Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives

Seediscussions,stats,andauthorprofilesforthispublicationat:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256373446 CoastalDuneRestoration:Trendsand Perspectives Article·January2013 DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-33445-0 CITATIONS 9 READS 82 3authors: Someoftheauthorsofthispublicationarealsoworkingontheserelatedprojects: PatronesdedistribucióndelavegetacióncosteraenelGolfodeMéxicoymarCaribeViewproject ZonificacióndelaCostadeVeracruzViewproject M.LuisaMartínez InstituteofEcologyINECOL 124PUBLICATIONS2,704CITATIONS SEEPROFILE PatrickA.Hesp FlindersUniversity 147PUBLICATIONS4,041CITATIONS SEEPROFILE JuanB.Gallego-Fernández UniversidaddeSevilla 62PUBLICATIONS816CITATIONS SEEPROFILE AllcontentfollowingthispagewasuploadedbyM.LuisaMartínezon18June2015. Theuserhasrequestedenhancementofthedownloadedfile. Metadata of the chapter that will be visualized in SpringerLink Book Title Restoration of Coastal Dunes Series Title 412 Chapter Title Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives Copyright Year 2013 Copyright HolderName Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Corresponding Author Family Name Luisa Martínez Particle Given Name M. Suffix Division Organization Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Ecología Funcional Address Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, VER, Mexico Email [email protected] [email protected] Author Family Name Hesp Particle Given Name Patrick A. Suffix Division Department of Geography and Anthropology Organization 227 Howe Russell Kniffen Geoscience Complex, Louisiana State University Address 70803, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Email [email protected] Author Family Name Gallego-Fernández Particle Given Name Juan B. Suffix Division Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Organization Universidad de Sevilla Address Ap. 1095, 41080, Sevilla, Spain Email [email protected] Abstract Sandy coasts are distributed worldwide and they are all heterogeneous ecosystems in terms of morphology, vegetation, and dynamics. Psammophytes are common in these environments. Besides these widespread attributes, sandy beaches and coastal dunes also share the intense impact of humans. Because of their privileged location at the coast, they are preferred sites for urban and maritime development, destinations for tourists, and locations for many other human activities. Thus, over the years (but especially during the last few decades) many of the previously natural dunescapes have been lost to urban, tourist, and industrial developments. Furthermore, a recurring problem of many coastal dune systems is over-stabilization, which is mostly the result of human actions. The urgent need to preserve the natural and valuable coastal dune remnants and, as much as possible, restore those that have been degraded, is evident. There are many different and contrasting actions that have been followed during restoration activities. Restoration actions have involved “soft” methods, such as sand fences, and “hard” methods, such as geotubes and herbicides. Also, restoration may lead not only to the stabilization of dunes, but also to the re-mobilization of sand. On an overcrowded planet where the coasts are ecosystems to which humans gravitate, conservation and restoration actions become exponentially important. UNCORRECTED PROOF 1Chapter 20 2Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends 3and Perspectives 4M. Luisa Martínez, Patrick A. Hesp and Juan B. Gallego-Fernández 520.1 Introduction 6Sandy beaches and coastal dunes suffer the intense impacts of human activities. 7Because of their foremost locations on the coast, they are preferred sites for urban 8and maritime development, destinations for tourists, and the location of many 9other human activities that take place on the beach or on coastal dunes. Thus, over 10 the years (but especially during the last few decades) many of the previously 11 natural dunescapes have been lost to urban, tourism, and industrial developments. 12 Furthermore, a recurring problem of many coastal dune systems is over-stabil- 13 ization, which is mostly the result of human actions (Hesp 1991; Nordstrom et al. 14 2000; Hanson et al. 2002; Arens et al. 2004; Everard et al. 2010). 15 In brief, coastal dunes throughout the world are being rapidly lost and degraded; 16 thus, it is evident that there is an urgent need to preserve the natural and valuable 17 coastal dune remnants and, as much as possible, restore those that have been 18 degraded. M. Luisa Martínez (&) Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Ecología Funcional, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351, El Haya 91070 Xalapa, VER, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] P. A. Hesp Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe Russell Kniffen Geoscience Complex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. B. Gallego-Fernández Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Ap. 1095 41080 Sevilla, Spain e-mail: [email protected] AQ1 Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 1/17 M. L. Martínez et al. (eds.), Restoration of Coastal Dunes, Springer Series on Environmental Management, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33445-0_20, ÓSpringer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 1 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF 19 20.2 How can a Coastal Dune be Restored? 20 The society for ecological restoration (SER) defines restoration as ‘‘the process 21 of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or 22 destroyed. It is an intentional activity that initiates or accelerates ecosystem 23 recovery with respect to its health (functional processes), integrity (species com- 24 position and community structure), and sustainability (resistance to disturbance 25 and resilience)’’ (http//www.ser.org/content/guidelines_ecological_restoration 26 .asp). Certainly, this is a broad concept that applies to many situations and eco- 27 systems, but it is not easy to use it when it comes to coastal dune restoration, 28 because recovery or restoration of coastal dune ecosystems may include a wide 29 array of situations. 30 What can be considered to be the ‘‘recovery’’ of a coastal dune ecosystem? 31 Does it mean recovering former landform types or geomorphological units? Does 32 it mean recovering mobile stages or to stabilizing mobile dunes and recovering 33 dune vegetation? Does it refer to restoring the environmental heterogeneity? Or 34 recovering the many successional stages that can be found in a single system, 35 adjacent to one another? Does it refer to the dynamic geomorphology, the vege- 36 tation, or both? Certainly, it seems that obtaining a clear definition of coastal dune 37 restoration is not a simple task. 38 Because coastal dunes consist of very dynamic landforms and dynamic com- 39 munities, heterogeneous and diverse (Martínez et al., Chap. 1, this volume), their 40 restoration is anything but a simple and straightforward activity. There is no single 41 way to restore a coastal dune. The commonly used definition of ecological res- 42 toration does not seem to apply to these environments, because there are many 43 scenarios of recovery that can be looked for in a coastal dune restoration project. 44 That is, the health, integrity, and sustainability of coastal dunes can refer to many 45 situations. 46 The compendium of restoration projects gathered in this book is an example of 47 the complexity and variety of coastal dune restoration activities that are taking 48 place in a variety of countries from different continents. These activities include 49 many contrasting actions, such as the creation of artificial dunes, the destruction of 50 artificial dunes and berms, and the creation of more natural ones, the recovery after 51 mine extraction activities, the reactivation of stabilized dunes, or the stabilization 52 of active dunes, and the elimination of invasive species. All of them are attempts to 53 recover functional processes and ecosystem integrity. 54 A summary of the different restoration activities that have taken place at coastal 55 dunes in various countries and that are described in this book follows (Table 20.1). 56 From this set of examples it is obvious that the restoration of coastal dunes has 57 many goals, facets, and mechanisms. 2 M. Luisa Martínez et al. Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 2/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF Table 20.1 Summary of the restoration actions shown in this book. Order of authors follows chapter order Chapter Authors Country Disturbance Goals for restoration Morphology Restoration actions Costs Funding agency 2 Nordstrom and Jackson USA Erosion by storm surges, human activities Protection and recreation, habitat, refuge Foredunes This is a review of different methods used for coastal dune restoration No data Government 3 Psuty and Silveira USA Human and natural Restore, recover sediment dynamics, maintenance of the processes Foredunes Passive restoration with no human intervention; allow dune inland migration; some human intervention with bulldozer, beach scraping and sand transportation No data Government; public parks 4 Vestergaard Denmark Human activities Protection and recreation Foredunes Creating artificial dune; planting native vegetation US$ 2,229/ ha Government; public parks 5 Hesp and Hilton New Zealand Grazing, planting exotics, reshaping, land use change, urbanization Restore morphoecological states in a metropolitan context; restore natural dynamics of transgressive dunes stabilized with marram grass Foredunes and transgressive dunes Foredunes re-shaped with bulldozer; exotics sprayed with herbicide; native plants were planted; destabilization after eliminating marram; natural dynamics recovered US$ 1,123/ m Government; public parks 6 Feagin USA Hurricanes Protection of human infrastructure, aesthetic value; restoration after hurricane Ike Foredunes Three restoration projects: geotubes; reintroduction of Uniola paniculata; backhoes and tractors. US$ 275/m Stake-holders, government (continued) 20 Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives 3 Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 3/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF Table 20.1 (continued) Chapter Authors Country Disturbance Goals for restoration Morphology Restoration actions Costs Funding agency 7 Arens et al. Netherlands Stabilization leads to loss of biodiversity Restoring dune mobility and increasing biodiversity Foredunes; dunefield; parabolic dunes Sod-cutting; restoration of aeolian processes; engineering; archeological research (to prevent damage to archeological heritage) US$ 9/m 3 Government 8 Rhind et al. Wales, UK Overstabilization, loss of herbivores Restoring dune mobility and increasing biodiversity Foredunes and dunefields Deep ploughing; this is a review of different methods No data – 9 Muñoz- Reinoso et al. Spain Overstabilization, biodiversity loss, urbanization, tourist pressure Recovery of Juniperus woodland Dunefield 320 ha, 70,000 saplings were planted; pine tree clearings; hand removal of Carpobrotus edulis No data Government 10 Pickart USA Invasive exotic Restoring biotic and abiotic processes Foredune– blowout– parabolic dune complex Hand removal of invasive species Ammophila arenaria and Carpobrotus chilensis US$ 65, 293/ha Government; public parks 11 Kutiel Israel Stabilization leads to biodiversity loss Restoring dune mobility and increasing biodiversity Dunefield Uprooting woody vegetation with bulldozer No data Nature reserve 12 Acosta et al. Italy Human trampling Vegetation recovery Foredunes Fencing to avoid human trampling; natural recovery of vegetation US$ 962/ha Government (continued) 4 M. Luisa Martínez et al. Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 4/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF Table 20.1 (continued) Chapter Authors Country Disturbance Goals for restoration Morphology Restoration actions Costs Funding agency 13 Lubke South Africa Mining for minerals: total destruction Recreate previously existing natural ecosystems Dunefield Building dunes, planting plants and then spontaneous restoration No data Private (mining company) 14 Moreno- Casasola et al. Mexico Urbanization Stabilization; preventing sand from affecting the city Dunefield; parabolic dunes Planting with Casuarina trees No data Government; port authorities 15 Grootjans et al. Netherlands Overstabilization leads to biodiversity loss; planting of pine forests Recover hydrological regime and aeolian dynamics; dune vegetation Foredunes; slacks and dunefields Mowing and grazing; sodcutting, re-wetting US$ 12,053/ ha Water Company 16 Lopez Rosas et al. Mexico Invasion of exotic species Restoring flooding regime and recovering biodiversity Slacks Ploughing; digging No data Government; nature reserve 17 Lehrer et al. Israel Expansion of exotic invasive species Eliminating invasive species and recovering diversity Dunefield Cutting, clearing, burning, spraying, uprooting, solar sterilization US$ 640,917 Government; LTER 18 Pérez- Maqueo et al. No specific country Any kind Any goal Foredunes and coastal dunes This is a review of the costs of restoration and evaluation of ecosystem services Wide range of costs Different sources 19 Lithgow et al. Mexico Any kind Any goal Foredunes and coastal dunes Multicriteria analysis to improve planning, implementation and monitoring of coastal dune restoration No data Different sources 20 Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives 5 Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 5/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF 58 20.2.1 Restoring Foredunes 59 Foredunes are exposed to many different disturbing events, such as the invasion of 60 exotic species, artificial stabilization, nitrogen deposition, urbanization, storm surges, 61 storms and hurricanes, human trampling, and 2WD and 4WD vehicle activity 62 (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3,this 63 volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Acosta et al., Chap. 12, this volume; 64 WilcockandCarter1977;Nordstrometal.2000;Milleretal.2003). As a consequence, 65 the goals of foredune restoration are equally diverse and include beach nourishment; 66 the recovery of morpho-ecological states; the recovery of sediment dynamics; the 67 restoration of natural vegetation and endemic species; and the creation of habitat 68 refugia. Frequently, however, foredunes are restored for the protection of human 69 infrastructure, recreation, and aesthetic values (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2,this 70 volume; Vestergaard, Chap. 4, this volume; Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume; Peterson 71 et al. 2000; López and Marcomini 2006; Nordstrom et al. 2000; Muñoz-Pérez et al. 72 2001). In general, the actions required to guarantee an adequate sediment supply to 73 reach the location of pioneer vegetation, accumulate, and create the heterogeneous 74 natural topographic features is the essence of restoration in foredune systems (Psuty 75 and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Webb et al. 2000;Milleretal.2003). 76 The activities required to achieve these goals are very different, and range from 77 ‘‘soft’’ measures, such as the modification of aeolian processes and sediment 78 dynamics by using sand fences and/or vegetation planting (Nordstrom and Jack- 79 son, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Nordstrom 80 et al. 2002) as well as eliminating exotics by hand (Pickart, Chap. 10, this volume), 81 through more intense methods, such as the eradication of exotics by means of 82 herbicides (Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume; 83 Hilton et al. 2009), to ‘‘hard’’ methods, such as the use of geotubes to strengthen 84 the foredune foundation and utilizing earth-moving equipment to restore/rebuild/ 85 build the foredunes (Nordstrom and Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Vestergaard, 86 Chap. 4, this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; Feagin, Chap. 6, this 87 volume; Jones et al. 2010). In addition, the negative impact of human actions also 88 needs to be controlled by means of controlling access to beaches to avoid human 89 trampling (Acosta et al. Chap. 12; Kutiel, Chap. 11; Hesp et al. 2010; Pye and Neal 90 1994), restricting beach raking that eliminates plants and propagules, and limiting 91 driving on beaches and dunes (Kutiel, Chap. 11, this volume). 92 It is important to bear in mind that commonly, the restoration of the morphology 93 and vegetation on foredunes may take 10 years or more and that, because of the 94 dynamic nature of these systems, restoration may in fact need to be a recurrent action 95 (Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume; 96 Feagin, Chap. 6, this volume). Repeated beach nourishment is perhaps inevitable in 97 the case of a sand-deficient environment, such as eroding shorelines (Nordstrom and 98 Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Muñoz- 99 Pérez et al. 2001; Bezzi et al. 2009; González et al. 2009). 6 M. Luisa Martínez et al. Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 6/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF 348 scale landscape forming process or to eliminate invasive species (Kutiel, Chap. 11, 349 this volume; Hesp and Hilton, Chap. 5, this volume). In this sense, Arens et al. 350 Chap. 7, this volume argue that for a number of years, a certain form of mainte- 351 nance, such as the removal of re-growing roots, is necessary to get the dune 352 moving. In addition, recent evidence (Arens et al. 2004) shows that mobilization of 353 coastal dunes is more effective when dunes are connected to the coastline (Psuty 354 and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume; Arens et al., Chap. 7, this volume). Thus, it 355 seems that foredune erosion, with sediment being transferred to inland coastal 356 dunes, might ‘‘restart the engine’’ of coastal dune mobility (Arens et al., Chap. 7, 357 this volume). 358 An important question here is whether there is equilibrium between the pro- 359 tection of human assets and the dynamic nature of coastal dunes. How much 360 should they be allowed to move? Is it possible to nourish our coasts, prevent 361 shoreline erosion, allow sand movement, and protect human infrastructure and 362 lives? Can we have it all? This is certainly an important challenge for the coming 363 years. While working on this challenge, it is essential to bear in mind that there is 364 no equilibrium form or dimension in a functional dune system: each one is unique 365 and has its own dynamic equilibrium that changes in time and space. 366 Restoration is not always a real possibility. When coastal dunes and beaches are 367 very degraded, as occurs on urban and developed coasts, rehabilitation may be the 368 only viable option. In this case, the system is not self-sustainable and requires 369 periodic human intervention that repairs and maintains the integrity of the system. 370 When sediment is insufficient, as occurs on eroding coasts, rebuilding a dune is not 371 really restoration, but an artificial creation of a sand ridge that is unsustainable 372 over time (Psuty and Silveira, Chap. 3, this volume). Adaptive management, with 373 continued human input, is critical where space is restricted and long-term erosion 374 continues. Sustainability of natural features in developed areas requires humans to 375 act as intrinsic agents of landform change. 376 20.5 Conclusions 377 Coastal dune restoration efforts require the combination and integration of dif- 378 ferent criteria, including ecological, geomorphological, and social, so that we can 379 maximize the goods and services that coastal dunes can provide (Nordstrom and 380 Jackson, Chap. 2, this volume; Lithgow et al., Chap. 17, this volume; Pérez- 381 Maqueo et al., Chap. 19, this volume). A theoretical and empirical catalog of the 382 actions needed to perform adequate coastal dune restoration should consider: 383 1. Assessing the factors that are affecting the dune systems, and in particular, 384 understanding the evolutionary state of each dune system. 385 2. Eliminating or reducing factors of tension. 386 3. Creating the landforms or the conditions necessary for natural landform crea- 387 tion where they have been eliminated or truncated. AQ2 20 Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives 13 Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 13/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF 388 4. Allowing these new or modified landforms to function as natural dunes by 389 allowing them (or some portions) to be dynamic, but also to evolve and change 390 over time. 391 5. Eliminating exotics or invasive species. 392 6. Favoring dune and vegetation evolution through time by following adaptive 393 management strategies. 394 7. Last but not least important, convincing society to accept coastal dunes, with 395 their natural dynamism, as a natural feature of the coast. 396397 Finally, the ever-increasing human population (especially at the coast) (Martínez 398 et al. 2007), and human-related environmental changes, such as climate change and 399 potential sea level rise, coupled with possible increased storminess, will add more 400 stress to the world’s coastal beaches and dunes. Humans and natural ecosystems will 401 be increasingly affected by these changes. More than ever, humans will benefit from 402 the protection gained from the natural functioning of coastal dunes. Restoration of 403 these ecosystems will thus become increasingly important as human impact (direct 404 and indirect) destroys or disrupts them. Further research on the dynamics and 405 functionality of coastal dunes and how ecosystem services such as protection are 406 related will become increasingly relevant, and restoration and conservation will 407 likely become more necessary on an increasingly crowded planet. 408 Acknowledgments We are very grateful to all the authors of the chapters in this book who kindly 409 contributed their chapters and shared their restoration experiences. We are also very grateful to 410 Lawrence R. Walker for his insightful comments made to earlier versions of this chapter. 411 References 412 Acosta ATR, Jucker T, Prisco I, Santoro R (2012) Passive recovery of Mediterranean coastal 413 dunes following limitations to human trampling. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, 414 Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 7, this volume 415 Arens SM, Geelen LHWT (2006) Dune landscape rejuvenation by intended destabilisation in the 416 Amsterdam water supply dunes. 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J Coastal Conserv 14(2):139–151 483 Kooijman AM, de Haan MWA (1995) Grazing as a measure against grass encroachment in Dutch 484 dry dune grassland: effects on vegetation and soil. J Coastal Conserv 1:127–134 20 Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives 15 Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 15/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF 485 Kutiel PB (2012) Restoration of coastal sand dunes for conservation of biodiversity: the Israeli 486 experience. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of coastal 487 dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 11, this volume 488 Lehrer D, Becker N, Kutiel PB (2012) The value of coastal sand dunes as a measure to plan an 489 optimal policy for invasive plant species: the case of the Acacia saligna at the Nizzanim 490 LTER coastal sand dune nature reserve, Israel. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp 491 PA (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 17, this volume 492 Lithgow D, Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB (2012) Multicriteria analysis to implement 493 actions leading to coastal dune restoration. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA 494 (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 19, this volume 495 López RA, Marcomini SC (2006) Monitoring the foredune restoration by fences at Buenos Aires 496 coast. J Coastal Res 39:955–958 497 LópezRosas H,Moreno-CasasolaP,LópezBarreraF,Sánchez-HigueredoLE,Espejel-GonzálezVE, 498 Vázquez J (2012) Interdune wetland restoration in central Veracruz, Mexico: plant diversity 499 recovery mediated by hydroperiod. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) 500 Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 16, this volume 501 Lubke RA (2012) Restoration of dune ecosystems following mining in Madagascar and Namibia: 502 contrasting restoration approaches adopted in regions of high and low human population 503 density. 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Geomorphology 117:14–32 515 Miller DL, Yager L, Thetford M, Schneider M (2003) Potential use of Uniola paniculata rhizome 516 fragments for dune restoration. Restor Ecol 11(3):359–369 517 Moreno-Casasola P, Martínez ML, Castillo-Campos G (2008) Designing ecosystems in degraded 518 tropical coastal dunes. Ecoscience 15(1):44–52 519 Moreno-Casasola P, Martínez ML, Castillo-Campos G, Campos A (2012) The impacts on natural 520 vegetation following the establishment of exotic Casuarina plantations. In: Martínez ML, 521 Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 522 14, this volume 523 Muñoz-Pérez JJ, López de San Román-Blanco B, Gutiérrez-Mas JM, Moreno L, Cuena GJ (2001) 524 Cost of beach maintenance in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Coastal Eng 42(2):143–153 525 Muñoz-Reinoso JC, Saavedra-Azqueta C, Redondo-Morales I (2012) Restoration of Andalusian 526 coastal juniper woodlands. 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Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 16/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF 537 Pérez-Maqueo OM, Martínez ML, Lithgow D, Mendoza-González G, Feagin RA, Gallego- 538 Fernández JB (2012) The coasts and their costs. In: Martínez, ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, 539 Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 18, this volume 540 Peterson CH, Hickerson DHM, Johnson GG (2000) Short-term consequences of nourishment and 541 bulldozing on the dominant large invertebrates of a sandy beach. J Coastal Res 16(2):368–378 542 Pickart AJ (2012) Dune restoration over two decades at the Lanphere and Ma-le’l Dunes in 543 Northern California. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of 544 coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 10, this volume 545 Psuty NP, Silveira TM (2012) Restoration of coastal foredunes, A geomorphological perspective: 546 examplesfrom New YorkandfromNew Jersey,USA.In:Martínez, ML,Gallego-FernándezJB, 547 Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 3, this volume 548 Pye K, Neal A (1994) Coastal dune erosion at Formby point, North Merseyside, England: causes 549 and mechanisms. Mar Geol 119:39–56 550 Rhind P, Jones R (2010) A framework for the management of sand dune systems in wales. 551 J Coastal Conserv 13:15–23 552 Rhind P, Jones R, Jones L (2012) The impact of dune stabilization on the conservation status of 553 sand dune systems in Wales. In: Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) 554 Restoration of coastal dunes. Springer, Berlin, Chapter 8, this volume 555 Van Aarde RJ, Smit AM, Claassens AS (1998) Soil characteristics of rehabilitating and unmined 556 coastal dunes at Richard Bay, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. Restor Ecol 6(1):102–110 557 Van der Hagen HJML, Geelen LHWT, de Vries CN (2008) Dune slack restoration in Dutch 558 mainland coastal dunes. J Nat Conserv 16:1–11 559 Van der Meulen F, Salman AHPM (1996) Management of Mediterranean coastal dunes. Ocean 560 Coast Manag 30:177–195 561 Vestergaard P (2012) Natural plant diversity development on a man-made dune system. In: 562 Martínez ML, Gallego-Fernández JB, Hesp PA (eds) Restoration of Coastal dunes. Springer, 563 Berlin, Chapter 4, this volume 564 Webb CE, Oliver I, Pik AJ (2000) Does coastal foredune stabilization with ammophila 565 arenaria restore plant and arthropod communities in Southeastern Australia? Restor Ecol 566 8(3):283–288 567 Wilcock FA, Carter RWG (1977) An environmental approach to the restoration of badly eroded 568 sand dunes. Biol Conserv 77:279–291 569 Zeppelini D, Bellini BC, Creao-Duarte AJ, Medina-Hernández MI (2009) Collembola as 570 bioindicators of restoration in mined sand dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 571 18(5):1161–1170 572 Zunzunegui M, Esquivias MP, Oppo F, Gallego-Fernández JB (2012) Interspecific competition 573 and livestock disturbance control the spatial pattern of two coastal dune shrubs. Plant Soil 574 354(1–2):299–309 AQ4 AQ5 20 Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives 17 Layout: T1 Standard SC Book ID: 184467_1_En Book ISBN: 978-3-642-33444-3 Chapter No.: 20 Date: 13-10-2012 Page: 17/17 Author Proof UNCORRECTED PROOF Author Queries Chapter No.: 20 Query Refs. Details Required Author’s Response AQ1 Please confirm the section headings are correctly identified. AQ2 We have deleted the second part of this sentence as it says the same thing as the sentence beginning AQ3 Please provide full details for this reference Mun ˜oz- Valle ´s et al (2011). AQ4 References Hesp (2002), (2004), (2011), (2012), Hesp and Hilton (2012), Hesp, Thom (1990), Hesp, Walker (2001), Hesp et al. (2011) are given in list but not cited in text. 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