Technical viability study for behavioral monitoring of wildlife animals in Doñana: An 802.15.4 coverage study in a Natural Park

TECHNICAL VIABILITY STUDY FOR BEHAVIORAL MONITORING OF WILDLIFE ANIMALS IN DOÑANA An 802.15.4 Co e age S udy in a Na u al Pa k M. Dominguez-Mo ales, A. Jimenez-Fe nández, D. Cascado-Caballe o, A. Lina es-Ba anco, R. Paz, G. Jiménez-Mo eno Robo ic and Technology o Compu e s Lab, Uni e si y o Se ille, ETSII A . Reina Me cedes s/n, Se ille, Spain [email p o ec ed] R. So igue Biological S a ion o Doñana, CSIC, A . Ame ico Vespucio. EDB-CNM, Se ille, Spain Keywo ds: Wi eless senso ne wo ks, WSN, XBee, ZigBee, 802.15.4, Mo es, Wi eless co e age, Wild animals, Doñana. Abs ac : The s udy and moni o ing o wildli e and in semi- eedom has always been a subjec o g ea in e es . In ecen yea s he echnology allows o design low cos sys ems ha acili a e hese asks: mic ocon olle s, low-powe wi eless ne wo ks, senso s. GPS, sa elli e and VHF has been used o posi ion acking and localiza ion o wildli e. Ou aim is o design a low-cos sys em o local moni o ing o wildli e (colla o ha ness) wi h local memo y and emo e access. I will use mul iples senso s o beha io al and heal h moni o ing and use he p ocessed in o ma ion locally o educe he s o ed da a, bu allowing o be spo adically ansmi ed h ough wi eless ne wo ks. This colla will be based on an embedded low-powe mic ocon olle wi h 802.15.4 anscei e and a se o senso s o p o ide da a (ac i i y and heal h) o he animal unde moni o ing: accele ome e s, compass, humidi y, empe a u e, ligh , mic ophone, hea hy hm. This colla is called mo e in wi eless senso s ne wo k (WSN) e minology. Only when one mo e is close o an 802.15.4 mo e and unde eques , he colla will dump he in o ma ion o a hos da abase se e h ough he 802.15.4 ne wo k. In his pape we p esen a iabili y s udy o he WSN o Doñana Na u al Pa k o di e en mo e ansmission powe s, equencies and dis ances o co e age. ZigBee and XBee mo e has been p o en. 1 INTRODUCTION The moni o ing o animal li e can be classi ied in o wo g oups: moni o ing wildli e and li es ock ope a ions moni o ing ex ensi e. Du ing he second hal o he wen ie h cen u y basically h ee wildli e acking me hods we e used: Halle (2001), Ma kham (2008), Findhol (1996) and Mech (2002) by VHF acking, by GPS and by Sa elli e. The adi ional VHF sys em collapse as soon as i s a ed using mul iples colla s because o he sca ci y o equencies assigned, which began o codi y he signs ha each colla s o wa d o op imize localiza ion, as in Allen (2009) wo k. Sa elli e localiza ion mechanisms (A gos in pa icula ) a e so expensi e ha only mig a o y animals we e used in he con inen , as in Mech (2002) and Voda one e e ences. Back in he nine ies yea s, localiza ion mechanisms we e implemen ed based on ixed nodes co e ing a wide a ea by iangula ion (wi hou using GPS) wi h a p ecision o 50 me e s. This was subsequen ly imp o ed by GPS ob aining a highe p ecision, see Rempel (1995). Some o he sys ems e e enced a e he Zeb aNe ha apa o using GPS o implemen localiza ion, i includes o he senso s o de ec he moni o ed animal ac i i y. Howe e , he main cha ac e is ics o ou sys em is ha i s o es he da a collec ed locally and ha hese may be ans e ed be ween di e en colla s un il hey a e collec ed by he esea che . The Zeb aNe sys em, see Juang (2002), desc ibes mechanisms o da a collec ion om di e en senso s in o de o p ocess he in o ma ion o -line. This allows inding pa e ns in in o ma ion ha can be associa ed o he a ious ac i i ies o animal: ea , hun , sleep,... The possibili y ha his pa e n ecogni ion can be pe o med locally on each colla on he animal is e y a ac i e because i educes he ansmission ime and he in o ma ion pos p ocessing. In his pape we p esen he esul s o a iabili y s udy o applying WSN o hese colla s in he Doñana Na u al Pa k. The iabili y s udy is ocused on 802.15.4 ne wo ks wi h di e en powe ansmissions and wo di e en equencies: 868MHz and 2.4GHz. Nex sec ion p esen s a e iew o 802.15.4 WSN, ocusing on ZigBee and XBee s anda ds. Sec ion 3 p esen s he scena io o he iabili y s udy. Then in sec ion 4 we p esen some esul s and inally we p esen he conclusions and u u e wo k in sec ion 5. 2 WSN TECHNOLOGIES 802.15.4 (Zigbee Alliance web page: h p://www.zigbee.o g) is he mos ep esen a i e example o Wi eless Senso Ne wo ks (WSN). I is a s anda d ha co e s se e al PHY laye s and one MAC laye , aiming o gi e low a e ne wo k se ice o de ices wi h low capaci y ba e ies. Expec ed ba e y ope a ion ime is 4 o 6 mon hs o bu on ba e ies. Da a a es we e de ined o 250Kbps a maximum, bu lowe da a a es a e possible by choosing he app op ia e PHY laye o changing he MAC pa ame e s. Communica ions secu i y is ensu ed by AES enc yp ion and coexis ence is sol ed by channel selec ion and ea u es such as quali y o se ice o noise ca ie sensing help o a oid busy channels. Loca ion in o ma ion is possible h ough iangula ion o RSSI (as implemen ed in Chipcon CC2431 chips), as in Me e (2008). Ne wo k opologies allowed a e cen alized (s a opology wi h a ne wo k mas e ) o Ad-Hoc (pee o pee communica ions wi hou mas e ). In s a opology, beacon enabled communica ions make possible o ese e ansmission slo s, gua an eeing da a a es and making so eal ime applica ions possible. 802.15.4 is he base o Zigbee ha ies o gi e a comple e solu ion (wi h mo e laye s and p o iles) o low- a e, low-powe pe sonal a ea ne wo ks. A p o ile is a se o p o ocols and de ini ions (such as ype o messages, IDs, e c) ha mus be implemen ed in case o adop ing a speci ic p o ile in o de o achie e in e ope abili y be ween de ices. One example o his is he ecen ly app o ed Zigbee Heal h Ca e P o ile, which o e s an open s anda d o heal h moni o ing and managemen de ices, o e ing a wide a ie y o heal h-ca e o ien ed se ices and p o ocols. 3 TESTING SCENARIO Doñana Na ional Pa k, see Doñana (1994) e e ence, in Andalusia occupies he igh bank o he Guadalqui i Ri e a i s es ua y on he A lan ic Ocean. I is no able o he g ea di e si y o i s bio opes, especially lagoons, ma shlands, ixed and mobile dunes, sc ub woodland and maquis. The aunal in en o y includes 8 species o ish, 10 amphibians, 19 ep ile, 30 mammal and 360 bi d. I is one o he la ges he on ies in he Medi e anean egion and is he win e ing si e o mo e han 500K wa e owl each yea . Doñana Na ional Pa k has been a es ing g ound o conse a ion in Spain and has become e y well known h oughou Eu ope due o he con o e sies aced he e and he inno a i e managemen app oaches ha ha e been aken. I is he only p o ec ed a ea ha is no only a Na ional Pa k bu also a Ramsa si e, a Biosphe e Rese e as well as a Eu opean Communi y Special P o ec ion A ea. I is also known as he si e which igge ed he ounda ion o WWF in 1961. The Doñana Scien i ic Rese e (DBR) is made up by wo es a es wi h a su ace a ea o 10,000 hec a es, included in he 50,000 hec a es o Doñana Na ional Pa k. This a ea includes 4 la ge ecosys ems: beaches, dunes, sc ubland, and ma shland. The auna includes 41 species o an s, 7 o eshwa e ish, 30 o es ua y ish, 11 o amphibians, 19 o ep iles and 20 o mammals. DBR has an impo an in as uc u e o scien i ic esea ch: accommoda ion ooms, ield labo a o ies, a lee o 4 wheel-d i e ca s, ho ses, boa s; and pe sonnel. In ap il 2006, he In e minis e ial Commission o Science and Technology (CICYT) pa o he Minis y o Educa ion and Science app o ed he ecogni ion as Singula Scien i ic and Technological In as uc u e (ICTS) o he Scien i ic Rese e o Doñana. ICTS was c ea ed wi h wo objec i es: (a) p o iding mode n communica ions and scien i ic equipmen s in as uc u e o he Rese e in o de o allow he s anda diza ion and au oma ion o moni o ing na u al p ocesses, and o de eloping esea ch ac i i ies ha could no be possible wi hou he ICTS. And (b) p o iding access o hese acili ies and welcoming o he scien i ic communi y o de elop esea ch ac i i ies. The ICTS is equipped wi h an ex ensi e audio isual ne wo k o moni o ing; a me eo ology and mic oclima ology moni o ing ne wo k; a mosphe ic measu emen s equipmen s; hyd ology and limnology; geomo phology; lo a and ege a ion na u al p ocess moni o ing; wildli e census; low o wa e and CO2; knowledge o he land on which si s he ege a ion; geolocaliza ion h ough a ious schemes like FindA e (GPRS and Wi i), RTLS o e Wi i, RFID, ul asound o ha monic ada de ec o s. Se e al 802.11 an ennas wa an y co e age o wi eless in e ne access inside he Rese e. In o de o s udy he iabili y o he communica ions o wildli e moni o ing, wo di e en 802.15.4 equencies has been es ed in his wo k: 2.4GHz and 868MHz wi h di e en ansmission powe and p o ocol s anda ds: ZigBee 2.4GHz 10mW and XBee 868MHz 300mW Fou main zones o he Rese e we e selec ed o he s udy: Ojillo (blue ou e in igu e 1): is a o es zone, ela i ely plane; San a Olalla (pink ou e in igu e 1): lagoon zone e y close o dunes wi h low densi y o ege a ion; Humedales ( ed ou e in igu e 1): comple ely open zone, mo e han 15Km o ee obs acles loodplain, bu comple ely d y a ea du ing ou s udy; and Dunas (pu ple ou e in igu e 1): his a ea is close o he sea. The e a e dunes ha a e shi ing. 4 RESULTS Figu e 1 shows a google map o Doñana. The map shows se e al ou es o he co e age s udy. Two co e age es s ha e been pe o med o Texas ZigBee 2.4GHz and low powe ZigBee anscei e s. Fi s one was done in a ela i ely open ield (a San a Olalla), and ano he on a ee zone (Ojillo). The maximum co e age ange measu ed was a ound 250m and 60m espec i ely. This is due no only o he powe o ansmission bu also o he abso p ion p ope y o 2.4 GHz signals e sus 868MHz signals. 2.4GHz signal is mo e abso bed by ege a ion han 868MHz. 868MHz XBee co e age s udy consis ed in es ing he e iciency o he link be ween wo XBee anscei e s a 868MHz and 300mW ansmission powe . In he Palace o Doñana he e is a 25 me e s high owe . In his owe we se up he base-s a ion o he measu emen s (bo om yellow poin in igu e 1). The base-s a ion equipmen was composed by one XBee mo e connec ed o a lap op h ough USB and a so wa e applica ion w i en in C# is used in o de o manage in o ma ion be ween mo es. This so wa e applica ion con ains unc ions, p ocedu es and s a e machines o implemen he communica ion h ough XBee. Once he so wa e applica ion is unning, i sends a b oadcas packe asking o mo e disco e y, and hen i keeps wai ing o answe s. When a leas one mo e ha e been disco e ed, and using a so wa e ime , he i s mo e will con inuously be ansmi ing in o ma ion using a poin o poin link o he jus disco e ed mo e, ansmi ing one packe pe second. Fu he mo e, he XBee anscei e is able o make emo e AT commands eques , his ea u e is used by owe mo e o eques ing in o ma ion abou he powe o las ecei ed adio packe o each ime o e low. Powe adio ecep ion measu emen is e u ned o owe mo e as a dB magni ude. Thank o he use o applica ion so wa e, we can cha ac e ize he quali y and adio powe o he anscei e links o he Doñana Biological Rese e scena io. Figu e 1: Google map o Biological Rese e o Doñana. Blue ou e om Palacio o Ma alascañas ou e ended a ound Ojillo. Pink ou e om Palacio o Dunes. Pu ple ou e on Dunes. G een and ed ou es on Humedales. The second mo e consis s on an XBee 868 MHz anscei e a 300mW connec ed o a mic ocon olle . The mic ocon olle is con inuously e ansmi ing he same incoming packe . The e o e, he owe mo e will ecei e he same ansmi ed packe wi h in o ma ion abou he signal in ensi y in dB hanks o he use o AT commands suppo ed by XBee anscei e . Du ing he di e en es ed ou es we ha e aken he GPS coo dina es a each poin o each ou e o igu e 1. A hese poin s we ha e measu ed he signal in ensi y in dB o he link on he owe side o wo di e en posi ion o he mo e (2m high and 0.5m high). Figu e 2 shows a g aph pe each signi ican ou e. I can be seen ha he signal is qui e good o eally open ields (Humedales), ob aining a co e age ange o up o 13Km, while o ee zones (Ojillo), he co e age age dec eases o 6Km and he signal in ensi y inc eases when measu emen s a e made in a dense ee zone. A Dunas zone we ealized ha he signal is los immedia ely when measu ing om he owe mo e (pink ou e), so we mo ed bo h XBee mo es o Dunes zone and we ob ained a ound 0.8 Km. Resul s o his zone a e p esen ed on igu e 2 bo om. Figu e 2: Signal ecep ion in dB o Ma alascañas ou e (blue on map), Humedales (we lands) ( ed on map) and Dunes (pu ple on map). 5 CONCLUSIONS This wo k p esen s a communica ions s udy in a ee-building scena io (Doñana Biological Pa k). This s udy was ca ied ou in a ious a eas o he pa k (named abo e) o es how e ain and wea he condi ions changes a ec he esul s. Due o he hick ege a ion o he pa k, he signal emi ed in 2.4 GHz was easily abso bed, educing link dis ances and, he e o e, signi ican esul s ha e been unde go using 868 Mhz ansmissions. The equipmen used, wi h 300mW o powe , eaches dis ances o se e al kilome es. In his way, na u al habi a is no con amina ed wi h lo s o nodes h ough he pa k (2 o 3 poin s could co e DBR). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This wo k has been in pa sus ained by he RDB- ICTS 39/2010 Second Call Access 2009-2010 ICTS- RBD (h p://ic s.ebd.csic.es/Lis a Con oca o iasAc i on.do) REFERENCES Ruedi Halle , Flu in Filli and S ephan Im eld. 2001. 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