Chalcolithic Enclosures in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin: La Loma Del Real Tesoro (Carmona, Seville, Spain) and Its Resources

KEY RESOURCES AND SOCIOCULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE IBERIAN CHALCOLITHIC Martin Bartelheim, Primitiva Bueno Ramírez and Michael Kunst (Eds.) Tübingen 2017 Bibliograische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograie; detaillierte bibliograische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © Tübingen Library Publishing und die Autoren Alle Rechte vorbehalten ISBN 978-3-946552-12-3 http://hdl.handle.net/10900/### http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-dspace-### http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-### Redaktion: Marion Etzel, Henrike Michelau, Uwe Müller, Jadranka Verdonkschot Layout: Büro für Design, Martin Emrich, Lemgo Gestaltung und Druckvorstufe: Henrike Michelau, Marion Etzel Druck: Pro BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH Printed in Germany Peer Review: The papers published in this volume were subject to an anonymous international peer review. Cover Picture: View from the ore-rich Cerro de San Cristóbal in Logrosán (Cáceres) towards the dry lands of the Dehesa landscape in the Spanish Extremadura symbolising the abundance of mineral resources and the scarcity of water on the Iberian peninsula. Photo: Martin Bartelheim. The publication of this text is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons BY-NC 3.0 DE license. The full legal code is available at https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/de/. Illustrations are not part of the CC license, the copyright is with their authors, if not otherwise speciied. Contents Martin Bartelheim and Primitiva Bueno Ramírez Resource Use and Sociocultural Dynamics in the Chalcolithic of the Iberian Peninsula. An Introduction and Synthesis .................................................................. 7 Primitiva Bueno Ramírez, Rosa Barroso Bermejo and Rodrigo de Balbín Behrmann Ancestors’ Images as Marks of the Past. The Dolmen of Azután, Toledo (Spain) .................. 23 Felicitas Schmitt Enclose Where the River Flows. New Investigations on the Southern Meseta and the Ditched Enclosures of Azután (Toledo) .................................................. 37 Carlos P. Odriozola, Rodrigo Villalobos García, Primitiva Bueno Ramírez, Rosa Barroso Bermejo, Raúl Flores Fernández and Pedro Díaz-del-Río Late Prehistory Body Ornaments. Exchange and Social Dynamics in the Middle Tagus Basin ..... 59 Rosa Barroso Bermejo, Primitiva Bueno Ramírez, Rodrigo de Balbín Behrmann, and Maria Angeles Lancharro Production and Consumption of Salt in the Inland Tagus Valley in Prehistory (Spain) ........... 89 Corina Liesau Fauna in Living and Funerary Contexts of the 3rd Millennium BC in Central Iberia ............... 107 José Antonio López Sáez, Antonio Blanco González, Sebastián Pérez Díaz, Francisca Alba Sánchez, Reyes Luelmo Lautenschlaeger, Arthur Glais and Sara Núñez de la Fuente Landscapes, Human Activities and Climate Dynamics in the South Meseta of the Iberian Peninsula During the 3rd and 2nd Millennia calBC ........................................ 129 Rui Mataloto, Catarina Costeira and Diana Nukushina Local Shop for Local People. Resource Management During the 3rd Millennium BCE at São Pedro (Redondo, Portugal) .............................................................. 143 Victor S. Gonçalves and Ana Catarina Sousa The Shadows of the Rivers and the Colours of Copper. Some Relections on the Chalcolithic Farm of Cabeço do Pé da Erra (Coruche, Portugal) and Its Resources .............. 167 António Carlos Valera The ‘Exogenous’ at Perdigões. Approaching Interaction in the Late 4th and 3rd Millennium BC in Southwest Iberia ............................................................ 201 Elena Morán, Rui Parreira and Helmut Becker Alcalar and the Management of the Resources of Its Territorial Environment in the 3rd Millennium BCE ...................................................................... 225 Leonardo García Sanjuán Farming Economy and Wealth Economy in the Copper Age of the Lower Guadalquivir River. Debating Strategic Resources at Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain) .................... 237 Javier Escudero Carrillo, Marta Díaz-Zorita Bonilla, Martin Bartelheim and Leonardo García Sanjuán Chalcolithic Enclosures in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin. La Loma Del Real Tesoro (Carmona, Seville, Spain) and Its Resources .................................................... 257 Mercedes Murillo-Barroso and Ignacio Montero-Ruiz The Social Value of Things. Amber and Copper in the Iberian Chalcolithic ...................... 273 Thomas X. Schuhmacher Ivory Exchange Networks in the Chalcolithic of the Western Mediterranean ................... 291 257 JAVIER ESCUDERO CARRILLO, MARTA DÍAZ-ZORITA BONILLA, MARTIN BARTELHEIM AND LEONARDO GARCÍA SANJUÁN Chalcolithic Enclosures in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin La Loma Del Real Tesoro (Carmona, Seville, Spain) and Its Resources Keywords: Copper Age, enclosures, Bell Beaker, ditches, geophysics Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the collaborators from the University of Seville who took part in the archaeological excavation and geophysical analysis. Benjamín Vals Mariscal, Pablo Garrido González and Alejandro Teba Ortíz provided invaluable help in the geophysical survey. Adrián Santos Allely, Inés Pérez Guzmán and José Luis Ramos Soldado, students at the University of Seville, as well as Marta Cintas Peña and Sonia Robles Carrasco, members of the research group ATLAS from the University of Seville, provided enormous assistance throughout the excavation process. Our most sincere thanks to Mr. Andrés López Raya for enthusiastically allowing us to undertake this research on his property. Likewise, our thanks to José Antonio and Rafael, staff of ‘Hacienda Las Coronas’ for all the help provided at all times. Abstract As part of a research project looking at the use of resources in Chalcolithic settlements in the region surrounding the site of Valencina de la Concepción, in the lower Guadalquivir Basin (Seville province, SW Spain) a new site named La Loma del Real Tesoro (henceforth LRT) is being investigated. It consists of two different sectors with LRT-I measuring 6ha and LRT-II 8ha. In 2015 and 2016 LRT-II was investigated by means of surface survey, geophysical survey, geo-morphological core drilling and targeted archaeological excavation. This study has led to the discovery of a major complex including six ditched enclosures, four of which are arranged in concentric fashion. This paper presents the preliminary results of this ieldwork, providing a basic description of the site within the context of other known ditched enclosures and ditched sites along the Guadalquivir River Valley. The study of material culture and organic remains, still under way, shows an abundant presence of ceramics, lithics, green stones, faunal remains and some isolated human remains, suggesting a complex pattern of use for this settlement. Introduction Running roughly from the North-East to the South- West and surrounded by the Baetic Mountain Range at the South and the Sierra Morena System (southern edge of the Spanish Central Plateau) at the North, the Guadalquivir River represents the main hydrological system of Andalusia, Spain’s Javier Escudero Carrillo et al. 258 southernmost region. In the last 20 years, the list of Late Neolithic and Copper Age (4th and 3rd mill. calBC) ditched enclosures (or simply sites with ditches) located along the Guadalquivir River Valley has increased considerably. Thus, this list now includes the sites of Valencina de la Concepción Fig. 1. (a) The Guadalquivir Valley with the mentioned archaeological sites and (b) investigated Chalcolithic sites in the estuary of the Guadalquivir. Chalcolithic Enclosures in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin 259 (see García Sanjuán 2013; García Sanjuán et al. 2017 for recent discussions of the rather vast bibliography on this site), Las Cumbres (Fernández Caro 1991), Carmona (Márquez Romero/Jiménez Jáimez 2010, 178–180) and Marinaleda (Caro Gómez et al. 2004) in the Lower River Valley, Seville province; the sites of La Minilla (Ruiz Lara 1987; 1991) and Llanete de Los Moros (Martín de la Cruz et al. 2004) in Córdoba, at the Middle Valley; and the sites of Marroquíes Bajos (Zafra de la Torre et al. 1999; 2003; Sánchez Vizcaíno et al. 2005; Cámara Serrano et al. 2012a; 2012b; Aranda Jiménez et al. 2016; etc.), Polideportivo de Martos (Lizcano Prestel et al. 1997; Lizano Prestel/Cámara Serrano 2003; Lizano Prestel et al. 2008; Afonso Marrero et al. 2014), Venta del Rapa (Lechuga Chica et al. 2014), Cerro de los Vientos (Soto Civantos et al. 2014), Los Pozos (Hornos Mata 1987) and Mengibar (Plazas et al. 2006) in the Jaén province, across the Upper Guadalquivir River. In addition to this, outside the hydrological basin of the Guadalquivir River in a strict sense but in the surrounding regions, the sites of Papa Uvas (Aljaraque, Huelva) (Martín de la Cruz 1985; 1986) and Arroyo Saladillo (Antequera, Málaga) (Fernández Rodríguez et al. 2017) must be added. The location of all these sites is shown in ig. 1a. Particularly, the Lower Guadalquivir Valley was home to a dense Late Neolithic and Copper Age occupation, including the sites mentioned above as well as others in which no ditches have been found so far (ig. 1b). This comes as no surprise. With its alluvial soils and its perennial water supply, the Lower Guadalquivir Basin is one of the most fertile regions in Iberia. Together with the rich mineral supplies from the neighbouring Sierra Morena, the coastal resources from the Guadalquivir estuary and the good accessibility by boat, the economic conditions for early farming communities were excellent. These natural settings have frequently been made responsible for the emergence of the largest known site of the Iberian Chalcolithic, Valencina de la Concepción, located close to the ancient river mouth near the modern city of Seville. However, as one of us (L. García Sanjuán) discusses elsewhere in this volume, unfortunately the rise and development of Copper Age communities at Valencina is far from being properly understood due to still insuicient research into economic issues within the site and in the surrounding area. In addition to this, it is worth noting that with the exception of Valencina and Marroquíes Bajos, both massive sites well above the 100ha mark, which have been more intensely excavated due to their proximity to two major urban centres (Seville and Jaén respectively), very little is known about the genesis, chronology, biography and decline of the ditched enclosures phenomenon in the Guadalquivir River Valley. This is particularly true of the lower Guadalquivir Valley where, outside Valencina, ditched sites have only been documented in Las Cumbres and Carmona by short rescue excavations that were not followed by any further scientific research. Bearing this in mind, in 2015 the University of Tübingen in collaboration with the University of Seville started a research project entitled ‘Sociocultural Change and the Use of Resources during the Late SW Iberian Prehistory’. This project was aimed at further expanding the understanding of the complex patterns of demographic, economic and social expansion that took place in the Lower Guadalquivir Valley in the 4th and 3rd mill. BC, with a particular focus on the development of the ditched enclosures phenomenon. The main aim of this project was to better comprehend the economic system in this region during this time period with Valencina as the most accomplished expression of the interdependencies between the use of resources and socioeconomic developments. To this end, in 2015 a series of surveys and visits were carried out at various locations of this region. As a result, a site called Loma del Real Tesoro, located in the Carmona municipality, some 35km north of Valencina, was chosen to start fresh research. The most important criteria for its selection were its location close to the Guadalquivir river, the abundance and character of surface material at the site and its accessibility for ield work.1 This site was also selected under the assumption that it was likely to have been part of the regional sociocultural network that gave rise to Valencina as a ‘mega-site’ of human aggregation, production, exchange and as a major burial place. By contrasting 1 We would again like to thank the landowner of ‘Hacienda Las Coronas’, Andrés López Raya, for his most enthusiastic support to our research project. Javier Escudero Carrillo et al. 260 the conditions at Loma del Real Tesoro with those in Valencina we expect to gain insights into the relations of smaller and larger sites within a territory of shared cultural and social traits, perhaps economically integrated and inter-connected through practices focused at the ‘mega-site’. On the basis of the assumption that subsistence economy and wealth economy might have both played a major role in the functioning of social integration and social competition, the main research focus was on livestock breeding and the exchange/supply of abiotic resources. Therefore, the results presented here are a preliminary report of the research work carried out within the project ‘Sociocultural Change and the Use of Resources during the Late SW Iberian Prehistory’ belonging to the project A02 ‘Many Ores and Little Water’ within the SFB 1070 ResourceCultures of the University of Tübingen between 2016 and 2017 and funded by the DFG (German Research Foundation). The Site: La Loma del Real Tesoro La Loma del Real Tesoro was discovered in 2002 during the review and cataloguing of archaeological sites of the territory of Carmona (Seville). It is located close to the northern limit of the district of Carmona, 2km east of the village of Guadajoz on the left bank of the third Quaternary terrace of the Guadalquivir River. There are two different Fig. 2. Location of La Loma del Real Tesoro (LRT) on a quaternary terrace above the Guadalquivir River with the surrounding water courses. Fig. 3. View of Sierra Morena from LRT-II. Chalcolithic Enclosures in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin 261 sectors to the site, named Loma del Real Tesoro I and Loma del Real Tesoro II (henceforth LRT-I and LRT-II). The site is located on a strip of land 80m above sea level with a high visibility in all directions. This area is surrounded by the Guadalquivir River in the north, the Las Adelfas stream on the west and the Corbones River in the east. Therefore fresh water supplies are guaranteed (ig. 2). The soil is formed by an early quaternary sedimentary formation based on red clay and silt with marl, quartzite sand and limestone with abundant quartzite pebbles. As well as offering good quality soil for agricultural practice, this location is on a contact zone between two different ecosystems that offer a wide variety of resources: towards the north the Sierra Morena offers a great variety of lithic resources and copper ores (ig. 3); at the south, north and east are the fertile lands of the Vega del Corbones and Vega del Guadalquivir. Both sectors are also crossed by the droveway called Cordel de Cerro Gordo, which leads to Guadajoz. Results of palynological analysis from samples taken in Carmona broadly representing the 3rd mill. BC environment have shown a Mediterranean climate where vegetation would be characterised by Mediterranean forest, underbrush of gum rockroses (Cistus ladanifer) and heathers (Calluna vulgaris) with olive tree (Olea europeana sylvestris), pine (Pinus pinea) and holm oak (Quercus ilex), cork oak (Quercus suber) and kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) (Llergo López/Ubera Jiménez 2008, 2381). Material and Methods Fieldwork at LRT was divided into two phases. The irst one consisted in a micro ieldwalking survey aimed at obtaining information about the size and the character of its two sectors (LRT-I and LRT-II). The second one was a geophysical survey intended to provide insights into the layout and spatial structure of the site. The geophysical survey was undertaken by Helmut Becker in 2015 with a caesium magnetometer Geometrics G-858G with double sensor coniguration for high speed and high resolution. The grid system was established as 40 x 40m and each grid was georeferenced with a Thaler TO-D207 GPS. The northern part of LRT-I and the southern part of LRT-II could not be analysed due to the presence of orange tree plantations. The total extension of the geophysical works in LRT-I was around 2ha and 2.36ha for LRT-II. The results of the geophysical analyses combined with the analysis of historical orthophotos (dated to 1956, 1977, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2013) revealed two different sectors located 400m from each other with a wide variety of structures (ig. 4). These results suggest that the total area in LRT-I is around 6ha while LRT-II spans over 8.25ha approximately. Results LRT-I The geophysics at LRT-I reveal a settlement formed by two ditches around a central area of 2ha approximately. Both enclosures are incomplete, but enclosure 1 is around 2m wide and enclosure 2 is 1m wide and, according to the interpretation by H. Becker, could be a palisade. In the area between the two ditches and in the exterior there is a high concentration of negative structures with variable sizes ranging from 1 to 3m in width. Linear features and irregular small structures have also been documented (ig. 5a). In the eastern area, three linear structures with a northwest-southeast orientation were found, most likely linked to an ancient droveway or track (ig. 5b). The high concentration of slate fragments on the surface of the eastern part of the site might suggest the presence of possible funerary structures.2 LRT-II LRT-II is located 400m to the northwest from LRT-I. The surface scatter of material culture covers around 9.5ha and includes, among other elements, Bell-Beaker type ceramics and a wide variety of lithics. The combined analysis of the aerial photos and magnetometry (ig. 6) reveals several ditched 2 At the nearby ‘mega-site’ of Valencina de la Concepción the presence of slate or schist slabs is almost invariably associated with funerary deposits (García Sanjuán/Díaz-Zorita Bonilla 2013, 393). Javier Escudero Carrillo et al. 268 and basalt. These types of rocks are available not further away than 20km. The techno-typological analysis of the lithic assemblage shows a high proportion of tools related with domestic activities (axes, denticulates, racloirs) as well as agricultural practice (grinding stones, adzes). The overall composition of the assemblage, however, does not suggest that tools were produced in situ at LRT-II as debris and other intermediate elements of the lithic production chaîne opératoire are absent. Undoubtedly, a remarkable feature at LRT is the abundant presence of Bell Beaker pottery. Well-documented Bell Beaker settlements are altogether rare in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin, despite the obvious importance of this type of pottery in the region. Among the Bell Beaker pottery sites in that area (which are mostly known through surface surveys) there are usually a high proportion of dishes, and closed forms, like pots and vessels related with domestic contexts. The preliminary results of the study of the LRT Bell Beaker pottery suggest that LRT-I and LRTII were contemporary but perhaps achieved different functions. According to Lazarich González (2005, 365), Copper Age Andalusian ceramic assemblages essentially display a continuity between the pre-Bell Beaker and Bell Beaker groups. The spectrum of animal bones and plant remains recovered during the excavations in LRT-II does not differ signiicantly from that in Valencina or other Chalcolithic sites in the Guadalquivir valley with a predominance of bovids over pigs and sheep and goats among the livestock. They could have easily been pastured in the loodplains of the Guadalquivir. The presence of horse in certain contexts is also signiicant. Despite this, the archaeozoological analysis is still ongoing so these results are still preliminary. Isolated human bones have been also documented in the central structure (E1) and enclosures 2 (E9) and 4 (E17) as well as structure E19. Conclusions On the basis of the currently available evidence it would be premature to present a general interpretation of Loma del Real Tesoro. The results of the ongoing geo-morphological and sedimentological analysis, characterisation of raw materials, as well as further radiocarbon dating, are essential in order to achieve a better understanding of the site. Recent studies based on Bayesian modelling of multiple radiocarbon determinations have shown that major Iberian sites with ditched enclosures or ditch systems such as Camino de las Yeseras (Madrid), Marroquíes Bajos (Jaén) or Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla) had very complex temporality patterns (Balsera Nieto et al. 2015; Aranda Jiménez et al. 2016; García Sanjuán et al. forthcoming), which is in line with earlier indings from other Fig. 12. Location of the geomorphology core drillings. Chalcolithic Enclosures in the Lower Guadalquivir Basin 269 European regions (Whittle et al. 2011). These results clearly challenge previously held assumptions about the nature of these sites and the functionality of the ditches and pits found in them – see Márquez Romero/Jiménez Jáimez 2010 for a comprehensive discussion of the Iberian evidence. Studies based on material culture have also shed some light on the complex temporality patterns of Iberian ditched sites: at El Ventorro (Madrid), some negative features were intentionally backfilled, most of them in a single event, the pottery analysis suggesting the possible presence of fragments of the same object in different contexts as well as fragments with different taphonomic lives (Blanco González/Chapman 2014). In this context Loma del Real Tesoro presents conditions that make it very suitable as a ‘laboratory’ site for the study of the ditched enclosures phenomenon along the Guadalquivir River, and particularly in its lower basin. Unlike Valencina de la Concepción, which as a site basically lies under two modern towns (Valencina de la Concepción and Castilleja de Guzmán), which makes its study very complicated, LRT is a fully extant and accessible site. This opens up opportunities to understand its spatial organisation and layout, as well as multiple problems regarding temporality and functionality. In principle, the excavation carried out in 2016 suggests a number of characteristics. First, the arrangement or plan of the ive inner-most ditches seems to gravitate around a massive, deep and yet enigmatic round-plan negative feature located at its very centre. This ‘massive pit’ seems to lay at the heart and origin of the whole ditched system of LRT, but this preliminary impression will require further analysis, including precise dating. Around this feature, four massive ditches were excavated forming a concentric plan. This layout seems to be the result of a pre-conceived idea (or plan), but at this point it is impossible to tell whether these ditches were cut and used as part of a single project executed in a single event, or, as it seems more likely in light of the recent studies mentioned above, were produced over a long period of time as the result of repeated social practices at the site. The myriad of pits and negative features revealed by the magnetometry suggest a very intense activity at the site. This is rather interesting in itself, as LRT is located very close to sites like Carmona, El Acebuchal, El Gandul and Valencina, where evidence of equally intense activity during the Copper Age is not in short supply – not the least in the form of major megalithic monuments. Therefore, LRT further underlines the scale of the demographic growth experienced by the communities of this region since the late 4th mill. BC. And yet, none of the structures excavated at LRT in 2016 suggests a residential use. The spectrum of animal bones and plant remains identiied at LRT does not differ signiicantly from that in Valencina or other Chalcolithic sites in the Guadalquivir Valley, but further details about the processing and consumption of meat are pending study. Was LRT a ‘village’? Or was it a ‘gathering place’ used mainly for seasonal meetings and social interaction? Or was it perhaps a mixture of the two? This debate is clearly open at present as far as Valencina is concerned (García Sanjuán 2013; García Sanjuán et al. 2017; forthcoming) and more Fig. 13. Geological map of the surroundings of LRT-I and LRT-II showing possible provenances of raw materials used for inished objects on the site. Javier Escudero Carrillo et al. 270 generally within the context of the Iberian Peninsula (Márquez Romero/Jiménez Jáimez 2010). The ongoing study of LRT will without doubt throw some new light on this issue as well as on the use of resources in a local and regional context. The location of the site on the banks of the Guadalquivir was in many respects favourable: not only did the river provide water all year round, but it could also have served as an important waterway linking LRT with the nearby estuary and large parts of the inland areas of Andalusia. The important ford next to the site (which in modern times was used for a droveway) provided an easy access to the mineral-rich Sierra Morena. This all went along with the very good conditions for animal husbandry and agriculture offered by pastures in the river meadows and fertile soils in the surroundings. Marta Díaz-Zorita Bonilla Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Schloss Hohentübingen 72070 Tübingen Germany Martin Bartelheim Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Schloss Hohentübingen 72070 Tübingen Germany Leonardo García Sanjuán Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología Universidad de Sevilla C/ Doña María de Padilla s/n 41004 Seville Spain Javier Escudero Carrillo Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Schloss Hohentübingen 72070 Tübingen Germany Bibliography Afonso Marrero et al. 2014: J. A. Afonso Marrero/J. A. Cámara Serrano/L. Spanedda/J. A. Esquivel Guerrero/R. Lizcano Prestel/C. Pérez Bareas/J. A. Riquelme Cantal, Nuevas aportaciones para la periodización del yacimiento del Polideportivo de Martos (Jaén). 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