Canonical and non-canonical conversion in Baltic

Canonical and non-canonical con e sion in Bal ic Ju gis Pake ys (Vilnius Uni e si y) ABSTRACT Canonical and non-canonical con e sion in La ian and Li huanian (Bal ic, Indo-Eu opean) is dis- cussed by applying he ollowing c i e ia: (A) iden i y o o m, (B) wo d-class change, and (C) he absence o dedica ed de i a ional a ixes. The absolu e iden i y o o m and he ealiza ion o (B) and (C) a e ound in he con e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes, and de ia ions om ha canon a e seen in he wo d-class changing and wo d-class e aining con e sion o in lec ing wo ds. They obliga o ily change hei in lec ion pa e ns and hei base s ems a e op ionally a ec ed by owel, consonan , and one al e na ions as well as by unca ion. The in lec ion pa e ns a e al e ed in wo ways: pa adigm assignmen (mos ly eplacemen o he pa adigm o he inpu wi h ha o he ou - pu ) and pa adigm adjus men (mos ly es ic ion o he pa adigm when he ou pu has ewe pa - adigm cells han he inpu ). I is ag eed wi h Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö élyessy (2012) ha due o c i e ion (C), con e sion can be classi ied alongside o he non-conca ena i e wo d- o ma ion p o- cesses. KEYWORDS Canonical ypology, con e sion, pa adigma ic de i a ion, La ian, Li huanian DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/18059635.2025.1.2 1 INTRODUCTION Du ing con e sion, as awo d- o ma ion p ocess, an inpu wo d is ans e ed o he wo d class o he ou pu wi hou al e na ion o he base o m (Baue , 1983, p.32; Baue & Vale a, 2005, p.8; Vale a, 2014, p.154; Vale a, 2015, p.322). Fo example, in(1), he o m o he inpu and ou pu is iden ical (bo le = bo le), and he wo d class changes om noun o e b: (1) bo le N → bo le V English ‘acon aine ypically ‘ o pu in o bo le’1 made o glass o plas ic wi h ana ow neck’ In his pape , Idiscuss he p oblems encoun e ed when he no ion o con e sion is applied o in lec ionally- ich languages like Li huanian and La ian, membe s o he Bal ic genus om he Indo-Eu opean amily. The poin o depa u e o he discus- sion is o e ed by canonical ypology (Co be , 2005), and ‘canonical con e sion’ is 1 De ini ions adap ed om Me iam-Webs e online dic iona y a ailable a h ps://www. me iam-webs e .com/, accessed on Janua y 24–25, 2025. OPEN ACCESS JURGIS PAKERYS 17 ini ially de ined based on wo majo c i e ia— he iden i y o o m and he change o wo d class— by ase o possible de ia ions om ha canon (Sec ion 2). I e iew ele an Bal ic da a beginning wi h cases mani es ing a ull iden i y o o m o non- in lec ing wo ds (Sec ion 3.1), and hen mo e o examples whe e he inpu and ou pu di e in hei in lec ion (Sec ion 3.2) and addi ional al e na ions o he base s em oc- cu (Sec ion 3.3). In Sec ion 4, Iadd ess he ques ion o whe he he wo d- o ma ion pai s ha o mally esemble con e sion (lacking dedica ed de i a ional a ixes bu belonging o he same wo d class) can be conside ed as akind o con e sion. In Sec- ion 5, he main poin s o he discussion a e summa ized. 2 DEFINING CANONICAL CONVERSION As as a ing poin o he analysis, he app oach o canonical ypology will be used whe e “[…] we ake de ini ions o hei logical end poin and build heo e ical spaces o possibili ies. Only hen do we ask how his space is popula ed” (Co be , 2005). Ac- co ding o awidely-held iew, con e sion is awo d- o ma ion p ocess cha ac e ized by wo majo ea u es illus a ed in (1) abo e: (A) Iden i y o o m (B) Wo d-class change A e de ining canonical con e sion acco ding o (A) and (B), one may s a explo ing he heo e ical space o possibili ies summa ized in Table 1, whe e canonical con e - sion is ma ked as (a) and o he combina ions o he ea u es a e ea ed as non-ca- nonical due o de ia ions om (a). Fi s , one expec s examples whe e ce ain aspec s o iden i y o o m a e no main ained (b). Then, he e may be cases whe e bo h o - mal iden i y and wo d class a e no changed (c). Finally, he se o combina ions ends wi h he nega i e ealiza ion o bo h ea u es (d). Canonical con e sion Non-canonical con e sion a b c d Iden i y o o m + – + – Wo d-class change + + – – able 1.Canonical and non-canonical con e sion de ined by wo ea u es The e m ‘canonical’ has al eady been applied o con e sion by Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö élyessy (2012, p.218) and Vale a (2014; 2015, p.326, 334), among o he s. The dis inc ions o deg ees o canonici y o con e sion in Table 1 a e e y close o he ollowing ones o mula ed by Vale a (2015): “con e sion as wo d-class change plus o mal iden i y”, “con e sion as wo d-class change wi hou o mal iden i y”, “con- e sion wi hou wo d-class change, bu wi h o mal iden i y”. The a iabili y o OPEN ACCESS 18 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025 con e sion can also be add essed in e ms o deg ees o con e sion (Vale a 2014) and p o o ypicali y (Mano a & D essle , 2005). Now i is ime o examine he ele an Bal ic da a beginning wi h examples o canonical con e sion and hen mo ing o non-canonical ones. Fi s , he issue o iden- i y o o m will be discussed and hen a en ion will be u ned o wo d-class change. 3 IDENTITY OF FORM In his sec ion, he analysis begins wi h ins ances o con e sion in which ull iden- i y o o m is main ained (Sec ion 3.1), ollowed by cases in ol ing di e ences in in- lec ional ma e ial (Sec ion 3.2), and hen cases esul ing om mo phophonological al e na ions and unca ion o he base s em (Sec ion 3.3). 3.1 FULL IDENTITY OF FORM Full iden i y o he o m o he inpu and ou pu is possible only when bo h o he wo ds in ol ed in con e sion ha e no in lec ional ca ego ies ealized by bound mo phology,2 as bound mo phology in Bal ic c ea es ine i able o mal di e ences (c .Sec ion3.2). When anon-in lec ing wo d is con e ed o ano he membe o anon-in lec ing class, he o m may emain exac ly he same, as i is ee om he in lec ional equi emen s;3 conside (2) and (3), whe e ad e bs a e ans e ed o heclass o adposi ions (p eposi ions): (2) šalià Ad → šalià P ep Li huanian ‘close by, in p oximi y’ ‘nex o’ (3) blakus Ad → blakus P ep La ian ‘close by, in p oximi y’ ‘nex o’ This ype o con e sion is no e y common in Bal ic and is ypically omi ed in wo d- o ma ion li e a u e, bu one inds equen no es elsewhe e s a ing ha , e.g., some Bal ic adposi ions a e ad e bial in hei o igin, o ha ad e bs may ake on adposi- ional unc ions (see Ul ydas, 1971, p.580; Amb azas, 1994, p.438; Amb azas, 1997, p.405; Amb azas, 2006, p.284, 288–290, 293–294 on Li huanian, and Ahe o e al., 1959, p.701, 722–723; Nī iņa & G igo je s, 2015, p.627; Kalnača & Lokmane, 2021, p.354 on La ian). 2 Admi edly, mo phological boundedness has ce ain deg ees. One may begin wi h com- ple e isola ion o g amma ical ma ke s ha unc ion as ee phonological wo ds and hen mo e h ough deg ees o conca ena ion mani es ed in cli iciza ion and a ixa ion o he ma ke s o hei hos s, see, e.g., Bickel and Nichols (2007, p.180) on he deg ee o usion o in lec ional exponen s. 3 Ido no imply ha in he case o he con e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes he o m should always emain he same, which lea es oom o possible di e ences due o unca- ion and mo phophonological al e na ion o he base. OPEN ACCESS JURGIS PAKERYS 19 A u he limi ed g oup o Bal ic examples includes cases o he ans e o ad- e bs o pa icles4 and p eposi ions in o he class o conjunc ions, e.g., Li huanian kaĩp Ad ‘how’ → kaĩp Conj ‘how’, ìk P cl ‘only, jus ’ → ìk Conj ‘bu , howe e ’, ikì P ep ‘un il, up o’ → ikì Conj ‘un il’; La ian kâ Ad ‘how’ → kâ Ad ‘how’, ik P cl ‘only, jus ’ → ik Conj ‘bu , howe e ’, lĩdz P ep ‘un il, up o’ → lĩdz Conj ‘un il’ (Ul ydas, 1971, p.550, 655; Amb azas, 1994, p.455; Amb azas, 1997, p.425; Ahe o e al., 1959, p.777–778; Nī iņa & G igo je s, 2015, p.645–650; Kalnača & Lokmane, 2021, p.376). Bo h g oups discussed abo e a e non-p oduc i e and esul om he diach onic de elopmen o ce ain wo d classes o adposi ions (p eposi ions) and conjunc- ions h ough syn ac ic eanalysis. Fo co espondences o he abo e-men ioned Bal ic examples in English, conside , e.g., only Ad → only Conj, un il P ep → un il Conj, behind Ad → behind P ep,5 e c. Such cases, one should no e, can be in e p e ed as “con- e sion lookalikes” (see Ma sa 2020). They ne e played acen al ole in he s an- da d unde s anding o con e sion in English, and mos a en ion was paid o he wo d classes wi h bound in lec ions: nouns, e bs, and adjec i es, which will be discussed below. 3.2 ALTERNATION OF THE INFLECTION In he abo e, i has been men ioned ha absolu e iden i y o he o m is possible only in he case o non-in lec ing inpu s and ou pu s. I a leas one o he wo ds in- ol ed in con e sion ca ies bound in lec ional mo phology, he ull iden i y o he o m ac oss in lec ional pa adigms will no be main ained. This is seen in (4), whe e he ini ial English example (1) is p esen ed no as me e dic iona y headwo ds, bu as se s o in lec ional o ms. The majo i y o hese o ms a e cha ac e ized by bound mo phology, and only he i s line con ains ba e s ems.6 Acompa ison be ween (1) and (4) demons a es ha he ocus should no be only on he ci a ion o ms because ci a ion o ms a e based on ex alinguis ic con en ions ha a y om one linguis- ic adi ion o ano he . In he case o English, ci ing dic iona y headwo ds may gi e he w ong imp ession ha con e sion does no a ec in lec ion because he ci a ion o ms happen o be acciden ally ba e s ems. 4 The in e p e a ion o some wo ds as ad e bs and pa icles a ies, and Iwill no add ess his issue he e o he sake o b e i y. In he examples ha ollow, I e lec he in e p e a- ions a ailable in he li e a u e. One should also no e ha u he s udy o he ull iden i- y o inpu and ou pu may also include cases o con e sion o ad e bs in o pa icles, see, e.g., Ul ydas (1971, p.571) on Li huanian. 5 Aclass o in ansi i e p eposi ions ha bea no NP complemen may be dis inguished ins ead, i.e., in look behind, he wo d behind would be seen as an in ansi i e p eposi- ion dis inc om he ansi i e one in look behind you. In his case, one is dealing wi h a ansi ion om one ype o p eposi ion o ano he wi hou he wo d-class change, see Baue (1983, p.227) o adiscussion o con e sion wi hin he same wo d class. Rema k- ably, hese cases ha e also been desc ibed as p eposi ional ad e bs (c . Qui k e al., 1985, p.713–714). 6 In (4), he abb e ia ion “V” is used o bo h ini e and non- ini e e bal o ms. OPEN ACCESS 20 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025 (4) bo le N → bo le V English bo l-es N bo l-es V bo l-ed V bo l-ing V One may no e a his poin ha he mos common unde s anding o con e sion in English, illus a ed in (4), is one s ep away om he canon de ined in Sec ion 2: c i e ion (B) is ul illed, bu c i e ion (A) is pa ly iola ed; he con e ed s em emains iden ical, bu he bound in lec ional mo phology changes. I is ue ha , in Sec ion 3.1 abo e and in some o he app oaches o con e sion, c i e ion (A) is aken o he ex eme by equi ing absolu e iden i y o he o m, see Vale a (2014, p.160) wi h u he e e ences. In one o he ea lies de ini ions, Swee (1891, p.38) explici ly s a es ha in lec ional changes a e no in ended when equi ing ha he e should be no modi ica ion o he wo d unde going con e sion no any ad- di ion o i : Bu in English, as in many o he languages, we can o en con e awo d, ha is, make i in o ano he pa o speech wi hou any modi ica ion o addi ion, excep , o cou se, he necessa y change o in lec ion, e c. [emphasis added] Fo example, in Sla ic linguis ics, he change o he in lec ional pa adigm in exam- ples like (4) was seen as acen al ea u e o he wo d- o ma ion p ocess in ques ion and ga e ise o e ms like ‘pa adigma ic de i a ion’, ‘pa adigma ic wo d- o ma ion’, and ‘ ans lexion’.7 The schola s who ad oca e his e minology ecognized de i a- ional pai s o he same wo d class ha di e only by hei in lec ion and iewed hem as belonging o he same wo d- o ma ion p ocess, see, e.g., Dokulil (1962, p.63). This mean o e iding he equi emen o wo d-class change, c i e ion (B), and hus mo ing away om he o iginal de ini ion o con e sion (c . also Sec ion 4.2).8 I is im- po an o no e ha some schola s iew he assigned pa adigms as ul illing he unc- ion o de i a ional a ixes, see Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö élyessy (2012, p.219–220) wi h ele an e e ences. This is unde s andable, bu one mus keep in mind ha hese pa adigms se e adual unc ion and a e no dedica ed (special) de i a ional ma ke s: hey bo h exp ess he in lec ional ca ego ies and ma k he de i a ional con- 7 As poin ed ou by one o he anonymous e iewe s, one may p e e using he e m ‘con- e sion’ o languages ha employ li le o no conca ena i e in lec ional ma ke s, while ‘pa adigma ic wo d- o ma ion’, ‘ ans lexion’, e c. could be ese ed o languages wi h ich conca ena i e in lec ional sys ems. My posi ion he e is o look o common g ound (and acommon e m) o he wo d- o ma ion p ocess ound in bo h ypes o languag- es, he essence o ha p ocess being he o ma ion o anew lexical i em wi hou he ad- di ion o a(dedica ed) de i a ional ma ke , no ma e how de eloped conca ena i e in- lec ion in agi en language is, as done by, e.g., Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö élyessy (2012, p.213–224). 8 No ably, Dokulil (1962, p.63) s ill speaks o con e sion in his case, namely, “con e sion wi hin he [same] wo d-class” (“kon e ze u ni ř slo ního d uhu”). OPEN ACCESS JURGIS PAKERYS 21 as , c . Dokulil (1962, p.24, 62).9 Fo u he discussion o he c i e ion o o mal iden i y due o achange o in lec ions in con e sion, see Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö - élyessy (2012, p.219–222) and Vale a (2014, p.159–160; 2015, p.330–331). The de elopmen s in Sla ic linguis ics men ioned abo e in luenced he desc ip- ions o he co esponding phenomena in Bal ic schola ship in he 1960s and 1970s, and e ms like ‘de i a ion by he means o endings’, ‘(in) lec ional de i a ion’, ‘pa adigma ic de i a ion’, ‘pa adigm(iz)a ion’, and he like sp ang up whe e he ocus is also on in lec ions and in lec ional pa adigms (see Ul ydas, 1965, p.253–423, 550–578; U bu is, 1978, p.283–286; Soida, 1976; Soida, 1977; Soida, 2009,10 e c.). Ahe o e al. (1959, p.81, 159) use asomewha speci ic e m, ‘su ixal ending’, whe e ‘su - ixal’ e e s o he de i a ional unc ion o he in lec ion ha is ypically ul illed by su ixes. Now le us go back o he ac ual Bal ic da a. In he cases o con e sion whe e bound in lec ional mo phology changes, he ansi ion is mos ly om e b o noun, as in (5) and (6); he con e sion o adjec i es o nouns is also no able, as in (7) and (8). Li huanian, bu no La ian, also has asigni ican numbe o con e ed de e bal adjec i es, as in (9), bu denominal adjec i es a e excep ionally a e (no illus a ed below o he sake o b e i y). (5) aûg- V → aûg-sN La ian g ow-in plan (m)-nom.sg ‘ o g ow (i .)’ ‘plan ’ (6) áug- i V → áug-as N Li huanian e men -in lea ening(m)-nom.sg ‘ o e men ( .)’ ‘lea ening, (b ead) lea en’ (7) lìksm-sA → lìksm-eN La ian joy ul-nom.sg.m joy( )-nom.sg ‘joy ul’ ‘joy’ (8) g e -as A → g e -is N Li huanian as -nom.sg.m speed(m)-nom.sg ‘ as ’ ‘speed’ (9) kìb- i V → kib-ùs A Li huanian s ick-in s icky-nom.sg.m ‘ o s ick (i .)’ ‘s icky, enacious’ 9 Dokulil (1962, p.62) de ines con e sion as awo d- o ma ion p ocess whe e no speci ic de i a ional a ixes a e used (“bez použi í jakýchkoli speci ických slo o o ných a ixů”) and only he ans e o he base wo d o ano he pa adigm occu s. 10 The manusc ip o his s udy was w i en in he 1970s. OPEN ACCESS 22 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025 I should be no ed ha he ypes illus a ed in (5) o (9) a e equen ly cha ac e ized by a ious mo phophonological al e na ions o he base s em (discussed in Sec ion 3.3), bu examples whe e he o m emains iden ical we e selec ed speci ically o he pu poses o his sec ion. The e is one accen ual di e ence seen in (9) ha needs o be explained: he s ess is placed on he oo o he in ini i e, bu i alls on he ending o he nom. sg. m. o he adjec i e. Li huanian is api ch-accen language wi h amo able s ess sys em, and he con e ed i ems a e assigned o bo h segmen al (bound) and sup asegmen al (accen ual) pa adigms, which oge he o m an in lec ional p o ile (pa adigm) o he wo d. To ecognize he ac ual one al e na ion11 o he base s em, he s ess mus be on he oo syllable (c . Sec ion 3.3). In (9), he oo is asho syl- lable, which al eady excludes he possibili y o onal al e na ion in Li huanian, and his can be e i ied when he s ess alls on he oo , as in acc. sg. m. kìb-ų, whe e he s essed syllable emains exac ly he same as in he in . kìb- i. Con e sion om adjec i es and nouns o e bs is men ioned only a ely in he li e a u e, and Iwill limi mysel o he deadjec i al examples in (10) and (11):12 (10) pig-ùs A (pìg-ų) → pìg- i V Li huanian cheap-nom.sg.m cheap-acc.sg.m become.cheape -in ‘cheap’ ‘become cheape ’ (11) slb-sA → slb- V La ian weak-nom.sg.m u n.weak-in ‘ i ed, weak’ ‘become weake ’ The ype o con e sion jus discussed and illus a ed in (5) o (9) and in (10) and (11) may be e e ed o as ‘pa adigm- eplacing con e sion’, and aselec ion o ele an e e ences o u he s udy will be p o ided in Sec ion 3.3 a e discussing he base s em al e na ions. Adi e en ype o in lec ion change occu s when con e sion induces he es ic- ion o he inpu ’s in lec ional pa adigm, as in (12) and (13): he inpu adjec i es (o pa iciples) lose one o hei gende pa adigms and a e no longe a ailable o g ada- ion once hey a e u ned in o nouns, which inhe i masculine and eminine gende , espec i ely, om he inpu o ms. The ou pu s may unde go speci ic lexicaliza ion: in (12) and (13), he espec i e meanings ‘pa en s’ and ‘b ide’ a e achie ed h ough he in e media e s ages o ‘ he olde ones’ and ‘ he young one’. (12) ec-âk-iA → ecâk-iN La ian old-comp-nom.pl.m pa en (m)-nom.pl ‘olde ’ ‘pa en s’ (pl. an .) 11 Iuse ‘ one’ as acon enien ye impe ec label o accen ual con as s ound in hea y syl- lables in Li huanian and La ian. 12 Acc. sg. m. pìg-ų is ci ed in (10) o demons a e ha he accen ual p ope ies o he oo do no change du ing con e sion, as explained abo e. OPEN ACCESS JURGIS PAKERYS 23 (13) jaun-óji A → jaunój-iN Li huanian young-nom.sg. .de b ide( )-nom.sg ‘( he) young’ ‘b ide’ Compa ed o he pa adigm- eplacing con e sion discussed abo e (examples (5) h ough (11)), his sub ype can be in e p e ed as essen ially syn ac ic, excep wi h e- pe cussions on mo phology, which a e mani es ed as a es ic ion o he pa adigm.13 I also di e s om apa adigm- eplacing con e sion by no mani es ing s em base al e na ions. An endpoin o pa adigm es ic ion would be he ull elimina ion o i , which happens in he case o acon e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes, as in (14) and (15), whe e he nominal case and e bal non- ini e o ms a e u ned in o non- in lec ing ad e bs:14 (14) ka -ais N → ka ais Ad Li huanian ime(m)-ins.pl some imes ‘a imes’ ‘some imes’ (15) bèidz- V → bèidz Ad La ian inish-c b inally ‘(while) inishing’ ‘ inally’ These examples e e o a es ic ion o he pa adigm based on he con e sion o ad- jec i es (o pa iciples) o nouns, illus a ed in (12) and (13), and he ad e bializa ion o o ms o in lec ing wo d classes, as seen in (14) and (15). In he case o he con e - sion o pa iciples o adjec i es, one may ac ually obse e an expansion o he o igi- nal pa adigm when he con e ed i ems become g adable, conside he con e sion o pa iciple o adjec i e in (16a) and i s g ada ed o ms in (16b): 13 Iag ee wi h one o he anonymous e iewe s who poin s ou ha e en in his case, he pa adigm change can be seen as akind o pa adigm eplacemen : he la ge pa adigm o he inpu is eplaced wi h he smalle pa adigm o he ou pu (and one may igno e he ac ha he smalle pa adigm is inhe i ed om he la ge pa adigm). By cha ac e izing he p ocess as “essen ially syn ac ic”, Iwish o emphasize ha he syn ac ic p ope ies o he inpu a e changed, bu he in lec ional mo phology is inhe i ed (copied) om he inpu as much as he new syn ac ic p ope ies allow i , c . Mano a and D essle (2005, p.71–72) who in e p e nominalized adjec i es ha keep hei in lec ion as cases o syn ac ic con- e sion (o e-ca ego iza ion). Iadmi ha Ilea e aside in e es ing cases o con e sion wi h de ec i e pa adigms and also cases whe e he ou pu no only pa ially p ese es he o ms o he inpu , bu also supplan s hem wi h some addi ional o ms, see Mano a and D essle (2005, p.76–77). 14 And in he case o he con e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes o in lec ing ones, like in English down P cl → down Vo zap Onom → zap V, one is dealing wi h pa adigm assignmen as he e is no hing o be eplaced. Jus like in English, his ype is ma ginal in Bal ic and can be illus a ed by con e ing onoma opoeias o e bs, e.g., Li huanian pp Onom ‘beep (sound p oduced by abi d, an elec onic de ice, aca , e c.)’ → pp- i V‘ o beep’. OPEN ACCESS 24 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025 (16a) žìn-o-m-as P cp → žìnom-as A Li huanian know-p s-pass.p cp-nom.sg.m amous-nom.sg.m ‘known’ ‘well-known, amous’ (16b) žinom-èsn-is žinomi-áusi-as Li huanian amous-comp-nom.sg.m amous-supe -nom.sg.m ‘mo e amous’ ‘ he mos amous’ The dis inc ion be ween pa iciples and adjec i es is icky, and acco ding o he a - gumen p esen ed abo e, one needs o assume ha g ada ion is a ailable only o (some) adjec i es and no o pa iciples. Mo eo e , unde his in e p e a ion, i is he pa iciple ( a he han he e b o which i belongs) ha is aken as he inpu . Bu i he e b wi h i s ini e and non- ini e o ms is seen as an inpu , his in ol es bo h pa adigm es ic ion ( he o ms o he pa iciple a e cu ou om he e bal pa a- digm) and pa adigm expansion (once he g ada ed o ms a e made a ailable o he ou pu ). So, o co e bo h he es ic ion and expansion o he pa adigm, one may e- e o his ype o con e sion as ‘pa adigm-adjus ing’. A his poin , some e minological ema ks ela ed o he adi ion o Bal ic lin- guis ics a e in o de . In he li e a u e on La ian, he e m ‘con e sion’ is mos e- quen ly used in e e ence o pa adigm-adjus ing con e sion (see, e.g., Ahe o e al., 1959, p.85; Skujiņa, 2007, p.194; Nī iņa & G igo je s, 2015, p.202, 207–209; Kalnača & Lokmane, 2021, p.73; e c.). In Li huanian linguis ics, howe e , he same phenomena a e ypically e med ‘X-(ial)iza ion’, whe e X s ands o he wo d class o he ou - pu : ‘subs an i iza ion’, ‘adjec i iza ion’, ‘ad e bializa ion’, e c., see Ul ydas (1965, p.529–533), e c. La ian linguis ics also employs hese e ms, bu only o e e o sub- ypes o con e sion dis inguished by he wo d class o he ou pu . 3.3 ALTERNATION OF THE BASE STEM The discussion now needs o e u n o he pa adigm- eplacing con e sion ha mo es one mo e s ep away om he canonical de ini ion when no only he bound in lec ions change, bu also he base s em is a ec ed by a ious al e na ions. The mos common ypes o al e na ions a e oo owel and one changes, which some imes co-occu . In (17) and (18), only one al e na ion a ec s he base s em ma ked by g a is and ci cum lex in he La ian example, and by acu e and ci cum lex in he Li huanian case (as explained ea lie , an in lec ional o m whe e he s ess alls on he oo is needed o e eal i s accen ual p ope ies in Li huanian; in (18), acc. sg. was added o ha pu pose): (17) èik- V → ek-aN La ian ell-in ale( )-nom.sg ‘ o ell’ ‘ ale’ (18) áuk- i V → auk-àN ( ak-ą) Li huanian pull-in ac ion( )-nom.sg ac ion( )-acc.sg ‘pull, a ac ’ ‘(a ) ac ion’ OPEN ACCESS JURGIS PAKERYS 31 Liebe , R., & Š ekaue , P. (2014). The Ox o d handbook o de i a ional mo phology. Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. doi: 10.1093/ ox o dhb/9780199641642.001.0001. Mano a, S. & D essle , W.U. (2005). The mo phological echnique o con e sion in he in lec ing- usional ype. In L.Baue & S.Vale a (Eds.), App oaches o con e sion/ ze o-de i a ion (pp.67–101). Müns e : Waxmann. Ma sa, S. (2020). Con e sion in mo phology. Ox o d esea ch encyclopedia o linguis ics. doi: 10.1093/ac e o e/9780199384655.013.567. Na ickai ė-Klišauskienė, A. (2016). La ian. In P.O.Mülle , I.Ohnheise , S.Olsen, & F.Raine (Eds.), Wo d- o ma ion: An in e na ional handbook o he languages o Eu ope (Vol. 5, pp.3107–3123). Be lin, Bos on: De G uy e . doi: 10.1515/9783110424942-002. Nī iņa, D. & G igo je s, J. (Eds.). (2015). La iešu alodas g ama ika. Rīga: LU La iešu Valodas Ins i ū s. Pake ys, J. (2011). On de i a ional su ixes and in lec ional classes o e bs in Mode n Li huanian, Lie u ių kalba, 5, 1–17. doi: 10.15388/LK.2011.22793. Qui k, R., G eenbaum, S, Leech, G. & S a ik, J. (1985). Acomp ehensi e g amma o he English language. London, New Yo k: Longman. Skujiņa, V. (Ed.). (2007). Valodniecības pama e minu skaid ojošā ā dnīca. Rīga: LU La iešu Valodas Ins i ū s. Soida, E. (1976). Galo nes unkcijas la iešu alodas ā dda ināšanas sis ēmā. La ijas PSR Zinā ņu Akadēmijas Vēs is, 12, 103–112. Soida, E. (1977). Galo nes de i a ī ās unkcijas la iešu alodā. La ijas PSR Zinā ņu Akadēmijas Vēs is, 2, 109–121. Soida, E. (2009). Vā dda ināšana. Rīga: LU Akadēmiskais apgāds. Š ekaue , P., Vale a, S., & Kö élyessy, L. (2012). Wo d- o ma ion in he wo ld’s languages: A ypological su ey. Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. doi: 10.1017/ CBO9780511895005. S undžia, B. (2016). Li huanian. In P.O.Mülle , I.Ohnheise , S.Olsen, & F.Raine (Eds.), Wo d- o ma ion: An in e na ional handbook o he languages o Eu ope (Vol. 5, pp.3089–3106). Be lin, Bos on: De G uy e . doi: 10.1515/9783110424942-001. Swee , H. (1968/1891). Anew English g amma : Logical and his o ical (Vol. 1). Ox o d: Cla endon P ess. Ul ydas, K. (Ed.). (1965). Lie u ių kalbos g ama ika (Vol. 1). Vilnius: Min is. Ul ydas, K. (Ed.). (1971). Lie u ių kalbos g ama ika (Vol. 2). Vilnius: Min is. U bu is, V. (1978). Žodžių da ybos eo ija. Vilnius: Mokslas. Vale a, S. (2014). Con e sion. In R.Liebe & P.Š ekaue (Eds.), The Ox o d handbook o de i a ional mo phology (pp.154–168). Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. doi: 10.1093/ ox o dhb/9780199641642.013.0010. Vale a, S. (2015). Con e sion. In P.O.Mülle , I.Ohnheise , S.Olsen, & F.Raine (Eds.), Wo d- o ma ion: An in e na ional handbook o he languages o Eu ope (Vol. 1, pp.322–339). Be lin, Bos on: De G uy e . doi: 10.1515/9783110246254-019. Ju gis Pake ys Depa men o Bal ic S udies, Ins i u e o he Languages and Cul u es o he Bal ic, Vilnius Uni e si y Uni e si e o 5, LT-01513 Vilnius (Li huania) ORCID: 0000-0002-9944-8598 ju gis.pake ys@ l . u.l OPEN ACCESS 32 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025 ABBREVIATIONS 1 – i s pe son 3 – hi d pe son a – adjec i e acc – accusa i e ad – ad e b comp – compa a i e conj – conjunc ion c b – con e b de – de ini e – eminine gen – geni i e ic – in lec ional class ma k (su ix) in – in ini i e ins – ins umen al i – in ansi i e m – masculine n – noun nom – nomina i e onom – onoma opoeia pass – passi e pl – plu al p ep – p eposi ion p s – p esen ps – pas p cl – pa icle p cp – pa iciple sg – singula su – su ix supe – supe la i e an – an um – ansi i e  – e b, e bal o m OPEN ACCESS