scieee Open visual document viewer

Contando una historia en masculino, contando una historia en femenino

Ramos González, Alicia

Full text

&RQWDQGRXQDKLVWRULDHQPDVFXOLQRFRQWDQGRXQDKLVWRULDHQIHPHQLQR   $OLFLD5DPRV*RQ]iOH]  (O LGGLVK   HV XQD OHQJXD MXG D GHO H[LOLR XQD OHQJXD GH JXHWR TXHDQWHV GHOD 6HJXQGD*XHUUD0XQGLDOKDEODEDQPiVGHVHLVPLOORQHV PHGLRGHMXG RVHQHOFHQWUR HVWHGH(XURSD/DOHQJXD LGGLVKFX RVRU JHQHVVHUHPRQWDQDOD(GDG0HGLDDODV RULOODVGHO5LQVHFRQYLUWLyDOSDVRGHORVVLJORVHQXQDIRUPDGHHQWHQGHUODYLGDSDUD HVWRVMXG RV VXULFDOLWHUDWXUDORVXQLyPiVDOOiGHODVIURQWHUDVGHORVGLIHUHQWHVSD VHV HQ ORV TXH YLY DQ /D OODPDURQ PDPHORVKQ OD OHQJXD GH PDPi SRUTXH GXUDQWH PXFKRV VLJORV IXH SDUD ORV DVTXHQD] HV   VX OHQJXD KDEODGD OD OHQJXD GH OD YLGD FRWLGLDQDGHOKRJDUGHODFRFLQD ODOLWHUDWXUD LGGLVKHVWXYRGXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSR IXHUWHPHQWHDVRFLDGDFRQODVPXMHUHV FRQXQDDXGLHQFLDGHPXMHUHV6LQHPEDUJROD YR] LGGLVKGHODPXMHUHVFULWRUDWDUGyPXFKRWLHPSRHQHVFXFKDUVHHQODOLWHUDWXUDGHOD OHQJXDGHPDPi PXFKDVYHFHVORKL]RGHVGHXQJXHWROLWHUDULRIHPHQLQRGHQWURGHO JXHWRGRQGHQRKDE DPDGUHVTXHDOLPHQWDUDQODVYRFHVGHVXVKLMDVGRQGHORVSDGUHV  KHUPDQRV OLWHUDULRV LPSRQ DQ HVWUHFKRV O PLWHV TXH ODV DKRJDEDQ HQ ORV PiUJHQHV  QHJDEDQVXLPDJHQ /DQDUUDGRUD FXHQWLVWD LGGLVK(VWKHU.UHLWPDQ%LOJRUD /RQGUHV HVXQDGHHVDVYRFHVGHVGHHOJXHWRFX RFODQGHVWLQRDUWHHVXQDFWRGHUHEHOG DFRQWUD VXV KHUPDQRV OLWHUDULRV6X VXSHUYLYHQFLDDUW VWLFD HVHO UHIOHMRRSXHVWR GHVX LPDJHQ QHJDGD HQ XQD QDUUDWLYD SDWULDUFDO 7UDV HO QRPEUH DQyQLPR GH (VWKHU .UHLWPDQ UHDOPHQWHVHHVFRQGH+LQGH(VWKHUODKHUPDQDPD RUGHXQRVIDPRV VLPRVKHUPDQRV OLWHUDWRV HO SHULRGLVWD QRYHOLVWD  GUDPDWXUJR ,VUDHO <RVKXD 6LQJHU %LOJRUD   1XHYD <RUN   HO SUHPLR 1REHO GH OLWHUDWXUD ,VDDF %DVKHYLV 6LQJHU /HRQF Q 6XUIVLGH  (VWKHU .UHLWPDQ WDPELpQ HVFULELy  WDPELpQ HUD XQR GH ORV 6LQJHUHO2WUR6LQJHUSHURTXHGyYHODGDSRUODIDPDGHVXVKHUPDQRVPDUJLQDGDHQ ORVWUDEDMRVFU WLFRVVREUHORVFpOHEUHV6LQJHUHLJQRUDGDVLOHQFLDGDRGLVLPXODGDFRPR   (VWH DUW FXOR IRUPD SDUWH GHO WUDEDMR TXH OD DXWRUD HVWi GHVDUUROODQGR HQ HO PDUFR GH XQD EHFD GHO 3URJUDPD 6HFWRULDO GH %HFDV GH )RUPDFLyQ GHO 3URIHVRUDGR  3HUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR GHO SHUVRQDO ,QYHVWLJDGRU GHO 0LQLVWHULR GH (GXFDFLyQ &XOWXUD  'HSRUWH EDMR OD GLUHFFLyQ GHO 'U -RDQ )HUUHU L &RVWD  1DFLGRHQHOVLJOR;HQODUHJLyQGHOD/RWDULQJLDTXHORVMXG RVFRQRF DQFRQHOQRPEUHGH$VKNHQD] HVXQDULFDPH]FODGHGLDOHFWRVJHUPiQLFRVGHOSHU RGRDOWRDOHPiQODD]XQGLDOHFWRGHORVMXG RVGH )UDQFLDH,WDOLDFRQDEXQGDQWHVHOHPHQWRVURPiQLFRVKHEUHRDUDPHR HOHPHQWRVHVODYRVTXHVHHVFULEH FRQFDUDFWHUHVKHEUHRV3RFRDSRFRVHIXHH[WHQGLHQGRKDVWDOOHJDUD3RORQLD/LWXDQLD 5XVLD  -XG RVRULXQGRVGHO&HQWUR (VWHGH(XURSD DUWLVWD HQ ORV HVFULWRV GH pVWRV 6LQ HPEDUJR VX KLVWRULD HV PX  GLIHUHQWH FXDQGR VH FXHQWDHQIHPHQLQR  (OGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHXQDKHUPDQDOLWHUDULDGHORV6LQJHUHQORVHVFULWRVGHpVWRV SUHFLVDGHSDFLHQFLDSDUDOHHUPLOHVGHSiJLQDV HQFRQWUDUDSHQDVSHTXHxRVLQGLFLRV (QDSDUHFLyGHIRUPDVHULDGDHQHOGLDULR LGGLVK)RUYHUWV  ODSULPHUDSDUWHGHODV PHPRULDVGH,VDDF%DVKHYLV,QPD QIRWHUVEH]GLQVKWXE(QHOWULEXQDOUDE QLFRGHPL SDGUH+DF DXQDxRTXHVXKHUPDQD+LQGH(VWKHUKDE DPXHUWRHQ/RQGUHV TXL]i SDUDWULEXWDUODOHGHGLFyXQFDS WXORHQHOTXHUHFRQRF DWRGRHOWDOHQWROLWHUDULRGHVX KHUPDQDVXVDFULILFDGDFDUUHUDDUW VWLFD VXRULJLQDOREUDDV   «FRPHQ]DURQDOOHJDUFDUWDVGHOIXWXURQRYLRHVFULWDVHQ LGGLVKJHUPiQLFR(QODV UHVSXHVWDVGHPLKHUPDQDVHHYLGHQFLyTXL]iSRUSULPHUDYH]ODYHQDOLWHUDULDGHQXHVWUD IDPLOLD(VFULELyFDUWDVH[WHQVDVLQWHOLJHQWHV KDVWDKXPRU VWLFDV    (VWHSDUWLFXODUUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOWDOHQWROLWHUDULRGHVXKHUPDQDSDUDHOJpQHUR HSLVWRODUSDUHFHUHDOPHQWHHOGLJQRHSLWDILROLWHUDULRSDUDUHFRUGDUDTXLHQQRH[LVWHHQ XQDKLVWRULDOLWHUDULDSDWULDUFDO (QODVFROXPQDVGHO)RUYHUWV%DVKHYLVFRQWLQXySXEOLFDQGRRWUDVVHULHVGHVXV PHPRULDVHQORVDxRVVLJXLHQWHV HQHOODVQRYROYLyDUHIHULUVHDVXKHUPDQD(VWKHU FRPRHVFULWRUDHQUHDOLGDGFDVLQRYROYLyDUHIHULUVHDVXKHUPDQDFRPRQDGD6yORHQ XQHSLVRGLRGH)XQGHUDOWHUXQGHUQD HUKH P  'HOYLHMR HOQXHYRKRJDUXQRGH VXV~OWLPRVWUDEDMRVELRJUiILFRVDSDUHFLGRHQHOPLVPRGLDULR LGGLVKHOGHMXQLRGH  ²FXDQGR IDOWDEDQ XQRV G DV SDUD FXPSOLUVH HO GpFLPR DQLYHUVDULR GH OD GHVDSDULFLyQGHVXKHUPDQD HOQRPEUHGH(VWKHU6LQJHUKDE DTXHGDGRROYLGDGREDMR HO GH OD GHVFRQRFLGD HVFULWRUD LGGLVK (VWKHU .UHLWPDQ² %DVKHYLV UHFRQRF D GLVSOLFHQWH©(UDXQDHVFULWRUDGHEDVWDQWHWDOHQWR HVFULELyYDULRVOLEURVTXHQRHUDQ GHOWRGRPDORVª3HURHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVXKHUPDQD(VWKHUFRPRXQDOLWHUDWQXQFD IXHPiVDOOiQXQFDVHPRVWUyPiVHQWXVLDVWDFRQVXREUDDXQTXHV ORKL]RFRQODGHVX KHUPDQR ,VUDHO <RVKXD %DVKHYLV MDPiV VH UHFRQRFLy FRPR HO KHUPDQR PHQRU GH VX  'LDULR LGGLVKSXEOLFDGRHQ1XHYD<RUNGHVGH GHOTXHIXHFRODERUDGRUKDELWXDO,VDDF%DVKHYLV 6LQJHU(QHOSXEOLFyHQVHULDOHVJUDQSDUWHGHVXVPHPRULDV DOJXQDVGHVXVQRYHODVEDMRHOSVHXGyQLPR GH9DUVKDYVNL  'HVGHHOGHIHEUHURKDVWDHOGHVHSWLHPEUHGH$ODxRVLJXLHQWHDSDUHFLyHQIRUPDGHOLEUR  HQIXHUHHGLWDGRHQ7HO$YLYSRUODHGLWRULDO3HUHWV(OFDS WXORGHGLFDGRDVXKHUPDQDHVHOQ~PHUR (QODWUDGXFFLyQHVSDxRODHOW WXORRULJLQDO(QHOWULEXQDOUDE QLFRGHPLSDGUHIXHVXVWLWXLGRSRU .URFKPDOQDQ(GLFLRQHV60  )RUYHUWVGHMXQLRGH KHUPDQD PD RU OLWHUDULD SHUR V  GH VX KHUPDQR PD RU ,VUDHO D TXLHQ GHGLFy OD JUDQ VDJD'LIDPLOLH0XVKNDW/DIDPLOLD0RVNDWDV   $ODPHPRULDGHPLGHVDSDUHFLGRKHUPDQR,-6LQJHUDXWRUGH/RVKHUPDQRV$VKNHQD]L 3DUDP pOIXHQRVyORHOKHUPDQRPD RUVLQRWDPELpQXQSDGUH PDHVWURHVSLULWXDO 6LHPSUH OR DGPLUDUp FRPR PRGHOR GH LQWDFKDEOH PRUDOLGDG  KRQUDGH]OLWHUDULD  ª 6LQ HPEDUJRSDUD(VWKHUVRORWXYRXQDVSRFDVSDODEUDVHQ7KH6pDQFHDQG2WKHU6WRULHV©(Q PHPRULDGHPLTXHULGDKHUPDQD+LQGH(VWKHU    (QVXFRQIHUHQFLDDQWHOD$FDGHPLD6XHFDDOUHFLELUHOSUHPLR1REHOGHOLWHUDWXUD HQ  KXER XQ UHFXHUGR SDUD HO LGGLVK OD OLWHUDWXUD LGGLVK  VX KHUPDQR ,VUDHO <RVKXDSHURQLQJ~QUHFXHUGRSDUD(VWKHU.UHLWPDQ (QODDXWRELRJUDI DGH,VUDHO<RVKXD6LQJHU)XQDYHOWL]QLVKWRPHU  'HXQ PXQGRTXH DQRHVVRQPX SRFDVODVUHIHUHQFLDVDVXKHUPDQDPD RU GHVGHOXHJR QLQJXQDTXHWHQJDTXHYHUFRQVXVORJURVFRPRHVFULWRUD(QVXVOLEURVQRKD QLQJXQD GHGLFDWRULDSDUDHOOD 3HURHQ(VWKHU.UHLWPDQSXEOLFyHQ/RQGUHV<LMHV  VXXOWLPROLEURXQD FROHFFLyQ GH UHODWRV H KLVWRULDV FRUWDV FX R W WXOR SXHGH WUDGXFLUVH FRPR ©DOFXUQLDª ©RULJHQª R ©OLQDMHª  HQHO FXDOLQFOX y 'LQD H YHOW  (O QXHYRPXQGR XQFXHQWR DXWRELRJUiILFRTXHKR VLUYHGHWHVWDPHQWROLWHUDULR KXPDQRGH(VWKHU.UHLWPDQ(Q 'LQD HYHOW(VWKHUXQIHWRHQHOYLHQWUHGHVXPDGUHFRPLHQ]DDFRQWDUQRVFRQHO OHQJXDMHLQIDQWLO SULPLWLYROOHQRGHLQRFHQFLD GHPDOLFLDGHTXLHQHVWiDSUHQGLHQGR DKDEODU ODKLVWRULD GHVXHVS ULWXUHEHOGHTXHQRVHFRQIRUPDFRQODSDVLYLGDGTXH LPDJLQD TXLHUHDSUHQGHUDJULWDUDGDUH[SUHVLyQDDTXHOORTXHVLHQWH'HVSXpVODYR] GHOEHEpOOHQDGHWHUQXUDD~QFiQGLGDFRQWDUiFyPRDOQDFHUYHDKRJDGDEUXWDOPHQWH VXH[LVWHQFLDKXPLOODGRVXSHTXHxRVHUIHPHQLQRFXDQGRHVGHVSUHFLDGDSRUDTXHOORV TXH OD HVSHUDEDQ SRUTXH HUD XQD QLxD DEDQGRQDGD HQ XQ QLFKR IHPHQLQR GRQGH XQD  %$6+(9,66,1*(5,'LIDPLOLH0XVKNDW0RUULV66NODVN   %$6+(9,66,1*(5,7KH6pDQFHDQG2WKHU6WRULHV3HQJXLQ%RRNV(QODGHGLFDWRULDKD  XQDHUUDWD HOQRPEUHGH+LQGH(VWKHUDSDUHFHFRPRHOGH0LQGD(VWKHU(QXQUHODWRWLWXODGR³4XLpQ VR  R´LQFOXLGRHQODHGLFLyQHVSDxRODHQ8QG DGHSODFHU RWUDVKLVWRULDV(GLWRULDO%UXJXHUD %DVKHYLVPHQFLRQDWDPELpQGHSDVDGDDVXKHUPDQDFRPRHVFULWRUD©7RGRVORVKHUPDQRVPHQRV0RVKH IXLPRV HVFULWRUHV DO SDVR GHO WLHPSR /D QRYHOD GH PL KHUPDQR /RV KHUPDQRV $VKNHQD]LKDVLGR WUDGXFLGDDYLDULRVLGLRPDVHQWUHHOORVHOLQJOpV(VFULE DHQ LGGLVKORPLVPRTXH Rª DV WHUPLQDHO SiUUDIRVLQDFODUDUTXHHOODHVFULE DHQODPLVPDOHQJXD VLQFLWDUQLQJ~QOLEURGHVXKHUPDQDQLTXHHOOD WDPELpQKDE DVLGRWUDGXFLGDDOLQJOpVYpDVHSiJ  3XEOLFDGDWDPELpQGHIRUPDVHULDGDHQHOGLDULR LGGLVK)RUYHUWVGHVSXpVGHODPXHUWHGH,VUDHO<RVKXD 6LQJHUHQ(VWDDXWRELRJUDI DIXHSXEOLFDGDFRPROLEURSRUODHGLWRULDO0DWRQHVHQ1XHYD<RUN   .5(,70$1(<LMHVHUWVH OXQJHQXQVNLWVQ1DURG3UHVV  ,ELGHP SiJV  8QD WUDGXFFLyQ HVSDxROD SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH HQ $EDG -  5DPRV $ ³(VKWHU .UHLWPDQ(OQXYHRPXQGR´5D FHVQ2WRxRSiJV MRYHQSHURGpELOPDGUHHUDLQFDSD]GHQXWULUOD$OILQDOGHOUHODWRFXDQGRODKLMDQR GHVHDGDHVGDGDDXQDQRGUL]DVXGHVWLHUURI VLFRGHODIDPLOLDVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQJXHWR HQWUHH[WUDxRVHQHOUHGXFLGRHVSDFLREDMRXQDPHVDGHPDGHUDVROR DLVODGRUHFOXLGR HQODFODXVWURIyELFDDWPyVIHUDGHHVWHSHTXHxRPXQGRVLQSDODEUDVHOHVS ULWXUHEHOGH GHVREHGLHQWH IHPHQLQR VLHQWH VX YLGD HQWHUUDGD  QR SXHGH PiV TXH OORUDU DPDUJDPHQWH 'LQD HYHOWHVODUHYHODFLyQ QWLPDGHOFRPLHQ]RGHODYLGDGH(VWKHU.UHLWPDQ FRPRVXPRGRQDUUDWLYRGHDFHSWDUVXSURSLDH[LVWHQFLD/DHVFULWRUDQDFLGDHQHQ XQ SLDGRVR  WUDGLFLRQDO KRJDU GH OD MXGHU D SRODFD IXH OD Y FWLPD GH XQ PXQGR TXH LJQRUDEDDODVPXMHUHV3DVyORVWUHVSULPHURVDxRVGHVXYLGDHQXQDFXQDEDMRODPHVD FDPLOODGHODIDPLOLDTXHODDFRJLySDUDVXFXLGDGRGRQGHTXHGySDUFLDOPHQWHFLHJD   (VWH SHTXHxR GUDPD HV OD SULPHUD HVFHQD GH OD JUDQ WUDJHGLD   TXH (VWKHU .UHLWPDQ YLYLyFRPRPXMHU FRPRHVFULWRUDHQXQKRJDU HQXQDVRFLHGDGTXHOHQHJDURQVX GHVDUUROOR LQWHOHFWXDO  DUW VWLFR (O GHFRUDGR GHO VNHWFK ²OD DWPyVIHUD DJRELDQWH GH HQFLHUUR² VXDUJXPHQWR²ODUHEHOG D HOGHVWLHUURIHPHQLQR²VRQORVPLVPRVTXH ORV GH VX QRYHOD WDPELpQ DXWRELRJUiILFD 'HU VKH GLP WDQWV   /D GDQ]D GH ORV GHPRQLRVHQODTXH.UHLWPDQVHDVRPDDOHVSHMRGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRQODLPDJHQGHXQD MRYHQ DGROHVFHQWH FUHDWLYD UHSULPLGD HQ VX DGROHVFHQFLD XQD LGHQWLGDG IHPHQLQD DJUHGLGD GRPLQDGDSRUODYLGDIDPLOLDU VRFLDOTXHPDWDQVXYLGD PDWDQVXDUWH &XDQGR OD HGLWRULDO %]KR]D SXEOLFD HQ 9DUVRYLD 'HU VKH GLP WDQWV (VWKHU .UHLWPDQWHQ DFXDUHQWD FLQFRDxRV pVWDHUDVXSULPHUDQRYHOD6XFDUUHUDOLWHUDULD QRHUDFRPSDUDEOHFRQODGHORVRWURV6LQJHU,VUDHO<RVKXDGRVDxRVPHQRUTXHHOOD DHUDXQUHFRQRFLGRHVFULWRUTXHHQODPLVPDHGLWRULDOTXHVXKHUPDQD HQHOPLVPR DxR SXEOLFDED VX QRYHOD PiV FpOHEUH 'L EULGHU $VKNHQD]L  %DVKHYLV WUHFH DxRV PHQRU TXH (VWKHU KDE D FRQVHJXLGR VHU UHFRQRFLGR FRPR HVFULWRU GH WDOHQWR WUDV OD SXEOLFDFLyQXQDxRDQWHVHQGHVXQRYHOD6RWQLQ*RUD  /DGLIHUHQFLDHUDWDO TXH&OLYH6LQFODLUQRYLRQHFHVDULRKDFHUPiVTXHXQDVEUHYHVPHQFLRQHVD(VWKHUHQHO  (QODUHFOXVLyQGHVXVWUHVSULPHURDxRVVHJ~QWHVWLPRQLRGHVXKLMRTXHGyWRWDOPHQWHFLHJD VyOR UHFXSHUy SDUFLDOPHQWH OD YLVWD WUDV VX ³OLEHUWDG´ /DV VHFXHODV SV TXLFDV IXHURQ D~Q PiV LPSRUWDQWHV 9pDVH6LQFODLU&³(VWKHU6LQJHU.UHLWPDQ7KH7UDPPHOHG7DOHQWRI,VDDF%DVKHYLV6LQJHU¶V1HJOHFWHG 6LVWHU´/LOLWK3ULPYHUDSiJ  5$026*RQ]iOH]$³8QPRGHORSDUD$DUyQ(VWKHU.UHLWPDQRODWUDJHGLDGHODPXMHULQWHOHFWXDO 5D FHVQ3ULPDYHUDSiJV  .5(,70$1('HUVKH GLPWDQWV%]KR]D   :,66( 5 ³%HWZHHQ WKH :DUV 7KH 6LQJHU )DPLO  RI :DUVDZ´ HQ 7KH 0RGHUQ -HZLVK &DQRQ D -RXUQH 7KURXJK/DQJXDJHDQG&XOWXUH7KH)UHH3UHVVSiJV WHUFHUFDS WXORGHVXOLEUR7KH%URWKHUV6LQJHU  WLWXODGR³5HSXWDFLRQHV´FRPRVLOD PD RUGHORV6LQJHUQRIXHUDXQDHVFULWRUDQLVLTXLHUDGH³PDODUHSXWDFLyQ´ /D GLIHUHQFLD GH HVWDWXV HQWUH .UHLWPDQ  VXV KHUPDQRV SRGU D KDFHUQRV SHQVDU TXH VLQ HO WDOHQWR GH HVWRV (VWKHU FRPHQ]y D HVFULELU VyOR DOHQWDGD SRU OD IUXFW IHUD DFWLYLGDG OLWHUDULD GH VXV GRV KHUPDQRV PHQRUHV  OD IDPD VREUH WRGR GH ,VUDHO <RVKXD  6LQHPEDUJRODGHVLJXDOGDGGHFDUUHUDVOLWHUDULDVYDXQLGDDODGLIHUHQFLDGH DSHOOLGRV (VWKHU QXQFDXWLOL]y HOGH ORV6LQJHU SDUDSUHVHQWDUVH FRPRHVFULWRUD WDO  FRPRVXKLMRKDUHFRQRFLGR  QXQFDEXVFyVDFDUSURYHFKRGHSHUWHQHFHUDODIDPLOLD 6LQJHU VH PDQWXYR DSDUWDGD  DQyQLPD EDMR HO QRPEUH GH .UHLWPDQ TXH FRQVLJXLy JUDFLDVDXQPDWULPRQLRREOLJDGR VLQDPRU (QUHDOLGDG(VWKHUIXHHOSULPHURGHORVWUHVKHUPDQRVHQFRPHQ]DUDHVFULELU< ORKL]RSUHFR]PHQWHSXHVDODHGDGGHGLHFLQXHYHRYHLQWHDxRVKDE DFRQFOXLGRXQD LPSUHVLRQDQWHFROHFFLyQGHUHODWRV FXHQWRVTXHQXQFDKDQVLGRSXEOLFDGRV GHFX RV PDQXVFULWRV (VWKHU VH GHVKL]R SRU PLHGR GH VHU DFXVDGD HQ $OHPDQLD GH UHYROXFLRQDULD  $QWHVGHODSXEOLFDFLyQGHVXSULPHUDQRYHOD'HUVKH GLPWDQWVSDUD JDQDUVH OD YLGD KL]R WUDGXFFLRQHV GH 'LFNHQV  6KDZ DO LGGLVK  DOJXQDV QXHYDV KLVWRULDV FRUWDV DSDUHFLHURQ HQ UHYLVWDV OLWHUDULDV GH 9DUVRYLD /RQGUHV 1XHYD <RUN 3DU V%XHQRV$LUHVR7RURQWR $ GLIHUHQFLD GH VXV KHUPDQRV TXH YLY DQ  HVFULE DQ HQ JUDQGHV FHQWURV GH FXOWXUD LGGLVK ²SULPHUR HQ 9DUVRYLD  OXHJR HQ 1XHYD <RUN² GRQGH SRG DQ SDUWLFLSDU HQ ODV WHUWXOLDV GH ORV F UFXORV OLWHUDULRV GH ORV JUDQGHV HVFULWRUHV GHO PRPHQWR.UHLWPDQ YLY DHQ /RQGUHVGRQGH KDE DXQDSHTXHxDFRPXQLGDG LGGLVK  ORV HVFULWRUHV HQ HVWD OHQJXD HUDQ VyOR XQ PLQ~VFXOR JUXSR GHQWUR GH OD OLWHUDWXUD DQJORMXG DVLQJUDQGHVILJXUDVGHPXMHUHVTXHFUHDUDQHQ LGGLVK  <DSHVDUGHWRGR (VWKHUVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQDQRYHOLVWDHQODGpFDGDGHORVWUHLQWDFXDQGRODYR]GHODV  6,1&/$,5&7KH%URWKHUV6LQJHU$OOLVRQDQG%XVE   9pDVHODLQWURGXFFLyQGH&6LQFOHUDODUHHGLFLyQGHODWUDGXFFLyQLQJOHVDGH'HUVKH GLPWDQWVTXHVH SXEOLFyEDMRHOW WXOR'HERUDK9LUDJR  6,1&/$,5&³(VWKHU6LQJHU.UHLWPDQ7KH7UDPPHOHG7DOHQWRI,VDDF%DVKHYLV6LQJHU¶V1HJOHFWHG 6LVWHU´/LOLWK3ULPYHUDSiJ  (QVXYLDMHHQWUHQKDFLD$OHPDQLDGRQGHLEDDFDVDUVHWLUyWRGRVVXVPDQXVFULWRVSRUPLHGRDTXHORV SXGLHUDQ FRQIXQGLU FRQ HVFULWRV UHYROXFLRQDULRV VRFLDOLVWDV 9pDVH )RUPDQ ) 5DLFXV ( 6LOEHUVWHLQ 6ZDUW]6 :ROIH0HGV)RXQG7UHDVXUHV6WRULHVE <LGGLVK:RPHQ:ULWHUV6HFRQG6WRU 3UHVV SiJV  35$*(5/<LGGLVK&XOWXUHLQ%ULWDLQ$*XLGH3HWHU/DQJ PXMHUHV HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD LGGLVK HVWDED DSHQDV FRPHQ]DQGR D VHU XQD YR] IXHUWH   DXQTXH VyOR HQ YHUVR FRQ SRHWDV FRPR .DGLD 0RORGRZVN  =LOD 'URSNLQ 0DONH +HLIHWV 7XVVPDQ R 5RMO .RUQ IUHQWH D XQ SHTXHxR JUXSR GH PXMHUHV TXH HVFULE DQ UHODWRVFRUWRV$V SXHV.UHLWPDQDXQTXHQRUHFRQRFLGDVHFRQYLUWLyFRQVXSULPHUD QRYHODHQXQDSLRQHUDGHODQDUUDWLYDIHPHQLQD LGGLVK HQXQDGHODVSULPHUDVPXMHUHV HQHQULTXHFHUHVWHJpQHURFRQDTXHOORGHORTXHPiVHVFDVH]WHQ DODH[SHULHQFLDGHODV PXMHUHVUHFODPDQGRDELHUWDPHQWHODHGXFDFLyQGHODPXMHU VXGHVDUUROORLQWHOHFWXDO (VWDHVFULWRUDGHVFRQRFLGDRHQHOPHMRUGHORVFDVRVRPLWLGDRSRFRLQWHUHVDQWH SDUDORVFU WLFRV OHFWRUHVHVWDKHUPDQDLJQRUDGDWXYRVLQHPEDUJRXQDYR]QDUUDWLYD XQDIRUPDGHFRQWDUTXHVXHQDLQFRQIXQGLEOHPHQWHVLQJHUHVFDWDQWRHVDV TXHDOJXQDV GHODVFU WLFDVDVXQRYHODSRGU DQFRUUHVSRQGHUDODGHFXDOTXLHUREUDGH,VUDHO<RVKXD R%DVKHYLV6LQJHU3HURDGHPiV(VWKHU.UHLWPDQIXHODKHUPDQDPD RUOLWHUDULDTXH GHVDUUROOy OD ILFFLyQ DXWRELRJUiILFD   DOJR TXH PiV WDUGH SRQGU D HQ SUiFWLFD VX KHUPDQRPHQRU%DVKHYLV6LQJHU(QUHDOLGDG.UHLWPDQVHDGHODQWyDVXVGRVKHUPDQRV SXEOLFDQGR SDUWH GH VXV PHPRULDV HQ VX QRYHOD DXWRELRJUiILFD 'HU VKH GLP WDQWV  URPSLHQGRODLPDJHQGH(VWKHU6LQJHUTXHPiVWDUGHTXHGDU DDSULVLRQDGDHQORVWH[WRV PDVFXOLQRVGHVXVKHUPDQRV (Q,QPD QIRWHUVEH]GLQVKWXE%DVKHYLV6LQJHUUHIOHMDXQDLPDJHQDPELYDOHQWH GH(VWKHUFRPRiQJHO GHPRQLR8QDMRYHQFRQIDOGDV HOHVS ULWXGHXQMDVLG  SHUR FX R FXHUSR SDUHF D HVWDU SRVH GR SRU XQ G EEXN   TXH OR GRPLQDED D VX DQWRMR FRQYLUWLHQGR D VX KHUPDQD HQ XQD GHVTXLFLDGD XQD GHVHTXLOLEUDGD TXH ©VXIU D GH KLVWHULD SDGHF DGHHSLOHSVLD>@HUDSURSHQVDDH[DJHUDU FXDQGRHVWDEDFRQWHQWDQR SDUDEDGHVDOWDUPLHQWUDVTXHVLVHVHQW DGHVJUDFLDGDVHSRQ DDOORUDU DYHFHVFD D HQ XQD SURIXQGD ODQJXLGH]  ª 8Q SHUILO SVLFROyJLFR TXH %DVKHYLV HPSOHyGHVGH HO FRPLHQ]R GH VX FDUUHUD SDUD DOJXQDV GH VXV PHMRUHV SURWDJRQLVWDV 5DMHOH %DEDG OD KHUR QDVDQWD SRVH GD TXHQR VDEHGLVWLQJXLU HQWUHHOELHQ HOPDOHQVXWHPSUDQD QRYHOD6RWQLQ*RUD HVXQDGHHOODV   526(1)$5% &K ³)HPLQLVP DQG <LGGLVK /LWHUDWXUH $ SHUVRQDO $SSURDFK´ HQ 6RNRORII 1% /DSLGXV /HUQHU $  1RULFK $ HGV *HQGHU DQG 7H[W LQ 0RGHU +HEUHZ DQG <LGGLVK /LWHUDWXUH +DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW 3UHVVSiJ  :,66(5LELGHPSiJ  -XG RSLDGRVR0LHPEURVGHODVHFWDMDV GLFDXQPRYLPLHQWRSLHWLVWDTXHVXUJLyHQHOVLJOR;9,,,HQOD (XURSDGHO(VWH DOFXDOSHUWHQHF DHOSDGUHGH(VWKHU.UHLWPDQ  (VS ULWXPDOLJQRRiQLPDGHXQGLIXQWRTXHVHSRVHVLRQDGHOFXHUSRGHXQDSHUVRQDYLYLHQWH VyOR SXHGHVHUH[SXOVDGRSRUPHGLRGHH[RUFLVPRV  9pDVHHOFDS WXORHQ,QPD QIRWHUVEH]GLQVKWXEGH%DVKHYLV6LQJHU (QHOHVSHMRGH%DVKHYLVH,VUDHO<RVKXD(VWKHUDSDUHFHFRPRXQDMRYHQFHORVD  HQYLGLRVDGHOWDOHQWRGHVXVKHUPDQRV(Q)XQDYHOWYRVL]QLVKWRPHUHQHOSiUUDIR PiV H[WHQVR TXH ,VUDHO <RVKXD GHGLFD D (VWKHU HQ WRGDV VXV PHPRULDV  TXH DSHQDV RFXSD  O QHDV GHVFULEH VX UHODFLyQ FRQ HOOD DV  ©&XDQGR PL KHUPDQD SUHJXQWDED D 0DGUHTXpVHU DHOODFXDQGRFUHFLHUD0DGUHUHVSRQG DDVXSUHJXQWDFRQRWUD³¢4Xp SXHGHVHUXQDQLxD"´0LKHUPDQDFHORVDGHVGHODLQIDQFLDQRSRG DDFHSWDUHOKHFKR GHTXHQRVHDSUHFLDUDQVXVWDOHQWRV  ª /RTXHHQODVPHPRULDVGH,VUDHO<RVKXDDSDUHFHHQHOFDS WXOR FRPRDOJR DQHFGyWLFRTXHVXUJHHQHOUHFXHUGRHYRFDGRUGHVXSDVDGRHQHOUHODWRGH.UHLWPDQ UHSUHVHQWD HO FRPLHQ]R GH VX KLVWRULD OD SULPHUD SiJLQDGHO SULPHUFDS WXOR FRPRHO SXQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD OLEHUDUVH SDUD KXLU GH HVH PLVPR SDVDGR TXH FRQ VLQLHVWUR UHDOLVPRODDXWRUDHYRFDFRPROLPLWDGRU'YyLUHOHODGREOHOLWHUDULDGHODDXWRUDHQVX QRYHOD DXWRELRJUiILFD 'HU VKH GLP WDQWV QR HV XQD QLxD FHORVD VLQR XQD MRYHQ TXH VLHQWHVXDOWHULGDGFRPRXQDQHJDFLyQ QRVHUHVLJQDDHOOR  ¢<TXpOOHJDUpDVHU RSDSi"SUHJXQWDED'YyLUHOHDYHFHVDVXSDGUHPHGLRHQEURPD PHGLR HQ VHULR D TXH HQ WDQWR SRG D UHFRUGDU QXQFD KDE D R GRD QDGLH TXHWXYLHUD SDODEUDVGHKDODJRKDFLDHOOD/DPD RU DGHODVYHFHVUHE$YURP%HUQROHUHVSRQG D QDGD R VL DFDVR OH GHF D TXH XQD PXFKDFKD QR QHFHVLWDED OOHJDU D VHU QDGD (VWR PROHVWDED D 'YyLUHOH ¢1R KDE D OOHJDGR PDPi D VHU ³DOJR´" £< VLQ HPEDUJR HOOD WDPELpQKDE DVLGRXQDYH]XQDFKLFD     (Q OD QRYHOD GH .UHLWPDQ ODSURWHVWD OD UHEHOLyQIHPHQLQD VRQHO FHQWUR  HO DUJXPHQWRGHODQRYHODUHYHODQGRODVDEXVLYDVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHOWUDWRDORVKLMRV D (VWKHU TXH UHSUHVHQWD OD FRQGLFLyQ UHDOGH PDUJLQDFLyQ  GHGHVFXLGR LQWHOHFWXDOTXH YLY DQ ODV PXMHUHV MXG DV HQ HO (VWH GH (XURSD (OOD FRQILHVD XQD ULYDOLGDG HQWUH OD SURWDJRQLVWDODGREOHOLWHUDULDGHODDXWRUD VXKHUPDQRHOGREOHOLWHUDULRGH,VUDHO <RVKXDSHURQREDVDGDHQORVFHORVVLQRHQODDFWLWXGFUXHO VLQVHQWLGRGHOKHUPDQR TXHD~QUHSUHVHQWDQGRORVYDORUHVGHOKRPEUHPRGHUQRQRVyORLJQRUDODLQGHIHQVLyQ GHVXKHUPDQDHQODDQJXVWLRVDDWPyVIHUDGHOSLDGRVR WUDGLFLRQDOKRJDUMXG RGHOD IDPLOLD VLQR TXH MXQWR FRQ VXV SDGUHV FRQWULEX H D OD UHLWHUDGD DJUHVLyQ FRQWUD OD LGHQWLGDGIHPHQLQDTXHUHSUHVHQWDD.UHLWPDQ /DLPDJHQQHJDGDGH(VWKHURVXLPDJHQP VWLFDGHPXMHUVDQWDSRVH GDSRUXQ HVS ULWXRODGHXQDDGROHVFHQWHORFD FDSULFKRVDGHODVQDUUDFLRQHVHQPDVFXOLQRGHOD  6,1*(5,<)XQDYHOWYR]L]QLVKWRPHU0DWRQHVSiJ  .5(,70$1('HUVKH GLPWDQWV%]KR]DSiJ KLVWRULD GH OD IDPLOLD 6LQJHU HQFXHQWUDQ HQ OD QDUUDFLyQ HQ IHPHQLQR GH .UHLWPDQ VX RSXHVWRHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODDXWRUDHQXQDDGROHVFHQWHTXHVHVLHQWHLQYLVLEOHDORV RMRVGHODVRFLHGDGXQDMRYHQUHIOH[LYDHLQWHOLJHQWHTXHVHUHYHODFRQWUDORLQMXVWRGH TXH SRU VHU PXMHU VH OH H[FOX D GHO WUDGLFLRQDO GRPLQLR PDVFXOLQR GHO HVWXGLR  OD HGXFDFLyQ VLQHPEDUJRVHOHH[SORWHGRPpVWLFDPHQWHODLPDJHQGHODKLVWpULFDFRQ VHYHUDVFULVLVQHUYLRVDVVHWUDQVIRUPDHQODGLVLPXODGDELRJUDI DGHO2WUR6LQJHUHQOD MRYHQTXHQRVKDFHDSUHQGHUGHVXVXIULPLHQWR QWLPRGHVXOXFKDSRUUHLYLQGLFDUXQURO DFWLYR GLJQRSDUDODPXMHUHQODVRFLHGDGMXG D/D(VWKHUH[DOWDGDGHHVSDVPRV  FRQYXOVLRQHV HVSXPRVDV GH %DVKHYLV VH FRQYLHUWH HQ OD H[WUDYDJDQWH 'YyLUHOH GH .UHLWPDQTXHHQXQDSLDGRVDFRUWHUDE QLFDGHKRPEUHVUHIOHMDVXLUDHQODFiUFHOGHOD VXPLVLyQ IHPHQLQD /D (VWKHU ORFD R KLVWpULFD GH ODV PHPRULDV GH ORV 6LQJHU HV OD 'YyLUHOHGH.UHLWPDQTXHQRUHQXQFLDDWHQHUXQDKLVWRULDTXHVHQLHJDDPDWDUVXYLGD /DKHUPDQDPD RUGH%DVKHYLVSURSHQVDDH[DJHUDUDOORUDURUH UVLQXQSRUTXpHVOD KHUPDQDPD RUGH.UHLWPDQTXHMXVWLILFDVXFRPSOHMRFRPSRUWDPLHQWRFRPRODIRUPD GHOLEHUDUXQDUHEHOG DTXHXVDEDDVXDQWRMRODORFXUDSDUDKXLUGHOHQFLHUURVRFLDO  IDPLOLDU GHO VRPHWLPLHQWR  HO VDFULILFLR  SDUD UHFODPDU XQD FRPSOLFDGD LGHQWLGDG IHPHQLQD $HVWDHVWUDWHJLDFRQWULEX HHOGLVFXUVRIHPHQLQRIUDJPHQWDGR GLVFRQWLQXRTXH OD SURWDJRQLVWD XVD SDUD EDOEXFLU OD KLVWRULD  WUDVSDVDU ORV HQORTXHFHGRUHV O PLWHV LPSXHVWRV SRU OD IDPLOLD  OD FXOWXUD  TXH GHVDIRUWXQDGDPHQWH HO WUDGXFWRU GH OD YHUVLyQLQJOHVDGHODQRYHODGH.UHLWPDQ  VXKLMRQRFRPSUHQGLy WUDQVIRUPyHQXQ GLVFXUVRPDVFXOLQROLQHDO FRKHUHQWH(OOHQJXDMHGH(VWKHU.UHLWPDQR(VWKHU6LQJHU WDPSRFRIXHHQWHQGLGRSRU%DVKHYLVTXHYH DHQVXKHUPDQDDXQDPXMHUGHFRQGXFWD GHVRUGHQDGDFRQXQRVWHUULEOHVQHUYLRVTXHODLPSXOVDEDQDVDOLUDORFDGDPHQWHDDOWDV KRUDVGHODQRFKHQRVHVDE DPX ELHQDGyQGHSHURTXHHQHOOHQJXDMHFDyWLFRGHOD .UHLWPDQ TXH HVWi GHVDSUHQGLHQGR D QR KDEODU HV OD FRQGXFWD GH XQD PXMHU TXH EXVFDQGR H[SUHVDU OLEHUWDG DVLVW D VLQ FRQRFLPLHQWR GH VX IDPLOLD D FODQGHVWLQDV UHXQLRQHVQRFWXUQDVFRQPLOLWDQWHVVRFLDOLVWDV UHYROXFLRQDULRV(OODQRVHYH DFRPR XQMDVLGHQIDOGDVFRPRSHQVDEDVXKHUPDQR,VDDFVLQRPiVELHQFRPRXQ.DUO0DU[ FRQHQDJXDV (OOHQJXDMHGHODUHEHOG DXWLOL]DGRSRU(VWKHUWDPSRFRHUDFRPSUHQGLGRSRUVXV SDGUHV TXH GHFLGLHURQ VLOHQFLDU DTXHO GLVORFDGR SDUORWHR GH KLVWHULD  QHUYLRV  .5(,70$1('HERUDK:DQG*)R OH/WGWUDGXFLGRGHO LGGLVKSRU0RUULV.UHLWPDQ VDFULILFDQGRD VXKLMDHQXQPDWULPRQLRDUUHJODGRHLQIHOL]FRQXQKRPEUHDOTXHQR KDE DYLVWRQXQFD(VWKHUFRPSUHQGLyHVWHVDFULILFLRFRPRXQH[LOLRSHURDFHSWyYLYLU XQDYLGD DHVFULWDFRPRXQDIRUPDGHDXWRGRPLQLRTXHOHSHUPLWLHUDVDOYDUVXDUWH  FRQVHJXLUFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDHVFULWRUD1RUHVXOWDSXHVH[WUDxRTXHHQXQDDQWRORJ DGH UHODWRVMXG RVHQWUDGXFFLyQLQJOHVDTXHHGLWy0RUULV.UHLWPDQHQ/RQGUHVHQ    GRQGH HQWUH WRGRV ORV DXWRUHV UHXQLGRV VyOR SDUHFH HO QRPEUH GH XQD PXMHU (VWKHU .UHLWPDQMXQWRDOGHVXVKHUPDQRV,VUDHO<RVKXDH,VDDF%DVKHYLV6LQJHUQRVHKDJD PHQFLyQDOJXQDQLHQODLQWURGXFFLyQQLHQQLQJXQDRWUDSDUWHDOSDUHQWHVFRGHHVWRV WUHV HVFULWRUHV UHYHODQGR TXL]i HO GHVHR GH (VWKHU GH GHVYLQFXODUVH R PDQWHQHUVH DQyQLPD EDMR HODSHOOLGR .UHLWPDQVX DSHOOLGRGH FDVDGDUHVLVWLpQGRVH DVREUHYLYLU OLWHUDULDPHQWHDOJRTXHQRKDE DFRQVHJXLGRFRQHODSHOOLGR6LQJHUHQODFDVDGHVXV SDGUHV 7RGRVORV6LQJHUFXHQWDQODPLVPDKLVWRULDSHURLJXDOTXHOD(VWKHUROYLGDGDHQ ORV WH[WRV GH VXV KHUPDQRV VH FRQYLHUWH HQ OD (VWKHU TXH LQVSLUD D OD KHUR QD SURWDJRQLVWD GH OD QRYHOD GH .UHLWPDQ HO PLVPR HVSDFLR HO PLVPR WLHPSR  ORV PLVPRV SURWDJRQLVWDV VRQ RSXHVWRV HQWUH ORV WH[WRV PDVFXOLQRV  HO IHPHQLQR GH ORV 6LQJHU /DV GLIHUHQFLDV JHQpULFDV GH ORV SURWDJRQLVWDV DOWHUDQ JHQpULFDPHQWH OD SHUFHSFLyQGHOPXQGRTXHOHVURGHD/RVWUHVKHUPDQRVVLW~DQVXVUHFXHUGRVHQODFDVD GHVXVSDGUHVXQKRJDUWUDGLFLRQDOMXG RTXHUHVWULQJHODVDQVLDVUHEHOGHVGHORVWUHV TXH TXLHUHQ HVFDSDU GH HVH HQWRUQR UHOLJLRVR UHVWULFWLYR TXH DKRJD SRU FRPSOHWR VXV YLGDV /D FDVD GH (VWKHU ,VUDHO <RVKXD H ,VDDF 6LQJHU HV HO KRJDU GH XQ UDELQR VX SDGUH SRUHOORDOPLVPRWLHPSRHOOXJDUGRQGHpVWHLPSDUWHMXVWLFLD$SHVDUGHODV DQVLDVOLEHUDGRUDVGH,VUDHOH,VDDFSDUDHOORVVXFDVDHVXQOXJDUOOHQRGHPDWHUQLGDG  GHOHVS ULWXGHVDQWLGDGGHVXSDGUH HOGHVSDFKRTXHVLUYHFRPRWULEXQDODOUDELQRXQ OXJDU GH HVWXGLR  GH RUDFLyQ OOHQR GH /LEURV 6DQWRV XQ SHTXHxR PXQGR PDVFXOLQR UHSOHWR GH PRPHQWRV EXHQRV  GH H[SHULHQFLDV HQULTXHFHGRUDV 6LQ HPEDUJR SDUD (VWKHUHVWHGLPLQXWRWULEXQDOGHMXVWLFLDFHOHVWLDOHVXQOXJDUGRQGHODVPXMHUHVGHEHQ SHUPDQHFHUGHSLH PRVWUDUVXVXPLVLyQFXEULpQGRVHXQOXJDUSURKLELGRSDUDHOODXQ FRQGHQDGROXJDUOOHQRGHSDSHODMRVTXHVyORSXHGHSURIDQDUFXDQGRHOUDELQRODLQYLWDD HQWUDU SDUD RUGHQDU  OLPSLDU HO SROYR )XHUD GH HVWD KDELWDFLyQ HO UHVWR GHO HVSDFLR GRPpVWLFRGRPLQDGRSRUVXPDGUHHVHQ'HUVKH GLPWDQWVXQHVSDFLRHQHOTXHHOOD  .5(,70$10HG-HZLVK6KRUW6WRULHVRI7RGD )DEHUDQG)DEHU/LPLWHG