An analytical study of Iberian Iron Age stone sculptures and their surface marks

1 Analy ical s udy o Ibe ian I on Age s one sculp u es and hei su ace ma ks R. Fo ,1 C. Vazquez-Cal o1, T. Chapa2, M.I. Ma ínez-Na a e e3, M. Belén4 1 Ins i u o de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) 2 Depa amen o de P ehis o ia. Facul ad de Geog a ía e His o ia (UCM) 3 Ins i u o de His o ia. Cen o de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CSIC) 4 Depa amen o de P ehis o ia y A queología (Uni e sidad de Se illa) ABSTRACT The A chaeological Museum o Jaén’s sizeable collec ion o I on Age sculp u es, da ing om he i h cen u y BCE, we e all ound a Ce illo Blanco de Po cuna, a si e in he Spanish p o ince o Jaén. The collec ion comp ises o e 40 s a ues and hund eds o agmen s. Incisions ecen ly iden i ied on some o hese sculp u es ha e been in e p e ed o be sculp o s’ ma ks. The p esen a chaeome ic s udy conduc ed wi h a 3D oughness me e showed ha he ma ks on se e al o he sculp u es analysed we e made wi h he same ype o ool and he same eng a ing echnique. While he g aphological di e ences deno e di e en au ho ship, hey would appea o ha e been made in he same wo kshop. The mo phological di e ences obse ed in he lines analysed on o he sculp u es a e in e p e ed o indica e he use o o he ypes o ools and eng a ing echniques. KEYWORDS Ibe ian sculp u e, I on Age, sculp u e wo kshops, g aphology, limes one, oughness INTRODUCTION The ancien Ibe ians, like he G eeks and E uscans, used monumen al s one sculp u es in hei sanc ua ies and nec opolis. Such use o sculp u es by hese h ee Medi e anean cul u es was app oxima ely con empo a y, beginning in he ea ly six h cen u y BCE and ending wi h he p og essi e adop ion o iconog aphy and he echniques in oduced by he Romans a e he hi d cen u y BCE. The Ibe ian a o m is much mo e scan ly known han he o he wo, howe e . The main easons o ha s a e o a ai s a e he physical dis ance sepa a ing Ibe ian ci ilisa ion om he cen e o Hellenic cul u e, he “modes ” s anda d o many o he known wo ks and he ac ha he ma e ial used was no ma ble, bu in a iably limes one. As a esul o he di usionis and aes he ic ocus ha cha ac e ised specialised esea ch o many yea s, hese conside a ions elega ed he s udy o Ibe ian sculp u e o a u ile a emp o compa e i o i s alleged G eek e e ences. Wi h he ad en o new me hodologies and he su p ising disco e ies o ecen yea s, ha si ua ion is now changing (Ruiz and Molinos 1998). 2 Ibe ian sculp u e has peculia i ies o i s own. I s c ea i e p ocesses deno e a s ong o ien al in luence aceable o Phoenician colonisa ion, which was cha ac e ised by s able se lemen s ha i s appea ed on he Ibe ian coas s a he end o he nin h cen u y BCE and las ed h ough he Ca haginian pe iod om he ea ly six h cen u y BCE onwa ds. These p ocesses me ged wi h he adi ions om eas e n G eece, which eached he peninsula om he Phocaean colonies a Massalia, Empo ion and o he Medi e anean ading po s. The esul is a highly o iginal p oduc ion, adap ed o local as es o ged du ing cen u ies o close in e ac ion wi h he Phoenician wo ld, al hough in ce ain iconog aphies clea ly e lec Hellenic in luence. Analy ical echniques ha e ba ely begun o be used in his ield. Da a a e only a ailable o a ew well known sculp u es such as he Lady o Elche (Luxán e al. 2005) o he Lady o Baza (Gómez e al. 2010). The ac ha all he known pieces we e sculp ed in limes one, which can be ound in abundance all ac oss Medi e anean Ibe ia, has con ibu ed o he widesp ead accep ance o he uncon i med opinion ha he a is s wo ked wi h s ic ly local ma e ials. This, in u n, has ansla ed in o he e y limi ed applica ion o pe og aphic analysis o p ecisely iden i y he places whe e he s one was qua ied (Belén e al. 2009; Gagnaison e al. 2007). A u he di icul y is ha no analy ical in o ma ion ele an o esea ch has been o hcoming om he conse a ion and es o a ion wo k pe o med on he sculp u es, whose esul s a e o be ound as me e obse a ions in in e nal go e nmen and museum epo s. The p esen s udy aims o e e se his end, unde aking new lines o analy ical esea ch ha include s one cha ac e is ics, su ace ea men s and pos -deposi ion al e a ions. The indings will be ele an o bo h esea ch and he conse a ion and exhibi ion o he pieces. The s udy ocuses on he excep ional sculp u al ind disco e ed a he Ibe ian si e known as “Ce illo Blanco”, loca ed no h o wha is now he illage o Po cuna (cen al Andalusia) (Fig. 1). The uncon olled disco e y in 1975 o a ew pieces la e bough by he di ec o o he Jaén Museum igge ed a chaeological in e es (González Na a e e and A eaga 1980). A o al o 1,274 agmen s o sculp u es we e eco e ed in he subsequen digs, some o which could be used o pa ially ecompose a ound 40 igu es now on exhibi a he museum, while he es o he agmen s a e in s o age. Negue uela (1990), who s udied some o he g oups in de ail, es ima ed ha o e 60 sculp u es had been deposi ed a he si e. Mos o hese ee s anding, nea ly ull scale igu es, ep esen eal o imagina y animals (wol es, lambs, eagles, bulls, g i ins, sphinxes) o human beings. Some exp ess he s a ic a i ude cha ac e is ic o sanc ua y s a ues, while o he s depic dynamic scenes associa ed wi h comba o hun ing (Olmos 2002). Despi e he a ie y o subjec ma e s and ypes o igu a ion, a common wo king s yle can be iden i ied in all he s a ues, indica ing he p esence o a single shop whe e a numbe o sculp o s wo ked unde he o de s o a mas e . The si e s a ig aphy shows ha he uppe pa o he hill was i s used in he se en h cen u y BCE as a Ta essian bu ial g ounds. The limes one sculp u es ound in 1975, in all likelihood sculp ed in he mid- i h cen u y BCE, we e deposi ed in he la e yea s o ha cen u y in a ench dug a ound he a ea occupied by he ombs. The pieces ound we e 3 b oken and incomple e, bu since hey we e bu ied and co e ed o e wi h la ge s one slabs, hey a e in an excellen s a e o conse a ion. Some, howe e , we e le on he su ace, ei he a ha ime o as a esul o subsequen ploughing. In he o me case, hey we e e en ually used as s one co e age o une a y u ns in a small ou h o hi d cen u y BCE nec opolis si ed on he no h end o he hill. In any e en , he sculp u es no p o ec ed inside he ench show much g ea e su ace e osion, acili a ing he compa ison be ween open and closed en i onmen s. The agmen a ion o he sculp u es deno es in en ional des uc ion. This is gene ally in e p e ed as an a ack agains he symbolism o he igu es and he pe sons who commissioned he monumen , bu pa allels can be ound in o he Medi e anean cul u es, which also bu ied sculp u es pe aining o sanc ua ies ha we e abandoned o eloca ed (Zo ío and Chapa 2005; Edlund-Be y 1994). One o he mos s iking aspec s o hese pieces, in pa icula he animal igu es, is he p esence o di e en ypes o su ace incisions. Some a e e y hin and ep esen elabo a e geome ic signs. While hey a e loca ed on isible a eas o he sculp u es, hey a e so slende ha mos had no been de ec ed in p io s udies and e y likely wen equally unno iced in he Ibe ian age. They migh be in e p e ed o be sculp o ’s ma ks o a symbol signi ying comple ion o he sculp ing p ocess (Chapa e al. 2009). While he Ibe ians used w i ing on occasion o ce ain documen s, no sculp u e has been ound wi h an insc ip ion ha iden i ies he s a ue o includes he a is ’s o subjec ’s name. Acco ding o he abo e au ho s, piece E46 o he collec ion migh be an excep ion, al hough he “signa u e”, which includes a simple human ace, may also ha e been eng a ed no when he piece was made, bu on one o he agmen s a e i was des oyed. The second ype o incisions is wide and deepe and consequen ly pe ec ly isible o he naked eye. They a e ound on he su ace o some pieces, whe e hey o med pa o he subjec , ep esen ing supe icial wounds caused by a con on a ion be ween animals, o ins ance. METHODOLOGY To da e, incisions ha e only been ound on pieces ep esen ing animals. The s a ues whose ma ks (Chapa e al. 2009) we e selec ed o s udy we e “Wol A acking Lamb” (E10), “Hun e wi h Ha e” (E35) and a agmen wi h a human ace (E46). The snake oo h sca s on he G i in’s back in he “G i in and Snake” (E09) (Fig. 2) we e also measu ed. In addi ion o he abo e, he s udy included a agmen (E00) (Fig. 2) ound in June 2010 on he occasion o he dig p esen ly unde way a he Ce illo Blanco de Po cuna a chaeological si e (Fig. 1). The agmen in ques ion had been e-used o lid an u n con aining bones om a ou h o hi d-cen u y BCE c ema ion. The e o e i s posi ion was di e en om he sculp u es ound in 1975 and aken o he A chaeological Museum o Jaén. This piece was used o e i y he incision echnique in he so-called sculp o s’ signa u es. A e i was cu , se e al incisions we e made on i s su ace wi h a 0.70-mm punch o compa ison o he ma ks de ec ed on he sculp u es. These labo a o y incisions we e made by holding he punch in a e ical posi ion and d awing i ac oss he su ace unde cons an p essu e. The ma ks we e made on samples d ied a e ha ing been 4 subme ged in wa e o 12 hou s, in keeping wi h a echnique used o acili a e s one cu ing. Pe og aphic and mine alogical analysis The pe og aphic analysis o he s one ma e ials was pe o med on an Olympus BX51 pola ized op ical mic oscope i ed wi h an Olympus DP12 digi al came a. The ca bona e ocks we e pa ially s ained wi h aliza in ed o dis inguish he calci ic om he dolomi ic componen s. The mine al phases we e de e mined by XRD o he powde ac ion om he en i e sample on a Philips Analy ical PW 1752 di ac ome e ope a ed a 40 kV and 30 mA, equipped wi h a coppe K-alpha anode ube, g aphi e monoch oma o and PC-ADP Di ac ion so wa e. The pe og aphic analysis was conduc ed on he agmen emo ed om he si e in June 2010. Su ace ha dness Ha dness was de e mined on he a o emen ioned s one agmen on a TIME Technology Eu ope Mic oVicke s Ha dness THV 501E mic odu ome e . Ten measu emen s we e aken o he dep h o he inden a ion made on he sawn su ace o he s one wi h a py amidal diamond punch ha ing a 136º angle a he e ex be ween sides. The indings we e used o calcula e he Vicke s scale ha dness numbe (ASTM C1327-03). Vicke s ha dness (VH) is de ined as 1.854 P/A, whe e A is he a ea o he ma k and P he load applied. The load applied o make he incision was 2.94 N o 20 seconds. Colou analysis A MINOLTA CM-700d spec opho ome e ope a ing in SCE (sa u a ed calomel elec ode) mode was used o measu e CIELAB (Commission In e na ionale de l’Eclai age, CIE 1986) colou pa ame e s (L*, a* and b*) unde a D65 ligh sou ce. L* deno es ligh ness, a* is he ed-g een scale indica o ( he mo e posi i e he alue, he edde he specimen and he mo e nega i e, he g eene ) and b* he blue-yellow scale indica o ( he mo e posi i e he alue, he yellowe he specimen and he mo e nega i e, he blue ). The same analyse was used o measu e he yellowness (YI) and whi eness (WI) indexes as de ined in he ASTM 313-76 sys em (ASTM, 2000). 5 Colou measu emen s we e aken on he su ace o each o he sculp u es selec ed and on exhibi in he museum, as well as on he ac u e su ace o all he pieces. The agmen aken om he si e was also measu ed o colou on he eng a ed su ace, bu also along he ac u e and in e nally by means o an incision 4 cm deep, o de e mine he na u al colou o he s one om which he igu es we e sculp ed. Roughness measu emen s Roughness was measu ed wi h a TRACEi op ical su ace (OSR) oughness es e . This po able, whi e ligh analyse akes oughness measu emen s non-des uc i ely, wi hou ouching he sample su ace, and p oduces 3D opog aphic maps showing oughness on a mic oscale (mic ons). The measu ing ield was 5x5 mm and he esolu ion along bo h he Z and he X/Y axes was 2.5 µm. A o al o 2 000 da a i ems we e collec ed along he la e . The mean alues o he oughness pa ame e s, Ra, Rq and Rz, we e ob ained om he 25- mm2 3D mic o opog aphic maps. These pa ame e s we e calcula ed wi h so wa e buil in o he analyse u he o he p o isions o in e na ional, Eu opean and Ge man s anda d DIN EN ISO 3274:1996. These pa ame e s a e de ined in he In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion s anda d 4287 as ollows. -Ra is he a i hme ic mean o he absolu e alues o he de ia ions om he mean. -Rq is he squa e oo o he de ia ion om he mean, also known as RMS ( oo mean squa e) oughness, i.e., he squa e oo o he mean oughness. -Rz is he sum o he e ical dis ances be ween he i e highes peaks and i e deepes alleys in he sample. In addi ion o hese pa ame e s, he g ea es e ical dis ance be ween he peak and alley in each p o ile (Hp) was likewise ound. Two-dimensional p o iles wi h a maximum leng h o 5 mm we e also possible, wi h de ec able a ia ions in heigh o up o 1 mm. RESULTS The s one in Po cuna sculp u es The Ibe ian sculp u es om Ce illo Blanco a Po cuna we e ca ed om limes one classi ied as ine-g ained (< 1 mm) biocalca eni e, comp ising p ima ily globige ina (Espinosa e al. 2001). The sculp u e agmen (E00), sampled in he same loca ion, was classi ied as a packs one (Dunham, 1962), wi h a g ainy ex u e and a mic i ic ma ix. The ock was ound o be 6 made up p ima ily o globige ina pa icles anging in size om 0.1 o 0.5 mm, along wi h a much smalle p opo ion o o he o amini e s and molluscs. An occasional gas opod shell was also iden i ied. The ock had a low concen a ion o e igenous elemen s, which consis ed mainly o qua z. These componen s we e obse ed o be cemen ed wi h spa y calci e, whose d usy c ys als lined he su ace o he po es. B ownish-yellow glauconi e pa icles up o 4 mm in diame e and isible o he naked eye we e also de ec ed on he su ace o some o he sculp u es. The ock p o ed o be highly po ous (> 20 %) (Fig. 3). Viewed unde a binocula mic oscope, he su ace o his agmen closely esembled he su aces o he museum sculp u es and agmen s, and he size, shape, dis ibu ion and pe cen age o globige ina pa icles was simila in he wo ypes o pieces, as shown in igu e 4. None heless, while he agmen om he si e, which had been ecen ly sec ioned, exhibi ed no al e a ions, he sculp u es showed signs o dissolu ion and e-p ecipi a ion. Wi h a mean ha dness o 43  29 (a alue simila o he ha dness epo ed by Espinosa e al. (2001) using he B inell me hod), he s one was eadily eng a able, so he su ace incisions could be d awn as con inuous lines wi h ai ly li le p essu e. Colou pa ame e s In o ma ion on he na u al colou o he s one om which he sculp u es we e ca ed is o pa icula ele ance o de ining he geological and geog aphic o igin o hese ma e ials (Fo e al. 2002; Gómez He as & Fo . 2004). The colou o he piece aken om he si e, whose su ace e lec ed he na u al colou o he s one used o he sculp u es, had a ligh ness (L*) o 77 uni s, a* and b* alues o 2.8 and 15.5, espec i ely, and a yellowness index o nea ly 27. These alues we e close o he su ace colou alues o he museum sculp u es (Table 1). Bo h he eng a ed and ac u e su aces o he piece aken om he dig si e di e ed om he na u al colou o he s one due o soiling while i was unde g ound. P io o being placed on display, he museum pieces would ha e been cha ac e ised by he same colou . A he ime, he en i e su ace o all he sculp u es mus ha e been cleaned using he same me hod on he ca ed a eas and he ac u e su aces, o hei colou cha ac e is ics we e simila . The colou di e ence (ΔE*) be ween he na u al s one and he su ace o he sculp u es on exhibi was 3.8, a alue ha deno es change impe cep ible o he human eye. Acco ding o hese indings, he sculp u es analysed ha e no been exposed o agg essi e condi ions ha would a ou he o ma ion o pa inas due o na u al ageing. Su ace oughness in he sculp u es 7 The sculp u es exhibi ed se e al ypes o decay, including dissolu ion, chipping and ca i ies, among o he s. Dissolu ion was one o he mo e impo an p ocesses, o he esul , he enhanced p esence o globige ina pa icles, whose skele on is mo e di icul o dissol e, gi es ise o a e y cha ac e is ic su ace (Fig. 4b, c). As a ule, whe e no signi ican decay ook place, he sculp u es had a polished su ace wi h low oughness index alues. The mean alues o he oughness pa ame e s o he sculp u es s udied we e: Ra= 7.30.8 µm, Rq= 9.3±0.8 µm, Rz= 30.5±2.6 µm. The mean o Hp was 135.8 ± 12.3 µm. The mean oughness pa ame e s in he non-decayed a eas o he sculp u es a e gi en in able 2. Piece E46 had he lowes oughness indices. By con as , he a eas whe e decay was mos in ense due o exposu e o he a mosphe ic elemen s o bu ial in mo e agg essi e media had he highes alues. The alues o he piece aken om he a chaeological si e, o ins ance, we e: Ra=11.5±1.9 µm; Rq=14.3±2.1 µm; Rz=47.7±6.9 µm. The Hp was 182 µm. Figu e 5 and 6 show he 3D mic o opog aphs o he a ea con aining he incisions on he sculp u es and he p o iles X-X’ cu ing he incision lines (A-A’ and B-B’). Poin s whe e X-X’ lines cu A-A’ lines and B-B’ lines a e ma ked wi h “a” and “b” espec i ely. The p o ile X-X’ o sculp u e E46, in a 5-mm squa e c oss-sec ion, was smoo he han in he o he sculp u es. O e hal o he X-X’ p o ile consis ed o small peaks and alleys no la ge han 15 µm. Va ia ions in he base le el, wi h Z alues o 70 µm, we e obse ed only a he beginning o he p o ile. In sculp u e E10, he p o ile X-X’ consis ed o a se ies o pla eaus in e up ed by na ow alleys. The pla eaus ep esen ed he polished su ace o he sculp u e, and he alleys he a eas whe e he globige ina skele ons p o uded ou wa d om he po es. The mo phology o hese alleys di e ed in wid h and dep h depending on he o ien a ion o he c oss-sec ion wi h espec o he globige ina. The deepes and b oades alleys would logically concu wi h he la ges globige ina pa icles o pa icles sec ioned ac oss he la ges diame e o he ossil. The oughness pa ame e s associa ed wi h hese p o iles (X-X’) we e simila in he wo sculp u es. Fo sculp u e E46 he alues we e: Ra=4.7 µm ; Rq=6.0 µm; and o sculp u e E35: Ra=5.7 µm; Rq=7.3 µm; and Rz=22.8 µm. A compa ison o hese alues o he pa ame e s o he si e agmen showed oughness o be g ea e in he la e (Ra=14.8 µm; Rq=17.8 µm; Rz=61.6 µm). Ano he di e ence be ween he p o iles o he sculp u e su aces and he su ace o he si e agmen was dep h. This alue was nea ly double in he agmen (70 - 80 µm compa ed o 145 µm), which had been bu ied in agg essi e media. The indings showed, hen, ha decayed s one exhibi ed e y di e en p o ile and oughness pa e ns (Fig. 8). Sculp o s’ ma ks: dimensional cha ac e is ics The oughness pa ame e s on he pa s o he sculp u es bea ing sculp o s’ ma ks we e highe han on he a eas wi h no incisions (Table 2). These a ia ions we e no always su icien ly signi ican , due o he high s anda d de ia ions in ol ed, o dis inguish hese 8 a eas as anomalies, wi h he excep ion o he ma ks on sculp u e E46, whe e he di e ences we e sizeable. Measu emen s we e aken in a eas measu ing 50 mm2, in which anomalies such as incisions may be mimicked by o he decay p ocesses. Fu he mo e, since he mean alue was ound o he whole a ea whe e he ma k was loca ed, e en hough he incision i sel may ha e accoun ed o no mo e han 10 % o he o al, i s e ec on su ace oughness o he en i e a ea was logically small. In addi ion, a ia ions in oughness may also be due o o he , na u ally-induced e en s, such as c acking o dissolu ion. These p ocedu es mus be iewed, hen, as a chaeome ic echniques which a e use ul o cha ac e ise he o igin o he p ocesses de ec ed only when applied in conjunc ion wi h supplemen a y me hods. The e o e, he mean alues o he oughness pa ame e s co e ing he en i e su ace can no always di e en ia e he p ocesses unde way and hese esul s mus be supplemen ed wi h oughness p o iles. Th ee-dimensional mic o opog aphic mapping o he sculp u e su ace e lec ed he o m and o he p ope ies o hese incisions in he s ones e y clea ly (Fig. 5). The lines (A-A’ and B-B’) we e obse ed o be e y s aigh , al hough in some cases, such as on he Hun e wi h Ha e (E35), one was sligh ly skewed. The dep h was no he same o all he ma ks and some, such as on he a o emen ioned sculp u e, we e ba ely isible. The dep h and wid h o he ma ks on each o he sculp u es analysed a e gi en in Table 3. In he sculp o s’ signa u es, he wid h o he incisions anged om 0.63 o 0.73 mm, and he dep h om 100 o 150 µm. One o he kind lines, he B-B’ was shallowe and gene ally na owe and less clea ly de ined han he es . This can be seen in igu e 7, which shows he c oss-sec ional p o ile o hese incisions in he s one. The oughness p o ile mapped along he en i e leng h (Fig. 5, 7) o each ma k showed ha in he lines designa ed B-B’ (E35-B and E10-B p o iles) in Hun e wi h Ha e (E35) and Wol and Lamb (E10) we e no only less deep bu also less ough. This was an indica ion ha he line was made unde he same p essu e, whe eas in he A-A’ lines (E35-A and E10-A p o iles), he dep h was g ea e and he opog aphy less egula , gene a ing peaks and alleys ha may be a ibu ed o one o wo possible causes: - highe p essu e in hese a eas, gene a ing asymme ic alleys in he di ec ion o a el o he ool; - de achmen o ock cons i uen s (globige ina pa icles). The elonga ed ci cula mo phology o hese alleys was simila o he no ches le when he ill in globige ina chambe s dissol es o de aches. None heless, he ac ha as a ule hey we e cen ed in he g oo e and all o simila size would be an indica ion ha hey we e he esul o he i s o he abo e wo causes. Globige ina pa icles a y in size om 9 0.1 o 0.5 mm. Globige ina pa icles we e also de ec ed on he polished su ace o he si e piece wi h he T acei es e , al hough he e hey anged in size om 0.1 o 0.3 mm. In o he wo ds, hey we e smalle han he no ches in he g oo es which, like he g oo es hemsel es, we e 0.6 o 0.7 mm wide. The e o e, al hough he no ches may ha e been widened o deepened by he p esence o globige ina pa icles, his di e ence in size we e mo e likely due o a ia ions in he p essu e exe ed on he ool. No such no ches we e obse ed in he shallowe ma ks ha we e gene a ed wi h less p essu e. Ano he impo an ac o obse ed in he sculp o s’ signa u es on pieces E10 and E35 was ha he dep h o he ma ks ended o decline owa d he end o he line, which began a he e ex whe e he wo lines con e ged. The ool, hen, was d agged away om he e ex wi h sligh a ia ions in p essu e, which gene a ed g ea e dep hs in some poin s in he incision. The A-A’ line in sculp u e E46 was e y di e en , bo h as ega ds i s symbolism and he eng a ing me hod used. The incisions in his “sculp ed ske ch” we e simila in dep h o he A-A’ lines in o he sculp u es, bu mus ha e been made wi h ano he ool, o he wid h o he incision was 0.5 mm. The longi udinal p o ile o one o he lines on his piece was e y di e en om he opog aphy in he sculp o s’ signa u es. The incision echnique mus ha e been di e en , as deno ed by he use o a na owe (0.5 mm) ool and di e en p essu e. Mo eo e , gi en he dissimila i y o i s g aphology, i mus ha e had a di e en meaning. The cha ac e is ics o he sculp o ’s lines depic ing snake oo h sca s on he g i in’s back (E09) also di e ed. In his case hey we e piece-speci ic: he sculp o made wo pa allel g oo es spaced a abou 3.5 mm, each abou 240 µm deep and 1.2 mm wide. They we e consequen ly deepe and wide han he incisions desc ibed abo e (Fig. 7). The longi udinal opog aphy o hese lines also di e ed om wha was obse ed in he p eceding ma ks. He e p o usions we e de ec ed, some slan ed owa d he di ec ion o he sculp ing ool, as shown in p o ile E09 A-A’. The echnique used o eng a e he sca may ha e in ol ed d agging and apping. The ma ks made by he esea ch eam (Fig. 8) wi h a 0.7 mm punch esul ed in a line whose mean dep h in mois s one was 190 µm and in d y s one, 180 µm. The di e ences be ween he wo we e no signi ican and he alues we e simila o he esul s obse ed o lines A-A’ in he ma ks on he sculp u es. The wid h o he ma ks made o his s udy was 0.7 mm, simila o he wid h o he lines on he sculp u es. The sole di e ence obse ed be ween he g aphology o he lines made o he s udy and he o iginals on he sculp u es was ha he edges o he g oo e in he o me we e aised (Fig. 8), o ming a shoulde . Tha his was ei he impe cep ible o discon inuous along he line in E10 (Fig. 6) may ha e been due o he ime-induced decay on he su ace o he sculp u e. CONCLUSIONS 16 Figu e 3. Figu e 4. 17 Figu e 5. 18 Figu e 6. 19 Figu e 7. 20 Figu e 8. 21 Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. L* a* b* WI YI Mean 76.4 3.7 18.0 -9.3 29.5 S d 2.0 1.0 1.1 2.2 1.3 Mean 73.5 3.2 16.3 -7.0 28.9 S d 3.2 0.6 1.9 6.3 3.2 Mean 57.5 3.5 16.7 -10.5 35.1 S d 5.9 0.5 1.4 2.7 2.1 Mean 61.9 4.6 20.1 -17.4 39.6 S d 11.1 0.7 2.0 5.7 5.4 Mean 77.0 2.8 15.5 -3.3 26.8 S d 2.8 0.8 1.9 7.0 3.6 Sculp u e su ace Ca ed F ac u ed Su ace si e agmen (E00) Ca ed F ac u ed Sawn Sculp u e Ra Rq Rz Hp E09 No ma ks 8.1±1.6 10.2±1.9 33.9±6.0 133 Ma ks 9.1±1.5 11.3±1.7 33.3±4.7 196 No ma ks 7.1±1.1 8.8±1.4 29.6±4.4 140 Ma ks 8.7±1.3 10.9±1.6 35.3±5.3 108 E35 No ma ks 7.8±1.3 9.6±1.6 30.7±5.3 118 Ma ks 9.5±1.6 12.0± 2.0 38.5±5.8 185 E46 No ma ks 6.4±1.8 8.4±2.4 27.7±7.3 152 Ma ks 10.4±1.7 12.9±2.1 41.4±7.0 143 E10 dep h (µm) wid h (mm) Sculp u e Ma ks Mean S d Mean S d A-A' 237.5 16.0 1.2 0.1 B-B' 240.6 15.0 1.2 0.2 A-A' 150.1 27.3 0.7 0.1 B-B' 106.3 24.1 0.5 0.1 A-A' 135.1 15.3 0.7 0.1 B-B' 100.4 15.2 0.7 0.1 E46 A-A' 142.2 27.0 0.5 0.0 E09 E10 E35