. 2.2. CULTURAL CONTEXT 2.2.1. La e Vic o ians and The New The magazine appea ed in he las decade o he nine een h cen u y, a pe iod which is now amously called in de siècle. This la e Vic o ian pe iod was a peculia ime. The e we e wo di e en a i udes o be ound in B i ish socie y du ing his his o ical momen . On he one hand, i was a pe iod o g ea ad ancemen in many espec s: i was a ime o inc easing in luence o he B i ish Empi e, he e we e imp o emen s in science and in es iga ion, he Indus ial Re olu ion was s ill going on, he e we e ad ances in medicine and in echnology, and he e was a apid popula ion g ow h. I was a ime o peace and p ospe i y in which a s ong sense o na ional iden i y g ew in Vic o ian B i ain. All hese changes mean p og ess and hope. Howe e , he e we e also hose who ocused on he dange s and he da k side o hose changes. This is he so-called Fin de Siécle, a F ench e m which means “end o he cen u y”, bu ha also emb aces he anxie ies o he momen in i s meaning. In he second hal o he cen u y, many in ellec uals el bound o denounce he damage and injus ices o Vic o ian socie y, and hey did i wi h a e y pessimis ic mood. Ne e heless, his epoch canno be educed o a di ision be ween wo pe spec i es. I was a momen o ansi ion be ween he Vic o ians and he mode ns. I was a momen o change, whe e i is usual o ind di e en endencies be o e concep s and ideals a e again ede ined. Fo his eason, as Angelique Richa dson commen s on Women Who Did, 5 [ ]he in de siècle was an explosi e cock ail o endings, beginnings and ansi ions, a ema kably dynamic ime in which aes he es, dandies and decaden s ubbed shoulde s wi h social pu is s, a ional d esse s, s iking ma ch-gi ls, smoking and cycling New Women – and ala med eac iona ies. (xxxi) O cou se, all he new endencies appea ing in he in de siècle a e going o be clea ly e lec ed in a and li e a u e. Bu , in o de o go in o hese ques ions in mo e dep h, we should ha e a be e unde s anding o he Vic o ian pe iod. The la e nine een h cen u y could be conside ed a kind o ime o ebellion agains wha had always been es ablished. New scien i ic belie s had eme ged, like he heo y o e olu ion by Cha les Da win, ha changed he way people hough abou hemsel es and hei in e ac ion wi h he wo ld a ound hem. And his, o cou se, mean a g ea impac in ela ion o eligion, which was he belie sys em ha de e mined he se o iews abou he di e en aspec s o li e and, he e o e, wha condi ioned mos people´s daily li e. The e o e, apa om he new de elopmen s in echnology o he Indus ial Re olu ion, i could be said ha mos o he changes ha ook place in his pe iod we e changes in wo ld iews and in hough . Thus, I he e is one anscending aspec o Vic o ian England li e and socie y, ha aspec is change – o , mo e accu a ely, uphea al. E e y hing ha he p e ious cen u ies had held as sac ed and indispu able u h came unde assaul du ing he middle and la e pa s o he nine een h cen u y. (Welcome o The Li e a u e Ne wo k!) Fo example, an impo an cha ac e is ic o he ime was a change a ound mo al issues. The Vic o ian pe iod was cha ac e ized by e y s ic mo al alues. In ac , he e was such a s ic mo al code ha ou common pe cep ion o he pe iod is ha he Vic o ians we e “p udish, hypoc i ical, s u y (and) na ow-minded” (Mu in 496). Fo his eason, we ind w i e s idiculing his hypoc isy, and w i e s o e ing new ole models. How did The Yellow Book i in o his con ex ? We ha e seen e y clea ly ha he jou nal was pa o his endency, in oducing i sel as some hing di e en and comple ely new. The P ospec us o he magazine i sel announced ha i “would p o e he mos in e es ing, unusual, and impo an publica ion o i s kind ha has e e been unde aken” (S e z and Lasne 7). We can also ind nume ous a is s o he end o he nine een h cen u y w i ing agains he spi i o hei ime. In his line o hough , in con as o he adi ions and con en ions o he ime, we disco e ha e e y hing was 6 ede ined as “new”: New Women, New Jou nalism, New Li e a u e, Neo-paganism, A no eau, e c. 2.2.2. The New Woman P ecisely, he e is he appea ance o a new model o women, which is he so- called “New Woman”. The New Woman was a new eminis ideal o he nine een h cen u y as a esponse o a socie y domina ed by men. I was an ideal o womanhood in opposi ion o he con en ional alues exis ing du ing he Vic o ian e a. The ideal o a woman in e es ed in ma iage and child en was h ea ened by a new ideal o a ee, independen and educa ed woman. The concep was coined by Sa ah G and, an I ish eminis w i e in he a icle “The New No h Ame ican Re iew” (10). Howe e , “ he New Woman o he in de siècle had a mul iple iden i y. She was, a iously, a eminis ac i is , a social e o me ; she was also o en a ic ional cons uc , a discu si e esponse o he ac i i ies o he la e nine een h-cen u y women´s mo emen .” (Richa dson and Willis 9). In con as o his, “Du ing he Vic o ian pe iod men and women´s oles became mo e sha ply de ined han a any ime in his o y”. (The B i ish Lib a y). The e we e wo well di e en ia ed sphe es allo ed o each gende : he public sphe e allo ed o men and he p i a e sphe e allo ed o women. This di ision was hough o ha e been dic a ed by na u e, so i was some hing ha had o be kep ha way. Fo his eason, schola s such as Robin Gilmou commen ha in Vic o ian li e a u e The “poe ical ision” o ma iage was encou aged by he endings o housands o no els, by highly popula books o wi ely ins uc ion (…). Unde lying mos o hese wo ks is he assump ion ha men and women occupy sepa a e bu complemen a y “sphe es”, which come oge he in ma iage o comple e he lack in he o he . (Gilmou 189) Going agains such s a e o a ai s, he i s wa es o eminism appea ed in he nine een h and wen ie h cen u y, pa icula ly in ela ion o women´s su age, al hough, e en ea lie , Ma y Wolls onec a had al eady published one o he ea lies eminis wo ks in he English-speaking wo ld, Vindica ion o he Righ s o Women (1792), whe e she de ended mo e equali y be ween men and women, s a ing ha women we e also human beings. So, in spi e o he ac ha he concep o he New Woman seems o appea as a new no ion o ideal o womanhood and as some hing opposed o he con en ions exis ing un il ha ime, i may no be conside ed so e olu iona y a e all. 7 The concep o he New Woman was some hing qui e con o e sial bu , a he same ime, as Angelique Richa dson and Ch is Willis commen in hei book: I is impo an no o impose la e wen ie h-cen u y eminis agendas upon conside a ions o he nine een h cen u y Woman Ques ion. Vic o ian eminism is no a simple s o y o a adical b eak wi h adi ion. Fo example, e en by he in de siècle, many New Women wan ed o achie e social and poli ical powe by ein en ing a he han ejec ing hei domes ic ole. (Richa dson and Willis 9) In he same manne , Sally Ledge commen s on he di e en ways o unde s anding he New Woman. As she explains, he e we e wo ypes o New Woman ela ed o wo di e en gene a ions: he i s one belonging o he 1880s and 1890s and he second one o he 1920s and 1930s. Howe e , she de ends ha , oge he wi h he new socialism, he new impe ialism, he new ic ion and he new jou nalism, he New Woman was “pa o ha conca ena ion o cul u al no el ies which mani es ed i sel in he 1880s and 1890s” and, he e o e, i “has been a he mo e loosely applied o p o o- eminis s in li e a u e” (Ledge 1). In o he wo ds, we can see h ough li e a u e ha al hough we ind mo e han one new model o women, he concep o “New Woman” was associa ed o some hing e olu iona y, a he han being a mino ede ini ion o he adi ional ole. All in all, he ideal o New Woman was one o he new concep ions appea ing in he Vic o ian pe iod as pa o he nume ous changes o he nine een h cen u y. Thus, many au ho s and a is s deal wi h his ideal o New Woman. Among hem we e Oli e Sch eine , Sa ah G and, Mona Cai d, Geo ge Ege on, Geo ge Gissing and Thomas Ha dy. As we will see la e , we ind hese au ho s publishing in The Yellow Book. 2.2.3. Decadence A he same ime, he New Women we e conside ed daugh e s o Decadence. As Sally Ledge s a es, “al hough ideologically hey had su p isingly li le in common (…), he New Women and he decaden s o he in de siècle we e epea edly lumped oge he in he lou ishing pe iodical p ess o he 1890s” (94). The Decaden mo emen is an a is ic and li e a y mo emen ha lou ished in F ance and sp ead h ough Wes e n Eu ope and he Uni ed S a es in he nine een h cen u y. “Decaden w i e s used elabo a e, s ylized language o discuss aboo and o en unsa ou y opics, such as dea h, dep ession, and de ian sexuali ies” (WiseGeek). The name Decaden s a ed as a de oga o y e m used by c i ics: “F ench li e a y c i ics in he 19 h cen u y used he e m 8 o dismiss w i e s who hey el we e unimpo an (…), bu some w i e s emb aced he e m and began iden i ying hei own wo k as Decaden , aking ide in hei opposi ion o e e yday mo ali y and mo es” (WiseGeek). In ela ion o some o hese Decaden w i e s, he edi o s o he Encyclopedia B i annica le us know ha “In England he Decaden s we e 1890s igu es such as A hu Symons (" he blond angel”), Osca Wilde, E nes Dowson, and Lionel Johnson, who we e membe s o he Rhyme s´ Club o con ibu o s o The Yellow Book.” (WiseGeek) Fu he mo e, he Decaden mo emen is also usually associa ed o Aes he icism. The edi o s o Encyclopedia B i annica e e o bo h g oups oge he , s a ing ha hey “aspi ed o se li e a u e and a ee om he ma e ialis ic p eoccupa ions o indus ialized socie y, and, in bo h, he eedom o some membe s' mo als helped o enla ge he conno a ion o he e m, which is almos equi alen o in de siécle” (Encyclopedia B i annica). Aes he es se an opposi ion be ween a and li e. They emphasized aes he ic alues o e social-poli ical ques ions in a , including li e a u e. The amous slogan o aes he icism is “a o a 's sake”. I g ew as a eac ion agains u ili a ianism and he s ic mo al alues o Vic o ian socie y. Howe e , “ he Decaden mo emen unde wen a p ocess o e inemen which de eloped un il i inally oppled in o he absu d, he dis as e ul and he u ile” (CLIL Me hodology). “Aes he icism and a i iciali y, o Decaden s go hand in hand” (Paul Fox 152). Osca Wilde is conside ed he mos ep esen a i e a is o his mo emen . He claimed “ ha li e imi a es a a he han he o he way a ound. (…) Wilde, among o he s, “pe o med” hese maxims" (The B i ish Lib a y). He was amous o d essing elegan ly, like a dandy, and o exhibi ing as e and sensi i i y, like he a is ha he was. Osca Wilde was no a con ibu o o The Yellow Book; howe e , he was going o play an impo an ole in i s de elopmen . Wha was he ela ionship be ween hese wo mo emen s and he New Women? I was a wo ld domina ed by men, who saw women “no only as he oines o d ama, bu also as compe i o s in he ma ke place, [since] women we e a majo p esence in he new li e a y wo ld o he 1880s and 1890s. They we e w i ing wi h unp eceden ed candou abou emale sexuali y, ma i al discon en , and hei own aes he ic heo ies and aspi a ions”. (Showal e iii) In his con ex The Yellow Book was bo n. Le us hen “open” he jou nal and see wha we can ind in i s pages abou all his. 9 2.3. PUBLICATIONS 2.3.1. Au ho s This pa will deal i s wi h he au ho s and secondly wi h hei wo ks in he Yellow Book. The olumes open wi h a able o con en s whe e he e is a lis wi h he names o he con ibu o s di ided in o wo sec ions: he sec ion “Le e p ess” and he sec ion “Pic u es” in he i s olume, and he sec ions “Li e a u e” and “A ” in he es o olumes. Howe e , we only ind his sepa a ion in he able o con en s. The di e en wo ks a e mixed wi hin he jou nal. We will be showing his sepa a ion as well in he ables below, o a be e inden i ica ion o he a is s. The numbe o w i e s and a is s ha con ibu ed o he magazine is app oxima ely 200. Howe e , no all o hem had he same deg ee o pa icipa ion. The e a e a ew who had a la ge numbe o con ibu ions, as opposed o he g ea majo i y who had jus one publica ion in he magazine: “Though The Yellow Book was a coope a i e en e p ise, i was by no means a democ a ic one” (S e z and Lasne 22). The numbe o con ibu ions om each a is was ela ed o being o no a membe o he Bodley Head lis , and so we e he ees: “The ees paid o au ho s and a is s o hei wo k a ied conside ably, de e mined by how much p es ige hei names would lend an issue" (22). In he li e a u e sec ion, we ind 97 au ho s, o which only a ound 25 a e emale w i e s. The numbe may a y because we mus ake in o accoun he possible pseudonyms used by hese, which many imes imply a change o gende . The ollowing is a able wi h he di e en w i e s and hei pa icipa ion in he Yellow Book in he li e a u e sec ion. Because i is no possible o ge he whole in o ma ion abou he pseudonyms he w i e s o he jou nal used, he able s ic ly complies wi h he names appea ing in he ac ual publica ions o he magazine. Con ibu ions (li e a u e sec ion) Au ho s 13 Hen y Ha land 12 11 10 Ella D´A cy 9 LL.D 16 called A Los Mas e piece and The Cap ain´s Book in he second and six h olume o The Yellow Book. Howe e , hese s o ies in The Yellow Book we e no as success ul, and in he case o A Los Mas e piece he eason could be ha i is no old by a emale na a o , o a leas no by a clea emale na a o . Melissa Pu due and S acey Floyd commen on his ambigui y and ela e i o he ques ion o gende a ha poin in B i ish li e a y and cul u al his o y: Ege on’s ex ac ually in i es us o ead i s na a o as, i no necessa ily ac ually male, a leas highly masculinized, and he way in which his masculinized igu e a icula es he expe ience o inspi a ion, as well as he expe ience o losing a li e a y idea, p esen s an in iguing explo a ion o he gende anxie y a ound masculine li e a y au ho i y in he 1890s. (2) Male no elis s o he ime used o sa i ise women w i e s in ela ion o hei wo k, and his ype o message ecei ed many answe s in e u n. Elaine Showal e commen s on one “in e ac ion” be ween Ve non Lee and Hen y James. Ve non Lee, whose eal name was Viole Page , dedica ed he i s no el Miss B own o Hen y James. In his wo k Page w i es a sa i e o he aes he ic mo emen , o which James w o e back ha she ook he aes he ic mo emen oo se iously and wi h oo much implica ion o sexual mo i es (Showal e x ). Thus, we can ind an in e es ing dialogue be ween men and women h ough li e a u e and a ; and magazines such as The Yellow Book became a ool o ca y ou such deba es which could also be showed o he wo ld: The i s ew numbe s o he Yellow Book con i med he assump ion ha s udying and explaining “Woman” om a masculine poin o iew would be a hallma k o he new. (…). Bu by he ime o he Yellow Book´s inal issue in Ap il 1897, i was clea ha he one-sided lec u e on he subjec o women had become a dialogue, in which emale a is s and au ho s spoke eely and pa icipa ed in nea ly equal numbe s, changing he quali y o he con e sa ion abou gende oles in a and in li e. (S e z and Lasne 44). Besides, pa o wha he New Woman w i e s we e challenging in ha pe iod was emale sexuali y. Sexual con en was ano he elemen o he newness The Yellow Book sold. Sexuali y was ano he boiling heme o he pe iod due o he impo ance o mo ali y in he nine een h cen u y. Fo example, since he Con agious Diseases Ac in 1869, e e y woman suspec ed o being a p os i u e was p osecu ed, and a Na ional Vigilance Associa ion was o med o comba po nog aphy. Besides, biological a gumen s s a ed o be used in o de o se ules: "The social pu i y campaigns which had se ou o challenge he idea o he male sexual u ge as a biological ac now began 17 o p i ilege na u e o e nu u e, a guing ha men we e essen ially sexually eckless while (un allen) women we e inna ely mo al" (Richa dson 8). Thus, one o he hings eminis s we e going o do was o ans o m once again he social a gumen . Fo example, Geo ge Ege on was seen as one o he mos sexually-cha ged o he New Women w i e s. She p omo ed sexual igh s o women and pushed eade s in o emb acing hei sexuali y. Fo ins ance, Disco ds, he second collec ion o sho s o ies, deals wi h mo he hood and women´s sexuali y. W i e s such as Ege on claimed ha women's sexuali y had no longe o ollow Vic o ian pa ia chy, so women could ind sexuali y ou o ma iage. She claimed ha hey could “begin o ela e o (…) o he women in e ms o coope a ion and mu uali y” (Nine een h-Cen u y Gende S udies). The e o e, he heme o sexuali y was no a ques ion me ely belonging o women and hei indica ions; i also conce ned men due o he ques ion o homosexuali y. P i a e male homosexual ac s we e conside ed a c iminal o ence, some hing ha led Osca Wilde o p ison. In his sense, “ easons o he eme gence o a dis inc ly gay subcul u e wi hin 1890s' Decadence mo emen include he p omo ion o (…) Pla onic ela ionships” (Vic o ia and Albe Museum). Aub ey Bea dsley and his d awings we e associa ed o homosexuali y, e oking he a mosphe e o he momen . Thus, se e al con ibu o s o The Yellow Book included lesbian o bisexual women such as “Ve non Lee” (Viole Page ), Oli e Cus ance o Cha lo e Mew, as well as homosexual men such as A. C. Benson, Lau ence Housman, “Ba on Co o” (F ede eick Rol e) o Reginald Tu ne . 2.3.3.1. A When i comes o he sec ion o Pic u es, we can see a clea dis inc ion be ween he li e a y and a con en . In de ence o aes he ic alues, Ha land and Bea dsley we e opposed o he idea o ha ing he ex s and images as complemen a y wo ks o a . In he P ospec us we can see ha “…`The Pic u es will in no case se e as illus a ions o he le e -p ess, bu each will s and by i sel as an independen con ibu ion´, as hough o con inue he adi ion o he illus a ed s o y would be o commi a c ime agains A ” (S e z and Lasne 8). This aspec is comple ely ela ed o he a is ic mo emen s The Yellow Book ollowed in he sec ion o Pic u es: A Nou eau and he A s and C a s mo emen . I is conside ed ha he o me mo emen is oo ed in he la e . A Nou eau was a philosophical mo emen and a s yle o a ha became ashionable in he 1890s, aking 18 i s name om he F ench mo emen . I ejec s u ili a ianism and de ends ha objec s do no ha e o be u ili a ian in o de o be beau i ul. The A s and C a s mo emen was bo n in he second hal o he nine een h cen u y and is associa ed o William Mo is. This mo emen is mainly conce ned wi h deco a i e a . As well as A Nou eau, he A s and C a s mo emen de ended he idea ha a should be a o dable o e e yone. I was conside ed an an i-indus ial mo emen : wi hin his mo emen , a is s we e “uni ed by a common se o aes he ics, ha sough o easse he impo ance o design and c a smanship in all he a s in he ace o inc easing indus ializa ion, which hey el was sac i icing quali y in he pu sui o quan i y” (Visual A s Encyclopedia). The common deco a i e elemen s o A Nou eau usually include “lea and end il mo i s, in e wined o ganic o ms, mos ly cu aceous in shape” and i is ypical o see “la ish bi ds, lowe s, insec s and o he zoomo phs, as well as he hai and cu aceous bodies o beau i ul women”. (Visual A s Encyclopedia ). To conclude, we can see nex wo images by Ayme Balance and Aub ey Bea dsley as an example o his ype o wo k o a published in The Yellow Book: (Fig. 1. Balance, Fo he Backs o Playing Ca ds, Volume II) (Fig. 2. Bea dsley, The Mys e ious Rose Ga den, Volume IV) 2.4. END OF THE JOURNAL One o he easons why he di ec ion o The Yellow Book s a ed o change om being a popula publica ion o passing almos unno iced is he message he jou nal i sel 19 publicized when i i s came ou . The magazine migh ha e had good ma ke ing s a egies o achie e success in he beginning, “bu by 1896-97, i s newness was, pa adoxically, u ning in o a ma e o con en ion; inc easingly, he e we e iden i iable (and e en p edic ible) “ ypes” o Yellow Book d awings, poems, and, especially, s o ies” (S e z and Lasne 39). In his sense, we could say ha i s decline was ine i able. Howe e , his was no he only eason why he magazine´s epu a ion s a ed o al e . The si ua ion was global. Aub ey Bea dsley was i ed a e he ou h olume and among he a is s he e was he no ion ha “in losing i s i s edi o , The Yellow Book immedia ely los all c ea i e ene gy” (34). Bu wha seemed o be mo e no o ious was a scandalous e en which, appa en ly, was ela ed o he magazine: Osca Wilde´s a es . He was a es ed because o homosexual conduc , acco ding o he 1885 C iminal Law Amendmen Ac . Osca Wilde did no con ibu e any wo k o The Yellow Book, bu he was connec ed enough o he magazine. Fi s o all, his name was alphabe ically he “las name” in he Bodley Head´s lis o Books in BELLES LETTRES (31), which is he eason why Aub ey Bea dsley decided o publish an illus a ion o Osca Wilde's Salomé. As Sally Ledge s a es in an a icle published in English Li e a u e in T ansi ion (1880-1920), he cen e o he con en o The Yellow Book we e New Women and aes he ic women, as well as male aes he es and decaden s (5-26), and Osca Wilde was known o his aes he ic philosophy. He was he decaden pa excellence. Mo eo e , he New Woman and he decaden we e also equen ly linked, bu his link was an uneasy one. The s o ies New Women w i e s published in The Yellow Book we e seen as Decaden publica ions. Fo example, “ he New Women w i e s we e h ea ening daugh e s o decadence. [Socie y] saw connec ions be ween New Women and decaden men, as membe s o an a an ga de a acking ma ige and ep oduc ion.” (Showal e ix). Besides, he e was no only his connec ion be ween New Women and decaden s, bu also a connec ion be ween decadence and disease. In he in de siécle, he aim o posi i e science was o ind a diagnosis o decadence. This diagnosis poin ed ou wo sides o he disease: one mo al and he o he one physical. Fo example, among he symp oms ela ed o mo ali y, hey poin ed ou “apa hy, loss o mo al sense, equen endencies o doub ,” and among he physical ones “p ominen ea s, de iciency o bea d, i egula i y o ee h o excessi e asymme y o ace and head” (Be nheime and Kline). Thus, he au ho s o The Yellow Book seemed o wo y abou he link be ween Osca Wilde´s a es and he magazine: Allegedly a he cen e o his all-male, London-based en e p ise was Osca Wilde, who b ough in Aub ey Bea dsley o ill he magazine´s pages 20 wi h semi-po nog aphic, black-and-whi e d awings o nudes. A e Osca Wilde´s a es (…), Aub ey Bea dsley decided ha i was sa e o abandon his highly isible symbol o pe e si y. (S e z and Lasne 12) And o op i all, John Lane, shocked by he new pos e s appea ing in New Yo k bea ing he wo ds “ARREST OF OSCAR WILDE. Yellow Book unde his a m,” decided o i e Bea dsley immedia ely. “Al hough he book in ques ion appea s o ha e been a yellow-bound copy o he no el Aph odi e by Pie e Louÿs, his episode solidi ied he link, in he public imagina ion, be ween he disg aced au ho and he magazine” (32). All his led o he close-down o he magazine in Ap il 1897. 3. CONCLUSION: As we ha e seen, The Yellow Book was a jou nal bo n in he nine een h cen u y ha las ed h ee yea s. I was conside ed by some he mos impo an magazine o he 1890s. I was new in o m and con en , polemical, and i desc ibed i sel as some hing comple ely new and wo hy. The jou nal was c ea ed by a g oup o English-speaking a is s who we e in e es ed in cul u e and a , wi h he in en ion o becoming in luen ial. I came ou in he las decade o he nine een h cen u y, he so-called in de siècle, which was a momen o big changes and ans o ma ions. I was also a ime in which we ind wo di e en heo e ical iews o wha he changes o he pe iod mean , and bo h a ied and in e ac ed in many di e en ways. In o he wo ds, we ind many dis inc mo emen s wi h di e se ideas abou he old and he new. In his con ex The Yellow Book appea s, clea ly ep esen ing pa o he newness, desc ibing i sel as some hing esh and a ied. Despi e he ac ha he au ho s ha pa icipa ed in he magazine we e ela ed o he membe ship o he Bodley Head, in hei con ibu ions we ind di e si y o ideas, pe spec i es and messages. I e lec s in a ious ways adi ional iews, as was a male iew and concep ion o women, and also inco po a es he no el ies o he ime, as was he emale iew o women hemsel es in esponse. Fu he mo e, i showed as well he mix u e o mo emen s and g owing ends o he epoch, such as A No eau, Decaden ism, New Women, A s and C a s and Aes he icism, ollowing he amalgam he end o he nine een h cen u y was. We ha e u he seen ha in o de o main ain i s newness, The Yellow Book had o be open o e e y mo emen ha eme ged in ha ime. I paid special a en ion o 21 e e y c i ique, which was hen used o shape u u e con ibu ions, aking ad an age o hese and hus becoming a polemical jou nal. As a conclusion, i was a magazine ha was open o new ends and lis ened o he changes o he ime, o e ing i s pages o di e en oices. The e o e, The Yellow Book did no jus p esen he di e en mo emen s, he iews and he changes o he epoch, bu was also a mee ing poin o all o hem, becoming a jou nal which p omo ed a space o dialogue and eedom. 22 3. BIBLIOGRAPHY: WiseGeek. Conjec u e. Web. 15 No . 2015` Be nheime , Cha les, and T.Je e son Kline. Decaden Subjec s he Idea o Decadence in A , Li e a u e, Philosophy, and Cul u e o he Fin De Siècle in Eu ope. Bal imo e: Johns Hopkins UP, 2002. P in B on ë, Emily. Wu he ing Heigh s. New Yo k: Penguin Books, 1995. P in . “CLIL Me hodology.” Lea ning wi h MYMOOD. Web. 15 No . 2015 “Encyclopedia B i annica.” Encyclopedia B i annica. Web. 15 No . 2015 Fox, Paul. Decadences: Mo ali y and Aes he ics in B i ish Li e a u e. S u ga : ibidem, 2006. P in . Gilmou , Robin. The Vic o ian Pe iod. The In ellec ual and Cul u al Con ex o English Li e a u e 1830 – 1890. New Yo k, 1993. P in . “Home.” Duke Uni e si y Lib a ies. Web. 15 No . 2015. Ledge , Sally. “Book Re iews.” English Li e a u e in T ansi ion, 1880-1920 50 (2007): 5-26. P in . Ledge , Sally. The New Woman. Fic ion and Feminism a he Fin de Siècle. Manches e , UK: Manches e UP, 1997. P in . Mu in. Ross., and Sup yia M. Ray. The Bed o d Glossa y o C i ical and Li e a y Te ms. New Yo k: Bed o d/S . Ma in´s, 20013. P in . “Nine een h-Cen u y Gende S udies.” Nine een h-Cen u y Gende S udies. Web. 15 No . 2015 Pu due, M., Floyd, S. New Woman W i e s, Au ho i y and he Body. Camb idge: Camb idge Schola s Publishing, 2009. P in . Richa dson, Angelique. Women Who Did. S o ies by Men and Women 1890-1914. London: Penguin, 2002. P in . Richa dson, Angelique. The New Woman In Fic ion And In Fac : Fin-de-Siècle Feminisms. Houndmills, Basings oke, Hampshi e: Palg a e, 2001. P in . Showal e , Elaine. Daugh e s o Decadence. Women W i e s o he Fin-de-Siècle. London. London: Vi ago, 1993. P in . S e z, Ma ga e . D., and Ma k Lasne . The Yellow Book: A Cen ena y Exhibi ion. Camb idge: Mass.: Hough on Lib a y, 1994. P in . “The B i ish Lib a y.” THE BRITISH LIBRARY. Web. 15 No . 2015. “The Vic o ian Web.” The Vic o ian Web. Web. 15 No . 2015. 23 “The Yellow Nine ies Online – Home.” The Yellow Nine ies Online – Home. Web. 15 No . 2015 “Vic o ia and Albe Museum.”, Digi al Media [email p o ec ed]. Web. 15 No . 2015 “Visual A s Encyclopedia.” Visual A s Encyclopedia. Web. 15 No . 2015 “Welcome To Lok Man Ra e Books.” Welcome To Lok Man Ra e Books. Web. 15 No . 2015. “Welcome o The Li e a u e Ne wo k!” The Li e a u e Ne wo k: Online Classic Li e a u e, Poems, and Quo es. Essays & Summa ies. Web. 15 No . 2015.