Food safety and halal food in the supply chain: Review and bibliometric analysis

Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management JIEM, 2019 – 12(2): 373-391 – Online ISSN: 2013-0953 – Print ISSN: 2013-8423 https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 Food Safety and Halal Food in the Supply Chain: Review and Bibliometric Analysis Hana Wahyuni , Iwan Vanany , Udisubakti Ciptomulyono Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (Indonesia) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received: December 2018 Accepted: June 2019 Abstract: Purpose: Researchers have been actively investigating various issues concerning food safety and halal food in the supply chain. The ultimate goal is to provide guarantees for quality and conformance regarding food standards and demanding expectation from the consumers. We review a set of two-decade food safety and halal food in supply chain (SC) literature from 1990 to 2018 (month of February) in order to pinpoint the problems, models, solution approaches and more importantly, the future directions of this field. Design/methodology/approach: Our method employs the 120 published articles on food safety and halal food in SC research. Various techniques from statistics, bibliometrics, and analytics are systematically deployed to gain insights on how the literature address these two topics. Findings: The predominant contributing articles, authors, affiliations, and keywords have been reviewed, clustered, and thoroughly analyzed. Through systematic graphical and clustering analyses, four major clusters regarding food safety and two clusters in halal food in SC research have been identified as the most promising and potential future for research opportunities. Research limitations/implications: This study focuses on articles that discuss food safety and halal. Practical implications: Our findings provide valuable insights to understand the major clusters of the research endeavour along with the plausible pathways to where they would likely develop in the future. With these insights, researchers and practitioners shall be able to devise initiatives that are of high relevance and significance in the near future. Social implications: This research provides an understanding to the reader about the relationship between food safety and halal. Originality/value: This paper provides the first systematic overview of food safety and halal food for supply chain researchers to see the big picture of the field. Serving as the thread connecting research endeavour in these two research areas, our novel work highlights how the work is connected, which research clusters have been the center-of-attention during the last two decades, and consequently, which areas are still lacking an investigation. We believe that people in both academia and industry who are keen to develop a rigorous solution to ensuring food safety and food halal-ness to satisfy global market requirement will be benefitting the most from our analysis. Keywords: food safety, halal food, supply chain, bibliometric analysis, network analysis, literature review -373- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 To cite this article: Wahyuni, H., Vanany, I., & Ciptomulyono, U. (2019). Food safety and halal food in the supply chain: Review and bibliometric analysis. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 12(2), 373-391. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 1. Introduction In recent years, food safety and halal food have been part of the actively researched issues in the food quality literature. As related to the quality, the notion of food “halal”-ness is closely associated with the availability of safe and healthy products. In a similar sense, food safety is arguably emphasizing similar goal, especially from the health aspect (Sani & Dahlan, 2015). Furthermore, the issues concerning food safety are one of the most important themes to investigate thoroughly, because the lack of food safety has led to various adversarial incidents. In fact, the demand for ensuring food safety is sharply exponentiating in recent years, because the occurrence of unsafe food consumption linked to deaths have been reported globally. In addition to that, news regarding the food contamination with harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites and chemical substances, responsible for more than 200 diseases, ranging from diarrhoea to cancer, have tremendously affected how consumers globally raise their safety standards towards the food products (WHO, 2016). Facing almost the same pattern of increased demand, halal food market has grown significantly over the last five years, because this type of food has now been consumed by both the Muslim and non-Muslim customers. (Rezai, Mohamed & Nasir-Shamsudin, 2012; Vanany, Maarif & Soon, 2019). Subsequently, halal, as a necessary-and-sufficient condition for food for Muslim consumers, is currently a highly active theme of study for researchers in various part of the world. Reuters and Standards (2016) reported that the halal food sector would grow approximately 18.3% of the global food expenditure to US$ 1,914 billion by 2021. The previous researchers have studied and reported the recent developments regarding food safety and halal food in the supply chain (SC). Among the topics studied, under food safety literature in SC, are food safety management system for fresh products in the SC (Kirezieva, Luning, Jacxsens, Allende, Johannessen, Tondo, et al., 2015), traceability in the food SC (Aung & Chang, 2014) and multi-player interactions in food safety in an integrated SC (Vitalis, Khaizura & Son, 2016). Meanwhile, under halal SC literature, topics such as halal SC for manufacturing industries (Ngah, Zainuddin & Thurasamy, 2014), analysis of halal logistics (Ab Talib, Abdul Hamid & Zulkafar, 2013), and halal principles in the SC (Tieman, van der Vorst & Ghazali, 2012) have recently been published in various journals. It is disconcerting that these valuable research endeavour, to some extent, are scattered and there has been no effort to provide a systematic review to make them useful for researchers and practitioners in the field. In this study, we deploy the bibliometric and network analyses to fulfil the needs of such a systematic review. It is widely known that bibliometric and network analyses are among the powerful techniques to identify and cluster the area of research, which can lead to insightful follow-up analysis. Hence, the objective of this paper is to review food safety and halal food discussion in the SC context using these powerful techniques. The bibliometric analysis is a systematic analytical technique to identify the most influential authors, their affiliations, the keywords they use and more importantly how these attributes link one work to the other. The network analysis, on the other hand, is a rigorous method to determine the cluster of the research areas, thus revealing the directions and gaps in the future research. The systematic guidelines for the bibliometric analysis by Fahimnia, Sarkis and Davarzani (2015) and network analysis using VOSviewer by Cancino, Merigo, Coronado, Dessouky and Dessouky (2017) were adopted in this research. We applied these to the pre-processed 120 published articles on food safety in SC and 33 published articles on halal food in SC from 1990 to 2018. Our goal is that this systematic review will be helpful for researchers, who want to understand the most recent findings and be able to position their line of work. We also believe that this work will be benefitting the practitioners, who need a concise and insightful summary of the literature to understand the state of the research in food safety and halal food in SC systems. -374- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the structured research method, including selection of a bibliometric database, including-and-excluding articles and analysing the articles’ attributes. Section 3 reports the statistics of the data and the derived classification analysis. The results and detailed bibliometric and network analyses will be presented in section 4 and section 5, respectively. Finally, section 6 summarizes the discussion and provides conclusions for the opportunity of future research. 2. Research Methods Our review approach embarks with a preliminary goal of exploring the body of literature, following the related articles and tracing the attributes to attain the big picture of research endeavour in food safety and halal food in context of SC. The procedures are comprehensively performed using iterative cycles of defining relevant and informative keywords, querying the literature database, and performing rigorous analytics (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2009). We adopted a review of research methods from Fahimnia et al. (2015) and Wamba and Mishra (2017), in which a five-stage research method to achieve similar study objectives are proposed. These five stages are as follows: (1) defining search terms, (2) including-and-excluding articles, (3) selecting the process of articles, (4) performing preliminary data analysis and (5) conducting bibliometric and network analysis. In what follows, we elaborate each of these stages to assure the validity of our findings and to enable the readers to implement this method for systematically performing an analysis-based literature review in their study. 2.1. Selection of Bibliometric Database and Defining Serach Terms We chose the Scopus database, which is one of the largest bibliometric databases of peer-reviewed articles. It is worth mentioning that this database has been providing an access to high-quality refereed articles, published since 1966 (Burnham, 2006) and has about +22,800 series titles from +5,000 publishers, covering 195 million of reference records (Elsevier, 2017). It is noteworthy that most of the journals in Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) are dual-indexed in both databases, alleviating the need of digging from both sources (Gavel & Iselid, 2008). We define the search terms or the keywords used for data collection on the food safety in SC research as “Food”, “Safety”, “Supply Chain”, and “Food Safety” or their meaningful combinations; for instance, “Food Safety” AND “Supply Chain” and “Food” AND “Safety” AND “Supply Chain”. In context of halal food in SC research, the keywords used are “Halal”, “Food”, and “Supply Chain”. The combinations considered include “Halal Food” AND “Supply Chain” and “Halal” AND “Food” AND “Supply Chain”. Using these search terms, we query the database and perform our next stage. 2.2. Including and Excluding Articles The goal of this including-and-excluding stage is to collect and store the most relevant articles that were extracted from query results of the initial search terms. We considered journal articles excluding several source types (such as conference proceedings and book series) and searching the terms within the “title, abstract, and keywords” fields in Scopus database. Our further exclusion criteria encompass the types of the document. We only considered journal articles written in English and published between 1990 and 2018. We also eliminated conferences paper, editorial, erratum/collection, letter, note, review and short survey to ensure that our analysis will be based only on those peer-reviewed, final version, and widely disseminated work. Our query returned 1,694 articles for food and 53 articles for halal food, all in SC research context. The search results including essential attributes of the articles, such as the name of the author(s), title, year, citation count, affiliations, keywords and references were stored in RIS and CSV format for analytical purposes. 2.3. Selection Process of Articles By further processing the query results, we removed article duplication using Endnote software. This selection process is conducted so that we only regard published articles restricted in the related subject area (e.g., business, management and accounting, agricultural and biological sciences, computer science, engineering and decision science). For assuring high relevance, we carefully read the abstract of the candidate articles. As a result, we reduced the article numbers from 1,694 to 120 on food safety and from 53 to 33 on halal food in SC. -375- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 2.4. Performing Preliminary Data Analyses At this stage, we obtained some statistics from the data including (1) the annual distribution of the published articles and (2) the article distribution by years and journals. The annual distribution of published articles is used to understand the trend of related articles, while the article distribution data by years and journals are both used to further analyse and determine which journals are publishing the most articles on food safety and halal food issues in SC context. Further, we classified the articles based on two dimensions: (1) the types of food products being addressed and (2) the types of research methods being utilized. We studied the abstract and the related subsections of these papers carefully to identify these dimensions whenever possible. The statistics and output of the classification analysis are presented in section 3.1 and section 3.2 respectively. 2.5. Conducting Bibliometric and Network Analysis Finally, we conducted the bibliometric analysis using BibExcel and network analysis using VOSviewer. Bibliometric analysis helps us to map the contributing author, affiliation and keywords. In this regard, BibExcel is the preferred tool to utilize because of its high degree of flexibility to deal with large datasets and its compatibility to various network analysis applications, such as Gephi, Pajek and VOSviewer (Persson, Danell & Schneider, 2009). Following that, the network analysis employing VOSviewer is conducted. It is obvious that our choice of BibExcel provides advantages to integrate these two analyses and avoids the errors related to the misinterpretation and disintegrated metrics. It also noteworthy that this tool has the ability to adjust and, in some sense,, ‘normalize’ the input data obtained from the multi-source databases, including Scopus and Web of Science (Persson et al., 2009). The results of our bibliometric analysis and network analysis are presented in sections 3.3 and 3.4, respectively. 3. Results of Statistical and Classification Analyses In this section, we will discuss our results from the analytical tools and highlight some interesting insights regarding the nature of the published work in the field of food safety and halal food in SC context. 3.1. Initial Statistical Analysis The initial statistical analysis is used to describe the annual distribution of the published articles to understand the trend of the quantity over time. The article distribution by years and journals are used to identify the most publishing journals along with the number of articles published each year. 3.1.1. The Annual Distribution of the Published Articles The annual distribution of the published articles on food safety and halal food in SC context are shown in Figure 1 (a. food safety in SC and b. halal food in SC). The first article addressing the food safety issues was published in 1990, while the first one addressing food safety in SC context was published a decade later, in 2000. Figure 1a shows that there is a significant increase in food safety concerns in SC context, as shown by the trend of publications within the 17-year period. Meanwhile, the first article of halal food research was published in 2008. Two years later, an arguably short period of time, an article discussing halal food issue in SC context was published in 2010. Note: x-axis = amount of articles and y-axis = year Figure 1. Annual distribution of articles on (a) food safety in SC (b) halal food in SC -376- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 Figure 1a shows the number of published articles on food safety in SC by years. In this figure, it is obvious that the number of published articles increased during the period of 2000–2017. It can be observed that the last two years, 2016 (27 articles (22.50%)) and 2017 (39 articles (32.50%)), are both representing big jumps in terms of number of published articles, indicating that the food safety in SC research has recently attracted significant attention from many researchers and would very likely continue to do so, if not amplify, in the near future. In Figure 1b, the number of articles on halal food in SC also increased from 2011 to 2017, with the most publication in 2017 (12 articles (36.36%)). These findings align with Reuters and Standards (2016) prediction that the demand concerning food safety and halal food, especially that applied in the whole chain, will continue to exponentiate in the foreseeable future. 3.1.2. Article Distribution by Journals and Years Our review of 120 articles on food safety in SC from 84 journals and 33 articles on halal food in SC topic from 24 journals, reveals that over thirty-three percent of the articles in food safety in SC have been published in ten flagship journals (see Table 1). It is interesting to note that the issues of food safety in SC are highlighted, addressed and published in journals from various fields, such as agricultural and biological sciences, business, management, accounting, decision science and computer science, indicating the multi-disciplinary nature of the problems. It can be noted that The Food Control (17 articles (14.17%)) and British Food Journal (5 articles (4.17%)) both published more articles in this regard than other journals in consideration. The annual distribution of the published articles on food safety in SC by various journals is shown in detail in Table 1. No Name of Journal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Total 1 Food Control 1 1 1 1 2 5 6 17 2 British Food Journal* 1 1 1 1 1 5 3Food Research International 1 1 1 3 4Trends in Food Science and Technology * 1 1 1 3 5Journal of Marketing Channels 2 2 6 Meat Science * 1 1 2 7Sustainability (Switzerland) 1 1 2 8Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1 1 2 -- ------------------- - -- ------------------- - 81 China Economic Review 1 1 82 Journal of Agricultural Economics 1 1 83 AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Science 1 1 84 Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 1 1 Total 101101021354598927393 120 Table 1. Distribution of food safety in supply chain articles by years and journals -377- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 Table 2 shows the distribution of articles on halal food in SC by different years and journals from a total of 24 journals. The five most publishing journal is the Journal of Islamic Marketing (6 articles (18.18%)), British Food Journal (6.06%), Industrial Management and Data System (6.06.1%), International Business Management (2 articles (6.06%)) and International Journal of Supply Chain Management (6.06%). This indicates that research related to halal food in SC is also an active and multi-disciplinary area spanning from business, management, and accounting, agricultural and biological sciences, computer science, to decision sciences. No Name of Journal Publication Year Amount‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 1 Journal of Islamic Marketing 1 1 1 2 1 6 2 International Journal of Food Properties 1 1 3 Food Policy 1 1 4International Journal of Supply Chain Management 2 2 5 British Food Journal 2 2 6 Industrial Management and Data Systems 2 2 7 Social Science Pakistan 1 1 8 Supply Chain Management 1 1 9 Journal of Macro-Marketing 1 1 10 Meat Science 1 1 11 Jurnal Pengurusan 1 1 12 International Business Management 1 1 2 13 Asian Pasific Journal of Marketing and Logistic 1 1 14 Journal fo Food Product Marketing 1 1 15 Journal of Internastional Food and Agribusiness Marketing 1 1 16 Industrial Engineerin and Management System 1 1 17 Sustainabilty (Switzerland) 1 1 18 American Journal of Enviromental Science 1 1 19 International Journal of Lean Six SIgma 1 1 20 Advance in Natural and Applied Science 1 1 21 Advance Science Letters 1 1 22 Enviromental Law and Management 1 1 23 Food Additive and Contaminants Part A Chemistry, Analysis Control, Exposure and Risk Management 1 1 24 Recents Patents on Food Nutrition and Agriculture 1 1 Total 1 1 3 2 5 3 5 12 1 33 Table 2. Distribution articles of halal food in supply chain by journals and years -378- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 There are 7 journals that published articles about the food safety and halal food in SC, namely: (1) Journal of Islamic Marketing, (2) British Food Journal, (3) Industrial Management and Data Systems, (4) Food Additives and Contaminants Part A Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure And Risk Assessment, (5) Food Policy, (6) Meat Science and (7) Sustainability Switzerland. These results align with the commonly acknowledged idea that there is indeed a close relationship between food safety and halal food issues in SC and integratedly addressing both issues simultaneously would lead to highly effective and robust SC strategy. 3.2. Classification Analysis 3.2.1. Types of Research Methods According to Chen, Zhao, Tang, Price, Zhang and Zhu (2017), the various research methods used by the researchers on food safety and halal food in SC context can generally be divided into four classes: survey, case study, concept development and modelling. In this context, a survey is a research method that is useful to investigate characteristics of the population under study. A case study is highly effective to understand various real-life phenomena. The concept development describes the methodological approach developed to further advance science and human understanding. Finally, the modelling is an approach that simplifies a problem in the form of mathematical models that are tractable to solve in a closed-form or, at the very least, yield to a numerically attainable solution. Overall, the distribution of the methods used is shown in Figure 2. As shown, nearly 40 percent (47 articles (39%)), i.e. almost half of the food safety in SC articles, were using the survey method, which is well aligned with our findings in the case of halal food in SC with 14 articles (46%). Investigating the practice of the utilized methods deeper, we found that the surveys were mostly conducted through questionnaires or interviews using the structured questions. In food safety SC research, such as the study by Cavaliere, Aiello, Perri, Amico, Martial, Thibaut et al. (2016), researchers analysed the characteristics of organic supply chain relationships focusing on processing and retail sectors. In halal SC research, Ali, Kader, Yunus, Mohezar & Nazri (2017b) used a cross-sectional approach in their survey. Meanwhile, the concept development in food safety SC and halal SC leads to the integration with other variables, such as quality (Zhang, Fu, Wang, Tang, Zhao & Zhang, 2017), global trends and developments (King, Cole, Farber, Eisenbrand, Zabaras, Fox et al., 2017), and certification (Ab Talib, 2017; White & Samuel, 2016). Case studies are used to investigate the growth of various types of bacteria, that degrade the quality of food products in manufacturing or distribution systems (Pang, 2017; Ssemanda, Reij, Bagabe, Muvunyi, Joosten & Zwietering, 2017) concerning the food safety issues. On halal SC, case studies are found closely related to risk management (Ali, Tan, Pawar & Makhbul, 2014) because of the various processes involved in SC and the implementation of halal behaviour in certain regions or countries (Heiman, Gordon, & Zilberman, 2017). Finally, in terms of modelling method, mathematical equations are used to describe the behaviour of the bacterial growth or some measure of risks to be mitigated (Mohammed, Wang & Li, 2017; Nascimento, Carminati, Silva, Silva, Bernardi & Copetti, 2018). Figure 2. Types of research methods -379- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 3.2.2. Type of Food Products The articles on food safety and halal food in SC appear to extend to several product types. The types of food product shown in Figure 3 are general terms, and therefore not included in the analysis. The most common application has been for meat products (10 articles), which are inherently and widely understood, where issues concerning food safety and halal food in SC have frequently been raised. In the articles related to food safety in SC, Telligman, Worosz and Bratcher (2017) conducted research to explore the consumers’ top-of-mind food safety belief about the local beef, using the survey method. They found that the consumers tend to be more confident on the local beef or those sourced from close proximity, which, in turn, leads to the higher food safety confidence compared to those sourced from unknown places. In the articles about halal food in SC, most of the applications have also been around meat products. Mohammed et al. (2017) developed a framework using RFID-enabled monitoring system and applied it in context of halal meat products. In their subsequent research, they investigated the economic feasibility of a three-echelon halal meat product in SC (Mohammed et al., 2017). Farouk, Pufpaff and Amir (2016) discussed why poor practices and animal welfare abuse are still occurring during the halal meat production and how to reduce such undesired practices through some initiatives, including staff training and CCTV installation, among many others. Figure 3. Type of food product 4. Bibliometric Analysis In this section, we conducted the bibliometric analysis using BibExcel. Leveraging on the ability to provide comprehensive network analysis tools, such as Gephi, Pajek and VOSviewer, our analysis is cognizantly adopted and comprehensively performed using various inbuilt features of BibExcel. We refer readers to the study of Persson et al (2009) for more details. The pre-processed input data, containing various attributes of the articles from the previous stages, are in the form of RIS format from Scopus, which are compatible to be fetched directly into BibExcel. We focused on analysing a set of information, such as author(s), year, document title, journal, affiliation, keywords, citation count and references. In what follows, we discuss our findings regarding the influence of the authors, the citation of the articles and the statistics of the keyword based on BibExcel and Excel analytics. 4.1. Influence of Authors We analysed the influence of authors by extracting the field “author” from the data file and recorded the number of publications from each author. Table 3 shows the list of top ten contributing authors and the number of publications they have authored or co-authored. In research related to the food safety in SC, Jacxsens, L. is the highest contributing authors with 8 publications, followed by Uyttendaele M. with 7 publications. In Halal food in SC, Ali and Tan are at the top with 5 publications each, followed by Manzouri and Tieman with 4 publications each. Please see Table 3 for more details. -380- Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2803 Food Safety in Supply Chain Halal Food in Supply Chain Author Number of publications Author Number of publications 1. Jacxsens, L. 8 1. Ali, M.H. 5 2. Uyttendaele, M. 7 2. Tan, K.H. 5 3. Luning, P.A. 4 3. Manzouri, M. 4 4. Raspor, P. 2 4. Tieman, M. 4 5. Manning, L. 2 5. Ab-Rahman, M.N. 3 6. Kirezieva, K. 2 6. Li, X. 2 7. Hammoudi, A. 1 7. Makhbul, Z.M. 2 8. Zheng, L. 1 8. Mohammed, A. 2 9. Desmarchelier, P. 1 9. Othman, S.N. 2 10. Monaghan 1 10. Wang, Q. 2 Table 3. Top 10 contributing authors by number of publications related to food safety and halal food in the SC 4.1. Affiliation of the Authors The affiliation of the authors is analysed by extracting the field “author’s affiliation” from the data file and the number of articles is recorded. For each affiliation, the country where the organization is located was identified. Table 4 shows the list of the top ten affiliations based on the number of paper published by the affiliating authors. In research related to food safety in SC, the three top contributing organizations are from the United States. This may be because the researchers in several US universities tend to be more aware towards the societies’ demand for food safety, and thus have spent more effort in investigating this issues using SC perspectives. In case of halal food in SC, the top ten organizations are from Malaysia, such as Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and from the United Kingdom, such as the University of Nottingham. These institutions are frequently represented by more prolific authors, including Ali, Mohd Helmi, and Tan, Kimhua. Food Safety in Supply Chain Halal Food in Supply Chain The affiliation of author - Country Frequency The affiliation of authorCountry Frequency 1. Food and Drug Administration - United States 7 1. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - Malaysia 9 2. Michigan State University - United States 5 2. University of Nottingham - United Kingdom 5 3. University of California - United States 4 3. Universiti Putra Malaysia - Malaysia 4 4. University of Tasmania - Australia 2 4. University of Malaya - Malaysia 4 5. Institute of Food Technologists –Canada 2 5. Universiti Teknologi MARA - Malaysia 3 6. Cranfield University - United Kingdom 1 6. University Utara Malaysia - Malaysia 2 7. China Agricultural University - China 1 7. University of Portsmouth - United Kingdom 2 8. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences - China 1 8. Universiti Tun Abdul Razak - Malaysia 1 9. University of Queensland - United Kingdom 1 9. Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah - Malaysia 1 10. University of Saskatchewan - Canada 1 10. National Coordinator Malaysia - Malaysia 1 … … … … 80. University of Ljubljana - Slovenia 1 29. Universitas Islam Indonesia - Indonesia 1 Total 94 Total 51 Table 4. 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