Conservation of andalusian monumental heritage: the case study of the Niebla walls in Spain

Theme 7 226 227 Ancien /His o ic and Inno a i e Solu ions o Damage P e en ion and Pe o mance Imp o emen TERRA 2012 | 12 h SIACOT PROCEEDINGS Theme 7: Ancien /His o ic and Inno a i e Solu ions o Damage P e en ion and Pe o mance Imp o emen Keywo ds: Assessmen , isk, conse a ion, ulne abili y CONSERVATION OF ANDALUSIAN MONUMENTAL HERITAGE: THE CASE STUDY OF THE NIEBLA WALLS IN SPAIN Jacin o Cani ell, Ana González-Se ano 1. INTRODUCTION Andalusian de ensi e he i age inco po a es mo e han 2,000 buildings, all lis ed as cul u al asse s bu only a small pe cen age o which a e in good condi ion. The ci y o Niebla is one o he ew Spanish ci ies ha p ese es he en i e pe ime e o i s almos in ac ci y walls, which we e decla ed BIC (Bien de In e és Cul u al) in 1945. The cu en layou is conside ed o be om he Almo a id pe iod, which occu ed app oxima ely be ween 1090-1145, al hough some schola s belie e i is om he Almohad pe iod (1147-1212) (IAPH, 2011). O he sou ces a gue ha hese a e a heigh ening o p e- exis ing walls, iden i ying Roman emains and e en Ta essian (paleo-Hispanic). A chaeological s udies show aces o an olde , much smalle walled enclosu e ha can be aced back o he i s millennium BC (Campos Ca asco, Rod igo Cáma a & Gómez Toscano, 1996). The ele ance o he loca ion o Niebla is jus i ied ha ing been a comme cial cen e be ween Minas de Rio Tin o and Bajo Guadalqui i , especially a ound he 9 h and 10 h cen u ies, acqui ing no ewo hy his o ical he i age signi icance as he Almohad o i ica ion, as well as an u ban and landscape elemen o in eg a ion. Cu en ly, he wall o he own is abou 2-km long lanked wi h 47 owe s (mos o hem ec angula and only wo oc agonal) enclosing an a ea o app oxima ely 16 u ban hec a es, and composed almos en i ely in mili a y ammed ea h. I does no inco po a e any alba ana o ba bican owe s; howe e , i main ains a na u al moa wi h he Tin o Ri e in i s sou heas sec o , which is he oughes . The enclosu e is comple ed wi h he Guzmáns’ Cas le, ebuil in he 15 h cen u y on op o he old o ess o Muslim o igin (Jun a de Andalucia, 1991). Despi e i s p o en alue as monumen al Andalusian he i age, i s p esen condi ion is ques ionable, which subs an ia es a ho ough analysis o ulne abili y and he p esence o isks. Abs ac The conse a ion p ocess h ough in e en ions in a building equi es adequa e p io expe opinion. The diagnosis and subsequen sa e y assessmen - aised in ICOMOS guidelines - a e sui able mechanisms o he s udy o a he i age s uc u e. Diagnosis in ol es a his o ical analysis o he pas , as a ool o p edic u u e esponses; quali a i e analysis de e mines he de e io a ion and he o igin o he pa hological p ocess; and quan i a i e analysis cha ac e izes componen s by obse a ions and expe imen al measu emen s. Howe e , in he sho o medium e m ine ec i e decisions migh be aken i assessing he s a e o a building using only he a o emen ioned ools. The Decla a ion o Assisi (ISCARSAH, 2000) s esses he need o p e en ion and he success ul managemen o a isk-p e en ion p og am. By comple ing all assessmen epo s, in addi ion o a sui able isk assessmen ocused on he in e en ion and design o app op ia e p e en i e measu es, ensu es a educ ion in he ulne abili y o a s uc u e by managing a signi ican imp o emen in du abili y and, he e o e, he sus ainabili y o conse a ion and main enance p ocesses. In o de o e i y such ulne abili y o di e en deg ees o in e en ions (comp ehensi e, pa ial, o none), he Almohad ammed ea h walls o Niebla, Huel a, Spain was conside ed as a ep esen a i e case s udy. I is almos 2-km long and includes 47 owe s. The o i ica ion complex cu en ly has he e ogeneous cha ac e is ics, al hough an almos en i ely uni o m appea ance has been main ained. Since 1980, he e ha e been se e al es o a ions ha , om he beginning, e lec mixed esul s o e ime. Based on he esul s o an assessmen , cu en ci cums ances and isks, a diagnosis was made in o de o design and p io i ize p e en i e and co ec i e measu es ha will pe mi g ea e du abili y o he walls o Niebla. 2. HISTORY AND EVALUATION Be o e iden i ying a diagnosis, i is necessa y o make a compila ion o he clinical his o y o he wall (anamnesis) ha includes a his o ic, condi ions, ma e ials, and me ics assessmen , as well as an unde s anding o i s pa hologies and, inally, ulne abili ies. 2.1 Sequence and eco ding o he in e en ions These walls ha e been se e al imes his o ically and pa ially ebuil wi h ine icien esul s in he medium e m. F om he second hal o he 20 h cen u y, se e al phases o in e en ion can be dis inguished. An ini ial phase o se e al in e mi en in e en ions ook place up un il he 1970s, including hose made in 1957 p omo ed by he Depa men o Fine A s, and o he s made in 1974. In he 1980s, he Andalusian Minis y o Cul u e chose o in es in a comp ehensi e p ojec ha con inued h ough he 1990s. Finally, om 2003 un il he end o 2010, eme gency ac ions we e implemen ed. Fig. 1 loca es di e en in e en ions on an ae ial iew o he ci y walls o Niebla. De ails o hose in e en ions a e speci ied in Table 1. This esea ch uses he same iden i ica ion and numbe ing o owe s used by Gua ne in his ini ial p ojec (Ma ínez Ma ín-Lucas & Espinosa de los Mon e os Choza, 2000), while he pa s o he wall a e named in alphabe ical o de , ma king sec ions be ween e e y wo owe s. The designa ion s a s om Towe 1, loca ed in he sou he n pa o Niebla, coinciding wi h he Pue a del Buey. The scope o his s udy ollows he wall sec ions be ween he Towe s 1 o 10, since hese co esponds o one o he sec o s ha , due o he deg ee o de e io a ion, pe mi s he iden i ica ion o se e al ypes o damage. These a e also exposed o ad e se wea he condi ions due o hei Fig.1 Ae ial iew o Niebla showing he iden i ica ion o i s walls and he di e en phases o in e en ion (c edi s: Goolzoom, J. Cani ell, & A. González, 2011) ha sh o ien a ion. Mo eo e , i is in hese sec ions whe e ou di e en phases o in e en ions o e lap in ime. 2.2 Technical and building cha ac e iza ion The walls o Niebla a e buil almos en i ely wi h o dina y ammed-ea h. Fo i s building cha ac e iza ion, i is conside ed unde he ypological classi ica ion de eloped o he s udy o his o ical ammed-ea h mason y in he p o ince o Se ille (G aciani and Tabales, 2008, p.135-158). In gene al, all p ecinc ab ic co esponds o monoli hic ammed-ea h, al hough he peculia i ies o some sec ions a e no ed, whe e he e a e pa s buil o na u al-s one mason y (ex e io cas le ab ic) wall. Also no ewo hy a e ce ain ypical Almohad esou ces, such as lime mo a w apping ammed-ea h join s o imi a e he appea ance o la ge solid s one blocks and, pe haps, o also p o ec hese join s. Mo eo e , mos o he owe s o he enclosu e a e qui e simila in hei building concep . All o hem a e esol ed wi h ammed-ea h ein o ced wi h s onewo k mason y a he co ne s and ammed-ea h on hei açades. Di e en cons uc ion solu ions di e a hei copping, al hough all o hem a e solid, and all lack a compa men in hei uppe sec ion wi h he excep ion o Towe 1, which in ac is a ga e and ha e a inne zigzag co ido . Speci ically wi hin he a ea unde s udy, s one mason y (p obably as a enee ) is iden i ied only in Sec ion A whe e he e is a ace o he old buildings a ached o he wall; he o he sec ions, we e buil and es o ed using he same ype o monoli hic ammed-ea h ( ype 1), while he owe s p esen he s one ein o ced ammed-ea h wall ( ype 5), acco ding o G aciani and Tabales (2008, p.139). All he elemen s p esen in his a ea we e om in e en ions in 1980. Speci ically, in he a ea o s udy o his wo k, only in he sec ion A i can be iden i ied s one ac o y (p obably as a coa ing), a ace o he old buildings a ached o he wall; he o he sec ions, we e li ed and es o ed ollowing he same ype o monoli hic wall ( ype 1), applying he echnique in he owe s mixed wi h chained s one wall ( ype 5) (G aciani and Tabales, 2008, p.139). All elemen s o his a ea, in e ened in he 80`s, ha e aces o mass es i u ion unning o one side. 2.2.1 Ma e ials cha ac e iza ion Conside ing he da a ex ac ed om Gua ne González (1987), ea h was used in he mos comp ehensi e in e en ion. This ma e ial was collec ed om qua ies in he immedia e su oundings, along wi h g a el om Tin o i e bed, a emp ing o sou ce he same chalky- ed ea h wi h a simila con en o clay o ha o he o iginal ammed- ea h walls. I is clea , howe e , ha in o de o imp o e he quali y du ing successi e es o a ions, he ea hen ma e ials we e s abilized wi h lime om qua ies and kilns in Huel a ha was modi ied wi h 10% cemen (1). F agmen s o ce amics, s ones and g a el o di e en sizes can also be iden i ied in he mix u e. Theme 7 228 229 Ancien /His o ic and Inno a i e Solu ions o Damage P e en ion and Pe o mance Imp o emen TERRA 2012 | 12 h SIACOT PROCEEDINGS Al hough he e ha e been no mo e han isual inspec ions, wi hou he abili y o coun on quan i a i e es da a, i is known ha o he execu ion o he a ious phases o he wo k, only o ganolep ic es s we e pe o med (2) o con ol he plas ici y o he ea h and he co esponding pe cen ages o blond-colo ed sand om he i e , as well as ine g a el. I is known ha ce amic she ds we e no emo ed om he mix i he amoun s ayed below 10% in each load (Gua ne González, 1987). While analyzing he s udy a eas, almos comple e pieces o b icks o s one pieces, exceeding 10 cm/side, we e ound in e mixed in he composi ion o some li s o ammed-ea h in he lowe pa s. Fu he mo e, al hough he speci ic composi ion o he o iginal ammed ea h is unknown, a clea colo di e en ia ion o he es o ed wall can be obse ed. The e o e he e is an inconsis ency in ammed-ea h dosages, which may con ibu e o he de elopmen o ce ain pa hological p ocesses ha will be desc ibed below. Table 1. Phases o in e en ion h oughou he second hal o he 20 h and beginning o he 21s cen u ies (c edi s: J. Cani ell & A. González, 2011) 2.2.2 Me ics cha ac e iza ion The con igu a ion o he enclosu e and, in pa icula , he dis ance be ween owe s ( om 10 o 12 m), highligh s he Calipha e he i age as a cons uc ion esou ce (Qan a a Pa imonio Medi e áneo, 2008), al hough he e a e sec ions ha inc ease o mo e han double his size. In gene al, he ammed-ea h wall’s me ics co esponds o he classical Almohad. Thus, he high o he li s o he o iginal ammed- ea h a ies be ween 0.85 and 0.90 m high ( om wo mamuníes cubi s o 47 cm) a ound he enclosu e. Whe e join s and aces on he ammed-ea h walls a e isible, he leng h o a ammed ea h box anges be ween 1.50 and 2.50 m, being g ea e in he a ea o he las eme gency in e en ion. The es o ed ammed ea h does no accoun o he heigh (0.90 m) o he sequence o he ammed ea h. Acco ding o module o li s ( hei heigh ) i can be dis inguished 10 o 12 laye s o 10-15 cm hick pe li . In e e ence o he es o ed ammed ea h, pa icula ly in he T1-T10 s udy sec o , i was pe o med a es i u ion on one side wi h p ope hicknesses o mo e han 0.50 m, al hough hickness o less han 0.20 m has been eco ded, which nega i i y a ec s o execu ion and du abili y. 2.3 Cha ac e iza ion o pa hologies The cha ac e iza ion o damage is based on an in-si u me hodology o isual and o ganolep ic analysis (Cani ell, 2011), and suppo ed by g aphic documen a ion. Due o he cons ain s o he selec ed sec ions, i has only been possible o analyze one side o he ammed-ea h mason y, as he o he belongs o p i a e plo s wi h es ic ed access. As desc ibed in Table 2, he cha ac e iza ion o damage has been ca ego ized in o h ee g oups acco ding o he se e i y. In addi ion, damage is assessed a h ee le els ha a e colo coded, aking in o accoun he sp ead o damage and i s se e i y. I should be added ha he pu pose o his e alua ion is o speci y co ec i e measu es o he exis ing damage. S uc u al damage: This is linked o p ocesses ha a ec o could a ec he s uc u al s abili y o he wo k. The e a e many o ms o his damage; howe e , only hose showing ob ious signs o de e io a ion we e conside ed. The e o e, issu es and c acks we e e alua ed, whe he ac i e o inac i e, being in almos all cases o e ical o ien a ion, possibly due o he cu ing sh inkage o he mass o he mal a ia ions. Collapses e e o he loss o e icali y in he wall. In his case he e a e no collapses o en i e sec ions o he o iginal wall; howe e , some laye s o ammed-ea h es o ed o one side show signs o collapse. As depic ed in Table 2, s uc u al damage has had li le impac in his sec o and, he e o e, he e was no need o unde ake his ype o co ec i e measu e. Table 2. Damage cha ac e iza ion o Niebla wall be ween Towe s 1-10 (c edi s: J. Cani ell, 2011) Ma e ials damage: These include he damage a ec ing he in eg i y o he ammed-ea h mass. Lack o consis ency is a e y clea sign in he es o ed laye s o ammed-ea h, which disin eg a es wi h a simple ouch o he hand. This ammed ea h appea s o be o i egula compac ion, esul ing om insu icien con ol o he wo k, in ligh o he inclusions o la ge s one blocks, i ed b icks and e en o ganic ma e ials. In gene al, e osion is ypically caused by ex e nal agen s (mois u e, wind-d i en ain, empe a u e, and auna). Se e e e osion is ound in he highes li s o ammed ea h, which is mo e suscep ible o mois u e in il a ion and he e ec s o wind. E osion a he lowe pa s o he wall is o en linked o capilla y ise, o he backsplash o wa e agains he wall a he lowe li s. Su ace e osion is gene ally sp ead and is no mally caused by he con inuous washing o ainwa e . In he sec ions s udied, e osion is agg a a ed by he accumula ion o wa e in ce ain obs acles (join s, weep holes), p oducing ca i ies. Mass losses, al hough some imes con used wi h e osion, ha e a di e en o igin. The poo quali y o he ammed-ea h is he cause o hese ypes o de achmen s, also aided by o he ex e nal agen s, showing mo e se e i y in Sec ions B, C and F. Finally, a special men ion is made o laking as a singula condi ion, h ough which he mass o he wall disin eg a es in slab-like shapes, pa allel o he açade. Gene ally, damage o he in eg i y o he mass has de e io a ed he ammed ea h wi h g ea e se e i y in he sec ions s udied, due o he exposu e o he sou hwes ( he p edominan di ec ion o winds and ains), and he low quali y o he es o a ion ammed ea h (pa icula ly be ween T1 and T7). In ce ain sec ions (T7 o T10), he quali y o he ammed ea h d ama ically imp o es (3), e en hough i s exposu e simila . Supe icial damage usually a ec s only shallow laye s o ammed ea h and can lead o e osion. The e lo escence ha shows up as su ace deposi o sal s is di icul o iden i y on ammed-ea h mason y and e en mo e so, i i is e oded. Howe e , small deposi s ha e been obse ed in some s one a eas and owe s. The uni o m soiling is linked o he exis ence o an agg essi e en i onmen wi h a high p opo ion o suspended pa icles, causing a widesp ead con amina ion o he wall. Local soiling is caused by he di e en ial wa e -washing o he wall, causing s aining ypically a he op o he wall, o a in e sec ions be ween walls and owe s. These di c us s a e a esul o he accumula ion o muddy mois u e and he de elopmen o ungi and lichens, o ming hin ha de su ace laye s, which when de ached, lea e a weakened ammed ea h exposed o he ou side en i onmen . Based on his cha ac e iza ion i is possible o de e mine he cu en s a e o conse a ion o he asse , which, as desc ibed below, should be complemen ed wi h he s udy o o he isks o damage, aimed a main aining a good condi ion o conse a ion in he u u e. Theme 7 230 231 Ancien /His o ic and Inno a i e Solu ions o Damage P e en ion and Pe o mance Imp o emen TERRA 2012 | 12 h SIACOT PROCEEDINGS 2.4 Cha ac e iza ion o Vulne abili y and Risk As damage cha ac e iza ion esul s in he design o he necessa y co ec i e measu es only, gi en he inancial ele ance o monumen al he i age such as he Niebla walls, i was necessa y o expand he e alua ion by a cha ac e iza ion o ulne abili y, hus acili a ing he design and applica ion o p o ocols and p e en i e- main enance measu es. To his end, a me hodology designed by Cani ell (2011) and based on a p o ocol o he INSHT (4) was applied. Thus, a hie a chy o each o he componen s o each wall sec o s analyzed was achie ed, acco ding o an iden i ied s a e o ulne abili y. I is, he e o e, essen ial o di ide he cons uc ion in o componen s wi h homogeneous cha ac e is ics. This me hodology is de ined acco ding o he p ocesses desc ibed below. Vulne abili ies o ammed-ea h mason y a e se i s : he hyd ic, he physical and he s uc u al ulne abili ies, which de ine pa hological p ocesses o uncon olled wa e access; e osion, loss o mass and cohesion; and s uc u al s abili y; espec i ely. In o de o cha ac e ize he h ee ulne abili y ypes, h ee g oups o isk ac o s we e designed, which in u n we e classi ied as ex e nal (ci cums ances ou side he mason y), ma e ials- ela ed (in e e ence o p ope ies o s a es o he same mason y), o an h opic (ex e nal, bu wi h human-ac i i y o igins). Like he INSHT sys em, each ac o was e alua ed acco ding o i s amoun o exposu e (Le el o Exposu e: NE), based on a p edesigned scale o i e le els, om e y low o e y high no heas exposu e. Ne e heless, i is necessa y o no e ha no all isk ac o s may ha e he same weigh in de ining he s a e o ulne abili y. To his end, e alua ions we e in oduced in o he assessmen , he so-called De iciency le els (ND), es ablishing app oxima ely he p obabili y ha a gi en isk ac o is a sou ce o damage. ND accommoda es each case s udy, so he me hodology is open Table 3. Table o isk ac o s o physical ulne abili y o NP (le ), NC, NV and NR (c edi s: J. Cani ell, 2011) and adap able. By c oss- e e encing he alues o NE and ND, he Le els P obabili y (NP) a e ob ained o each isk ac o wi hin each o he h ee ulne abili y ypes. Howe e , al hough a gene al eading o he s a e o he elemen can be had, as shown in Table 3, he e is no alue ha cha ac e izes a ulne able s a e. Wi h he dual pu pose o g aphic ep esen a ion o he NP alues and iden i ica ion o he cha ac e izing alue, he use o isk maps was p oposed. This is he ep esen a ion by a adial g aph, whe e each axis ep esen s a alue o NP, and depic s a closed a e se. The a ea o his polygon is used o cha ac e ize each s a e o ulne abili y acco ding o a le el o ulne abili y (NV). The e o e, he g ea e he a ea o he polygon, he g ea e he accumula ion o isks o he ammed ea h, and hence he g ea e i s ulne abili y deg ee. Howe e , no all he analyzed elemen s mus ha e he same ea men o p esen he same NV. The e a e a numbe o ex e nal ac o s ( he cons uc i e ole o he elemen , i s he i age alue, i s le el o use o main enance le el) ha in ol e di e en concep s. E alua ing hese ac o s (gene al an h opic ac o s) in a simila way o o he isk ac o s leads o hei Consequences Le el (NC), which de ine he impac o damage on he analyzed elemen i sel and i s use s. Once he h ee ulne abili y ypes iden i ied by h ee le els each (NV-HID, NV-FIS and NV-EST) and he consequences (NC) a e de ined, a ue eading o he s a e o ulne abili y can be s a ed. Fo his, he p e-de ined isk ma ices we e used, which a e ins umen s ypically used in any isk assessmen . These de ine isk le els (NR) o each g oup o combina ions be ween he alues o NV and NC, which is ep esen ed in he las h ee columns o Table 3 (NR-HID, NR-FIS and NR-EST), and in Fig. 2 o he analyzed sec o . Fig. 2 p o ides e idence o he NR da a o each elemen analyzed. Red ep esen s an accumula ion o high le els o isk ac o s and, he e o e, high isk o occu ence and de elopmen o pa hological p ocesses, p oducing se ious consequences o he asse o i s use s. The diag ams show how he highes ulne abili y co esponds o NR-FIS (e osion, de-cohesion, mass loss), and especially in he ab ic and in e mi en owe s om Towe s 1 o 7, which also co esponds o he i s phase o in e en ion (Table 1). In hese mos ulne able sec ions, co ec i e measu es a e u gen ly needed o epai damage, as well as p e en i e measu es o mi iga e isks and o ensu e g ea e du abili y. This assessmen me hodology p o ides an easy and use ul ool o p io i ize epai ac ions on a se o componen s, assigning di e en le els o in e en ion (NI) o each NR. Fo high NR, mo e u gen p e en i e measu es and s onge co ec i e measu es will be equi ed, hus educing ulne abili y. Also, in he case o high NC, main enance plans should be implemen ed o e ised. 3. DIAGNOSIS AND CONCLUSIONS The cu en si ua ion o he Niebla wall, in sec o s ha ha e had no in e en ions in he las decade and also conside ing he sec o s unde s udy as a benchma k, p esen s ulne abili y o e osion. Sec ions B, C and F a e he mos a ec ed and sensi i e, and also ha e high NR. These sec ions coincide wi h he i s phase o es o a ion o Gua ne González (1987). In la e s ages o he wo k, he echnique and he ma e ials used we e imp o ed, e idenced by be e ulne abili y condi ions (sec ions be ween Towe s 7 and 10). The wo k o Manzano (1974-75) in Towe 7 has demons a ed poo pe o mance and shows a high NR. The poo condi ion and ulne abili y o some elemen s is based in a se ies o associa ed damages: sho mass composi ion and poo compac ion o he es o ed ammed ea h, loss o adhesion Fig.2 Dis ibu ion o he NR o he analyzed wall sec ions (T1 h ough T10) (c edi s: J. Cani ell, 2011) o he suppo , ailu e o ce ain cons uc ion solu ions o s i ching, ancho ing and coa ing, lea ing he o iginal pa mos a ec ed and exposed o agg essi e agen s. In addi ion, wa e ulne abili y inc eases as a esul o he lack o inspec ion on he inne su ace o he wall, in which uncon olled accumula ion o soils leads o se e e wa e leakage h ough he wall hickness. Issuing a mo e well- ounded and comp ehensi e diagnosis would equi e he analysis o he in e nal ace o hese sec ions, as well as ex ending his assessmen o o he sec ions o he walled enclosu e. Suppo ing his quali a i e assessmen wi h a quan i a i e one is also ecommended, which will p o ide mo e accu a e in o ma ion, o example, he ype o lime used, pa icle-size dis ibu ion o iden i ica ion o he mine alogical composi ion and clay. Thus, he compa ison be ween he o iginal ammed ea h and he es o ed one would de e mine he sui abili y o in e en ions, as well as pe mi he adap a ion and op imiza ion o he ma e ials used o se e as a e e ence o u u e ac ion o he wall. Gene ally speaking, each in e en ion has a emp ed o successi ely add ess he mis akes made by he p e ious in e en ion, wi h conse a ion solu ions adap ed o he cu en condi ions. Ne e heless, lacking a b oad o e iew o e ime, speci ic quan i a i e da a, and comp ehensi e plan o es o a ion, he esul s ha e been insu icien and ine icien on he medium e m. The absence o a con ol and igo ous main enance plan, al eady es ablished by Gua ne González (1987), has made hese sec ions mo e ulne able, and exposed hem o di e en en i onmen al condi ions and clima ic a ia ions. The e o e, his s udy ies o sys ema ize a con inuous p ocess o e iew and con ol, which should be ex ended o o he sec ions and gene alized o any asse managemen . Theme 7 232 233 Ancien /His o ic and Inno a i e Solu ions o Damage P e en ion and Pe o mance Imp o emen TERRA 2012 | 12 h SIACOT PROCEEDINGS Fig.3 Damage in ea hen he ab ic o he wall be ween Towe s 6 and 7 in 2009 (c edi s: A. González, 2009) Fig.4 Damage in ea hen he ab ic o he wall be ween Towe s 6 and 7 in 2011 (c edi s: J. Cani ell, 2011) Re e ences Campos Ca asco, J.M., Rod igo Cáma a, J.M., & Gómez Toscano, F. (1996). A queología U bana en el conjun o His ó ico de Niebla: Huel a. Ca a del Riesgo. Casco U bano. Huel a, Spain: Jun a de Andalucía, Conseje ía de Cul u a. Cani ell, J. (2011). Me odología de Diagnós ico y Ca ac e ización de Fáb icas His ó icas de Tapia. PhD hesis (no published). Se illa, Spain: Depa amen o de Cons ucciones A qui ec ónicas II, Uni e sidad de Se illa. G aciani, A. & Tabales, M.A. (2008). El apial en el á ea se illana. A ance c ono ipológico es uc u al. A queología de la A qui ec u a, 5. CSIC, pp. 35-158. Gua ne González, I. (1987). Res au ación de las Mu allas de Niebla, Huel a. La Tie a como Ma e ial de Cons ucción. Monog a ía No. 385/386. Ins i u o Edua do To oja. Mad id, Spain: CSIC, Minis e io de Cul u a. Ins i u o de la Vi ienda pp. 57-62. IAPH (2011). Pa imonio Inmueble de Andalucía. Mu alla U bana. Niebla, Spain: Conseje ía de Cul u a Jun a de Andalucía. A ailable a : h p:// www.iaph.es/pa imonio-inmueble-andalucia. ISCARSAH (2000). Decla a ion o Assasi (Vol. Decla a io). Assasi: In e na ional Council on Monumen s and Si es. A ailable a : h p://isca sah. icomos.o g/con en /decla a ions/2000.02.28 Decla a ion-o - Assisi.doc. Jun a de Andalucía (1991). Niebla. In o me-Diagnós ico del Conjun o His ó ico. Casco U bano. Huel a, Spain: Conseje ía de Ob as Públicas y T anspo es and Ayun amien o de Niebla. Ma ínez Ma ín-Lucas, A. & Espinosa de los Mon e os Choza, M. (2000). Conse ación y Res au ación de Bienes Cul u ales en Andalucía: P ime as Expe iencias. Andalucía, Spain: Conseje ía de Cul u a, Jun a de Andalucía. Qan a a Pa imonio Medi e áneo (2008). A qui ec u a y Espacio U bano. Gue a. Mu allas de Niebla. A ailable a : h p://www.qan a a-med.o g. No es (1) Acco ding o he special condi ions o he Res o a ion o he Niebla Wall by Ismael Gua ne , poo cemen (P-150) was used conside ing o ha pe iod’s equi emen s. (2) Any change in he sou ce o lime equi ed u he es ing o quali y con ol o he dosage added in o he mix u e du ing he wo k, acco ding o he documen ’s special-condi ions equi emen s. (3) Following speci ica ions by Gua ne , adding lime imp o es he s abiliza ion o he wall. (4) The Spanish Na ional Ins i u e o Heal h and Sa e y a Wo k designed a simpli ied p ocedu e o acciden - isk assessmen , which has been used as a e e ence me hodology. Theme 7: Ancien /His o ic and Inno a i e Solu ions o Damage P e en ion and Pe o mance Imp o emen Keywo ds: Rapid assessmen , eme gency, conse a ion, planning DEVELOPING AN EMERGENCY-CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ABU DHABI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Aqeel Ahmed Aqeel, Amel Chabbi, Hossam Mahdy, Ali Malekabbasi, Benjamin Ma cus, Salman Muhammad Ali 1. INTRODUCTION O e -shadowed by i s apid g ow h and new de elopmen s, he his o ic en i onmen o Abu Dhabi is, in ac , ich in cul u al he i age ha da es back o he 3 d millennium BCE and is comp ised o cul u al landscapes, a chaeological si es, and e nacula buildings buil wi h adi ional ma e ials, such as ea h o s one. The agile condi ion o hese buildings and a chaeological si es has made immedia e ac ion impe a i e. The Abu Dhabi Au ho i y o Cul u e and He i age launched he i s comp ehensi e p og am o Eme gency Conse a ion in 2009. The p og am, in ended as a ‘ i s esponse’, add esses he u gen conse a ion needs o hese s uc u es by ensu ing hei sa e y and s abili y un il u he measu es can be planned. The p og am was i s de eloped on a building-based app oach; howe e , i was di icul o p io i ize in e en ions and only six buildings we e s abilized in 2009. To be e p io i ize ac oss mul iple buildings and si es, a ask-based app oach was adop ed. A sys em o apid assessmen , p io i izing and planning in e en ion asks, and implemen a ion and epo ing was de eloped (Ziege , 2010). Fo each ask, he ma e ial esou ces and ime needed we e es ima ed. Tasks we e hen a ed, o ganized and scheduled based on a se o p io i ies in o six-mon h cycles. The p og ess o a ask was acked and documen ed wi h s anda dized o ms. The Eme gency Conse a ion P og am has hus a been e y success ul in apidly ackling a la ge numbe o issues among nume ous buildings and si es, and ensu ing ha hey a e s able be o e ca ying ou longe - e m conse a ion. 85% o eme gency issues ha e been add essed since he p og am’s incep ion wi h o e 36 si es in s able condi ion. This pape will p esen he me hodology de eloped o his p og am and demons a e how i can be applied in esponse o eme gency si ua ions, such as na u al disas e s. Abs ac O e -shadowed by i s apid g ow h and new de elopmen s, he his o ic en i onmen o Abu Dhabi is, in ac , ich in cul u al he i age ha da es back o he 3 d millennium BCE and is comp ised o cul u al landscapes, a chaeological si es, and e nacula buildings buil wi h adi ional ma e ials, such as ea h o s one. The agile condi ion o hese buildings and a chaeological si es has made immedia e ac ion impe a i e. The Abu Dhabi Au ho i y o Cul u e and He i age launched he i s comp ehensi e p og am o Eme gency Conse a ion in 2009. The p og am, in ended as a “ i s esponse,” add esses he u gen conse a ion needs o hese s uc u es by ensu ing hei sa e y and s abili y un il u he measu es can be planned. The p og am was i s de eloped on a building-based app oach; howe e , i was di icul o p io i ize in e en ions and only six buildings we e s abilized in 2009. To be e p io i ize ac oss mul iple buildings and si es, a ask- based app oach was adop ed. A sys em o apid assessmen , p io i izing and planning in e en ion asks, and implemen a ion and epo ing was de eloped (Ziege , 2010). Fo each ask, he ma e ial esou ces and ime needed we e es ima ed. Tasks we e hen a ed, o ganized and scheduled based on a se o p io i ies in o six-mon h cycles. The p og ess o a ask was acked and documen ed wi h s anda dized o ms. The Eme gency Conse a ion P og am has hus a been e y success ul in apidly ackling a la ge numbe o issues among nume ous buildings and si es, and ensu ing ha hey a e s able be o e ca ying ou longe - e m conse a ion. 85% o eme gency issues ha e been add essed since he p og am’s incep ion wi h o e 36 si es in s able condi ion. This pape will p esen he me hodology de eloped o his p og am and demons a e how i can be applied in esponse o eme gency si ua ions, such as na u al disas e s. 2. PLANNING AND PRIORITIZATION 2.1 The de elopmen o EC One o he main challenges acing ADACH was he la ge numbe and poo condi ion o he Emi a e’s his o ic esou ces.