La dualidad de géneros en el mito griego : el caso del Dios femenino
Full text
/DGXDOLGDGGHJpQHURVHQHOPLWRJULHJRHOFDVRGHO'LRVIHPHQLQR
)(51È1'(=*yPH]-RUJH'DYLG
,QWURGXFFLyQ
/D PXMHU KD VLGR PDOWUDWDGD SRU ORV JULHJRV GH OD DQWLJHGDG HQ ODV GRV
FRQVWDQWHVSRVLEOHV(QODUDFLRQDOQRHVDOJRTXHH[WUDxHGHPDVLDGRVLSHQVDPRVTXH
D~QKR H[LVWHQJUDYHVSUREOHPDVGHPDUJLQDFLyQ TXHKDEODPRVGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQGH
KDFHDxRVSHURHQODFRQVWDQWHP WLFDWDPELpQVHDGRSWDHVWHHQIRTXHDV SRU
HMHPSORODVGLRVDVKHOHQDVVHQRVPXHVWUDQFRPRVHUHVSHUYHUVRVTXHVHMDFWDQGHGDxDU
D ORVKRPEUHV(VWDYLVLyQOHMRVGHSHUGHUVHHQHOWUDQVFXUVRGHOWLHPSRHQFXOWXUDV
PLWRORJ DVYHQLGHUDVVHSUHVHUYD3RUSRQHUXQHMHPSORFODURORVPDORVHQORVFXHQWRV
LQIDQWLOHVQRVRQRWURVTXHYLHMDVEUXMDV3HURWDPELpQHQGLVFXUVRVPiVDFWXDOHVFRPR
HOFLQHPDWRJUiILFRVHFRQVHUYDHVHDXUDGHPLVWHULR WHUURUHQODVPXMHUHVFRPRHVHO
FDVRGHODKROO ZRRGHQVHPXMHUIDWDO'HHVWHPRGR$UWHPLVDR0HGXVDQRPXHUHQFRQ
ORV JULHJRVVLQRTXHVLJXHQVHPEUDQGRHOWHUURU HOFDRVHQODDFWXDOLGDG¢4XpPRWLYRV
WHQHPRV UHDOPHQWHORVKRPEUHVSDUDFUHDUHVWRVDUTXHWLSRVIHPHQLQRVWDQPDOLJQRV"
(QWRGRHVWHHQWUDPDGRP WLFRUHDOH[LVWHXQDWLVERGHUXSWXUDGHODFRQFHSFLyQ
PDFKLVWDWUDGLFLRQDOUHSUHVHQWDGRSRU'LRQLVRGLRVGHOJRFH HOYLQR/DLPDJLQDFLyQ
KHOpQLFDFUHyXQGLRVDGHPiVGHORVTXHFRQIRUPDEDQHOF UFXORRO PSLFRGLIHUHQWH
2WUR HQ WHUPLQRORJ DGH9HUQDQW
TXHFRQXQHVS ULWXDQLPDOLQYRFDDSHULyGLFDVRUJ DV
DVXVILHOHVSRUPHGLRGHODHPEULDJXH]3RURWURODGRpVWHVHDVRFLDFRQORGXDOHV
iQJHO GLDEOR PiUWLU YHUGXJR LOXPLQDGRU VHxRU GH ODV VRPEUDV HWF 6L QRV
DWHQHPRV DO JpQHUR QRV HQFRQWUDPRV FRQ HO SULPHU SHUVRQDMH KHUPDIURGLWD GH OD
OLWHUDWXUD'LRQLVRUHSUHVHQWDSRUXQODGRORIHPHQLQRFUHFHVHHGXFD YLVWHFRPR
PXMHUDGHPiVVHUiQHOODVODVTXHFRQIRUPHQVXVpTXLWRPpQDGHVEDFDQWHVHWFKDVWD
HO SXQWR TXH VXV VDFHUGRWLVDV WDPELpQ VHUiQ KHPEUDV 3RU RWUR ODGR VH OH FRQVLGHUD
FRPRHOPDFKRYLULOEDVWHUHFRUGDUTXHVHDVRFLDFRQHOWRURDQLPDOIHFXQGDGRUSRU
H[FHOHQFLD (VWD DSDUHQWH SDUDGRMD GH DQWDJRQ DV SRU H[WHQVLyQ GH JpQHURV GHMD
HQWUHYHUXQDVSHFWRIXQGDPHQWDOHQ'LRQLVRSURSyVLWRIXQGDPHQWDOGHHVWHWUDEDMRTXH
-HDQ3LHUUH9HUQDQWHQYDULDVGHVXVREUDVGHVLJQDGHHVWHPRGRDODVGLYLQLGDGHVTXHQRHQFDMDEDQHQ
HOHQWUDPDGRRO PSLFRFRQYHQFLRQDOGLRVHVFRPR0HGXVDRHOSURSLR'LRQLVRTXHUHSUHVHQWDQHOODGR
PiVRVFXUR VDOYDMHGHODVFRQFLHQFLDVHOHVSHFWURGHODVDOPDVSXUDV
HV OD YLVLyQ ULFD SOXUDO GH OD GLYLQLGDG JULHJD FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD FRQFHSFLyQ VRFLDO
SUHGRPLQDQWHHQOD*UHFLD&OiVLFD
/DPXMHUHQHOPLWRJULHJR
1R HV PHUD FRLQFLGHQFLD TXH HQ GLVFXUVRV GH OD PRGHUQLGDG FRPR HO
FLQHPDWRJUiILFRRHOSXEOLFLWDULRORVPDORVVHDQORVPLVPRVTXHHQRWURVGLVFXUVRVPiV
WUDGLFLRQDOHVFRPRHOOLWHUDULR6LVHSUHWHQGHEXVFDUXQSRUTXpQRGHEHPRVREYLDUODV
EDVHVGHWRGRHVWHHQWUDPDGRILORVyILFRDUW VWLFRODPLWRORJ D<VLHOWHUUHQRHQHOTXH
QRVYDPRVDPRYHUSDUWHGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQRFFLGHQWDOGHODVFRVDVKD TXHFHUUDUHO
PDUFRGHDFFLyQDOPXQGRKHOpQLFR/RVJULHJRVYDQDFUHDUXQXQLYHUVRGLYLQRTXH
VLHQWDODVEDVHVGHXQDFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQHVWpWLFRILORVyILFDD~QKR YLJHQWH(OWHPD
TXH VH WUDEDMD HV EXHQD SUXHED GH HOOR ¢SRU TXp $UWHPLVD *RUJR ODV DUS DV R ODV
VLUHQDV HUDQ WDQ WHUULEOHV FUXHOHV SHUR D OD YH] DWUD HQWHV" < DKRUD IRUPXODPRV OD
SUHJXQWD HQ SUHVHQWH ¢SRU TXp HO FLQH FUHD SHUVRQDMHV SRU XQ ODGR VRPEU RV
PDTXLDYpOLFRV FRPR OD PXMHU IDWDO SHUR SRU RWUR ODGR UHERVDQWHV GH DWUDFWLYR
HURWLVPR"
1LHW]VFKHHQHOKR DFOiVLFR(OQDFLPLHQWRGHODWUDJHGLDH[SOLFDTXHGHILQLU
LGHDVPHGLDQWHODSHUVRQLILFDFLyQGLYLQDYLHQHDVHUXQPRGRGHTXHHVRVFRQFHSWRVVH
KDJDQPiVI VLFRVUHDOHV SDOSDEOHV³(VRVQRPEUHVVHORVWRPDPRVHQSUpVWDPRDORV
JULHJRVORVFXDOHVKDFHQSHUFHSWLEOHVDOKRPEUHLQWHOLJHQWHODVSURIXQGDVGRFWULQDVGH
VXYLVLyQGHODUWHQRFLHUWDPHQWHFRPRFRQFHSWRVVLQRFRQODVILJXUDVLQFLVLYDPHQWH
FODUDV GHO PXQGR GH VXV GLRVHV´
0RVWUDU XQ GHWHUPLQDGR FRPSRUWDPLHQWR KXPDQR
PHGLDQWH XQD GHLGDG SRU XQD ODGR OHJ WLPD SRU GHFLUOR GH DOJ~Q PRGR WDO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHMD FODUR OD IUDJLOLGDG GH ORV KRPEUHV SRU RWUR PDUFD XQD
FRQVWDQWH
(Q QXHVWUR FDVR pVWD HV FODUD OD FRQFHSFLyQ SHUYHUVD SHUR D OD YH]
LUUHVLVWLEOHTXHVHWLHQHGHODVKHPEUDV
$KRUD ELHQ ¢TXp PRWLYRV LPSXOVDQ D ORV YDURQHV D FUHDU HVWH DUTXHWLSR
IHPHQLQR" /D FXHVWLyQ WLHQH GRV OHFWXUDV HQ SULPHU OXJDU VH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU HO
PDFKLVPRUHLQDQWHHQJUDQSDUWHGHODVRFLHGDG FRPRVHJXQGDKLSyWHVLVVHSXHGH
EDUDMDUHOKLSRWpWLFRPLHGRDODVPXMHUHV³'HEHPRVLPDJLQDUHOHVWDGRPHQWDOGHODV
PXMHUHV HQ OD FXOWXUD FOiVLFD JULHJD TXH VH FUH D HO RPEOLJR GHO PXQGR HQ OD TXH
1,(7=6&+()(ORULJHQGHODWUDJHGLD0DGULG$OLDQ]DSiJ
)(51È1'(=*yPH]-'³/RDSRO QHR ORGLRQLVLDFROD~OWLPDGLFRWRP D´+XPDQ VWLFDQ
SiJV
PXFKRVKRPEUHVPHQRVSUHFLDEDQ WHP DQDODYH]ODVPXMHUHV(QODPLWRORJ DJULHJD
DEXQGDQ ORV UHODWRV GH PXMHUHV WHPLEOHV /DV PXMHUHV GH /HPQRV PDWDEDQ D VXV
PDULGRVODVGDQDLGHVKLFLHURQWUHVFXDUWRVGHORPLVPRDVXVSUHWHQGLHQWHVQDGDPiV
GHVSRVDUVH FRQ HOORV ODV DPD]RQDV RGLDEDQ D ORV KRPEUHV ODV PpQDGHV OHV
GHVFXDUWL]DEDQ +DE D PXFKRV PiV VHUHV P WLFRV IHPHQLQRV TXHSRQ DQ ORVSHORV GH
SXQWD D ORV KRPEUHV FRPR JULIRV TXLPHUDV HVILQJHV TXH VHUHV PDVFXOLQRV TXH
DWHPRUL]DVHQ D ODV PXMHUHV /D GHVSURSRUFLyQ HQWUH HO SRGHU DWULEXLGR D ODV PXMHUHV
IDWDOHV HQ OD PLWRORJ D JULHJD OD VLWXDFLyQ GH ODV PXMHUHV QRUPDOHV HQ *UHFLD HUD
HQRUPH 1R VRUSUHQGH SXHV TXH ODV PXMHUHV JULHJDV VXIULHVHQ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH GH
GHSUHVLyQ´
/OHJDGRDHVWHSXQWRQRQRVGHEHVRUSUHQGHUTXHORVKHOHQRVYDURQHVDWULEX DQD
ODVKHPEUDVODLUUDFLRQDOLGDG3UHFLVDPHQWHHOSHUVRQDMHTXHQRVRWURVYDPRVDWUDWDU
JR]D GH HVWD DXVHQFLD GH UD]yQ QR VyOR HOOR OR YD D XQLU DOVH[R IHPHQLQRFRPR
YHUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
+DFLDHOFRQFHSWRGHORGLRQLVLDFR
)UHQWH D OD SRVWXUD DSRO QHD GH PHVXUD DXWRFRQWURO 'LRQLVR UHSUHVHQWD OD
SRVWXUD GHVRUGHQDGD FDyWLFD HPEULDJDGRUD 9HUQDQW OR GHILQH FRPR XQD ³EUXVFD
LUUXSFLyQHQPHGLRGHODYLGDWHUUHQDGHDTXHOORTXHVXVWUDHDOKRPEUHGHODH[LVWHQFLD
FRWLGLDQD GHO FXUVR QRUPDO GH ODV FRVDV GH V PLVPR HO GLVIUD] OD PDVFDUDGD OD
ERUUDFKHUDHOMXHJRHOWHDWUROD]R]REUDHQILQHOGHOLULRGHOp[WDVLV'LRQLVRHQVHxDX
REOLJDDORFRP~QDGHYHQLURWURDKDFHUHQHVWDYLGDDTX DEDMRODH[SHULHQFLDGHXQD
HYDVLyQ KDFLD XQD GHVFRQFHUWDQWH IRUDQHLGDG´
6H WUDWD GH XQ GLRV GH OD YHJHWDFLyQ
³UHERVDQWHGHDQLPDOLGDGTXHVXVSHQGHODIURQWHUDGHODLGHQWLGDGSHUVRQDOHLQYRFDD
SHULyGLFDV RUJ DV´
'LRQLVR HV DQWDJRQLVWD GHO GLRV TXH VDQFLRQD OD OyJLFD GH OD
GRPLQDFLyQ
HOFDPSRGHODUD]yQFRQHOTXHHVWiQHPSDUHQWDGRV$SROR
'LRQLVRPRQWDUD]QRXUEDQROLEHUDGRUQRSRO WLFRIUHQpWLFRHQWXVLDVPRQR
PRGHUDFLyQ DSRO QHD OLEHUDFLyQ IHPHQLQD PiV TXH OD DXWRULGDG PDVFXOLQD
FRPXQLFDFLyQHPRFLRQDOPiVTXHHOW PLGRDLVODPLHQWRWUDVWRUQDHORUGHQSHURQRHV
6+/$,1/(ODOIDEHWRFRQWUDODGLRVD(OFRQIOLFWRHQWUHODSDODEUD ODLPDJHQHOSRGHU
PDVFXOLQR HOSRGHUIHPHQLQR0DGULG'HEDWHSiJ
9(51$17-3/DPXHUWHHQ ORVRMRV)LJXUDVGHO2WURHQODDQWLJXD*UHFLD%DUFHORQD
*HGLVDSiJ
(6&2+27$'2$/DVGURJDV'HORVRU JHQHVDODSURKLELFLyQ0DGULG$OLDQ]DSiJ
(QWLpQGDVHHQHOVHQWLGRGH³UDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD´TXHFULWLFyODHVFXHODGH)UDQNIXUW
0$5&86(+(URV FLYLOL]DFLyQ%DUFHORQD$ULHOSiJ
LQPRUDOVLQR DPRUDO'LRQLVRH[WUDPXURV EXHQD FRDUWDGD OD GH DSR DUVXVUHFLQWRV
FRQWUDODVPXUDOODVDHIHFWRVDF~VWLFRV1RLPDJLQRDHVWHGLRVHQ2GHRQHVWHDWURV
FXELHUWRV'LRQLVRQHFHVLWDGHHVSDFLRVDELHUWRVQRVRSRUWDODFLXGDG
'LRQLVRSRUWDQWRUHSUHVHQWDHOJR]R ODUHDOL]DFLyQVXYR]DGLIHUHQFLDGHOD
GH$SRORQRRUGHQDVLQRFDQWD
6L$SRORHVODPHGLGD±DXWRFRQWUROFRPR+HUPHVHV
ODPHGLGDGHOHQWRUQR'LRQLVRHVHOH[FHVRODIDOWDGHPHGLGDpVWDVOHVREUDQ
(OGHPyFUDWDOLEHUWLQR
$SRORYDDWHQHUFRPRUDVJRIXQGDPHQWDOHOFDUiFWHULQGLYLGXDOIUHQWHDOVRFLDO
TXH VH DVRFLD FRQ OD ILJXUD GH 'LRQLVR (Q HO HVWDGR GLRQLVLDFR HO SULQFLSLR GH
LQGLYLGXDFLyQTXHGDURWR³ORVXEMHWLYRGHVDSDUHFHWRWDOPHQWHDQWHODHUXSWLYDYLROHQFLD
GH OR JHQHUDOKXPDQR PiV D~Q GH OR XQLYHUVDO QDWXUDO´ < HV TXH ³ODV ILHVWDV GH
'LRQLVR QR VyOR HVWDEOHFHQ XQ SDFWR HQWUH ORV KRPEUHV WDPELpQ UHFRQFLOLDQ DO VHU
KXPDQR FRQ OD QDWXUDOH]D 'H PDQHUD HVSRQWiQHD RIUHFH OD WLHUUD VXV GRQHV
SDF ILFDPHQWHVHDFHUFDQORVDQLPDOHVPiVVDOYDMHV´
%DMR OD PDJLDGHOR GLRQLVLDFRQR VyOR VHUHQXHYDODDOLDQ]DHQWUHORVVHUHV
KXPDQRV WDPELpQ OD QDWXUDOH]D HQDMHQDGD KRVWLO R VXE XJDGD FHOHEUD VX ILHVWD GH
UHFRQFLOLDFLyQFRQVXKLMRSHUGLGRHOKRPEUH'HPDQHUDHVSRQWiQHDRIUHFHODWLHUUDVXV
GRQHV SDF ILFDPHQWHVHDFHUFDQORVDQLPDOHVUDSDFHVGHODVRFDV GHOGHVLHUWR'H
IORUHV JXLUQDOGDVHVWiUHFXELHUWRHOFDUURGH'LRQLVREDMRVX XJRDYDQ]DQODSDQWHUD
HOWLJUH
$ HVWH UHVSHFWR D MXLFLR GH -HDQ3LHUUH 9HUQDQW
$SROR YD D UHSUHVHQWDU XQ
PRGHORIXHUWHPHQWHPDUFDGRGHLQWHJUDFLyQVRFLDOGHXQFXOWRF YLFRFX DIXQFLyQHVOD
GH VDFUDOL]DU HO RUGHQ WDQWR KXPDQR FRPRQDWXUDO ODGH SHUPLWLU DORV LQGLYLGXRV
DMXVWDUVHDpOSHURVLQGHMDUGHVHULQGLYLGXRVVLQFRQFLHQFLDFROHFWLYDpVWRVVHDMXVWDUiQ
D XQ RUGHQ LPSXHVWR SRU HO GLRV HVWDUiQ HQRUPHPHQWH MHUDUTXL]DGRV (Q FDPELR
'LRQLVRVHUiXQLQVWUXPHQWRQRVyORVRFLDELOL]DGRUVLQRWDPELpQGHPRFUDWL]DGRU
/Ï3(=--/RV GLRVHV EDMDQ GHO 2OLPSR +LVWRULD GH OD KXPDQLGDG D WUDYpVGHORVPLWRV
JULHJRV6HYLOOD&HQWUR$QGDOX]GHO/LEURSiJ
0$5&86(2SFLWSiJ
/Ï3(=2SFLWSiJ
1,(7=6&+(2SFLWSiJ
,E GHPSiJ
9(51$17-30LWR SHQVDPLHQWRHQOD*UHFLDDQWLJXD%DUFHORQD$ULHOSiJ
4XL]iVHOKHFKRGHTXH'LRQLVRVHDXQGLRVH[WUDQMHURH[SOLFDHOGHVHRGHPRFUDWL]DGRUGHpVWH6HGHEH
UHFRUGDU TXH HQ OD DQWLJXD *UHFLD D~Q H[LVW D OD HVFODYLWXG D ODV PXMHUHV VH ODV FRQVLGHUDED FRPR
LQGLYLGXRVGHVHJXQGDILODSRUORTXHSRUORJHQHUDOODVGLYLQLGDGHVHUDQSRFRWROHUDQWHV$V HOTXHXQ
GLRVGHOSHVRGH'LRQLVRSUHJRQHWDOHVYDORUHVQRGHMDGHUHVXOWDUH[WUDxRSHURFRPRVHH[SOLFDpVWHVH
(O GLRV HQ VXV EDFDQDOHV XQH D WRGR HO PXQGR VLQ GLVWLQFLyQ GH UD]D VH[R R
FRQGLFLyQVRFLDODV HQXQDILHVWDGLRQLV DFDVHURPSHODULJXURVDMHUDUTX DDSRO QHD
HVTXH³HOHVFODYRHVKRPEUHOLEUHHOQREOH HOGHKXPLOGHFXQDVHXQHQSDUDIRUPDU
ORVPLVPRVFRURVEiTXLFRV´
(OFXOWRD'LRQLVRFRPRVHKDYLVWRVHSUDFWLFDEDHQ
PD RUJUDGRSRUORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHQRHQFDMDEDQHQHOHQWUDPDGRSRO WLFRVRFLDOJULHJR
ODOHFWXUDSXHGHUHGXFLUVHDORVTXHQRKDE DQDOFDQ]DGRODFDWHJRU DGHFLXGDGDQRVHQ
ODSROLV'HHVWDFRQVLGHUDFLyQHUDQODVPXMHUHV SUHFLVDPHQWHpVWDVVRQHOHOHPHQWR
FODYH SULQFLSDOGHODEDFDQDO/RVULWRVGLRQLV DFRVVHKDF DQSRU SDUDPXMHUHVHOODV
HUDQVDFHUGRWLVDV GHYRWDV.HUpQ L
VRVWLHQHTXHVXVEDFDQDOHVLEDQGLULJLGDVDWRGDOD
FRPXQLGDG SHUR ODV FHUHPRQLDV PiV VHFUHWDV LEDQ GLULJLGDV H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D ODV
PXMHUHV6XVpTXLWRORFRQIRUPDEDQEDFDQWHVPpQDGHVQLQIDVHQGHILQLWLYDPXMHUHV
(VWHKHFKRH[SOLFDFRPR DYLPRVODLUUDFLRQDOLGDGTXHVHOHDWULEX HDOGLRV
HVTXHpVWDVHDVRFLDHQOD*UHFLDDQWLJXDFRQORIHPHQLQR³ORVDQWLJXRVUHYHUHQFLDEDQ
ODSURIHF DODLQWXLFLyQ ORVHVWDGRVDOWHUDGRVGHFRQFLHQFLD4XHDKRUDHOGLRVGHOD
LUUDFLRQDOLGDG'LRQLVRIXHVHXQKRPEUHYHVWLGRFRQURSDVGHPXMHUQRHUDVLQRRWUR
EXUGRDUWLILFLRTXHSHUPLW DDXQGLRVPDVFXOLQRXVXUSDUORVDWULEXWRVIHPHQLQRV´
/R GLRQLVLDFR DSDUHFH FRPR XQ FXOWR GHO GHOLULR GH OD ORFXUD
QR VH GHEH
ROYLGDUTXHHVWRVGRVUDVJRVVHDWULEX HQDODVIpPLQDV/DIXVLyQFRQHOGLRVQRHVXQD
FRPXQLyQSHUVRQDOHVGHFLUQRVHDOFDQ]DHQODVROHGDGSRUODPHGLWDFLyQODRUDFLyQR
HOGLiORJRFRQXQGLRVLQWHULRUVLQRHQJUXSR³HQ SRUODWKLDVRVPHUFHGDWpFQLFDVGH
IUHQHV FROHFWLYR TXH KDFHQ LQWHUYHQLU GDQ]DV VDOWRV FDQWRV JULWRV FRUUHU DV
YDJDEXQGDVTXHLQWHUQDQDOKRPEUHHQSOHQDQDWXUDOH]DVDOYDMH´
VLW~DHQODLPDJLQDFLyQJULHJDOHMRVGHOSD VWDOFRPRLQGLFD9HUQDQWVHWUDWDGHXQGLRVYHQLGRGHDIXHUD
GHOH[WUDQMHUR
1,(7=6&+(2SFLWSiJ
.(5e1<,.'LRQLVRV5D ]GHODYLGDLQGHVWUXFWLEOH%DUFHORQD+HUGHUSiJ
%LHQ HV FLHUWR TXH SHUVRQDMHV FRPR ORV ViWLURV R ORV VLOHQRV YDURQHV VRQ WDPELpQ XQ HOHPHQWR
LPSUHVFLQGLEOH HQ OD EDFDQDO SHUR QR OR HV PHQRV TXH ODV PXMHUHV VH HULJHQ FRPR ODV SURWDJRQLVWDV
SULQFLSDOHVGHOHYHQWRKDVWDHOSXQWRTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVSRQHQHQGXGDODSURSLDVH[XDOLGDGGHOGLRV
6+/$,12SFLWSiJ
³/RFXUDGLYLQDTXHHVDUUHEDWDPLHQWRSRVHVLyQSRUHOGLRV3RUHVWDPDQ DHOKRPEUHVHOLEHUDGHO
RUGHQTXHIXQGDPHQWDEDGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODUHOLJLyQRILFLDOHOGRPLQLRSURSLRGHORVDJUDGROR
KLHURQ$WUDYpVGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHp[WDVLV GHOHQWXVLDVPRHVWHRUGHQVHGHVFXEUHFRPRXQDVLPSOH
LOXVLyQVLQYDORUUHOLJLRVRORTXHHOILHOVHHVIXHU]DSRUDOFDQ]DUGHDKRUDHQDGHODQWHDWUDYpVGHXQ
FRQWDFWR QWLPRFRQORGLYLQRHVXQHVWDGRGLIHUHQWHHVWDGRGHVDQWLGDG GHSXUH]DWRWDOHVDOFXDOVH
DSOLFDHOWpUPLQRGHοσιοςTXHVXEUD DODHQWHUDFRQVDJUDFLyQHQVHQWLGRSURSLRODOLEHUDFLyQUHVSHFWRD
ORVDJUDGR´9(51$170LWR SHQVDPLHQWR2SFLWSiJ
9(51$17,ELGHPSiJ
0LVSUREOHPDVFRQODVPXMHUHV
1R YDPRV D VHU QRVRWURV ORV TXH GHIHQGDPRV OD FDVWLGDG GH 'LRQLVR VHU D
WHPHUDULRGXGDUGHVXVFRQWLQXDVFRQTXLVWDV DPRU RVSHURV SRGHPRVDILUPDUTXH
'LRQLVR QR HV XQ SHUVRQDMH GH ODVFLYLD LUUHIUHQDEOH ³FRPR ORV GLRVHV DXWpQWLFDPHQWH
PDVFXOLQRV FX RV DPRU RV VH H[WLQJXHQ FRQ OD PHUD SRVHVLyQ HV TXH VXDPRU HV
H[WiWLFR ORXQHSDUDVLHPSUHFRQODDPDGD´
$MXLFLRGH/ySH]³'LRQLVRJXVWDGHODV
PXMHUHVSHURPiVTXHSRVHHUODVIDVFLQDUODVKDFHUODVVXVVHJXLGRUDV/DFRQTXLVWDGHOD
,QGLD OD UHDOL]y FRQ XQ HMpUFLWR GH ViWLURV TXH WRFDEDQ FDUDPLOORV EDFDQWHV TXH
EDLODEDQDVXVRQ1ROHJXVWDQODVTXHWHMHQSXHV'LRQLVRGHVDWD GHVDQXGDQLODVTXH
VHPDUJLQDQROHUHFKD]DQSXHV'LRQLVRHVODPH]FODGRQGHWRGRKDGHPH]FODUVH´
&RPRLQGLFD2WWRORIHPHQLQRGHVXQDWXUDOVHPDQLILHVWDWDPELpQHQVXPRGRGHDPDU
3XHVWRGRVXVHUHVWiLPSUHJQDGRHLOXPLQDGRSRUHODPRUIHPHQLQR
'HHVWHPRGRQR
FDEHGXGDTXH'LRQLVRHVXQFRQTXLVWDGRUQDWRR'RQ-XDQKHOHQRSHURWDPELpQHV
YHUGDGTXHHOGLRVPXHVWUDXQDTXHUHQFLD QRVyORVH[XDOKDFLDHOVH[RIHPHQLQR
3UXHED GH HOOR HV TXH YDQ D VHU ODV PXMHUHV ODV SULQFLSDOHV VHJXLGRUDV GH OD GHLGDG
DVSHFWR GHPRVWUDEOH QR VyOR HQ HO JUXSR TXH DFRPSDxD DO GLRV HQ VXV DYHQWXUDV
%DFDQWHV 0pQDGHV /HQDV 7 DGHV 1LQIDV 1i DGHV VLQR WDPELpQ HQ ORV HSLVRGLRV
TXH QDUUDQ OD YLGD REUD GHO GLRV HV TXH pVWH FXDQGROOHJD DODV FLXGDGHVQR VH
SUHRFXSDGHRWUDFRVDTXHQRVHDTXHODVMyYHQHVDQFLDQDVFDVDGDV VROWHUDVDFXGDQD
VXV ILHVWDV (V PiV HQ ORV FDVRVHQ TXH pVWDVVH UHVLVWHQ VXIULUiQOD LUD GHOGLRV $O
UHVSHFWRGHORVVDFHUGRWHVHQFDVLWRGRVORVFDVRVPXMHUHV
/RVVDFHUGRWHVGHHVWHGLRVIXHURQHQVXPD RU DPXMHUHVTXHHUDQOODPDGDV
XQDV YHFHV 0pQDGHV SRU VX IDOWD GH VHQVDWH] RWUDV 7U DGHV SRU VHU LPSXOVLYDV
DORFDGDVRELHQSRU7 DTXHIXHODSULPHUDHQLQVWLWXLUORVVDFULILFLRVGH%DFRRELHQ
SRU VX IDOWD GH PRGHUDFLyQ OR GHSUDYDGR GH VXV FRVWXPEUHV %DFDQWHV )XHURQ
OODPDGDVWDPELpQ0LPDORQHVSRUTXHLPLWDEDQD'LRQLVR
2WWR
H[SOLFDODSUHVHQFLDSURIXVDGHPXMHUHVHQVXVpTXLWRHLQFOXVRVXSURSLD
IHPLQLGDGPHGLDQWHODIRUWDOH]DGHOGLRV$MXLFLRGHODXWRU'LRQLVRUHSUHVHQWDUDVJRV
FRPR OD OXFKD HO WULXQIR HPLQHQWHPHQWH YLULOHV FRPR VH VDEH SHUR ³VX YLULOLGDG
2772:'LRQLVR0LWR FXOWR0DGULG6LUXHODSiJ
/Ï3(=2SFLWSiJ
27722SFLWSiJ
&217,10LWRORJ D0XUFLD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0XUFLDSiJ
27722SFLWSiJ
FHOHEUDODYLFWRULDPiVVXEOLPHHQORVEUD]RVGHODPXMHUSHUIHFWD3RUHOOR DSHVDUVX
FDUiFWHUJXHUUHUROHHVDMHQDODKHURLFLGDGFRPRWDO´
(VGHFLUHOPDFKRYLULOHQFDUQDQGRXQWRURWRUQDDXQDIUiJLO WHUULEOHGDPD
6LQGXGDHVWDPRVDQWHODFRQFHSFLyQTXHORVJULHJRVWHQ DQGHODVPXMHUHVVHREVHUYD
HVHGREOHMXHJRGHDPRU WHUURURDWUDFFLyQ IDWDOLGDG(QGHILQLWLYDHVWDGXDOLGDGGH
SDUHFHUHV VH WUDGXFH HQ XQ H[WUDxR PLHGR KDFLD ODV PXMHUHV XQLGR SRU VXSXHVWRD OD
GHSHQGHQFLD GH HOODV 3HUR SDUDGyMLFDPHQWH WUDWDPRV D XQ GLRV UHERVDQWH GH
PDVFXOLQLGDGFRQDWULEXWRVFODUDPHQWHIHPHQLQRVSRUORTXHSRGHPRVKDEODUGHOSULPHU
GLRV KHUPDIURGLWD 3RU XQ ODGR VH WUDWD GHO GLRV GH OD YLULOLGDG GH ODV UHODFLRQHV
FDUQDOHVGHOIDOR GHODGXOWHULRSRURWURODGRVXVVHJXLGRUHVHQODPD RUPHGLGDVRQ
IpPLQDV EDFDQWHV PpQDGHV HWF 'LRQLVR VH UHODFLRQDUi FRQDPERV VH[RV SRUXQD
SDUWHGHELGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHDVXHGXFDFLyQHQWRGRPRPHQWRURGHDGRGHPXMHUHV
DGHPiVHVFRQGLGRWUDVORVURSDMHVGHXQDGHHOODV
SUHVHQWDUiUDVJRVPX IHPHQLQRV
SRU RWUD FRPR KHPRV GLFKR SRU VX LQQDWR FDUiFWHU VHPHQWDO PX DVRFLDGR FRQ OD
ILJXUDGHOWRURVHOHDVRFLDUiFRQHOPDFKR
(VWHDVSHFWRGHGXDOLGDGVH[XDOHVXQD
FRQVWDQWHHQHOPLWR&RQWL
ORFDOLILFDGHYDUyQ KHPEUDDOPLVPRWLHPSRDOOHHUHO
+LPQRD0LVH
$PRGRGHFRQFOXVLyQ
1R GHMD GH VHU FXULRVR TXH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH 'LRQLVR VHD SXUDPHQWH
HPRFLRQDO KDVWD HO SXQWR TXH VXSHUD ORV O PLWHV GH OR KXPDQR SDUD SHQHWUDU HQ OD
DQLPDOLGDG VHWUDWHGHXQDGLYLQLGDGJULHJDDWRGDVOXFHVWROHUDQWH UD]RQDEOH'LFKR
'HVGHVXQDFLPLHQWRKDVWDODPDGXUH]'LRQLVRKDHVWDGRURGHDGRGHPXMHUHV/DWRUWXRVDUHODFLyQGHO
GLRVFRQ+HUDYDDVHUHOSULQFLSDOPRWLYRSRUHOTXHpVWHGHVGHVXQLxH]SRURUGHQGH=HXVVXSDGUH
WHQJDTXHYLYLUHVFRQGLGRFRQPXMHUHV DWDYLDGRFRPRHOODV(OKLMRLOHJ WLPRGHOLQILHO=HXVHUDSUHVD
IiFLOSDUDODYHQJDWLYD+HUDeVWDSUHWHQG DDFDEDUFRQ'LRQLVRSDUDROYLGDUODUHODFLyQDG~OWHUDGHVX
PDULGRFRQ6pPHOH=HXVWHPHURVRGHTXHFRQVSLUDUDQFRQWUDVXKLMRVHORFRQILyD3HUVpIRQHTXLHQVHOR
OOHYyD$WDPDQWHHOUH GH2UFyPHQRV DVXHVSRVD,QRDTXLHQHVSHUVXDGLySDUDTXHFULDVHQDOQLxRHQ
ODVKDELWDFLRQHVGHODVPXMHUHVGLVIUD]DGRGHQLxD3HURODIDUVDQRGXUyPXFKR ODWUDPDOOHJyDR GRV
GH+HUDTXHGHVFXEULyTXH'LRQLVRHQDSDULHQFLDGHQLxDHVWDEDHQ2UFyPHQRV3HURHVWDHGXFDFLyQWDQ
IHPHQLQDQRDFDEDHQHVWHHSLVRGLRHOGLRVYROYHUiDHGXFDUVH IRUPDUVHURGHDGRGHPXMHUHV<HVTXH
+HUPHVUHJDOyDOMRYHQ'LRQLVRDODVQLQIDV0DFULV1LVD(UDWR%URPLD %DFTXHGHOPRQWH1LVDHQHO
+HOLFyQ(OODVFXLGDURQFRQJUDQHVPHURDOGLRVHQXQDFXHYDORPLPDURQ ORDOLPHQWDURQFRQPLHO
VHUYLFLRSRUHOFXDO=HXVFRORFyOXHJRVXVLPiJHQHVHQWUHODVHVWUHOODVFRQHOQRPEUHGHODV+ DGHV)XH
SUHFLVDPHQWH HQ HO PRQWH 1LVD HQ HO TXH 'LRQLVR LQYHQWDUD HO YLQR DFRPSDxDGR GH ODV QLQIDV /D
DGROHVFHQFLDGHOGLRVWDPELpQJLUDUiHQWRUQRGHPXMHUHV$V SHVHDOJUDQFXLGDGR SURWHFFLyQTXHODV
QLQIDVGDEDQD'LRQLVRXQDYH]TXHpVWHOOHJyDODHGDGYLULO+HUDORUHFRQRFLyFRPRKLMRGH=HXVD
SHVDUGHODIHPLQDPLHQWRDTXHORKDE DUHGXFLGRVXHGXFDFLyQ FRQVLJXLyOOHJDUDpOSDUDKDFHUORSUHVD
GHXQDHQRUPHORFXUD
3UXHEDGHHOORHVODLQWHUPLQDEOHOLVWDGHDPDQWHVGHOGLRV
&217,2SFLWSiJ
HVWRWDPSRFRGHEHH[WUDxDUQRVTXHVHDVRFLHFRQORLUUDFLRQDOIUHQWHDODUDFLRQDOLGDG
DSRO QHD3RURWURODGR VHJXLPRVVXPDQGRHQIRTXHVDSULRULQHJDWLYRVQRVHGHEH
ROYLGDU OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH PDOLJQR TXH VH WLHQH GHO GLRV EDVWH UHFRUGDU TXH VH OH
UHODFLRQDFRQHOPLVP VLPR/XFLIHU/DYHUGDGHVTXHVLHQXPHUDPRVVXVSUiFWLFDVPiV
FRPXQHVHVWDYLVLyQSXHGHOOHJDUDH[SOLFDUVHODERUUDFKHUDODILHVWDHOGHVHQIUHQROD
RUJ DHOp[WDVLV
7RGRHVWHHOHQFRGHYLUWXGHVTXHWLHQHODGLYLQLGDGGHSHRUUHSXWDFLyQGHFXDQWDV
SXHEODQHOF UFXORRO PSLFR DSXUiQGRQRVODPLWRORJ DJULHJDDOFRPSOHWRWDPELpQVH
DVRFLDQDODPXMHUKHOHQD'HHVWHPRGRODFRQFHSFLyQTXHORVFLXGDGDQRVGHODSROLV
WHQ DQGHORGLIHUHQWHOR2WURVHSHUVRQLILFDHQ'LRQLVRSRUXQODGR HQORIHPHQLQR
SRU RWUR $V SXHV FRPR DQWHV QRV SUHJXQWiEDPRV ¢HVWDPRV DQWH HO SULPHU GLRV
DIHPLQDGR KRPRVH[XDO R KHUPDIURGLWD" /DV SLQWXUDV JUDEDGRV R WH[WRV TXH VH
FRQVHUYDQ VRQ XQ WDQWR FRQIXVRV D HVWH UHVSHFWR SHUR QR DGPLWHQ JpQHUR GH GXGDV
DFHUFDGHODGXDOLGDGGHOGLRVXQDVYHFHVFRQEDUEDRWUDVLPEHUEHDWDYLDGRGHIRUPD
PDVFXOLQDRSRUWDQGRSUHQGDVGHGHOLFDGDVGDPDVHWF
/RTXHQRGHMDGHVHUFXULRVRHVTXHHVWDSHUFHSFLyQGHOSXHEORFRPSDUWLGDSRU
pVWDV DTXpOHQDxRVYHQLGHURVOHMRVGHSHUGHUVHVHDFHQW~DEDVWHXQUHFRUULGRSRUORV
GLVFXUVRVGHODPRGHUQLGDG¢4XL]iVWRGDY DH[LVWHHVDFUHHQFLDTXHDVRFLDDODPXMHU
RD'LRQLVRDORPiVSODFHQWHUR DODSDUWHUURU ILFR"¢TXL]iVVLJXHWUDWiQGRVHGH
PLHGRDORTXHDSDUHQWHPHQWHHVGHVFRQRFLGRORIHPHQLQR"¢RTXL]iVHVWDPRVFRPR
FRPHQWDQDOJXQRVHQXQDQXHYDHUDGHORGLRQLVLDFR"/RTXHQRFDEHGXGDHVTXHVH
WUDWDGHORGLIHUHQWH
3HVHDHVWHKHFKRDUWHVFRPRODSLQWXUDODOLWHUDWXUDHOFLQH SRUVXSXHVWROD
SXEOLFLGDG WRGDY D PDQWLHQHQ FyGLJRV HVWUXFWXUDV R PLWHPDV TXH ELHQ GH IRUPD
LPSO FLWDRELHQH[SO FLWDPHQWHPXHVWUDORVUDVJRVGHODRUJ DGLRQLV DFD'HEHU DVHU
FDVLWHPHUDULRUHFXUULUDHVWHJURWHVFRIU YROR ORTXHHVSHRUPDOLJQRSHUVRQDMHSDUD
YHKLFXODU PHQVDMHV SXEOLFLWDULRV D TXH pVWRV GHEHQ PRVWUDU FRPR GLFH HO PDHVWUR
SXEOLFLWDULR+RSNLQVOREXHQR/DSXEOLFLGDGHVXQUHIOHMRP WLFRGHODUHDOLGDGGRQGH
UHLQDODEHOOH]DVHWUDWDGHXQPXQGRGRQGHQRFDEHXQSHUVRQDMHTXHHQFDUQDDXQD
GLYLQLGDGLQIHUQDO
3HURFXULRVDPHQWHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHpVWHHVSURIXVDQRGXGHQHQ
DFXGLU D OD ~OWLPD FDPSDxD GH 7RUR R GH %HHIHWHU SDUD FRQILUPDU HVWD DILUPDFLyQ
¢%XVFDPRVODUHVSXHVWDHQODHVWXOWLFLDGHORVHVWUDWHJDV FUHDWLYRVSXEOLFLWDULRVRHQOD
',(/3(OVLPEROLVPRHQODPLWRORJ DJULHJD%DUFHORQD/DERUSiJ
SURSLDQDWXUDOH]DGHOSHUVRQDMH"¢4XpEXVFDHOGLVFXUVRSXEOLFLWDULR WLHQH'LRQLVR"/R
2WUR