Special section of the journal "Storia e Futuro"- Introduction

S o ia e Fu u o Special sec ion o he jou nal “S o ia e Fu u o” 0 Fla es Facebook 0 Google+ 0 Twi e 0 0 Fla es × Alicia Gil Láza o, Ped o Pé ez He e o, E a Sanz Ja a, La a Semboloni In oduc ion The wel e ex s ha make up his special sec ion o “S o ia e Fu u o” we e p esen ed as pape s in he 54 h In e na ional Cong ess o Ame icanis s, held in Vienna in July 2012, in a symposium en i led The ci cula ion o poli ical ideas in he A lan ic a ea. Compa a i e dimension in he s udy o axa ion, na u al esou ce managemen , social in eg a ion and o eign policy (1770-1880). The In e na ional Cong ess o Ame icanis s (ICA) is a la ge-scale scien i ic ac i i y ha celeb a es iennially in al e na e Con inen s. I ep esen s he oldes scien i ic adi ion o in e disciplina y wo k on he subjec , o i has con inuously held since 1875, and b ings oge he specialis s om di e se disciplines: an h opology, a cheology, a , law, economics, educa ion, philosophy, geog aphy, his o y, linguis ics, li e a u e, sociology, u ban planning and disciplines ela ed o he scien i ic and echnological a ea. A cha ac e is ic o hese con en ions is he huge a ie y o scien i ic and cul u al ac i i ies de eloped a ound symposia, ound ables, con e ences, wo k-g oups and in e na ional associa ions and o ganiza ions mee ings associa ed wi h Ame icanism. Ou symposium b ough oge he his o ians and social scien is s om he Ame icas and Eu ope, wi h he goal o analyzing compa a i ely he e olu ion o poli ical hough de ined as A lan ic, in a secula ch onology beginning in he 1770s – when he libe al poli ical model o he mode n s a e is bo n–, and ending in he 1880s – wi h he ans o ma ion o ha model by inco po a ing new ideas o economic p og ess and social jus ice. The e was a claim a he s a ing poin o ha p oposal ha de ined he selec ion o pa icipan s: he emphasis on hose elemen s sha ed a he ime by he a ious coun ies o he A lan ic wo ld, in o de o o e come adi ional app oaches o a long ime ep oduced in na ionalis poli ical discou se and de ached om he en i onmen . The esponse – now displayed in hese pages – could no be mo e in line wi h he o iginal plan: a my iad o spaces o in e ac ion, common hemes and di e en me hodologies, all ose in compa a i e pe spec i e, wi h he heal hy goal o anscending local obse a ion and opening communica ing essels h ough he A lan ic concep . A lan ic s udies and compa a i e me hodology A lan ic s udies and compa a i e analysis ha e gained signi ican impo ance in he academic wo ld in ecen yea s. Fa om being a ad i is a esul o easoning caused by he new amewo k o globaliza ion. Facing he in e na ionaliza ion o ma ke s, poli ical bounda ies o S a es and Na ions need o be econ igu ed. In a scena io o widened economic space, na ionalis his o iog aphical app oaches a e being e ised a e e i ying he need o s a ing om inclusi e amewo ks ha allow compa a i e analysis o di e en egions in a b oade con ex . The A lan ic-Wes e n wo ld began o se in he six een h cen u y and has ma u ed o e he las i e cen u ies. Fo med by he Uni ed S a es, Canada, Eu ope, La in Ame ica, he Ca ibbean and la ge pa s o A ica colonized by Eu opean powe s, i shows di e ences among hemsel es and wi hin hemsel es (languages, cus oms, die s, habi s), bu i is also ue ha mos socie ies ha make up his la ge space sha ed cul u al alues and common economic beha io s ha dis inguish hem om he Islamic wo ld and Asia. I is he esul o a slow expansion in which di e en cul u es and ways o li e ha e been inco po a ed h oughou cen u ies (some imes auma ically). The ule o law, anspa en unc ioning o he ins i u ions, espec o human igh s, democ acy, he powe o dialogue o each consensus, he sepa a ion o powe s, he ecogni ion o pe sonal e o as he basis o imp o emen and as a mechanism o social mobili y, he exis ence o clea and ai ules ha encou age compe i ion, eedom, equali y o all ci izens be o e he law, he de ense o anspa en go e nance and sepa a ion o ai h om science a e all basic alues sha ed by his A lan ic-Wes e n wo ld. The A lan ic-Wes e n wo ld made signi ican p og ess in he ea ly nine een h cen u y, when libe al poli ical heo y (p oclaiming equali y o all ci izens be o e he law) and economic libe alism (p omo ing he in e play o supply and demand in he con ex o clea and equal ules o all agen s) helped o e come he s a i ica ion logics o absolu is socie ies o he ancien egime based on social inequali ies and disc e iona y poli ics. A ha ime, he na ionalis discou ses o he new na ion-s a es we e buil on he basis o a na a i e ha con on ed he own (in e nal) wi h he o eign (ex e nal). In he ea ly wen y- i s cen u y he e is a need o e hink he na ion-s a e and i s explana o y s a emen s in he con ex o an expanded and inclusi e, a he han exclusi e, A lan ic a ea. His o ians know well ha he 1812 Cons i u ion was no a ex bo n ex nihilo on he island o San Fe nando, bu should be unde s ood in he con ex o he A lan ic e olu ions o he Wes e n wo ld. Depu ies a i ed o Cadiz in 1812 on behal o all he kingdoms o he Spanish Mona chy me o discuss and adop a libe al Cons i u ion capable o o e come he igidi ies o absolu ism. Fo hem i was clea he po en ial o c ea ing a sha ed global space ha would be able o espec egional au onomy. They used he concep s o eedom and equali y ha we e p esen in he A lan ic-Wes e n wo ld; hey knew and managed he concep s o F ench, Ge man, Ame ican, B i ish, I alian, Du ch, Spanish and Po uguese au ho s; and in he Spanish case hey combined he scholas ic legal adi ion o he six een h cen u y wi h he Enligh enmen ideas o he eigh een h cen u y and he libe al poli ical ideology o he ea ly nine een h cen u y, demons a ing ha , a om con adic o y and mu ually incompa ible posi ions, hey all we e pa o he A lan ic-Wes e n adi ion. Howe e , o a ious easons, he aim o c ea ing a La in Ame ican communi y – a so o Hispanic Commonweal h – (A icle 1 o he Cons i u ion s a ed ha “The Spanish na ion is he ga he ing o all he Spanish o bo h hemisphe es”), no only was no achie ed, bu led o he c ea ion o mul iple na ion-s a es. The his o y o he nine een h and wen ie h cen u ies has gi en a good accoun o his p ocess. I seems clea , he e o e, ha in o de o e hink he na a i e o na ionalism i would be necessa y o ha e a mo e complex his o y o he A lan ic-Wes e n a ea han ha we ha e oday. I is no abou w i ing a sum o na ional his o ies, bu a he explaining how he sha ed alues we e buil and how he di e ences a ose. I is a ha d challenge ahead. I equi es good his o ians able bo h o emembe ha be o e he c ea ion o he na ion-s a es he e we e s ong connec ions and syne gies in economic a eas in he A lan ic-Wes e n wo ld, and o explain ha he ancien egime socie ies we e cons i u ed by a plu ali y o iden i ies ha coexis ed in ela i e ha mony. The ci ies o Toledo, Mexico, Lima, Lisbon and Se ille a e good examples o hese socie ies. I seems ha he ime has come o e iew he discou se made by na ional his o ies o he nine een h cen u y, ha gene ally con on ed diso de , inequali y, lack o eedom and y anny o he Ancien Regime socie ies wi h eedom and equali y o he libe al p ojec in o de o legi imize he c ea ion o new na ion-s a es. I is needed o e isi he pas again in o de o imagine new possible scena ios dep i ed o some o he na ionalis his o ical na a i es based on excluding ou da ed isions ha p e en , in he beginnings o he wen y- i s cen u y, he unde s anding o he po en ial ha lies ahead hose socie ies. A lan ic app oaches had a i s impulse in he mid wen ie h cen u y. A e he deba e spa ked by he wo ks o Robe Palme (1959-1964) and Jacques Godecho (1947), in which we e desc ibed he e olu iona y p ocesses in he A lan ic a ea in he la e eigh een h cen u y, specially he cases o he Uni ed S a es and F ance, se e al wo ks in Spanish appea ed ha claimed he need o inco po a e Hispanic expe iences in he A lan ic a ea (Rod iguez 1980; Rod iguez 1996; Gue a 1992). The A lan ic app oaches de eloped qui e in ensi ely in he decade o 1970 in La in Ame ican s udies when libe al hough was examined om a compa a i e pe spec i e. Such in es iga ions began o cla i y ha he in luences o libe al hough should no be unde s ood in jus one di ec ion ( om he U.S. and Eu ope o La in Ame ica), and he e o e ha i was no possible o in e p e Ame ican libe alisms as a “bad copy” o F ench o Anglo-Saxon adi ions, bu a he he con ex o he A lan ic wo ld should be unde s ood as a whole in which he in luences coming om all di ec ions ga e ise o a complex ne wo k o hough . In he 1990s some Ame ican his o ians, based on cul u al app oaches, analyzed he p oblems de i ed om sla e y, o which hey joined in hei s udies he case o A ica (Black A lan ic S udies) and also claimed he need o o e come he in e p e a ion ex ended so a ha he bou geois e olu ions should be unde s ood only in he con ex o Anglo-Saxon adi ions. Meanwhile, F ench esea che s s udying he in luence o he F ench Re olu ion in he Ca ibbean (Hai i) and he e olu ion o C eole popula ions, opened new issues s essing he need o ensu e ha he A lan ic s udies we e no exclusi ely cen e ed abou he app oaches de i ed om bou geois e olu ions. A he beginning o he XXI cen u y a conside able numbe o his o ians o Anglo-Saxon adi ion ha e s essed he need o s udy he bi h o he La in Ame ican na ion-s a es in he con ex o he A lan ic e olu ions (Pes ana 2004; Geggus 2001, Giles 2001; Gould Onu 2005; Linebaugh-Redike 2000; Langley 1997; Racine 2003; Sepinwall 2000, Ve hoe en 2001), while Spanish, Ge man and Ame ican his o ians ha e published solid essays ha ha e highligh ed he impo ance o inco po a ing Hispanic cases o he dynamics o he A lan ic wo ld (B ena 2006 and 2010; Chus -F asque 2009; Ga cía-Rey Reguillo Sebas iani 2008; Guime á-Ramos-Bu ón 2004, Posada-Ca bo Jaksic 2011; Kagan-Pa ke 2001; Lucena 2004; Mo elli-Gomez 2006; Pé ez He e o-Simon 2010; Pie schmann 2002; Po illo 2006; Roig 2000 Co ina-Pe ez Sua ez Vejo 2010). The esea ch p ojec en i led The A lan ic libe al hough , 1770-1880. Taxa ion, na u al esou ces, social in eg a ion and o eign policy in compa a i e pe spec i e (HAR2010-18363, subp og am HIST), o he Minis y o Science and Inno a ion (Spain) is pa o his app oach o he s udy o A lan ic adi ion and compa a i e s udies. In he 54 h In e na ional Cong ess o Ame icanis s, held in Vienna in July 2012, se e al membe s o he esea ch eam p esen ed hei pape s based on hese pe spec i es, and also opened he call o hose who wan o build dialogues in he Ame icas – he mo o o he Cong ess – om an A lan ic pe spec i e. The ex s now published a e ex ended e sions o he pape s discussed hen. His o iog aphical ision The monog aphic esea ch wo ks p esen ed he e ha e emphasized he impo ance o an in e p e a i e e iew o his o iog aphy, especially in a eas close o he “powe ” in a Webe sense. The di e en app oaches showed he ele ance o a dynamical and un inished cul u al and poli ical (economic, social, ins i u ional) iew, whe e ideas and concep s a e de ined h ough he o mal amewo k shaped by he eali y in which hey we e in oduced, by means o a dialec ical speech in e ac ing wi h he poli ical de e mina ion his o ically gi en. In all essays, mo e o less explici ly, b ea hes he in luence o a ious his o iog aphical ends. Appea s unde lying he F ench school, which wi h he nou elle his oi e has paid special a en ion o aspec s o social eali y p e iously igno ed, and pa icula ly o he men al o ideological ac o s, assumed as essen ial o unde s anding he way in which, o e he cen u ies, men ha e in e p e ed he wo ld and hei condi ion. Eme ges he e he ecip ocal ela ionship be ween pas and p esen , es ablished by unde s anding. Unde s anding he pas h ough he p esen means ha he ine ia o he pas is signi ican bo h in he his o ical as in he mic o-his o ical, due o he ac ha , qui e o en, he p esen seems o ge id o he ime be o e: “L’uomo asco e il suo empo nel cos ui e meccanismi, di cui di iene poi il più o meno P igionie o olon a iamen e.” – Man walks h ough his ime cons uc ing mechanisms om which he e en ually becomes mo e o less olun a ily p isone – (Bloch 1969, 51). In he I alian school, Sand o Chignola e e s o he open deba e abou wha his o y is, how o do his o y and he exis ing his o iog aphy: “His o y becomes ep esen able only o he ex en ha his o ical expe ience is al eady concep ualized and he e o e is a ailable in es imonies and documen s” (Chignola 2003, 32), highligh ing he me hodological app oach. The i s o he elemen s ha ha e con ibu ed o he eno a ion, also in I aly, o pa adigms o his o ical and poli ical science, o e s, om he analysis o e en s and s uc u es ha in e ac in he Wes e n cons i u ional his o y, he possibili y o making a his o ical gene aliza ion, and hence, no only o s a ic- ypological na u e. Wi hou i , i would no ha e been possible o di e en ia e be ween knowledge, p ac ices and concep s, ac ually nonexis en in he his o ical objec , no dissol e i in p ac ices ha , esponsible o na a ing e en s, e ade he esponsibili y o in e ing a s uc u al model o his o ical ac ion om his own obse a ions. The second enewing elemen consis ed on he assump ion o ci cula i y and globalism in ol ed in he S a e phenomenon, aking in o accoun he speci ic Hin zean opening o ho izon (Chignola 2003, 43-44). Al hough in hese essays he undamen als o he Webe model a e alida ed (Webe 1973, 61), i is also shown he ein ha ha ision is o e come in he s udy o concep s o he con empo a y s a e, wi h he new Ge man school a ached o he model o R. Koselleck (Koselleck 1993, 113). The g ea es con ibu ion o he la e is due o O. Hin ze (Hin ze 1990), e ead and e aken by Schie a (Schie a 1989) and Duso (Duso 1980), who in u n eed he new I alian me hodology p oposed. Finally, i is necessa y o ha e in mind he kno o he C ocean sys em (C oce 1917), i.e., he dialec ics o he “unequal” (di e si), as complemen a y o he “Hegelian” dialec ics o he “opposi e” (oppos i). B. C oce (C oce 1909 h, 1909b, 1902), cons an ly aiming a “ he conc e e” in his me hodology o his o y, ough agains posi i ism because he conside ed i an insu icien ision o cla i y he easons o his o y. In his me hodological gene al amewo k is inse ed he analysis o discou se, e e ing o he Foucaul ision (Theo y o mu a ions, Foucaul 1983) ha s a es he non p eexis ence o he ideas hemsel es, no he wo ds ha a e ose wi h hem, bu a he i is he discou se ha de elops and gi es shape o he ideas. Acco ding o his app oach, i is assumed ha while he wo d ha gi es ise o he concep does no appea , i is no possible o alk abou i , which does no imply i s non exis ence, bu jus he impossibili y o subjec ing i o analysis. This ep esen s a miles one in he de ini ion o concep s, such as “space”, “na ion”, iden i y o umo s. Fou hemes and wel e looks in A lan ic pe spec i e Taxa ion In he chap e by C is ina Mazzeo de Vi ó “The comme cial and iscal policy o Pe u in he ansi ion om colony o epublic” is analyzed in a compa ed ashion he beha io o he me chan guilds o Pe u and Mexico in he pe iod 1740-1840, highligh ing he in ica e ela ionships ha exis ed be ween he cos s o wa , he in e es s o he Consula es and he inances o he C own in he colonial pe iod and in he epublican adminis a ions o he pos -Independence e a. I explains pa icula ly why in Pe u subsis ed adi ional p ac ices o inancial managemen and c edi con ol by main aining he Consula e o Comme ce h oughou he nine een h cen u y. The esea ch wo k o Ca los A mando P eciado de Alba “All o ede alism. Fiscal demands in Guanajua o du ing he i s yea s o independence” analyzes he demands ha g oups o powe om he S a e o Guanajua o aised o he go e nmen o Mexico Ci y in he cen alis e a, om 1835, in o de o e u n o he ede al ax sys em es ablished by he Cons i u ion o 1824, poin ing ou he complex in e ela ionships web ha exis ed be ween poli ics, business and powe a he na ional and egional le els. The essay by Ped o Pé ez He e o “The ax e o m p oposals o he Finance Minis e s o Mexico (1825- 1854)” analyzes he memo ies ha minis e s o inance o Mexico p esen ed o discussion in he Chambe o Depu ies du ing he i s hal o he nine een h cen u y. In pa icula , i explains why he Sec e a ies o Finance o Mexico in he i s hal o he nine een h cen u y ailed o apply wi h success he iscal e o ms hey had p oposed in he Chambe o Depu ies. A he end, a b ie compa ison is p esen ed wi h he cases o Colombia and Chile o unde s and he beha io o Mexico in he A lan ic amewo k. Na u al esou ces Rena o de Ma os, in “Poli ics and T ade in São Paulo: om he opening o he po s o he Independence o B azil (1808/1822)” s a s om 1808, he yea in which, as pa o he Eu opean Napoleonic Wa s a numbe o impo an e en s coincide o he beginning o he p ocess o independence o he Ame ican colonies, Po uguese and Spanish. F om he e, he ex desc ibes he case o he Po uguese colony, wi h he ans e o he Po uguese cou o B azil, un il 1822, highligh ing specially he opening o he po s, which would ha e mean , acco ding o nume ous au ho s, besides he B i ish in usion in he ield o Luso- B azilian ade, he s a ing poin in he ans o ma ion o comme cial ela ions wi hin he Po uguese Empi e and he i s s ep owa ds he independence o B azil. Recen ly, howe e , ha in e p e a ion o he opening o he po s has been challenged, which is shown by Ma os in his ex , which ul ima ely in ol es a e hinking o he da e o 1808 as he beginning o a se ies o p ocesses ha culmina e wi h he independence o 1822. Dionisio de Ha o, in “Empi e Wi h no Sil e , Sil e wi hou Empi e: The C isis o he Spanish Mone a y Sys em (1788-1823)” add esses a pa o he his o y o he Spanish mone a y policy, speci ically he change, du ing he Spanish T ienio Libe al, om he adi ional o he mode n mone a y sys em. In o de o do his, he uses he p oceedings o he pa liamen a y commission ha deals wi h he p ojec in he pe iod men ioned abo e. Acco ding o he au ho , he e a e wo obs acles o he achie emen o he p ojec : he pe sis en adi ional mone a y undamen als, and i s sho li e, since e y soon he old mone a y policy es o es. The a icle analyzes he adi ional mone a y sys em and i s co esponding iscal mone a y policy, as well as he di icul ies i aced once he Ame ican lows s opped. The subo dina ion o F ance is he way ou o a oid collapse. I is also explained in he ex he mone a y e o m men ioned. All his o inally y o explain he delay in he p ocess o Spanish mone a y ansi ion in he i s hal o he nine een h cen u y and he scope o mone a y e o m in he con ex o he c isis o he Ancien Regime. Social in eg a ion C is ina So iano, in “Re olu iona y Voices: The P esence o Visi o s, Fugi i es and P isone s om he F ench Ca ibbean in Venezuela (1789-1799)” ea s he e ec s o he F ench e olu iona y p opaganda in Spanish e i o ies o he Ame icas. Speci ically, she add esses he impac o o al p opaganda, no w i en bu spoken, sp ead by unaway black sla es om he F ench Ca ibbean islands in he p o ince o Venezuela du ing he las yea s o he eigh een h cen u y. Po s a e hus he objec o his s udy o i is in hose places whe e no only people and goods ci cula e, bu in o ma ion is also exchanged. In a li le li e a e socie y, says he au ho , umo s abou he F ench Re olu ion and o he Ame ican ebellions ci cula ing among he people had mo e impac in hem han he yields o he Enligh enmen , o which only an illus a ed mino i y had access. Anel He nandez in “The Gachupina de los Remedios and Capuchins Imagined in he Res o a ion o he Mona chical O de in New Spain, 1808-1813” conduc ed a s udy ela ed o he o de o Capuchin ia s, wi h i s symbolism associa ed wi h aus e i y, peni en ial a i ude and a s ong conse a ism, and some o i s a emp s o ins alla ion in New Spain, as well as wi h pulque and i s ade. The au ho ocuses on he i s uly ele an eques o es ablish a Capuchin monas e y in he ci y o Mexico, da ing om he ea ly nine een h cen u y. The in ense poli ical uphea al ha began in 1808 is he amewo k o his a emp o ounda ion, mos ly wi h Ana de I ae a in he main ole, a cha ac e widely desc ibed in he a icle. In hese yea s cohabi images o he Vi gin o Guadalupe ( he “Indian i gin”) and he Vi gin o los Remedios ( he “Spanish Vi gin”), each ep esen ing hei espec i e side in he i s ba les o he Independence Wa . Ped o Pé ez He e o, Inmaculada Simón Ruiz and E a Sanz Ja a in “Visions o he new La in Ame ican epublics: a ele s and Sec e a ies o he T easu y in Mexico, he i s hal o he 19 h cen u y” p esen an analy ical app oach o images o Mexico di ulged by he minis e s o inance o ha coun y and by o eign a ele s isi ing i . The sou ces o his ex a e he e o e hacienda memoi s and a el books. Bo h sou ces a e explici abou Mexico and p o ide abundan and use ul in o ma ion. Supposedly, he images would di e ge: oman ic ha o a ele s, and ealis ic he one om he minis e s, o i should be conce ned abou economic issues. Howe e , i is a gued in he a icle ha a p ojec o na ion is implied in bo h, and he e o e no all – o a leas no always – he obse ed eali ies, and he iews hey a ise, may be as di e en o as independen o each o he , bu hey a he may be s ongly in luenced ecip ocally. Alicia Gil Láza o, in “A compa a i e o e iew a he Spanish and I alian his o iog aphy on e u n mig a ion (1880-1930)” p esen s a wo k o compa a i e his o y on mig a ion, aking he cases o Spain and I aly, coun ies in simila condi ions and he e o e pe inen o be submi ed o compa ison. Re u n mig a ion, which is he speci ic conce n in he ex by Gil Láza o, is a sub-s udied issue, compa ed o lea ings o se lemen s in he hos coun y. In his pape a e p esen some looks by hinke s and w i e s o he i s hi d o he wen ie h cen u y con empo a y o he e u n, as well as he heo e ical pos ula es om which he Spanish and I alian his o iog aphies ha e add essed e u n mig a ion a e Wo ld Wa II, and p oposes nea he end an app oach o a li le-add essed subjec , he e u n assis ed by he S a e. Policy A e ques ioning he Mexican model in cons uc ion h ough pola ized diploma ic ela ions in he Uni ed S a es and Eu ope, F édè ic Johansson concludes in his ex “Concei ing La in Ame ica: he labo ious eme gence o a La in Ame ican sel -awa eness amid Eu o-Ame ican and Pan-Ame ican iden i ies. A s udy o Mexico’s mid-19 h Cen u y o eign policy” ha in e en ionism led o a de ensi ely-shaped iden i y clea ly exp essed in he speci ic case o Mexico as a na ion-s a e. To him, a med p essu e om Eu ope and No h Ame ica would o ce Mexican o eign policy o ace hose impe ialis ambi ions by gi ing shape o dual bu simul aneous iden i y a ibu es: “Hispanic” agains he Uni ed S a es, and “Ame ican” be o e Eu opean powe s. The wo k by La a Semboloni “The use o he e m “na ion” in w i ings by Lucas Alamán and Ma iano O e o” ocuses on making explici he Foucaul me hodology as a ool o s udying he low o ideas in discou se analysis. Add essing he alues and ideas ha c ea ed he na ion-s a e, h ough he heo y o mu a ions and ansmu a ion o powe , language analysis, o his au ho , de e mines he cons uc ion o Hispanic iden i ies as well as he pe manen and comp ehensi e p esence o Eu opean ideas. The essay by Sonia Valle de F u os and Do a A monia Bona do “The cul u al dimension in he A lan ic hough : p esences, absences and emains be ween cen u ies” poses a dialec ic in e play abou in e p e ing libe alisms h ough i s o ms and concep s, and e eals h ough i he en i e span o he his o y o iden i y o ma ion in he s a e-na ions. Among he no ions o cul u e and poli ics, he wes e niza ion o imagina y aised by Se ge G uzinski becomes a necessa y ool o unde s and he complexi y and a icula ion o cul u al policy in he A lan ic a ea. To conclude, i mus be emphasized ha he excellen a mosphe e o academic and p o essional dialogue and mee ing in which hese wel e pape s – now u ned in o essays – we e p esen ed a he In e na ional Cong ess o Ame icanism on July 2012, encou aged he collec i e suppo o he publishing p ojec ha culmina es in he pages ha “S o ia e Fu u o” hos s. We also belie e ha he essays ga he ed he e cons i u e a signi ican p og ess in he challenges cu en ly aced by A lan ic s udies and open, undoub edly, a ansna ional space o academic and in ellec ual exchange ha we hope o con inue building dialogues in o he u u e. Pe ci a e ques o es o a ene si alle seguen i indicazioni: Alicia Gil Láza o, Ped o Pé ez He e o, E a Sanz Ja a, La a Semboloni Special sec ion o he jou nal “S o ia e Fu u o”, 26 o ob e 2012, in “S o ia e Fu u o”, Rub iche: Agenda, n. 30, no emb e 2012. Biog aphy Alicia Gil Láza o, Uni e si y o Se illa (Spain) Ped o Pé ez He e o, Uni e si y o Alcalá (Spain) E a Sanz Ja a, Uni e si y o Alcalá (Spain) La a Semboloni, Uni e si y o Siena (I aly) Bibliog aphy Bloch M. 1969 Apologia della s o ia di o mes ie e s o ico, To ino, Einaudi. B ena R. 2006 The i s Spanish libe alism and emancipa ion o Ame ica, 1808-1824. 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